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General Biology 1
Quarter I - Module 7
Biological Molecules-Enzymes

Science – Senior High School

Contextualized Learning-Instruction Kit (CLIK)
General Biology 1
Quarter I - Module 7: Biological Molecules- Ezymes
First Edition, 2020

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING-INSTRUCTION KIT

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY

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Published by the Schools Division of Puerto Princesa City

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Brandon C. Manglapus (PNS)
Content Editor:
Language Editor: Antonieta C. Miguel (PPCNSHS)
Reviewer: Rolando A. Taha, EdD - EPS-Science
Proofreader: Antonieta C. Miguel (PPCNSHS)
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Carissa M. Calalin
Management Team: Servillano A. Arzaga, CESO V, SDS
Mabel F. Musa, Ph D, OIC-ASDS
Cyril C. Serador, Ph D, CID Chief
Ronald Brillantes, Division EPS-LRMS Manager
Rolando A. Taha, Ph D, EPS-Science
Eva Joyce C. Presto, PDO II
Rhean Ann A. Navila, Librarian II

Division of Puerto Princesa City-Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)

Sta. Monica Heights, Brgy. Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
Tel. No.(048) 434 9438
Email Address: puertoprincesa@deped.gov.ph

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 General Biology 1
Quarter I - Module 7
Biological Molecules-Enzymes

This module was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

educators and program supervisors from public schools of the Division
of Puerto Princesa City. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations
to the Department of Education, Division of Puerto Princesa City at
puertoprincesa@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Introductory Message

For the Teachers:

This learning material is designed to help learners enrich their learning
experiences by answering activities that are meaningful to their lives which can be
done by themselves. A variety of enjoyable tasks are presented.
 Activities are provided as formative assessments to check the learner’s
understanding of the lesson. Given the range of learning activities in this package,
teachers are encouraged to freely adapt them to suit their school contexts and
learners’ needs, interests, and abilities.

For the Learners:

This Learning Resource, Biological Molecules- Enzymes, is developed for

you to enjoy while learning. There are various activities and check-up tests you need
to take.
Take note of the instructions as you journey through this module to have a
solid understanding of what you are expected to accomplish. Carefully read and
follow the instructions to hit what you are expected to do.

Answer keys are provided which you can refer to when checking your
answers. Record your score at the Learner’s Progress Chart and inform your teacher
on your development.
Feel free to use this material and if progress is not evident, you can make use
of it again until the desired passing mark is achieved.

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to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

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what you already know about the lesson to
take.

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current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

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practice to solidify your understanding and
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module.

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this module.

Just remember, this module is not intended to replace textbooks and other
existing learning resources but rather to provide an additional alternative that is
contextualized and resilient to education systems that address the challenges of the
current pandemic.
-The Development Team
 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
learn what an enzyme is and how enzymes work and speed up reactions in our body
to help our systems function. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students and enriches their scientific vocabulary. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course.
There are warm-up and exam-style practice questions for every part to give
you an idea of how well you have already grasped the lesson. This also contains
topic-based questions for focused skills to test your understanding of the concepts of
the lessons under the Most Essential Learning Competencies.

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate understanding of structure and function of
enzymes.
Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to explain the role and significance of enzymes
in biological systems.
Most Essential Learning Competency
The learners:
Describe the components of an enzyme (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-17)
Explain oxidation/reduction reactions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-18)
Determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate
affect enzyme activity (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-19)

Lesson: Biological Molecules- Enzymes

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the components of enzymes;
2. identify the different types of enzymes;
3. explain the oxidation/reduction reactions; and
4. determine how pH, temperature, and substrate affect enzyme activity.

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 How much
Directions: These questions will help you think about the lesson
do you already you are about to learn. Choose and circle the letter of the best
know? answer.

