Iloilo Enhanced DRR - Cca PDPFP 2014-2020-Compressed

Province of Iloilo
DRR and CCA Enhanced

PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT and
PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK PLAN
CY 2014-2020
“ Formulated with technical assistance from the National Economic and Development Authority, using the Guidelines on Strengthening
Provincial/Local Planning and Expenditure Management and Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Sub-national Development and Land
Use / Physical Planning in the Philippines, in collaboration with Asian Development Bank, UNDP, European Commission Humanitarian Aid
Department (ECHO) through its disaster preparedness programme (DIPECHO) and Australian AID.”
M essage
B iennially, we at the Iloilo Provincial Government come

up with a Provincial Development and Physical
Framework Plan (PDPFP) which will be undertaken for the
next six (6) years.
The old adage says, “Plan your work and work your
plan,” has long time been proven as the basic step in attaining a successful feat. We,
at the IPG would like to apply this wisdom. It is our mission to realize the vision of
the province to attain progress, peaceful, ecologically-balanced and vibrant Iloilo,
where men and women equitably share the benefits of development, into reality.”
The PDPFP is an overall development planning document which serves as

our guide in formulating programs and activities coupled with policies geared
towards the socio economic and sustainable physical resources development of Iloilo
Province.
Through the PDPFP we can lay out effective and efficient workable strategies
for programs, projects and activities according to the analyses of the core elements of
plan which covers population, economic activity, physical resources, income/access
to services and land use.
We have only one consistent goal – that is to witness the pinnacle of social
and economic progress of Iloilo Province.
Godspeed.
ARTHUR D. DEFENSOR, SR.

Governor
P reface
The Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate

Change Adaptation Enhanced Provincial
Development and Physical Framework Plan
(DRR and CCA Enhanced PDPFP) is a fusion of
two guidelines; 1) 2007 NEDA –ADB Guidelines
on Provincial/Local Planning Expenditure
Management (PLPEM) mainly the volume on the
formulation of the Provincial Development and
Physical Framework Plan, and 2) United Nations Development Program and
the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department formulated
Guidelines on Mainstreaming DRR in Subnational Development and Land
Use/Physical Planning to direct natural disaster risk reduction efforts in
development planning processes. Mainstreaming the disaster risk reduction
and vulnerability assessment into the PDPFP is a strategy since both plans
provide the framework for planning and managing land use.
The DRR and CCA PDPFP, CY 2014-2020, is a document that provides and
sets clear development direction for the Province of Iloilo. In easier and
understandable terms, the plan sets the province’s vision, (Where do we want to
go?), the planning environment (Where we are right now?) and its development
goals, objectives and targets. It further sets its strategies, plans, programs and
activities (How do we get there?).
The DRR and CCA Enhanced PDPFP gives provide a firmer basis for
sectoral plans especially those that relate to the physical aspects of development like
land, natural resources, and infrastructures as well as socioeconomic dimensions
that aim to lessen vulnerabilities and improve resilience of communities to disaster.
The plan gives due importance to do the role of the province in national
development in terms of its active and participatory role in planning and project
implementation. At most, it is said that local governments are the public face of
governance and national development programs can succeed or fail depending on
how well the local plan, the DRR and CCA Enhanced PDFPP for that matter, reflect
realities and aspirations on the ground.
With the DRR and CCA Enhanced PDPFP, it will guide government
agencies and private developers, particularly those undertaking large-scale projects,
on the proper project location and the implementation of the necessary mitigation
works.
Many agencies, both in the government and the private sector, has provided
technical assistance on development planning in the past, but none has provided as
focused, clear and logical analysis than the DRR and CCA Enhanced PDPFP. The
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and other support
agencies, and with funding support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB),
European Commission Humanitarian Aid and the United Nations Development
Programme deserve special thanks and appreciation.
The production and distribution of this document to interested stakeholders

would surely provide an aggressive push towards social and economic development
of the Province of Iloilo.
MARIO N. NILLOS
PGDH -PPDO
Province of Iloilo, Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014 -2020
Table of Contents
Message
Preface
Introduction
Vision and Mission
Executive Summary 1
Introduction 23
Vision and Mission 29
The Planning Environment

Location, Land Area and Political Subdivision 30
Hazard Profile of the Province of Iloilo 32
Hazards Affecting the Province of Iloilo
Hydrometeorological Hazards
a. Flooding 34
b. Rain Induced Landslide 36
c. Storm/ Coastal Surges 38
Geologic Hazards
a. Ground Shaking 41
b. Earthquake Induced Landslide 42
c. Liquefaction 42
d. Tsunami 42
Population and Settlements

Regional and national Context of population 50
Population, Size, Density and Growth Rate 51
Population Exposure to Hydrometeorological Hazards 66
Population Exposure to Geologic Hazards 69
Existing Settlement Pattern 76
Built Up Areas Exposure to Hydrometeorological Hazards 80
Built Up Areas Exposure to Geologic Hazards 83
Physical Resources
General Land and Water Characteristics and Resources 88
Land and Water Resources
Land Resources 90
Water Resources 91
Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Water 96
Geological Features 98
Geologic Hazards 100
Climate Profile 106
Land Use Potentials and Constraints 116
i
Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Forestry and

Biodiversity 128
Economy
Economic Structure 132
Potential for Contributing to Local Economic Growth 139
Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Agriculture
Agriculture Exposure to Hydrometeorological and
Geologic Hazards 144
Tourism 150
Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Cultural Heritage 150
Local Factors 156
Transportation, Access and Circulation

External Linkages 160
Internal Circulation 167
Roads Exposure to Hydrometeorological and Geologic Hazards 171
Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Transport 179
Income, Employment, Service Access and Poverty

Employment and Unemployment Rates 182
Family Income 183
Social Services 185
Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Health 189
Utility / Infrastructure Services 191
Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Energy 203
Exposure of Critical Infrastructures to Hydrometeorological
and Geologic Hazards 212
Other Services and Facilities 217
Poverty 219
Land use and Physical Framework

Existing Land Use, Trends and potential Expansion 225
Vulnerability of Existing Land Use to Natural Hazards/ Disasters 227
Vulnerability of Existing Land Use to Climate Change Impacts 229
Physical Framework 232
Over-all Physical Framework

Settlements Framework 239
Protection Framework 242
Production Framework 244
Transport/Infrastructures Development Framework 234
Development Issues, Goals, Objectives/ Targets, Strategies and

Programs 258
DRR and CCA Strategic Goals, programs and Projects 270
Population Exposure, Location, Land Use and Physical Assets

Disaster Risk 273
ii
Climate Change 279
Projected Climate Change and potential Long Term Future Threats

On Increasing Temperature and Extreme Rainfall Variability,
Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Level Rise on the Province
Environment, Physical /Social Assets, and Population and
Development Sectors
Health 286
Biodiversity 287
Agriculture 288
Forestry 289
Water 290
Coastal and Marine Habitats 291
Vulnerability Analysis
Applicability of Vulnerability Assessment Tool in the PDPFP 293
Vulnerability : Crop Production to Flooding 294
Vulnerability: Crop Production to Erosion 300
Vulnerability: Crop Production to Drought 306
Vulnerability: Forest Vulnerability to Flooding 312
Vulnerability: Forest Vulnerability to Drought 318
Vulnerability: Health Vulnerability to Dengue 323
Vulnerability: Health Vulnerability to Typhoid 329
Vulnerability: Health Vulnerability to Leptospirosis 335
Vulnerability: Fisheries ( Marine Fisheries/Mariculture)to
Sea Level Rise 341
Vulnerability: Coastal and Marine Vulnerability to Tropical
Cyclones and Storm Surges 347
Vulnerability: Coastal and Marine Vulnerability to Sea
Surface Temperature Increase 353
Vulnerability: Biodiversity Vulnerability to Forest Fires 359
Vulnerability: Biodiversity Vulnerability to Drought/
Heat Stress 364
DRRM and CCA Capacity Assessment 371
iii
List of Tables
Land Areas of Cities/Municipalities by District 31
Types of Hazards Affecting the province of Iloilo 44
Hazards/Disasters Impacts on Areas and population 45
Hazard/Disaster Damages to Physical and Natural Assets 48
Population, Annual population, Growth Rate, Density Area
Region VI, 1980-1990 50
Region VI, 1990-2000 51
Region VI, 2000-2007 51
Latest and previous Census Population Size, Annual Growth
Rate, Land Area, Density, 1980-1990 54
Estimated Population and Density, Municipality, 2013 64
Water in Scientific, Social and Financial Dimensions 97
Seasonal Temperature increase in 2020 and 2050 under medium
and rare emission scenarios 107
Seasonal rainfall change in % in 2020 under medium range
Emission scenario 108
Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium
Range emission scenario 109
Climate Change Impacts Experienced in the Province 110
Existing policies, Regulations and Plans and Programs and Policies Of the
Province on CCA and DDRM 111
Provincial LGU Mandates on DRRM and CCA Laws 113
Land Classification by City/ Municipality and Percentage Share
Of Total Provincial Land 118
Land Suitability Category by Municipality 120
Landslide Susceptibility 124
Areas Prone to Flashflood 126
Total Family Income by Household head, by kind of Business/ industry, 2000 132
Joint Probability: Shares of Family Income by Household Head, by Kind of
Business/Industry 134
iv
Concentration: Total Family Income by Household Head

By Kind of Business/Industry 135
Specialization : Total Family Income by Household Head

By Kind of Business/ Industry 136
Location of production, Employment and Income 137
Framework of orders of impacts of Climate Change on NCCAP

Priority Themes 142
Agricultural Exposure to Storm Surge 147
Agricultural Exposure to Tsunami 148
Principal Climate Change Risks & impacts on Cultural Heritage 151
Provincial Roads Exposed to Flooding 171
Provincial Roads Exposure to Rain induced Landslide 173
Provincial Roads Exposure to Storm Surge 175
Provincial Roads Exposure to Earthquake Induced Landslide 177
Provincial Roads Exposure to Liquefaction 178
Impact Matrix of Climate Events and Vulnerable Infrastructures 180
Employment and Unemployment Rate 183
Total and Average Income Region VI 184
Projected Health Impacts of Climate Change 189
Critical Infrastructures Priority 2 Exposure to Tsunami Inundation 215
Critical Infrastructures Priority 3 Exposure to Tsunami Inundation 216
Area Distribution of Existing Land Uses 230
Goals, Objectives, Targets, Strategies, Programs & Projects, CY 2014-2020 262
DRR and CCA Strategies, Programs and Projects 270
Potential Exposure of Areas, Population and Physical Assets
To various type of hazards 253
List of Drought Events in the Province of Iloilo, 1968-1998 261
Projected Health Impacts of Climate Change 266
Possible impacts of climate change due to changes in extreme
Precipitation- related weather and climate change based
On projections to the mid – to late 21st century 290
Vulnerability : Crop Production to Flooding 298
Vulnerability: Crop Production to Erosion 304
Vulnerability: Crop Production to Drought 310
Vulnerability: Forest Vulnerability to Flooding 316
Vulnerability: Forest Vulnerability to Drought 321
Vulnerability: Health Vulnerability to Dengue 327
v
Vulnerability: Health Vulnerability to Typhoid 333

