INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

LIAQUAT UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL & HEALTH SCIENCES JAMSHORO

Subject: Bio-fluid Mechanics Year: 3rd, Semester: 5th

Lab Experiment # 04

Name: ____________________________________________ Roll No: ________________________

Date: _________________ Signature of Tutor: __________________ Grade: __________________

Objective: Determination of the exact section in Venturi’s tube

Requirement: Bernoulli’s Theorem Equipment, Hydraulic Bench, Chronometer
Theory: Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration module is mainly composed of a circular section
conduit with shape of a truncated cone, transparent and with seven pressure taps to measure,
simultaneously, the static pressure of each section.
All the pressure taps are connected to a manometer with a water collector (water might be
pressurized).
The ends of the conduits are removable, enabling to be placed in either convergent or divergent
form with respect to the stream direction.
There is also a probe (Pitot’s tube) moving along the conduit for measuring the height in every
section (dynamic pressure).
The flow rate and the pressure in the module can be modified by adjusting the control valve located
at the end of the module.
A flexible hose attached to the outlet pipe is directed to the volumetric measuring tank.
For the operation, the module is placed on the Hydraulics Bench (FME00).
It has adjustable legs for levelling.
The inlet pipe ends in a female coupling which may be directly connected to the bench supply.
Venturi’s Tube: A device for measuring the flow of a fluid, consisting of a tube with a short,
narrow center section and widened, tapered ends, so that a fluid flowing through the center section
at a higher velocity than through an end section creates a pressure differential that is a measure of
the flow of the fluid.
Bernoulli’s equation states that the work done on a unit volume of fluid by the surrounding fluid
is equal to the sum of the changes in kinetic and potential energies per unit volume that occur
during the flow.
1 1
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 + 2 𝜌𝑣12 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2 + 2 𝜌𝑣22

1
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 + 𝜌𝑣 2 = constant
2
 Purge Valve

Manometer
Tubes Panel

Flow Regulated Valve

Non-Return
Valve

Pitot’s Tube

Convergent- Divergent
Tube

Adjustable
Inlet Pipe Feet

Bernoulli’s Theorem Equipment

Procedure:
1. Connect the equipment to the hydraulic bench in convergent or divergent direction. Direction
is not important in this experiment.
2. Fill all the manometric tubes after removing the air.
3. Open the flow valve of the hydraulic bench and regulation valve of the equipment.
4. Fix the water flow and write down its value.
5. Place the Pitot’s tube in the first pressure taking of a minimum section.
6. Wait until height of Pitot’s manometer becomes stable. This process can last some minutes.
7. When heights of both tubes are stable, determine the difference of height between the two
manometric tubes; static pressure “ℎ𝑖 ” and total pressure “ℎ𝑇𝑃 ” (Pitot’s tube).
8. This difference corresponds to the kinetic pressure given by “𝑉 2 /2𝑔”.
9. Determine the section by the following equation: 𝑆 = 𝑄/𝑉, where 𝑄 is the water flow and 𝑉
is the water velocity.
10. Repeat all the steps for different water flows.
11. For each water flow, the section must be more or less the same. Make the average of the
sections obtained with different water flows. 5 𝑙 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛, 10 𝑙 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 15 𝑙 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 water flow
are recommended for this experiment.
Observation Table:
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 =
𝑽𝟏 = √𝟐𝒈(𝒉𝑻𝑷 − 𝒉𝒊 ) 𝑽𝟐 = √𝟐𝒈(𝒉𝑻𝑷 − 𝒉𝒊 ) 𝑽𝟑 = √𝟐𝒈(𝒉𝑻𝑷 − 𝒉𝒊 )
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ1
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ2
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ3
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ4
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ5
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ6

𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟑
𝑨𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑨𝟑 =
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ1
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ2
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ3
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ4
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ5
ℎ𝑇𝑃 − ℎ6