1. What are enzymes made of?

A. lipids C. carbohydrates
B. proteins D. nucleic acid

2. These biomolecules act as catalysts to enable biochemical reactions to occur,

after which they are regenerated intact to take part in additional reactions.
A. Enzymes C. Substrates
B. Products D. Activation Energy

3. Enzymes speed up reactions.

A. True C. both A and B
B. False D. neither A nor B

4. The pH at which an enzyme is most efficient is called the _________ pH of an

enzyme.
A. Experimental C. Neutral
B. Minimum D. Optimum

5. What is the enzyme that digests milk sugar (lactose)?

A. amylase C. maltase
B. lactase D. protease

6. Which of the factors does NOT affect enzymatic activity?

A. Color C. pH level
B. Concentration D. Temperature

7. An enzyme that joins the ends of two strands of nucleic acid is a ______.
A. polymerase C. synthetase
B. ligase D. helicase

8. The energy needed to get a reaction started is the _____________.

A. adhesion energy C. activation energy

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 B. cohesion energy D. chemical energy

9. Chemical reactions cannot occur without a catalyst.

A. True C. Sometimes true
B. False D. Neither true nor false

10. What is it called when an enzyme's shape is changed?

A. Delete C. Denature
B. Demolish D. Destroy

11. The elements or compounds that are created as a result of a chemical reaction
are called ____________.
A. product C. enzyme
B. reactant D. activation energy

12. The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the __________.
A. substrate C. inhibitor
B. catalyst D. active site

13. Without the presence of enzymes, the reactions necessary to sustain life would
require ___________________.
A. larger cells C. larger protein
B. smaller atom D. higher temperature

14. Enzymes change the ______ of a chemical reaction.

A. rate C. reactant
B. type D. product

15. What is the term for the molecule or substance that the enzyme reacts with?
A. Activator C. Inhibitor
B. Substrate D. Product

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 Hello, Learner! This is just a sort of review to get you refreshed! Are you
ready?

Activity- Match Me!!!

Directions: Match items in column A that correspond to items in column B. Write

your answer on the line before the number.

A B
_B____1. defensive proteins a. coordination of the organism’s
activities
_F____2. storage proteins b. protect against diseases
_E____3. structural proteins c. the response of a cell to stimuli
_G____4. transport proteins d. speeds up the chemical reaction
_D____5. enzymatic proteins e. support
_A____6. hormonal proteins f. storage of amino acids
_H____7. contractile proteins g. transport of substances
h. for movement

Activity- Most of the enzymes are named after the substrate it catalyzes. Identify the
substrate and function of each of the following enzymes. Write your answer on the
given lines.
1. Cellulase -__polysaccharide____________________________________
2. Maltase-___ amylose and amylopectin ___________________________.
3. Lactase-__ glucose and galactose ______________________________.
4. Amylase-___ amylose and amylopectin
_____________________________.
5. Protease-___ Amino acid ________________________________________.

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Lesson

1 Biological Molecules-Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are compounds that facilitate chemical
reactions. The orderly course of metabolic processes is only possible because each
cell is equipped with its own genetically determined set of enzymes. It is only this that
allows coordinated sequences of reactions (metabolic pathways). Enzymes are also
involved in many regulatory mechanisms that allow the metabolism to adapt to
changing conditions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. The name of the enzyme
usually ends in –ase and is derived from the substrate that is affected by it. For
example, enzymes that break down proteins are called proteases.

Did you know?

Can you imagine what would happen if it takes many years for our body to hydrolyze
the starch in the food that we eat? Starchy food comprises an important part of our diet
and our bodies use enzymes called amylase to quickly hydrolyze starch into simple
sugars.

Enzymes, as mentioned above, are biological catalysts. While they hasten or speed
up a process, they are providing an alternative pathway for the process. But, in the
process, the structure or composition of the enzymes remain unaltered. Enzymes are
made up of 1000s of amino acids that are linked in a  specific way to form different
enzymes. The enzyme chains fold over to form unique shapes and it is these shapes
that provide the enzyme with its characteristic chemical potential. Most enzymes also
contain a non-protein component known as the co-factor.  