Vulnerability: Health Vulnerability to Leptospirosis 339
Vulnerability: Fisheries ( Marine Fisheries/Mariculture) to
Sea Level Rise 345
Vulnerability: Coastal and Marine Vulnerability to Tropical
Cyclones and Storm Surges 351
Vulnerability: Coastal and Marine Vulnerability to Sea
Surface Temperature Increase 357
Vulnerability: Biodiversity Vulnerability to Forest Fires 362
Vulnerability: Biodiversity Vulnerability to Drought and Heat Stress 368
Checklist for Evaluating Gaps and weaknesses in LGUs PPA

On Climate Change Adaptation 371
Checklist for Evaluating Gaps and Weaknesses in LGUs PPAs On DRRM 373
vi
List of Maps
Multi hazard or Composite Map 49
Population Density Map, 1990, 2000,2007 58
Annual Population Growth Rate, 1990, 2000, 2007 62
Population Exposed to Flooding 67
Population Exposed to Rain Induced Landslide 67
Population Exposed to Storm Surge 68
Population Exposed to Ground Shaking- West Panay Fault 69
Population Exposed to Ground Shaking – Tablas Fault 70
Population Exposed to Ground Shaking – Negros Trench 71
Population Exposed to Ground Shaking – Masbate Fault 72
Population Exposed to Ground Shaking – Central Negros Fault 72
Built Up Areas 77
Existing Hierarchy of Settlements 78
Built Up Areas Exposed to Flooding 80
Built up Areas Exposed to Rain Induced Landslide 81
Built up Areas Exposed to Storm Surge 82
Built up Areas Exposed to Ground Shaking - West Panay Fault 83
Built up Areas Exposed to Ground Shaking – Tablas Fault 84
Built up Areas Exposed to Ground Shaking – Negros Trench 84
Built up Areas Exposed to Ground Shaking - Masbate Fault 85
Built up Areas Exposed to Ground Shaking – Central Negros Fault 85
Built up Exposed to Earthquake Induced Landslide- West Panay Fault 74
Built up Exposed to Earthquake Induced Landslide – Tablas Fault 74
Built up Exposed to Earthquake induced Landslide – Negros Trench 75
Slope Map 89
Earthquake Generators Identified with the Province of Iloilo
West Panay Fault
Ground Shaking 101
Earthquake Induced Landslide 101
Tablas Fault
Ground Shaking 102
Negros Trench
Ground Shaking 103
Masbate Fault
Ground Shaking 104
Central Negros Fault
Ground Shaking 105
Climate Map 106
Land Classification Map 119
Land Suitability Map 120
Protection Areas Map 128
Industries and Key Support Infrastructures 138
Agriculture Exposed to Flood 144
Agriculture Exposed to Rain Induced Landslide 145
Agriculture Exposed to Storm Surge 146
vii
Agriculture Exposed to Earthquake Induced landslide 148

Agriculture Exposed to Tsunami 149
Agriculture Exposed to Liquefaction 149
External Linkages and Internal Circulation Routes 166
Provincial Roads Exposed to Flooding 171
Provincial Road Exposure to Rain Induced Landslide 173
Provincial Roads Exposure to Storm Surge 174
Provincial Roads Exposed to Ground Shaking 176
Provincial Roads Exposed to Earthquake Induced Landslide 176
Provincial Roads Exposed to Liquefaction 178
Location Health Facilities 188
Location of Education Facilities 193
Location of Housing Facilities 195
Location of Security Facilities 198
Location of Water Sanitation Facilities 200
Location of Drainage Facilities 206
Location of Solid Waste Facilities 208
Critical Infrastructures Exposed to Flood 212
Critical Infrastructures Exposed to Rain Induced Landslide 213
Critical Infrastructures Exposed to Storm Surges 213
Critical infrastructures Exposed to Ground Shaking 214
Critical Infrastructures Exposed to Earthquake Induced Landslide 214
Critical Infrastructure Exposed to Tsunami 215
Critical Infrastructures Exposed to Liquefaction 216
Other Existing and Proposed Facilities 219
Poverty Map 221
Existing Land Use 231
Initial Settlement Growth 234
Initial Settlements and protection Land Use 238
Settlements Framework 242
Protection Framework 244
Production Framework – A 249
Production framework – B 250
Production Framework – C 250
Transport / Infrastructure Framework – A 254
Transport / Infrastructure Framework – B 254
Transport / Infrastructure Framework – C 255
Transport / Infrastructure Framework – D 255
Transport / Infrastructure Framework – E 256
Overall Physical Framework 257
Crops Adaptive Capacity to Flooding 295
Crops Exposure to Flooding 295
Vulnerability of Crops to Flood 296
Crops Sensitivity to Erosion 300
Crops Exposure to Erosion 301
Crops Adaptive Capacity to Erosion 301
Vulnerability of Crops to Erosion 302
Crops Sensitivity to Drought 306
Crops Exposure to Drought 307
Crops Adaptive Capacity to Drought 307
Vulnerability of Crops to Drought 308
Forest Sector Sensitivity to Flood 312
Forestry Sector Exposure to Flood 313
viii
Forestry Sector Adaptive Capacity to Flood 313

Vulnerability of Forestry to Flood 314
Forestry Sensitivity to Drought 318
Forestry Exposure to Drought 319
Forestry Sensitivity to Drought 319
Forest Vulnerability to Drought 320
Health Sector Sensitivity to Dengue 323
Health Sector Exposure to Dengue 324
Health Sector Adaptive Capacity to Dengue 324
Vulnerability of Health Sector to Dengue 325
Health Sensitivity to Typhoid 329
Health Exposure to Typhoid 330
Health Adaptive Capacity to Typhoid 330
Health Vulnerability to Typhoid 331
Health Sensitivity to Leptospirosis 335
Health Exposure to Leptospirosis 336
Health Adaptive Capacity to Leptospirosis 336
Health Sector Vulnerability to Leptospirosis 337
Agriculture “Fisheries & Mariculture” Sensitivity to
Sea Level Rise 341
Agriculture “Fisheries & Mariculture” Expsoure to
Sea Level Rise 342
Agriculture “Fisheries & Mariculture” Adaptive
Capacity to Sea Level Rise 342
Agriculture “Fisheries & Mariculture” Vulnerability to
Sea Level Rise 343
Fisheries – Mariculture Sensitivity to Tropical
Cyclone and Storm Surge 347
Fisheries – Mariculture Exposure to Tropical
Fisheries – Mariculture Adaptive Capacity to Tropical
Fisheries – Mariculture Vulnerability to Tropical
Coastal and Marine Sensitivity to Sea Surface
Temperature Increase 353
Coastal and Marine Exposure to Sea Surface
Coastal and Marine Adaptive Capacity to Sea Surface
Coastal and Marine Vulnerability to Sea Surface
Biodiversity Sensitivity to Forest Fires 359
Biodiversity Exposure to Forest Fires 360
Biodiversity Adaptive Capacity to Forest Fires 360
Biodiversity Vulnerability to Forest Fires 361
Biodiversity Sensitivity to Drought 364
Biodiversity Exposure to Drought 365
Biodiversity Adaptive Capacity to Drought 365
Biodiversity Vulnerability to Drought 366
ix
Province of Iloilo, DRR and CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and
Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014-2020,
The Executive Summary
The Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP) is a 6-
year plan that details the vision for the Province (where do we want to go?), planning
environment (where are we right now?), development issues, goals, objectives, and
targets (what goals, objectives and targets should we set to address these issues towards
the attainment of our vision?), strategies, plans, programs and activities (how do we get
there?).
The Provincial Development Investment Program (PDIP) is a six-year support

plan that details, ranks and prioritizes programs, projects and activities proposed in the
PDPFP and matches the prioritized project list with the investment financing capacity of
the province.
In response to the challenge of sufficiently capacitating local governments and

communities hit and affected by natural hazards in coming up with a more fitting and
dynamic disaster management and climate change initiatives, thus the enhancement of
the current PDPFP to include DRR and CCA.
The Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Enhanced

Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (DRR and CCA Enhanced
PDPFP) is a fusion of two guidelines; 1) 2007 NEDA –ADB Guidelines on
Provincial/Local Planning Expenditure Management (PLPEM) mainly the volume on
the formulation of the Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, and 2)
1
United Nations Development Program and the European Commission Humanitarian

Aid Department formulated Guidelines on Mainstreaming DRR in Subnational
Development and Land Use/Physical Planning to direct natural disaster risk reduction
efforts in development planning processes.
Mainstreaming the disaster risk reduction and vulnerability assessment into the
PDPFP is a strategy since both plans provide the framework for planning and managing
land use. In the PDPFP it will allow the provincial government to gather and analyze
information about the sustainability of land for development, so that the limitations of
hazard prone areas are understood by policy-makers, potential investors and
community residents.
VISION STATEMENT
For the Province of Iloilo, the Development Vision is towards “A
progressive, peaceful, ecologically-balanced, resilient, safe

environment and habitation and vibrant Iloilo with sustainable
agri-aqua, forest-based and tourism enterprises having adequate
access to information, education, technology and other
entrepreneurial opportunities, where men and women equitably share
the benefits of development.”
2
PLANNING ENVIRONMENT
Location, Land Area and Political Subdivision
The Province
of Iloilo is a first class
province located in
Western Visayas or
Region VI. It occupies
the southern and
northeastern portion
of Panay Island. It is
bounded on the north
by the Province of
Capiz and Jintotolo
Channel, on the south
by Panay Gulf and
Iloilo Strait, on the
east by the Visayan Sea and Guimaras Strait and on the west by the Province of Antique.
Iloilo is 283 statute miles south of Manila and could be reached one hour by plane
and at an average of 18 hours by inter-island vessel from the national capital. Iloilo
(including Iloilo City) has a total land area of 471,940 hectares or 4,719.40 square
kilometers (km2). Iloilo Province has 466,342 hectares or 4,663km2 with 42
municipalities and a component city (excluding Iloilo City). It has 1,721 barangays
divided into five congressional districts. Iloilo City, the capital city, has 181 barangays
with one congressional district.
The Philippines, being located in the typhoon belt and the western segment of
the Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire, is constantly exposed to natural hazards such As
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical cyclones, landslides, flooding and
Page | 3
tsunamis. Such exposure makes the country always vulnerable to disasters

resulting in economic and sociallosses and environmental destructions such as loss of
natural habitats and ecosystems.
Hazards affecting the province are hydrometeorological and geologic

hazards. Hydrometeorogical hazards are flooding, rain induced landslides and storm
surges. Geological hazards are ground shaking, earthquake induced landslide, tsunami
and liquefaction.
The province of Iloilo is affected by the various earthquake generators.

