FAITH CHRISTIAN SCHOOL

SILVA ST. PHASE 7 VISTA VERDE EXEC. VILL.

CAINTA, RIZAL, PHILIPPINES 1900

handout

Aguete, Sofia Ashley

Lazaro, Karmelo
Mollo, Andre Joshua
Raflores, Edwin Melvin
Varias, Sofia Arabella
 o Physiological Functions rely on
Energy can be provided by
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats.
But carbohydrates is the most
preferred.
CARBOHYDTRATES
o include both simple sugar which
are little ring-shaped molecules
made of Carbon, Hydrogen and
Oxygen
o either alone or in pairs, as well as
more complex carbohydrates
which are formed when these
rings link up together to make
long chains
o one of the three major
macronutrients
o your body’s main source of
energy: they help fuel your brain,
kidneys, heart muscles and
central nervous system
o makes your health healthier
ABOUT CARBOHYDRATES
o carbo (Carbon; C) + hydrate
(water; H2O)
o has the stoichiometric formula of
Cn(H2O)n
o where n is the number of carbons
and H2O in the molecule
o therefore, the ratio of carbon to
hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in
carbohydrate molecules
o contains Carbon, Hydrogen and
Oxygen
o include sugars, starches, and
cellulose
o have two types: simple and
complex
o simple carbohydrates - are made
up of shorter chains of molecules
and are broken down quickly by
o complex carbohydrates - contains
longer chains of sugar molecules
than simple carbohydrates
o found in a wide variety of foods
like sugar, soda, syrup, candy,
bread, starchy vegetables, and
many more.
o can be “formed from” or
“decomposed into” other
carbohydrate forms
o photosynthesis equation:
6CO2 (reactants) + 6H2O (light)
== C6H12O6 + 6O2 (products)
GLUCOSE MOLECULES
➢ thousands of glucose molecules
combine to form the much larger
cellulose molecule, which
constitutes the structural
framework of the plant
➢ cellulose - a molecule, consisting
of hundreds and even thousands
 of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon
atoms
- main substance in the walls of
plants cells, helping plants to
remain stiff and upright
TRIVIA
➢ Because of turgor, which is the
water pressure in the cells that
make up the plant’s skeleton.
Water enters plants through their
stems and travels up to their
leaves. When a plant is properly
hydrated, there is enough water
pressure to make the leaves
strong and sturdy; when a plant
does not get enough water, the
pressure inside the stems and
leaves drops and they wilt.
TRIVIA
➢ Do you know that some plants
need 30x more water than
animals depending on the type of
plant and its age? It is because
the water in plants has a one-way
trip from the roots to the stems
up to the leaves where it is again
released to the environment,
unlike animals that have a
circulatory organ system where
water can be reused and recycled.
Plants also need more water
because they have to perform
o photosynthesis: the syntheti-
zation using light to produce
energy.
o transpiration: the process where
a stoma opens and diffuses water.
o synthetization: to combine
constituent elements into a single
or unified chemical entity
➢ Glucose molecules may also fuse
to form molecules of starch,
which is stored in the seeds and
serve as food for a growing plant.
o starch: a chain of glucose
molecules which are bound
together, to form a bigger
molecule, which is
polysaccharide. It is used for
germination and sprouting
o germination: process of plant to
grow from a seed or a spore
o sprouting: process by which seed
germinate and put out shoots
➢ When animals, including
humans, eat cellulose or starch,
the substance is broken into
glucose units in the process
called cellulysis.
➢ They are then carried by the blood
to our liver, where they are
recombined to form glycogen, the
primary carbohydrate stored in
the liver and muscle cells of
animals.
o Glycogenesis: process of
combing glucose to form
glycogen
➢ After then, if the body needs
energy, the glycogen can be
broken down into glucose, which
is transferred to the tissues,
where it oxidizes to water and
carbon dioxide. This process is
part of cellular respiration which
is glycolysis. The energy released
during the reaction is captured by
the energy-carrying molecule ATP
or Adenosine Triphosphate.
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF
CARBOHYDRATES IN BIOTICS
1. Substrate for respiration – ex.
photosynthesis
2. Energy Storage – where glycogen
can be stored in the liver and muscle
tissues and then be broken to
glucose to be again used as an energy
if needed.
 3. Structure – glucose molecules may
combine to form starch to become
the structure of plants.
4. Transport – sucrose is transported
by the phloem from the site of
photosynthesis which is the leaves to
the other parts of the body.
5. Recognition of cells that pass
through the cell membrane – blood
groups are determined by cell surface
carbohydrates of erythrocytes, and
they also have the ability to trigger
immunological responses.

CLASSIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATES
➢ Monosaccharides
- are also referred to as the simple
sugars
- are the smallest units that make
up any carbohydrate. In other
words, they are the building
blocks
- 19: The three main
monosaccharides include:
1. glucose
2. galactose
3. fructose
- This particular glucose above is
alpha glucose. Why? because it
has an alpha configuration. Alpha
carbohydrates is where the
hydroxyl group (OH) of carbon
number one is pointing in the
opposite direction to the carbon
number 6.

o Glucose
- is the main source of energy for
humans
- can be alpha-glucose or beta-
glucose
- This (beta-glucose) essentially ➢ Disaccharides
where the hydroxyl group of - is made up of two
carbon number one and carbon monosaccharides
number six is pointing in the o Maltose
same direction. So again, these - is essentially two
alpha and beta carbohydrates, glucose molecules linked
they also apply to other types of together. It is linked
carbohydrates such as galactose together by an alpha 1 to
and fructose. 4 glycosidic bonds.

o Galactose
- galactose molecule is actually an
alpha galactose because the
hydroxyl group is faced in the
opposite direction as the carbon
number 6.

o Lactose
- this galactose molecule
and the glucose molecule
can form a link and
through the condensation
process it will form
lactose. lactose is made
o Fructose up of galactose and
- a beta-fructose because the glucose.
hydroxyl group of the carbon - Natural found in milk
number 1 because it is pointing
the same direction as carbon
number 6. So, I hope you
understood the structure of the
three major monosaccharides in
the human diet.

o Sucrose
➢ Oligosaccharide
- consists of short chains of
monosaccharides.
- less than 20 monosaccharides
linked together
- a disaccharide is considered an
oligosaccharide

To simplify things, polysaccharides

So, if we were to take this maltose
again and add another glucose
molecule to it through condensation
reaction again. We can form,
can be a:
o homopolysaccharide - the
polysaccharide only contains a
single type of monosaccharide
o heteropolysaccharide – the
polysaccharide contains two or
more monosaccharides

an additional alpha one to 4

glycosidic bond. This oligosaccharide
will be called maltotriose.

➢ Polysaccharide
- most carbohydrates found in
nature occur as polysaccharides
- also called as glycans