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Enzyme Structure

Figure. Structure of an Enzyme

a. Substrate- the substance that is being broken down

b. Active site- the place on the enzyme that connects to the substrate
c. The active site of the enzyme connects to the substrate and breaks it into
products

How do enzymes work?

For any reaction to occur in the universe, there is an energy requirement. In
cases where there is no activation energy provided, a catalyst plays an important
role to reduce the activation energy and carried forward the reaction. This works in
animals and plants as well. Enzymes help reduce the activation energy of the
complex molecules in the reaction. The following steps simplify how an enzyme
works to speed up a reaction:

Step 1: Each enzyme has an ‘active site’ which is where one of the substrate
molecules can bind to. Thus, an enzyme- substrate complex is formed.

Step 2: This enzyme-substrate molecule now reacts with the second substrate to
form the product and the enzyme is liberated as the second product.

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Many theories explain how enzymes work. But, there are two important theories that
we will discuss here.

Theory 1: Lock and Key Hypothesis-this is the most accepted of the theories of
enzyme action. This theory states that the substrate fits exactly into the active site of
the enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate complex. This model also describes why
enzymes are so specific in their action because they are specific to the substrate
molecules.

Figure. The lock and key model

Theory 2: Induced Fit Hypothesis-this is similar to the lock and key hypothesis. It
says that the shape of the enzyme molecule changes as it gets closer to the substrate
molecule in such a way that the substrate molecule fits exactly into the active site of
the enzyme.

Figure. The induced-fit model of an enzyme.

Classes of Enzymes
Except for some of the originally studied enzymes such as pepsin, rennin, and
trypsin, most enzyme names end in "ase". The International Union of Biochemistry
(I.U.B.) initiated standards of enzyme nomenclature which recommend that enzyme
names indicate both the substrate acted upon and the type of reaction catalyzed. The

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biochemical reactions occurring in the body are basically of 6 types and the enzymes
that bring about these reactions are named accordingly:

a. Oxidoreductases- these enzymes bring about oxidation and reduction

reactions and hence are called oxidoreductases. In these reactions, electrons
in the form of hydride ions or hydrogen atoms are transferred. When a
substrate is being oxidized, these enzymes act as hydrogen donors. These
enzymes are called dehydrogenases or reductases. When the oxygen atom is
the acceptor, these enzymes are called oxidases.

b. Transferases- these enzymes are responsible for transferring functional

groups from one molecule to another. Example: alanine aminotransferase
which shuffles the alpha‐amino group between alanine and aspartate etc.
Some transferases also transfer phosphate groups between ATP and other
compounds, sugar residues to form disaccharides such as hexokinase in
glycolysis.

c. Hydrolases- these enzymes catalyze reactions that involve the process of

hydrolysis. They break single bonds by adding water. Some hydrolases
function as digestive enzymes because they break the peptide bonds in
proteins. Hydrolases can also be a type of transferases as they transfer the
water molecule from one compound to another. Example: Glucose-6-
phosphatase that removes the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate,
leaving glucose and H3PO4.

d. Lyases- these enzymes catalyze reactions where functional groups are added
to break double bonds in molecules or where double bonds are formed by the
removal of functional groups. Example: Pyruvate decarboxylase is a lyase that
removes CO2 from pyruvate. Other examples include deaminases and
dehydratases.

e. Isomerases-these enzymes catalyze the reactions where a functional group is

moved to another position within the same molecule such that the resulting
molecule is an isomer of the earlier molecule. Example: triosephosphate
isomerase and phosphoglucose isomerase for converting glucose 6-phosphate
to fructose 6-phosphate.

f. Ligases-These enzymes perform a function that is opposite to that of the

hydrolases. Where hydrolases break bonds by adding water, ligases form
bonds by removal of the water component. Different subclasses of ligases
involve the synthesis of ATP.

Source: https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/biomolecules/enzymes/

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Factors affecting enzyme activity

Several factors affect the rate at which enzymatic reactions proceed -

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of
any inhibitors or activators.