These are West Panay Fault, Tablas Fault, Negros Trench, Central Negors Fault and
Masbate Fault. Either of the earthquake generators could affect the province of Iloilo in
ground shaking, earthquake induced landslide, tsunami and liquefaction.
One of the devastating floods and flashflood that occurred in the province of
Iloilo was when Typhoon Frank hit the city and Province of Iloilo. Typhoon Frank was
formed in the Pacific Ocean East of the Philippine Islands on June 19. It intensified to
typhoon intensity on June 20. It has wind speeds estimated at 85 knots - making it a
category two tropical cyclone on the Saffir-Simpson scale.
One of the storm surge disastrous event was last November 8, 2013 when Super
typhoon Yolanda (international name: Haiyan) battered the central part of the
Philippines. Packing maximum winds of 215 kilometers per hour near the center and
gustiness of up to 250 kph, typhoon Yolanda was an exceptionally powerful typhoon
and considered as the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record as well as the strongest
typhoon ever recorded in terms of wind speed.

Based on the 2007 census data, Iloilo (including Iloilo City) has a total population
of 2,110,588 and a density of 447 persons/km2. On the other hand, the province alone,
has a total population of 1,691,878 (2007 census) with a population density of 363
persons/km2.
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Iloilo has the second largest population (after Negros Occidental) among the
provinces of Region VI of 30.84percent of the regional total. Its annual population
growth rate was 1.32 percent, slower than the 1.40 percent of the region. Given the
current trends, Iloilo shall double its population in 52 years, slightly longer compared to
that of the region in 49 years.
Iloilo City is the fastest growing urban center with a population of 418,710
accounting for 19.84 percent of the total population of the entire Iloilo in 2007. Among
the 42 municipalities and 1 component city, Oton has the largest population of 77,621,
followed by Passi City of 76,045, Pototan with 67,626, Lambunao with 63,300 and
Dumangas with 62,769. The municipality of Bingawan has the smallest share of 11,866,
followed by San Rafael at 12,847 and Batad at 17,009.
Iloilo City, a highly urbanized city, has a population density of 7,477

persons/km2. Across the municipalities, Estancia has the highest population density of
1,238 persons/km2, Pavia with 1,122 persons/km2, San Miguel with 1,112 persons/km2,
Oton and Tigbauan with 917 and 900 persons/km2, respectively. In contrast, San Rafael
has the least persons per square kilometer at 94 persons/km2, followed by Bingawan at
144 persons/km2, and Igbaras at 193 persons/km2.
In terms of urbanization, Pavia has the highest urbanization level of 96.25

percent - meaning almost all barangays have a population density more than 500
persons/km2. Likewise, Passi City, Estancia, San Miguel, Leganes and Oton had a higher
urbanization level.
Iloilo City is the metropolitan core of Western Visayas and the regional center of
education, government institutions, banking and other services. Allied with the growth
of Iloilo City, is its spill-over to the towns of Oton, Pavia, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara and
Leganes. To consolidate the growth of Iloilo City and the adjacent municipalities, a
Metro Iloilo Development Council (MIDC) had been organized. The Province of
Guimaras later joined the alliance to form the Metro Iloilo Guimaras Economic
Development Council (MIGEDC).
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Outside of Iloilo City and its alliance municipalities, growth was also inevitable.
In the south, the growth of Miagao is due to the brisk local economy spurred by the
University of the Philippines Visayas. In the central part of Iloilo, the municipalities of
Dumangas and Passi City along with Janiuay and Pototan are considered as fast growing
municipalities. In northeastern part of the province, Sara and Estancia are considered
growth areas.
Except for Tubungan, all the municipalities in the province of Iloilo have
population in areas that are located in areas that are exposed in highly susceptible to
flooding. This means that these population are situated in areas that are highly
susceptible areas to flooding.
Municipalities with most population that are located or exposed in highly

susceptible areas to rain induced landslides are Calinog, Janiuay, Lambunao, Leon,
Miag-ao and San Rafael. Leganes and Pavia are not exposed to rain induced landslide in
any level of susceptibility.
In terms of population, the most susceptible to storm surge is the municipality of

Carles, Estancia and Concepcion. These municipalities are coastal municipalities with
the presence of islets surrounding.
The whole Province of Iloilo are exposed to ground shaking in any level of
intensity once the West Panay Fault is activated with Magnitude of 7.4 and depth of 2
kms. Intensity VI will be felt in 15 municipalities and 100% of the population in
Bingawan, Calinog and Passi City are exposed to ground shaking.
The Province of Iloilo is also exposed to ground shaking once Tablas Fault is
activated with Magnitude of 7.1 and depth of 2 kms. Bingawan and Passi City will have
all its population (100%) exposed to Intensity VI ground shaking while 100% of the
population in Badiangan, Cabatuan, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel and Santa
Barbara will experience Intensity VII. The rest of the population will either experienced
intensities in various levels.
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Like other earthquake generators, Negros Trench could cause ground shaking in
all municipalities in the province once it is activated with a Magnitude of 8. 3 and a
depth of 35 kms. Ground shaking in all municipalities varies from Intensity V to
Intensity VII.
Usually earthquake induced landslide occurs in municipalities with mountain

ranges with slopes 50% or higher. Highly exposed to earthquake induced landslide
could be found in the mountain ranges in the municipalities of Leon, Miag-ao, San
Joaquin, Tubungan, Igbaras, portions of Alimodia, Guimbal and Tigbauan . The rest of
the municipalities are moderately to low exposed with the exception of the
municipalities of Santa Barbara, Pavia, New Lucena, Mina, Leganes, Estancia,
Dumangas, Carles, Barotac Nuevo and Balasan.
The built up areas in the municipalities of Tubungan, Lambunao, and Bingawan

are not exposed to flooding in any level of susceptibility.
In terms of percentage, the built up areas in the municipalities of Dumangas, Leganes,

Mina, Oton, Pavia, Zarraga and San Miguel are 100% exposed to high level of
susceptibility in flooding.
In terms of area, Oton has the largest built up area susceptible to flooding with 970.30
has. This is followed by Pavia with 961.94 has., Santa Barbara with 782.45 has,. then
Dumangas, Leganes, Barotac Nuevo and Tigbauan.
Physical Resources
Almost one-third of the province is considered flat. The highest peak is Mt. Baloy
in Lambunao which is 1,728 meters above sea level. Mt. Inaman in Maasin is 1,350 and
Mt. Igdalig in Igbaras is 1,288 meters above sea level. A belt of hills with heights varying
from 90 to 100 meters above sea level is found in the greater part of the northeastern
section of the province bordering Capiz. From the ranges of mountains and hills, the
land rolls down into a flat plain extending all the way from the apex of triangular shaped
lands towards the coastal towns.
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A total of 151,020.80 hectares or 32 percent of the province has a slope of 0-3

percent. These could be found in San Miguel, Oton, Pavia, Leganes, Zarraga, Dumangas,
Barotac Nuevo and Estancia. Large portions could also be found in Pototan, Dingle,
Mina, Sta. Barbara, Balasan, Carles, Sara, Ajuy, Btac, Viejo, Banate and Anilao.
Slope 3-8 percent (sloping and undulating) could be found in almost all areas
with large portions in Leon and San Enrique. A total of 42,474 hectares or 9 percent has
slopes of this category. Areas with large portions of 8-18 percent slope (70,791 hectares
or 15 percent) are located in Cabatuan, Badiangan, Janiuay, Duenas and the island
barangays of Concepcion. Likewise, large portions with slope 18-30 percent could be
found in most of the municipalities. Large portions of the municipalities of Calinog,
Lambunao, Janiuay, Maasin, Alimodan, Leon, Tubungan, Igbaras, Miagao, San Joaquin
and the island barangays of San Dionisio have slopes greater than 50 percent.
The province has a total of 66 islands mostly situated in the northern part. The
municipality of Carles has 29 islands with Calagna-an as the biggest. The municipality
of Concepcion has 17 islands with Pan de Azucar as the largest and Bocot Island, the
smallest. Some of the islands are submerged during high tide. Ajuy has seven (7) small
islands while Estancia has six (6) with Bayas as the largest at 70.40 hectares.
About 159 rivers and creeks traverse the entire province. Major rivers that
provide water for irrigation and potable use are: Jalaur River, Suague River, Tigum
River, Aganan River, Serruco River, Jaro River and Iloilo Estuary or River.
The coastline of the province is approximately 451.83 kilometers. There are 19

coastal municipalities covering 230 coastal barangays in the province.
In areas/regions where rainfall is projected to decrease, there will be water stress

(both in quantity and quality), which in turn, will most likely cascade into more adverse
impacts, particularly on forestry, agriculture and livelihood, health, and human
settlement.
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Iloilo province is rich in metallic and non-metallic resources. Manganese could

be found in Ajuy, ball clay in Lemery, white clay in Gigantes Island, Carles and Balasan,
red burning clay in Sta. Barbara and San Miguel. Large quantity of basalt and
basalt/lava flow can be found in San Joaquin and Anilao. Small quantity of guano,
limestone and phosphate rock could be found in Dingle.
The Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) in Region VI has also identified
potential minerals in some municipalities. Gold is found in Ajuy, Concepcion, Barotac
Viejo, Dingle, Balasan, Lemery, Janiuay, Carles and Sara. Also, copper is found in Ajuy,
Concepcion, Barotac Viejo, Dingle, Balasan and Sara. Manganese could be found in
Anilao, Sara, San Dionisio and San Joaquin and iron in Concepcion.
For non-metallic minerals, there is a potential supply of white clay in Leon,

Carles, Concepcion, San Dionisio, Batad, Barotac Viejo, Ajuy and Estancia. There is red
burning clay in Ajuy, Leon, Oton, Sta. Barbara, San Miguel, Pototan, Tigbauan and
Cabatuan. Limestone can be found in Dingle, Passi, Carles and Dumangas. Guano and
phosphate rocks could be found in Carles, Dingle, Passi City and Igbaras. Semi precious
stones are found in San Joaquin while there is a supply of black clay in San Dionisio,
Balasan, Alimodian and Pavia and feldspar in Sara and Ajuy.
The province has a total of 357,856.79 hectares of alienable and disposable lands.
A total of 159,407.68 hectares are being cultivated to annual crops while 89,155.68
hectares are cultivated to perennial crops. The rest of the areas are being covered by
shrubs, wooded grassland, fishponds or built up areas, inland water, mixed open forest
and mangrove areas.
Forestlands are those lands of the public domain which have been classified as
such and declared as needed for forestry purposes. The province has a total forest land
area of 114,083 hectares. San Joaquin has the largest forestland of 15,594 hectares
followed by Calinog of 14,954.25 hectares, Lambunao with 8,545.50 hectares, Maasin
with 6,980 hectares and Igbaras with 5,584 hectares.
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NIPAS areas are: Bulabog Putian National Park in Dingle and San Enrique (854
hectares), Samponong Bolo Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary in Sara (54 hectares), Maasin
Watershed Reservation in Maasin, Janiuay and Alimodian (6,738.50 hectares), and Jalaur
Watershed Reservation in Calinog and Lambunao (9,227.6 hectares).
Non-NIPAS are areas over an elevation of 1,000 meters above sea level located
along the peak mountain ranges of San Joaquin, Miagao, Leon and Lambunao. These
also include areas with slopes greater than 50 percent in San Joaquin, Igbaras, Tubungan,
Leon, Maasin, Alimodian, Janiuay, Badiangan, Lambunao, Calinog, Passi City, San
Enrique and Anilao. Buffer strips of major rivers like Tigum, Aganan, Suage and Jalaur
rivers, 40 meters on both sides and along river banks and portions within the A&D land
which are 20 meters along river banks. Non-NIPAS also include mangrove forests along
coastlines, marine reserve and aquatic sanctuary, marine protected areas, Tinagong
Dagat in Lambunao, earthquake prone areas, tsunami prone areas, flood prone areas,
areas prone to landslides, trust fault, storm surges, inundated areas, liquefaction,
subsidence, and areas prone to flash floods.
Changes in rainfall regimes and patterns resulting to increase/decrease in water

use and temperature increases could lead to a change in the forests ecosystem,
particularly in areas where the rains are severely limited, and can no longer provide
favorable conditions for certain highly sensitive species. Some of our forests could face
die-backs. Additionally, drier periods and warmer temperatures, especially during the
warm phase of El Nino events, could cause forest fires. A very likely threat to
communities that largely depend on the ecological services provided by forests is that
they may face the need to alter their traditions and livelihoods. This change in practices
and behavior can lead to further degradation of the environment as they resort to more
extensive agricultural production in already degraded areas.
Economy
Western Visayas contributed the fifth (5th) largest share to the country’s Gross
Regional Domestic Product in 2006. Western Visayas recorded a total share of Php396.8
billion at current prices or 6.58 percent of the entire national economic production. The
Page | 10
service sector comprised 51 percent of the region’s total economy while the industry
sector shared 29 percent. Agriculture, fishery and forestry accounted for 20 percent of
the region’s GRDP for 2006.
Iloilo ranked next to Negros Occidental in terms of the total family income.
Negros Occidental contributed 38 percent while Iloilo shared 35 percent followed by
Capiz with 10 percent of the region’s total income amounting to Php114 billion.
Iloilo’s economy is essentially anchored on two major sectors, agriculture and

services. Agriculture provides most of the employment while the services sector
provides the critical support to agriculture.
Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Higher temperature

eventually reduce yields of desirable crops while encouraging weed and pest
proliferation. The changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of shot- run
crops failures and lon run production declines. Although there will be gains in some
crops, the overall impacts of climate change on agriculture are expected to be negative,
threatening global food security.

The national roads traverse almost all major locations in the province and
connect to other provinces and destinations outside of the province. The roads connect
to vital economic infrastructure such as the Iloilo Commercial Port Complex and the
New Iloilo Airport at Cabatuan, Iloilo. The Strong Republic Nautical Highway connects
Iloilo to Metro Manila via Caticlan Port in the province of Aklan.
For internal circulation, the provincial roads provide inter-district connections.

They connect the municipalities within the province and provide accessibility to various
barangays leading to the nearest markets and urban centers. The province has 808.164
kilometers of national roads and 671.829 kilometers of provincial roads.
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The provincial roads in the municipalities of Dumangas, Leganes, Maasin, Oton,

Pavia and Zarraga are all exposed or located within the highly susceptible area to
flooding. Flooding is also highly susceptible in the provincial roads of Banate, Barotac
Nuevo and San Miguel.
There are 33 municipalities whose provincial roads are exposed to rain induced
landslide in any level of susceptibility. Provincial roads with high exposure are in Passi
City, Dueñas, Janiuay, Calinog, Cabatuan, Barotac Viejo among others
Provincial roads that has the longest length that is prone storm surge is in San
Dionisio with 8.23 kms.. Ajuy, Carles, Batad, Concepcion and Estancia has also
provincial roads that is prone to storm surge
Provincial roads are also affectd by ground shakinf, earthquake induced

landslide, tsunami and liquefaction in any levels of intensity brought about by
earthquake generators.
The New Iloilo Airport provides for air accessibility to various destinations like
Metro Manila, Cebu, Davao and Puerto Princesa. It is one of the busiest airports outside
Metro Manila.
Accessibility through bodies of water is made possible by the various ports in
Iloilo. The Iloilo Port is the third largest port after Manila and Cebu and is considered
one of the finest harbors in the country and the principal port of entry of the region. A
roll-on roll-off (RORO) facility was constructed at Lapuz river wharf that links Iloilo to
Cebu, Guimaras, Puerto Princesa, and Palawan plying the western Strong Republic
Nautical Highway (SRNH).
The Iloilo Commercial Port Complex in Bo. Obrero, Lapuz is considered as the
leading trade and commercial hub of Western Visayas and is one of the safest natural
seaports. The Iloilo Fishing Port Complex located in a 21 hectares reclaimed area in
Tanza, Molo is the center for fish trading and marine products. It was constructed to
Page | 12
provide safe landing for fishing vessels, reduce fish spoilage and prevent double
handling of fish.
The various ports in Iloilo province also provide sea accessibility to different
destinations. These are the ports of Estancia, Banate, Naluoyan in Dumangas, Badiang
and Culasi in Ajuy, Guimbal, Miagao, Concepcion and Anilao.
Total families in Iloilo were recorded at 291,472 families in 2000. The average
family income was Php83,715 in 1997 and increased to Php110,114 in 2000 , an increase
of 23.97 percent over the period. Of the Php110,114 average income, 80 percent was
spent on various expenditures such as food, clothing, education, transportation and
communications and other household operations. The remaining 19.86 percent of the
income was kept as savings.
The total labor force population (15 years and over) in the province for 2006
constitutes 30 percent of the total labor force in the region. Of these, 44 percent was
employed in agriculture while 56.4 percent was employed in both services and industry
sectors. On the average, employment rate for 2006 was recorded at 94.2 percent, higher
than the 2004 figure by 3.1 percent. On the other hand, unemployment rate for 2006
averaged 5.8 percent, lower by also 3.1 percent than the unemployment rate for the year
2004.
Looking at the historical trends from 2000 to 2006, average employment

increased annually while unemployment rate correspondingly decreased. This is an
indication that the economy of the province is improving over time.
Health services come in two components; the curative services and the
preventive services. Curative or hospital services are being handled by the 11 district
hospitals, one (1) provincial hospital of the province, two (2) government facilities
located in New Lucena and Barotac Nuevo, six (6) privately owned hospitals and two (2)
Page | 13
government owned hospitals in Iloilo City. All hospitals have a total bed capacity of
2,448 or a hospital bed population ratio of 1:862. This indicates that Iloilo has adequate
hospital beds to serve its population. The standard hospital bed-population ratio is
1:1000. For public health, the doctor-population ratio of 1:31,922 is higher than the
standard ratio of 1:20,000.
With regard to health indicators, infants with low birth weights were observed in
several municipalities. These are brought about by several factors such as; inaccessibility
to basic health facilities, inadequate maternal education, low educational attainment and
income, among others.
For education, high dropout rate and low cohort survival rates were noted in the
elementary and secondary levels. In SY 2007-2008, the lowest cohort survival rates were
78.9 percent in elementary and 77.28 percent in the secondary level. High dropout and
low cohort survival rates are influenced by a number of factors such as low family
income, poor health and nutrition, inaccessibility of basic education facilities and
increasing drug and alcohol abuse among children. The province, however, posted the
highest literacy rate of 92.8 percent in Western Visayas, followed by Aklan, Negros
Occidental, Capiz and Antique. Western Visayas placed sixth in the whole country in
terms of literacy rate with 92.8 percent after the NCR with 99 percent.
For peace and order, the province of Iloilo is considered relatively peaceful with
minor crime incidences. For 2007, there were 1,330 PNP personnel who catered to
2,110,588 Ilonggos or a ratio of 1 policeman per 1,586 population. The standard ratio is 1
policeman per 1,500 population. With regard to fire protection, there are 353 firemen in
the province of Iloilo. Based on the estimate ratio of 1 fireman to 2000 population, there
is still a need of 691 firemen to cater to the fire protection needs of the entire population.
There were 400 fire incidents in 2007 which is 21.5 percent higher than the previous year.
For water and sanitation, about 291,709 households or 98 percent have access to
safe water through level I (204,429 or 68 percent), level II (40,374 or 13 percent) and level
Page | 14
III (15.71 percent or 16 percent). There are still 2.31 percent of households which do not
have access to safe water.
Providing the power requirements of all municipalities are the three electric
cooperatives and Panay Electric Company (PECO) for Iloilo City. A total of 1,681 or
97.68 percent of the barangays were fully energized in 2006. It is projected that all
barangays will be fully energized by the end of 2013. For Iloilo, a 140 megawatt (MW)
coal fired power plant is scheduled to be commissioned before the end of 2010. There
are, however, other power sources such as bio-fuel and renewable energy projects that
are being developed in the Province. The Jalaur River Multi-Purpose Project in Calinog
and Lambunao that would generate 15MW of power is also proposed to be developed.
The DPWH-JICA Iloilo Flood Control Project (package 1) is already functional.