1. Temperature - the protein nature of the enzymes makes them extremely

sensitive to thermal changes. Enzyme activity occurs within a narrow range
of temperatures compared to ordinary chemical reactions. As you have
seen, each enzyme has a certain temperature at which it is more active.
This point is called the optimal temperature, which ranges between 37 to
40C°. The enzyme activity gradually lowers as the temperature rises more
than the optimal temperature until it reaches a certain temperature at which
the enzyme activity stops completely due to the change of its natural
composition.

2. The concentration of enzyme - as the concentration of the enzyme is

increased, the velocity of the reaction proportionately increases. This
property is used for determining the activities of serum enzymes during the
diagnosis of diseases.

3. the pH - each enzyme has a pH value that it works at with maximum

efficiency called the optimal pH. If the pH is lower or higher than the optimal
pH, the enzyme activity decreases until it stops working. For example,
pepsin works at a low pH, i.e, it is highly acidic, while trypsin works at a
high pH, i.e, it is basic. Most enzymes work at a neutral pH of 7.4.

4. Substrate concentration - In the presence of a given amount of enzyme,

the rate of enzymatic reaction increases as the substrate concentration
increases until a limiting rate is reached, after which further increase in the
substrate concentration produces no significant change in the reaction rate.
At this point, so much substrate is present that essentially all of the enzyme
active sites have substrate bound to them.

5. Presence of inhibitors or activators - some of the enzymes require

certain inorganic metallic cations, like Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+,
Cu2+, Na+, K+, etc., for their optimum activity. Rarely, anions are also
needed for enzyme activity, e.g. a chloride ion (CI–) for amylase.
Source: https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/factors-affecting-enzyme-activity/#0---factor-1-concentration-of-enzyme--

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Activity 1- Match me
Directions: Match the following words with their definitions. Write only the letter on
the line before the number.

__E___1. Product a. Amount of energy required for a chemical reaction

__D___2. Active site
__F___3. enzymes
__B___4. catalysts
__C___5. substrate
__A___6. activation
energy
to occur.
b. Substances that bring about a chemical reaction
without being changed itself.
c. Substance that enzymes act upon.
d. Regions on the surface of enzymes
that fit the substrate.
e. Substance formed from the substrate
at the end of a chemical reaction with an enzyme.
f. Proteins that speed up chemical
reactions.

Activity 2- Complete the table

Directions: Predict how the following factors will affect the action of enzymes by
completing the table below.

Factors Effect on the Effect on the A brief explanation

reaction rate if a reaction rate if a of why these
factor is reduced factor is raised factors affect
enzyme function
Enzyme Concentration Enzyme All the reactions
concentration decreases, concentration will that occur in living
reaction rate will speed up reaction, organisms require
decrease when the substrate high activation
is bound, the energy to take
reaction will no place.
longer speed up
Substrate Decreasing Increasing Once all of the
concentration substrate substrate enzymes have
concentration concentration bound, any
decreases the rate increases the rate substrate increase
of reaction to a of reaction to a will have no effect
certain point. certain point. on the rate of

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 reaction, as the
available enzymes
will be saturated
and working at
their maximum
rate.
Temperature The reaction rate The reaction rate As with many
decreases increases. chemical reactions,
the rate of an
enzyme-catalysed
reaction increases
as the temperature
increases.
However, at high
temperatures the
rate decreases
again because the
enzyme becomes
denatured and can
no longer function.
pH Optimal pH Optimal pH Enzymes are also
increases enzyme decreases enzyme sensitive to pH .
rate rate Changing the pH
of its surroundings
will also change
the shape of the
active site of an
enzyme
Presence of Reducing the rate Increasing the rate By binding to
inhibitors of an enzyme of an enzyme enzymes' active
catalysed reaction catalysed reaction sites, inhibitors
by interfering with by interfering with reduce the
the enzyme. the enzyme. compatibility of
substrate and
enzyme and this
leads to the
inhibition of
Enzyme-Substrate
complexes'
formation,
preventing the
catalysis of
reactions and
decreasing the
amount of product
produced by a
reaction.
Presence of Molecules will bind Molecules will bind Enzyme activators
activators to enzymes and to enzymes and are molecules that
increases their decreases their bind to enzymes

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 activity. activity. and increase their
activity.