The project connects Tigum and Aganan rivers and would drain to the Iloilo Channel.
Package 2 includes the improvement of Iloilo River, Upper Ingore Creek and both banks
of Jaro River. In the municipalities, there are 23 municipalities that have proposed to
construct flood control projects that entail billions of pesos.
The province has several run-off irrigation systems with a total service area of
26,456 hectares. The Jalaur-Suage River Irrigation System with a service area of 14,400
hectares has a percentage share of 4.43 percent and covers eight (8) municipalities with
10,416 farmer beneficiaries. The Aganan-Sta. Barbara RIS, on the other hand, has a
service area of 8,262 hectares with a percentage share of 31.22 percent and covers seven
(7) municipalities with 5,018 farmer beneficiaries while the Barotac Viejo RIS has a
service area of 1,774 hectares with 585 farmer beneficiaries, and the Sibalom-Tigbauan
RIS has a service area of 2,020 hectares with a percentage share of 7.63 percent with 1,246
farmer beneficiaries.
Aside from the main irrigation systems, there are other systems managed by
other government agencies and the private sector comprising a total area of 41,357
hectares with 21,227 farmer beneficiaries.
Page | 15
Land Use and Physical Framework
Given the existing situation, a physical framework is derived to integrate the

locations of future development - that is, a fuller picture of the way land and other
physical resources are to be utilized and shall further guide the identification of
programs, projects and activities. The physical framework has four (4) major
components: settlements component, production component, protection component, and
transport/infrastructure.
Settlements Framework
Iloilo City, the provincial capital, shall continue to be the metropolitan core of the
province and the entire Panay Area. It would maintain its role as the center of regional
governance, commercial, financial and educational hub in this part of the Island. Iloilo
City would even strengthen its role as the regional services center and would enhance its
position particularly in the business process outsourcing (BPO). With the growth of
BPOs, other forward and backward linkages will follow such as transportation,
communication and storage, finance, trading, and other services.
The growth of Iloilo City will spill-over to the adjacent municipalities of Oton,
San Miguel, Pavia and even to Sta. Barbara, and Leganes. The existing Metro Iloilo
Guimaras Economic Development Council, with the province of Guimaras joining the
alliance, would be further strengthened. It is projected that even without the formal
membership of other municipalities adjacent to the alliance, growth will spill-over
further in a radial fashion.
Growth in the other parts of the province especially in the southern, central and
north eastern portions is inevitable. Economic growth in these areas are brought about
by its strategic location vis-à-vis other municipalities, the quality of transport modalities
and infrastructure facilities, local economic policies and environment, and natural and
physical resources.
Page | 16
In the south, Miagao’s growth is anchored on the presence of the University of

the Philippines in the Visayas and its inherent human resources. Guimbal, on the other
hand, is the convergence point of the towns of Tubungan and Igbaras and also a service
center in that part of the province.
In the central part, Passi City is the core growth area because of the presence of
major service and industry facilities such as the sugar mills, commercial trade facilities,
and the upcoming bus and jeepney terminals cum market. The Naluoyan port in
Dumangas brings more accessibility to the area and may likely be the gateway to the
fourth district and even to the northern part of Panay Island. The economy of
Dumangas is steered by its agriculture and aquaculture industry.
In the northeastern part of the province, the municipalities of Sara and Estancia
are the two leading commercial and trade areas. Sara is the convergence of the
municipalities of Ajuy, Lemery, Concepcion and San Dionisio and promotes its role as
the trading and commercial area while the growth of Estancia is steered by its fishing
industry.
Protection Framework
As the NIPAS and non-NIPAS areas have been identified in the province,
protection areas have to be enhanced. A comprehensive environmental protection plan
shall be formulated and implemented. NIPAs areas such as parks, wildlife sanctuaries,
and watersheds shall be protected from encroachment of settlements.
Non-NIPAS areas such as areas over 1000 meters above sea level, slope greater
than 50 percent, buffer strips along major rivers, mangrove areas, marine reserves and
aquatic wildlife sanctuary, marine protected areas, earthquake prone areas, tsunami
prone areas, flood prone areas, areas prone to landslides, trust faults, storm surges,
inundates areas, liquefaction, subsidence areas, and areas prone to flashfloods shall be
taken into serious consideration in disaster management and planning.
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A multi-sectoral initiative shall be undertaken to protect and mitigate the effects

before and during disaster and calamities. The Local Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Fund (LDRRMF) shall be judiciously allocated and utilized to support risk
reduction activities.
Production Framework
Agriculture, fisheries, and services such as transportation, communication and

storage, trading, finance, and other services shall remain to be the main engine of
economic growth of the province as follows:
For Iloilo City, the business process outsourcing (BPO) is projected to provide
more jobs for the Ilonggos.
For Iloilo Province agriculture and fisheries remains to be the primer of growth.
Palay would continue to be the major contributor, particularly, the palay producing
municipalities. Corn, grown mostly in the fifth districts would contribute significantly to
agriculture. Livestock as well as fisheries would also be a major contribute to the
agriculture sector.
For agriculture, promotion of value adding for agriculture products is a preferred

option. The province should pursue strengthening support to the rehabilitation of the
existing irrigation facilities, establishment of more small irrigation systems, upgrading
and rehabilitation of farm to market roads and establishment of more pre and post
harvest facilities.
For fisheries, promotion of mariculture technology, strict enforcement of fishery

laws with strong support of the local government units shall be done. For services, this
entails the provision of a better climate for public and private partnerships, support in
the promotion of Ilonggo products through trade fairs and market matching and provide
financial support to budding and new industries.
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Transport/Infrastructure Framework
Infrastructure framework entails the upgrading of external circulation like

national roads, ports and bridges leading to other areas outside of Iloilo. Also, this
entails the upgrading and improvement of provincial roads, bridges and other
infrastructure to promote internal mobility.
The completion of Leon-San Remegio Road, further upgrading of the Strong

Republic Nautical Highways, the proposed Metro Iloilo Road Network are of immediate
priority to improve external circulation.
The more ambitious infrastructure proposals include the construction of the

Jalaur River Multi-Purpose Project (Phase 2), the national railway system that would
connect Iloilo to Roxas city and Caticlan, and the Trans-Visayas FriendShip Bridges that
would connect the islands of Bohol, Cebu, Southern Leyte, Negros Oriental, Negros
Occidental and Panay island.
DEVELOPMENT GOALS, OBJECTIVES, STRATEGIES, PROGRAMS AND

PROJECTS
This development vision can be realized through the attainment of the following
strategies known as the 8 Strategic Themes: 1) Improved health and nutrition through
accessible and better health facilities and services; 2) Healthy living environment
through environmental protection and rehabilitation; 3) Improved farm household
through improve agriculture productivity; 4) Enhanced quality of life through quality
and accessible education, social welfare and related services; 5) Improved household
income through entrepreneurship, employment generation and investment
promotion; 6) Enhance accessibility through better infrastructure and other support
services; 7) Efficient government service through better government facilities; and
8) Good governance through transparency, service competencies and good fiscal
position.
Page | 19
Strategic Theme No. 1 is to improve health and nutrition through accessible and better
health facilities and services the following programs and projects will be implemented.
Public health service delivery program will include Lymphatic Filiariasis Elimination
Program, Rabies Prevention and Control, National Leprosy Program, National TB-DOTS
Program, Dengue Prevention Program, Program on STI-HIV Aids, Expanded Program
on Immunization, Nutrition Program, Dental Program, Integrated Management of
Cildhood Illness, Program on Community Health Teams, Family Planning and Maternal
Health, Adolescent and Youth Health Program, Geographically Isolated Disadvantage
Areas, Non-communicable Diseases, Environmental Sanitation and Phil. Integrated
Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR).
Another program under Strategic Theme No.1 is Hospital Enhancement Program thru
HEART. This program will include Health Regulations, Good Governance, Health
Huamn Resource, Hospital Operations Management Information System, Health
Financing and Health Service Delivery. Another program is the Veterinary Services to
include Animal Health Management Program, Veterinary Quarantine Services,
Provicnial Canine Rabies Action Program, Barangay Vaccinators Training Program, Goat
Nucleus Farm and Leptospirosis Prevention and Control Program. Potable Water
Project and Health Financing for Indigents are also included in Strategic Theme No.1.
Strategic Theme No.2 is healthy living environment through environmental

protection and rehabilitation which includes programs on Environment and Natural
Resources Services to include Forest Management Ecosystem, Freshwater/ Rprarian
Management Ecosystem, Coastal and Marine Management Ecosystem and Local
Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program. Projects along this line are Action for
Re-greening and Transformation, Scaling Up Rainwater Harvesting Project, River
Profiling, Artificial Reef for Transformation, Ecological Solid Waste Management
Program, Communal Forest Establishment and Roadside Tree Planting.
Strategic Theme No.3 is Improved farm household through improved agriculture
productivity will include programs like Integrated Fisheries Development Program.
Projects involved are Coastal Resource Management for Alliance Municipalilty Program,
Development Enhancement of Coastal Fishing Ground, Mariculture Development,
Page | 20
Integrated Freshwater Aquaculture Park and Technology Center, and Fishery Law
Enforcement. Another program is the Research and Institutional Development
Program, and this will include Community Participation Action Research, Rice Research
and Technology Center, 4H Club, Rural Improvement Club Development and Farmers
Association Development.
Crops Development will have projects on Rice Development, Corn Development, Crops
Protection and Disease Surveillance and High Value Crops Development. Livestock
Development Program will include Livestock Upgrading Program, Provincial Dairy and
Waste Management. Agricultural Engineering and Agribussiness and Marketing
Development are also programs under Strategic Theme No.3.
Strategic Theme No.4 is to enhance the quality of life through quality and accessible
education, social welfare and related services. Programs and projects under the
strategy are Social Welfare and Development Program, Iskolar sang Iloilo Program, Basic
Education Supprt Program, Library Enhancement Program, Heritage and Archival
System and Population Management Services.Socail Welfare and Development Program
will include Self Employment Assistance sa Kaunlaran (SEA-K) Project, Women in
Development Program through Kalipunan ng Liping Pilipina (KALIPI), Youth
Development, Family Welfare Program, Solo Parent Welfare Program, Effective
Reaffirmation on Paternal Abiliities (ERPAT) Program, Senior Citizen Welfare Program,
Supplementary Feeding Program. Child Welfare and Development Program, Welfare
and Development Program for Persons with Disability and Welfare Program on
Trafficking of Persons. Population Management Services will have projects on
Responsible Parenthood, School Based Multi purpose Teen Center, Population
Development Integration and Population Data Banking and Management.
The next is Strategic Theme No, 5 , which is to improve household income through
entrepreneurship, employment generation and investment promotion. Programs
under this will be Manpower Development Services with Employment Promotion and
Development as project. Next we have Tourism Promotion and Development Services,
Enterprises Development Program with Investment Promotion, Generation and
Page | 21
Facilitation Services, Technology and Livelihood Development Services, Livelihood