Activity 3- Enzymes List

Directions: List 10 enzymes that are naturally found in the human body and state
their function. Write your answer in the box.

Name of Enzyme Function

1. Amylase Breaks down starches and carbohydrates into
sugars
2. Protease Breaks down proteins into amino acids
3. Lipase Breaks down lipids, fats and oils into glycerol
and fatty acids
4. Gastrin Signals the secretion of gastric acid
5. Cholecystokinin Signals secretion of pancreatic enzymes
6. Secretin Signals secretion of water and bicarbonate from
the pancreas
7. Ghrelin Signals when you are hungry
8. Gastric inhibitory Stops or decreases gastric secretion. Causing
polypeptide the release of insulin in response to high blood
glucose levels.
9. oxidase This enzyme uses a metal of flavin coenzyme to
catalyze the oxidation of a substrate without
incorporating oxygen.
10. Thromboxanes Lipid compounds that are catalyzed by COX
from fatty acids and arachidonic acid.

Activity- Essay
Directions: Briefly answer the following questions. Write your answer in the provided
lines after each number.

1. What comprises the structure of an enzyme? Briefly describe each.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Enzymes are made up of amino acids which are linked together via amide
(peptide) bonds in a linear chain. The specific order of amino acid in the
protein is encoded by the DNA sequence of the corresponding gene.
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 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.

2. Differentiate the “lock and key” and “induced fit’’ hypothesis of how enzymes
work.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
The lock-and-key model portrays an enzyme as conformationally rigid and able to bond
______________________________________________________________
only to substrates that exactly fit the active site. The induced fit model portrays the
enzyme structure as more flexible and is complementary to the substrate only after the
______________________________________________________________.
substrate is bound.

3. Why do humans are not capable of digesting cellulose from plants?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Because the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the beta acetal linkages
______________________________________________________________.
are lacking.
4. Ruminants such as castles, goats, and horses forage on plants and grasses.
How are these animals can digest cellulose?
______________________________________________________________
Herbivores digest cellulose by microbial fermentation. Monogastric herbivores which can
______________________________________________________________
digest cellulose nearly as well as ruminants are called hindgut fermenters, while ruminants
______________________________________________________________.
are called foregut fermenters.

5. Differentiate oxidation and reduction reactions.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Oxidation occurs when a reactant loses electrons during the reaction. Reduction
______________________________________________________________
occurs when a reactant gains electron during the reaction.
______________________________________________________________.

6. Enumerate all the six classes of enzymes and identify the function of each.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions where electrons are transferred.
Transferases catalyze group transfer reactions. Hydrolases catalyze reactions that involve
______________________________________________________________
hydrolysis. Lyases catalyze reactions where functional groups are added to break double bonds in
______________________________________________________________
molecules or the reverse where double bonds are formed by the removal of functional groups.
Isomerases catalyze reactions that transfer functional groups within a molecule so that isomeric
forms are produced. Ligases are used in catalysis where two substrates are ligated and the
formation of carbon-carbon, carbon-sulfide, carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen bonds due to
condensation reactions. These reactions are coupled to the cleavage of ATP.

Have you ever eaten or made gelatin with fruit. What fruits do you usually use?
Why fresh pineapple is never mixed with gelatin? What is the secret to making gelatin
with fresh pineapple?

Fresh pineapple prevents gelatin from setting up because it contains a protease

called bromelain that digests the links formed
13 between collagen molecules that
make the liquid turn into a gel. Canned pineapple doesn't have the same effect
because heat from canning inactivates bromelain.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
.

Activity- Disease List

Directions: Name 10 diseases that can occur from the absence of enzymes
that are found in the human body. Use the columns below in writing your
answer.
An example is provided in number 1.