Development Program and Local Economic Development Project as projects. We also
have Cooperative Development Services with Cooperative Development,
Cooprenuership Development Program as projects.
Strategic Theme No.6 is enhanced accessibility through better infrastructure and other
support services. Under these, wehave programs and services such as engineering
services with projects on Concreting and or rehabilitation of various provincial roads
and bridges, and rehabilitation/ maintenance/concreting/ construction of infrastructure
projects. We have also the community direct action projects (CDAP) which will provide
for small infrastructure projects especially in the communities/ barangays which are
vitally needed to pursue their economic activities.
Programs and projects for Strategic Theme No, 7 which is Efficient government service
through government facilities are Iloilo Sports Development Project, Hospital
Improvement Project, Regional Museum Development and Casa Real (old Provincial)
Rehabilitation Project.
Good governance through transparency, service competencies and good fiscal position
which Strategic Theme No.8 has the following programs and projects: Strategic
Performance Management Syatem, Results-Based Management System, Awards,
Incentives and Accreditation, Internal Reform Inititatives, Iloilo Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform and Taxation (I-CART) Program, and Tax Reform Enhancement
Program.
DRR and CCA specific strategic goals , projects and programs were also identified.
Page | 22
Province of Iloilo, DRR and CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014-2020
Introduction
Introduction
The Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Enhanced
Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (DRR and CCA Enhanced
PDPFP) is a fusion of two guidelines; 1) 2007 NEDA –ADB Guidelines on
Provincial/Local Planning Expenditure Management (PLPEM) mainly the
volume on the formulation of the Provincial Development and Physical
Framework Plan, and 2) United Nations Development Program and the
European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department formulated Guidelines on
Mainstreaming DRR in Subnational Development and Land Use/Physical
Planning to direct natural disaster risk reduction efforts in development planning
processes. Mainstreaming the disaster risk reduction and vulnerability
assessment into the PDPFP is a strategy since both plans provide the framework
for planning and managing land use. In the PDPFP it will allow the provincial
government to gather and analyze information about the sustainability of land
for development, so that the limitations of hazard prone areas are understood by
policy-makers, potential investors and community residents.
23
Introduction
The DRR and CCA Enhanced PDPFP enhances the understanding of the
planning environment through knowledge on natural hazards and the
vulnerabilities of exposed communities, their social and economic fragilities and
their lack of resilience ir ability to cope with or recover during times of disaster.
It will provide a more realistic projections of demand and supply of land

for settlements, production, protection and infrastructure. Development, as a
matter of policy needs to be promulgated, should be discouraged and restricted
in areas prone to natural hazards.
The plan will increase the awareness of decision makers in setting

development goals and targets on reduction of loss of life and property from
natural hazards as risks fatality and property damage are qualified.
Development issues and goals identifies constraints to development

arising from risk factors and appropriate risk reduction measures are included in
priopity programs and projects as evaluated vis-à-vis quantified risks and
eventually provided with budgetary resources and implemented.
MULTIHAZARD COVERAGE:
The natural hazards considered in the plan pertains to events of geologic

and hydrometeorologic origin. Among the many hazards of such origins,
covered are flooding, rain induced landslide, storm surges, ground shaking,
earthquake induced landslide, liquefaction and tsunami. These natural hazards
are usually the extreme natural events that occur in any part of the Philippines
and posing some threats to people and their assets.
Also included is the vulnerability of health conditions of the populace to

climate change conditions such as dengue, leptospirosis and typhoid.
24
Introduction
WHY THE PROVINCE?
Hazards are location specific but they do not respect political boundaries.
It could be be more efficient to address hazard issues at the subnational level,
particularly the province rather than the municipalities and cities. Most hazards
directly affect contiguous areas across several LGUs in a province or some LGUs
across two or more provinces. Province – focused analysis is beneficial since key
lifelines like access to roads, power and communication lines and even hospital
services are designed to cover wider areas. More specific interventions can be
designed at this level for participationof local governments and communities are
critical for key interventions to succeed.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Hazard maps provided by agencies such as PHIVOLCS, PAGASA and

MGB that identify areas susceptible to a particular hazard were used as a basis
for coming up of methodologies used together with available data and
information sets.
PLANNING CHALLENGES IN MAINSTREAMING DRR AND CCA TO THE

PLANNING PROCESS:
1. Limited knowledge on the frequency of occurrence and the

consequence or severity of hazards.
2. Hazards can change and so could the communities and the

environment that are affected. With climate change, risks from
hydrometeorologic hazards could be compounded and would
need scientific information for adaptation;
25
Introduction
3. Existing land use is often very difficult to change. Land use

decisions, must seek a balance between individual needs and
the good of the entire community. The decision to restrict
settlements from the delineated high risk zones would imply the
resettlement of affected families to other areas or the
implementatuin of the attendant structural measures that
should ensure the safety of the rest of the families within the
bigger community.
4. Lack of integration of jurisdictional boundaries. Dealing with

the impacts of disasters required the necessary integration of
various jurisdictional boundaries, particulary where cumulative
impacts occur. Impacts are very difficult to foresee and plan for
all possible contingencies.
5. It is very important that the local communities affected are able

to know the disaster risks that they are confronted with so that
they are in a better position to decide on the appropriate
mitigation and coping options. They can come to realize the
consequences of not treating the risks.
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AS AVEHICLE FOR DRR
Development plans take on a critical role in disaster risk

management. The development planning process is comprehensive,
multisectoral and integrative in nature. The process covers plan preparation,
investment programming, project evaluation and development, budgeting,
implementation and monitoring and evaluation.
26
Introduction
MAINSTREAMING FRAMEWORK:
The mainstreaming framework involves two processes. The first is

disaster risk assessment which analyses the hazard of a place together with the
risks exposed elements. The second process concerns how the results of risk
assessment enhance the development planning analysis leading to better design
and prioritization of interventions that are intended to reduce risks and
vulnerability of exposed population and property.
Results of the assessment are used to enhance all aspects of the planning
process; from visioning, analysis of the planning environment, derivation of
development potential and challenges and their translation into the
corresponding goads, objectives and targets, and finally to the specification of the
appropriate strategies and programs, projects and activities (PPAs).
27
Introduction
PPAs derived from the plan formulation stage are the main inputs
into the succeeding phases of the development planning process, namely
investment programming, budgeting, project evaluation and development,
project implementation and monitoring and evaluation.
PPA outcomes and impacts that are determined during and post
implementation should be able to reveal reduction in risks to population and
property by increasing resilience or reducing vulnerability of these elements at
risks.
28
Vision and Mission of the Province
Vision
A progressive, peaceful, ecologically-balanced, resilient, safe
environments and habitation and vibrant ILOILO with
sustainable agri-aqua, forest-based and tourism enterprises
having adequate access to information, education, technology
and other entrepreneurial opportunities, where men and
women equitably share the benefits of development.
Mission
C reate an environment conducive to the transformation of
the PROVINCE OF ILOILO into a socially,
economically, and spiritually vibrant community with a body
politic that is strong and unassailable. Institutionalizing DRRM
measures at the community level and establishing climate
change resiliency of communities and natural and built
environment.
29
T he P lanning E nvironment
1. LOCATION, LAND AREA AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
T
he Province of
Iloilo is a first class
province, located in
Western Visayas Region or Region
VI. It occupies the southern and
northeastern portion of Panay
Island. It is bounded on the north by
the Province of Capiz and Jintotolo
Channel, on the south by Panay Gulf
and Iloilo Strait, on the east by the
Visayan Sea and Guimaras Strait
and on the west by the Province of
Antique. The geographical location of the province is defined by grid coordinates,
122°10’ West to 123°25’ East longitude and 10° South to 11°40’ North latitude.
Iloilo is 283 statute miles south of Manila and could be reached one hour by plane and
average of 18 hours by inter-island vessel from the national capital.
The Province of Iloilo (including Iloilo City) has a total land area of 471,940 hectares or
4,719.40 square kilometers (km2).
The Province of Iloilo has 42 municipalities and one (1) component city. It has a total of
1,721 barangays and is divided into five (5) congressional districts.
Iloilo City, a highly urbanized city, is the capital city of Iloilo. It has 181 barangays and a
lone congressional district. It is bounded by the municipalities of Leganes in the north,
Pavia in the west, Oton in the south and the Guimaras Strait in the east.
Page 30
Table 3
Land Area of Cities/Municipalities, by District
Municipality Area (ha) Municipality Area (ha)

First District Fourth District
San Joaquin 23,135.00 Passi City 25,068.00
Miag-ao 13,283.00 Dumangas 11,677.00
Igbaras 15,243.00 San Enrique 8,772.00
Oton 8,456.00 Banate 11,886.00
Tubungan 3,460.00 Anilao 7,538.00
Tigbauan 6,062.00 Dingle 7,750.00
Guimbal 4,448.00 Btac. Nuevo 9,449.00
Sub-total 74,090.00 Dueñas 9,052.00
Sub-total 91,192.00
Second District
Alimodian 14,480.00
Leon 14,013.00 Fifth District
Sta. Barbara 7,748.00 Btac. Viejo 14,230.00
Zarraga 8,253.00 Ajuy 19,346.00
New Lucena 4,412.00 Sara 18,300.00
Leganes 3,216.00 San Dionisio 12,677.00
San Miguel 2,134.00 Lemery 11,990.00
Pavia 3,502.00 Carles 11,202.00
Sub-total 57,758.00 Concepcion 9,702.00
San Rafael 14,578.00
Balasan 4,100.00
Third District Batad 3,376.00
Calinog 23,280.00 Estancia 3,197.00
Lambunao 24,692.00 Sub-total 123,798.00
Janiuay 17,910.00
Maasin 15,658.00
Cabatuan 8,248.00 Lone District of Iloilo City
Pototan 9,131.00
Bingawan 8,500.00 Iloilo City 5,598.00
Badiangan 7,750.00 Sub-total 5,598.00
Mina 4,335.00
SUMMARY
st
1 District 74,090.00
Sub-total 119,504.00 2nd District 57,758.00
3rd District 119,504.00
4th District 91,192.00
th
5 District 123,798.00
Iloilo City 5,598.00
TOTAL 471,940.00
Source: LEP-DENR
Note: As per agreement during the March 17, 2009, RLUC Meeting, the LMS-DENR data will be used as a source of data on land area
per municipality and LEP-DENR for land classification per municipality. Based on the LMS-DENR, the Province of Iloilo has a total
land area of 496,311 hectares, while as per LEP-DENR, it is 471,940 hectares. The Province of Iloilo will be using the LEP-DENR
data of 471,940 hectares in all its discussion and analysis in this document.
Page 31
HAZARD PROFILE OF THE PROVINCE OF ILOILO:

The Philippines, being located in the typhoon belt and the western
segment of the Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire, is constantly exposed to
natural hazards such As earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical
cyclones, landslides, flooding and tsunamis. Such exposure makes
the country always vulnerable to disasters resulting in
economic and social losses and environmental destructions
such as loss of natural habitats and ecosystems.
Western Visayas Region, located at the central

part (Fig. 1), is one of the most vulnerable areas
of the country especially to disasters like tropical
cyclones. The region’s geographic and tectonic
setting makes it prone to flooding and landslides
during these tropical cyclones. Its elevation is
generally low with more than 50 percent of the total
land area less than 100 meters above sea level.
These are areas where food crops are mostly grown
and economic activities are taking place.
Page 32
The coastal areas of the

region are also Figure 2.Areas Susceptible to
Storm Surge and Tsunami in
vulnerable to tsunami
Western Visayas
and storm surge. Storm
surge, which is defined as a
rise above the usual
waterlevel along the shore
that is the result of
strongonshore winds and/or
reduced atmosphericPressure,
has been experienced in some
parts of the region in the last
few years, with some houses
and roads along the coastal
areas damaged, as what
happened in Belison,
Antique in September 2009. The coastal areas of Panay Island including Iloilo City, and parts
of Negros Occidental are considered as susceptible to storm surge. 1
HAZARDS AFFECTING THE PROVINCE OF ILOILO

Hazard is a potentitally damaging physical event, phenomenon or human
activity, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social
and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards can include
latent conditions that may represent future threats and can have different
origins. Natural (geological hydrometeorological and biological) and/or
induced by human processes (environmental degradation and technological
hazards. Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and
effects. Each hazards is characterized by its location, intensity and
probability. 2
1 Western Visayas Rehabilitation and Recovery Plan, in the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda, by NEDA VI and RDRRMC, Region VI
2 International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
Page 33
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS:
Hydrometeorological hazards are natural processes or phenomena of

atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature. Examples of these
hazards are flood debris and mud flows, tropical cyclones storm surges,
thunderstorms/hailstorms, rain and wind storm blizzards and other severe
storms. Some of these hazards are being experienced in our country.
FLOODING
Flood is a rise, generally brief, in the water levels in a stream to a peak from
which the water level receded at a slower rate 3. Some floods overflow the
normal confines of a stream or other body of water and cause flooding over
areas which are not normally submerged.
Floods are part of the natural hydrological cycle and are generally an outcome
of a complex interaction between natural random processes in the form of
precipitation with the basin of watershed characteristics.
Floods are due to the complex combination of weather, climatic and human
activities and are classified as river flood, flash flood and coastal flood. River
flood is caused by the overflowing of river when run-off exceeds the capacity of
the channels or depression and covers adjacent low-lying areas called the flood
plain. Flashflood is caused by a very short period of unusually heavy rainfall in
a mountainous or hilly area. Coastal flood occurs when strong onshore winds
push the water inland and cause a rise in sea level and floods the low-lying
coastal areas.
An area is highly susceptible to flooding if it experience flood height of greater

than 1.5 meters or flood duration of more than 3 days. These are immediately
flooded during heavy rains of several hours, includes landforms or topographic
lows such as active river channels, abandoned river channels, and areas long
river banks. It is also prone to flashflood.
Moderate susceptible areas likely to experience flood height of 0.5 to 1.5 meters
and flood duration of 1 to 3 days. These areas are subject to widespread
3 UNSECO/WMO, 1992
Page 34
inundation during prolonged and extensive heavy rainfall or extreme weather

condition. Fluvial terraces, alluvial fans and infilled valleys are areas
moderately subjected to flooding.
Low to moderate susceptibility are areas with less than 1 meter flood height.
These areas are usually inundated during prolonged and extensive heavy rain
or extreme weather condition.
An area is low
in susceptibility
if it is likely to
experience
flood heights of
less than 0.5
meter and or
flood duration
of less than 1
day. These areas includes low hills and gentle slopes. They also have sparse to
moderate drainage density.
An area is susceptible to flooding if it is subjected to recurring inundation when

the level of body of water rises and overflows its natural or artificial confines
due to heavy or continuous rainfall.
About 159 rivers and creeks traverse the entire province and these are identified
as possible sources of potable and irrigation water. Major rivers that provide
water for both
irrigation and potable
use are : Jalaur River,
Suague River, Tigum
River, Aganan River,
Serruco River, Jaro
River and Iloilo
Estuary or River.
Meanwhile, it has a coastline of approximately 451.83 kilometers which runs

along the municipalities of San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Guimbal, Tigbauan, Oton,
Page 35
Leganes, Ajuy, San Dionisio, Zarraga, Dumangas, Barotac Nuevo, Barotac Viejo,
Carles, Banate, Batad, Anilao, Balasan, Concepcion, and Estancia covering a
total of 230 coastal barangays.
The result of the Rapid Geohazard Assessment conducted by MGB 6 shows that
a total of 1,205 barangays in 43 municipalities in the Province of Iloilo is
susceptible to flood/flashflood. A total of 448 barangays are highly susceptible
to flooding/flashflood, 201 barangays are moderately susceptible and 556
barangays have low susceptibility level to flooding/flashflood. In some areas,
flooding results from inundation of rivers, creeks and lakes. Seasonal and
continuous rain result to flooding of riceland and other lowland areas. Flood
/flashflood occurs during typhoon with heavy and continuous rains.
RAIN INDUCED LANDSLIDE:
Rain induced landslides are described as downward movement of a slope and

materials under the force of gravity. The term landslide includes a wide range of
ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris
flows. Landslides are influenced by human activity such as mining, construction
of buildings, railroads and highways and natural factors such as geology,
precipitation and topography.
It occur when masses of rock, earth, or debris move down a slope. Therefore,
gravity acting on an overly steep slope is the primary cause of a landslide. They
are activated by storms, fires, and by human modifications to the land. New
landslides occur as a result of rainstorms, earthquakes volcanic eruption and
various human activities.
Mudflows or debris flows are flows of rock, earth, and other debris saturated
with water. They develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground, such
as during heavy rainfall changing the earth into a flowing river of mud or
slurry. Slurry can flow rapidly down slopes or through channels and can strike
with little or no warning at avalanche speeds. Slurry can travel several miles
Page 36
from its source, growing in size as it picks up trees, cars and other materials
along the way. 4
Landslides occurs
everywhere in the
world, but the
danger or rain
induced landslides
tends to be much
greater in tropical
mountainous
regions like the
Philippines. With
an average of twenty
typhoons entering the Philippine Areas of Responsibility every year , rain
induced disasters such as landslides are a constant risk to Filipino livelihood.
Steep terrain and heavy tropical rains put dense populations at risk. Rainfall
can be a trigger for landslide, but ground condition are also very important.
The most important factors are the slopes and soil type. Steep slopes and coarse
soil type are more susceptible to landslides. Also land cover, bare soil
contributes more to landslide.
According to the latest Rapid
Geohazard Assessment
conducted by MGB 6 in the
late 2011 , a total of 343
barangays out of the 1,719
barangays in the province of
Iloilo are highly susceptible to
landslide. Highly susceptible
barangays are those which
have the presence of active
and/or recent landslides,
presence of numerous and large tension cracks, areas with drainages that are
prone to debris damming, areas with numerous old landslides/escarpments,
4 Source: US FEMA. Understanding Your Risk: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses
Page 37
steep slopes, presence of weak/rock slope materials, structures (joint, beds)

dipping towards the slope face, and nearness to faults.
Areas are highly susceptible to rain induced landslides if there are presence of
active and recent landslides, large tension cracks that would affect the
community areas with drainage that are prone to landslide damming and steep
slopes with 21% - 55% gradient.
Areas are moderately susceptible if there are areas with inactive and old
landslides, small tension cracks are located away from the community,
moderately steep slopes (15% - 30%) and small, shallow landslides with <1.0m
vertical displacement.
Gently sloping to sloping areas, absence of tension cracks and flat terrain (5-
15%) areas have low susceptibility to rain induced landslide.
Other factors which may contribute to susceptibility are areas susceptible to

ground subsidence or sinkhole development, areas susceptible to rockfall,
recent landslide deposit, old landslide deposit, active deposit, presence of
erosion in susceptible areas and subsidence.
Possible accumulation zone are areas to be likely affected by transported

landslide materials.
STORM / COASTAL SURGES
Storm surge is a sudden rise in sea level above the normal level on the coast due
to a drop in atmospheric pressure and the force of the winds as a tropical
cyclone approached the coast.
The stronger the tropical cyclone and the shallower the coast, the higher the
surge will be. Storm surges can sweep the coastline inland to as much as a few
kilometres.
Usually, the peak storm surge is experienced near the point of landfall of a
typhoon or a storm.
Page 38
The rise in sea level can cause flooding and damages in low-lying coastal areas
and villages, particularly when the approach of the storm collides with the
ocurrence of high tide.
The causes of storm surges are wind/pressure effect, rainfall effect, tidal effect
and shape of the coastline and sloe of the sea bed. Wind/pressure effect is
when the stronger winds of the tropical cyclone and the lower the atmospheric
pressure, the higher the storm surge. Rainfall effect is when heavy rains
associated with an intense tropical cyclone add to the total sea level near the
coast. The tidal effect is if the surge coincides with the occurrence of high tide,
water level will be higher than when it occurs during the low tide condition.
Page 39
The shape of the coastline and slope of the sea bed is when the shallower the
slope, the higher the surge to the coastal communities.
The Philippines is largely a storm surge-prone are due to its long coastline.
Many incidence of loss of lives and damages to property were reported from
storm surges that had struck many parts of the Philippine coast.
 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Two tectonic plates sandwich the country : the Philippine Sea Plate to the east
and the Eurasian Plate to the West.
Between these two plates is found the PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE (PFZ) where
the country’s most active faults are located ( Abra River Fault, Tubao Fault,
Digdig Fault, Central Leyte Fault, Mindanao Fault, Mati Fault and West Valley
Fault).
Movements along the active faults are responsible for the present-day high
seismicity of the Philippine archipelago. Earthquakes generated by movements
along faults are all shallow seated (from0 to 70 km deep). Very destructive
earthquakes may originate from fault movements occurring at less than 30 km.
If strong shallow earthquake occur under the sea and displace parts of the sea
bed, tsunamis are oftentimes generated.
Earthquake Generators Identified for the Province of Iloilo
 West Panay Fault – runs along the mountain ranges of San Joaquin, Miag-ao,
Igbaras, Tubungan, Leon, Alimodian, Maasin, Janiuay, Lambunao in Iloilo;
mountain ranges of Tapaz and Jamindan in Capiz; municipalities of Libacao,
Madalag, Malinao, New Washington, Lezo, Makato and Tangalan in Aklan.
 Tablas Fault – runs through the municipalities of Antique: Hamtic (adjacent to

San Joaquin in Iloilo), Sibalom, Belison, Patnongon, coastlines of Bugasong,
Laua-an, Barbaza, Tibiao, Culasi, Sebaste cutting through the municipalities of
Pandan and Nabas in Aklan up to Tablas, Romblon.
Page 40
 Negros Trench - is located between the islands of Panay and Palawan. It is a

collision zone of Sulu trench and Manila Trench.
 Central Negros Fault – Faultline running across the municipalities of

Vallehermoso in Neg. Or. - Moises Padilla and Magallon in Neg. Occ. –
Guihulngan in Neg. Or. – Isabela, Binalbagan, Himamaylan, Kabankalan in
Neg. Occ – Mabinay, Bindoy, Manjuyod, Bais City, Tanjay, Bayawan, Sta.
Catalina, Siaton, Zamboanguita, Dawin and Bacong in Neg. Or.
 Masbate Fault – is part of the Central Philippine Fault (Entire Ilocos Norte-
Aurora-Quezon-Masbate-Eastern Leyte-Southern Leyte-Agusan Del Norte-
Agusan Del Sur-Davao del Norte) The Masbate fault is the central part with
large and medium earthquakes accompanied by unusually large ground
rupture .The Uson Fault is the shorter western trace on Masbate Island while the
Masbate Fault refers mainly to the trace onshore Masbate Island to the trace east
of Burias Island
GROUND SHAKING
Ground shaking is the vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake.