Enzyme Deficiencies Due to Lack of Enzymes

1. Albinism - due to congenital absence or defect of an enzyme

involved in the production of melanin.
Debranching Enzyme Deficiency (Type III Glycogenosis)
2. Muscle biopsy reveals a vacuolar myopathy, and the
diagnosis is confirmed by biochemical assay in red or white
blood cells or in muscle.
3. Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder that causes copper to
accumulate in your liver, brain and other vital organs.
4. Tay-Sachs disease is a rare disorder passed from parents to child.
It's caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty
substances.
5. Porphyria refers to a group of disorders that result from a buildup of
natural chemicals that produce porphyrin in your body.
6. Phenylketonuria also called PKU, is a rare inherited disorder that
causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.
7. Hunter syndrome is a very rare, inherited genetic disorder caused by
a missing or malfunctioning enzyme.

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 8. Gaucher disease is the result of a buildup of certain fatty substances
in certain organs, particularly your spleen and liver. 
9. Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a rare hereditary (genetic)
disorder that causes fatty substances (lipids) to build up in cells,
particularly in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
10. Krabbe disease is an inherited disorder that destroys the protective
coating (myelin) of nerve cells in the brain and throughout the nervous
system.

Congratulations for trying your best in accomplishing this lesson. Try to

share the things you have learned with your classmates and friends.

How much have you improved? Check your

improvement index on Answer Key.

Multiple Choice.

Directions: Read each of the following questions carefully. Choose and circle the
letter of the best answer.

1. What are enzymes made of?

A. lipids C. carbohydrates
B. proteins D. nucleic acid

2. These biomolecules act as catalysts to enable biochemical reactions to occur,

after which they are regenerated intact to take part in additional reactions.
A. Enzymes C. Substrates
B. Products D. Activation Energy

15
3. Enzymes speed up reactions.
A. True C. both A and B
B. False D. neither A nor B

4. The pH at which an enzyme is most efficient is called the _________ pH of an

enzyme.
A. experimental C. neutral
B. minimum D. optimum

5. What is the enzyme that digests milk sugar (lactose)?

A. amylase C. maltase
B. lactase D. protease

6. Which of the factors does NOT affect enzymatic activity?

A. Color C. pH level
B. Concentration D. Temperature

7. An enzyme that joins the ends of two strands of nucleic acid is a _______.
A. polymerase C. synthetase
B. ligase D. helicase

8. The energy needed to get a reaction started is the _____________.

A. adhesion energy C. activation energy
B. cohesion energy D. chemical energy

9. Chemical reactions cannot occur without a catalyst.

A. True C. sometimes true
B. False D. neither true nor false

10. What is it called when an enzyme's shape is changed?

A. Delete C. Denature
B. Demolish D. Destroy

11. The elements or compounds that are created as a result of a chemical reaction
are called ____________.
A. product C. enzyme
B. reactant D. activation energy

12. The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the __________.
A. substrate C. inhibitor
B. catalyst D. active site

16
13. Without the presence of enzymes, the reactions necessary to sustain life would
require ___________________.
A. larger cells C. larger protein
B. smaller atom D. higher temperature

14. Enzymes change the ______ of a chemical reaction.

A. rate C. reactant
B. type D. product

15. What is the term for the molecule or substance that the enzyme reacts with?
A. Activator C. Inhibitor
B. Substrate D. Product

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What I Know/Assessment

1. B 2.A 3.A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7.A 8.C 9. B 10. C

11. A 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. B

What’s In
1. B 2. F 3. E 4. G 5. D 6. A 7. H

What’s More
1. E 2. D 3. F 4. B 5. C 6. A

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 References

1. Book

Belardo, Gisselle M., Yael Avissar et.al General Biology 1 Textbook Vibal
Group Inc.

Dela Pena, Garcilla Pangilinan General Biology 1 Combined Book 1&2 JFS
Publishing Services 2016.

Ching, Johnny A., General Biology Compendium National Bookstore

Keeton/McFadden., Elements of Biological Science 3 rd Edtion, National

Bookstore, Inc.

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