When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The
severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases
with distance from the causative fault or epicentre, but soft soils can further amplify
ground notions.
Earthquakes send a number of seismic waves that cause the ground to vibrate.
Intensity of shaking varies depending on a number of factors namely earthquake
magnitude. Distance from the epicentre or focus, degree of ground consolidation,
and thickness of soil overburden. Ground shaking as a result of a shallow seated
and large magnitude earthquake leads to other secondary hazards such as
liquefaction, ground rupture along faults and landslides, fires and toppling of
buildings which may result tom deaths, property damage and short to long term
effects to the economy.
Page 41
EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE
The severe shaking in an earthquake can cause natural slopes to weaken and fail,
resulting in landslides. Depending on the degree of ground shaking, level of
susceptibility and soundness and structures, landslides can cause damage to
infrastructure, such as cracking, toppling and even collapse; burying of settlements; or
flooding in downstream areas due to deposition. 5
Occurrence of landslides during an earthquake is determined largely by local

conditions. Many factors, including geologic and hydrologic conditions, topography,
climate, weathering and land use, influence the stability of slopes and the characteristics
of landslide. In general, landslide are likely to happen when the following conditions
are present: thick soils, weathered rocks in slopes, weak soil, steep slopes, highly
saturated soils and strong earthquakes. 6
LIQUEFACTION
Liquefaction is a process where particles of loosely – consolidated and water saturated
deposits of sand are rearranged into a more compact state. These result in squeezing of
water and sediments towards the surface in the form of “sand fountain” and creating a
condition resembling “quicksand”. In this phenomenon, the strength of the soil is
reduced to a point where it is unstable to support structures. 7
Phivolcs discovered that coastal areas in Panay Island, where the West Panay fault runs
through, are prone to liquefaction. Included are the coastal cities and towns in Aklan,
Antique, Capiz, and Iloilo provinces.
TSUNAMI
A tsunami is a series of long waves generated in the ocean by a sudden displacement of a
large volume of water. Underwater earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, meteor
impacts, or onshore slope failures can cause this displacement. Most tsunamis originate
in the Pacific “Ring of Fire”, the area of the Pacific bounded by the eastern coasts of Asia
and Australia and the western coasts of North America and South America that is the
most active seismic feature on earth.
5 Kramer, 1996
6 Bautista, 2008
7 Kramer, 1996
Page 42
It is a Japanese term for “harbor waves. This is a series of waves generated by various
geological processes typically originating from vertical displacement of the ocean floor
associated with a strong and shallow earthquake (Intensity VI and above). Though
possible, less common sources of tsunamis are coastal or submarine landslides,
infrequently by submarine volcanic eruptions and vary rarely by meteor impact.
Tsunamis may travel as fast as 880 kilometers per hour (kph) with wave heights of less
than a meter in deep ocean. It slows down to around 80-45 kph near shorelines with
much of its energy transformed to height increases of 10m to 30 meters. Given its speed
coming from a nearer source, it may provide little warning and evacuation time to
nearby coastal municipalities as opposed to tsunamis originating farther offshore such as
from other countries. 8
After a major earthquake or other tsunami-inducing activity occurs, a tsunami could

reach the shore within a few minutes. From the source of the tsunami-generating event,
waves travel outward in all directions in ripples. As these waves approach coastal
areas, the time between successive wave crests varies from 5 to 90 minutes. The first
wave is usually not the largest in the series of waves, nor is it the most significant. One
coastal community may experience no damaging waves while another may experience
severe inland inundation of water and deposition of debris of more than 1000 feet inland.
(Source: US FEMA. Understanding Your Risk. Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses)
8 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Sub-national Development, p.187
Page 43
Types of Hazards Affecting the Province of Iloilo

MUNICIPALITY Flood Rain Storm Ground Lique- Earth Tsunami
Induced Surge Shaking faction Induced
Landslide Landslide
Ajuy / / / / / /
Alimodian / / / / /
Anilao / / / / / /
Badiangan / / / / /
Balasan / / / / /
Banate / / / / / /
Barotac Nuevo / / / /
Barotac Viejo / / / / / /
Batad / / / / /
Bingawan / / / / /
Cabatuan / / / / /
Calinog / / / / /
Carles / / / / /
Concepcion / / / / /
Dingle / / / / /
Dueñas / / / / /
Dumangas / / / / /
Estancia / / / / /
Guimbal / / / / / / /
Igbaras / / / / /
Janiuay / / / / /
Lambunao / / / / /
Leganes / / / / /
Lemery / / / /
Leon / / / / /
Maasin / / / / /
Miag-ao / / / / / / /
Mina / / / /
New Lucena / / / /
Oton / / / / / /
Passi City / / / / /
Pavia / / /
Pototan / / / / /
San Dionisio / / / / /
San Enrique / / / / /
San Joaquin / / / / / / /
San Miguel / / / / /
San Rafael / / / /
Santa Barbara / / / /
Sara / / / / /
Tigbauan / / / / / /
Tubungan / / / /
Zarraga / / / / / /
Page 44
Hazard/Disaster Impacts on Areas and Population

Number of Casualties Number of Affected
Hazard Hazard Events & Affected Municipalities/
Dead Injured Missing Persons Families
Description Barangays
Typhoon Ulpiang -Dec. 6, 2000 Mun. of Dumangas (Balud-

Maquina, Compayan- 10,689 2,168 families
Balud; Bolilao Barasan, persons
Agcuyawan Pulo
Nanang – November Mun. of Dumangas, 14

7, 2001 brgys. Submerged in 1,344 families
floodwater
Milenyo Sept. 27, Flashflood in 15 brgys. In Evacuation of 824 families to

2006 Pavia higher ground
Flooding in 1 brgy. In Displacement of 36 families and 5
Maasin 1 houses destroyed;
Flooding in 1 brgy. In missing Five (5) houses totally destroyed
Igbaras by flood
Chedeng - May 27, Mun. of Dumangas – 25

2003 (Developed brgys submerged in 377 families affected
during the easterly floodwaters
southwest monsoon
season.
Uring 9 Unleashed landslides in the
November 2-7, 1991 mountainous southern
town of San Joaquin, Iloilo
and as far as Calinog in
Central Iloilo where large
rivers destroyed bridges
spanning across them,
cutting off some towns
from their neighbours for
few days.
Nitang 10 August 31- Southwestern Iloilo

September 4,1984 specifically Tigbauan and
Igbaras
Ruping November Iloilo City and The large eye of typhoon was also
10-14, 1990 southwestern of Iloilo fully appreciated by more than a
province million people of the affected
population after passing directly
over large abd densely populated
cities incl. Iloilo
Undang 11 November Island off Carles in Iloilo Devastation continued as rains

3-6, 1984 province filled the rivers, drowning people
and communities of the rest of
Capiz, Aklan Central Iloilo and
northern Antique.
Floods Flashflood – Lambunao – 12 brgys. 1 18 families evacuated
Moonson rains March dead
2, 2011
Flashflood Moonson San Joaquin, Iloilo 2 285 13 houses totally damaged
Rains August 11,2004 dead persons 42 houses partially damaged
affected
Flashflood- Typhoon 39 out of 43 municipalities 121 612,071 20,590 houses partially and
Frank – June 21, 2008 are affected (62% of the death persons totally damaged
barangays affected s affected
Landslides October 8, 2013 Brgy. Cale and Pasong, Chapel and 3 houses totally
Igbaras, Iloilo damaged
September 20-21, Lopez Vito, Qui-anan and RE –routing of roads inm going
2012 Tiolas, San Joaquin, iLOILO to Antique
August 8,2009 Igtuble, Tubungan, Iloilo
Aglobong, Janiuay, Iloilo 2 classroom totally damaged
September 2, 2011 ( A Cawilihan, Leon 50 families were evacuated

week after Typhoon Bacolod, Miag-ao One bldg. of Bacolod Natl. High
Mina) School
Storm Surge Nov. 8, 2013 – Super Landfall in Western Visayas 134 12 4 903,798 206,953 families : 1,208 barangays
Typhoon Yolanda Region in the vicinity of per- injured missing persons affected: P242 M damage to
Concepcion, Iloilo sons national roads, bridges, flood
control and other structures: P2M
9 Individual tracks courtesy of Unisys.com. Satellite Images courtesy of Karl Hoaru, NPMOC/Joint Typhoon Warning Center (taken from the 1970, 1984, 1991 and 1993
ATCRs) and NOAA
ATCRs) and NOAA
ATCRs) and NOAA
Page 45
damage to LGU infrastructures:

P50M damage to irrigation
system facilities : P33M damage
to health facilities: P190M
damage to school facilities
Earthquake/ January 25, 1948 ( Ms 8.2 earthquake occurred 21 43 Severely damaged churches of
Ground Shaking Lady Caycay in SW Panay Island perso injured Guimbal, Pavia, Tubungan Miag-
ns aoLeon, Igbaras, San Miguel,
Oton and Maasin. Belltowers of
churches of Alimodian, Duenas,
Dumangas, Guimbal ,Lambunao,
San Joaquin and Jaro and
Arevalo district collapsed.
Fissures were observed in the
streets that caused traffic
disruption.
One of the devastating floods and flashflood that occurred in the province of
Iloilo was when Typhoon Frank hit the city and Province of Iloilo. Typhoon
Frank was formed in the Pacific Ocean East of the Philippine Islands on June
19. It intensified to typhoon intensity on June 20. It has wind speeds
estimated at 85
knots - making it a
category two
tropical cyclone on
the Saffir-Simpson
scale.
Typhoon Frank, not

only created havoc
in Iloilo, but also on
the neighboring
provinces as well as the entire country. It is the 6th typhoon to hit the
Philippines in year 2008, and swept across areas not usually affected by
typhoons, catching many communities and authorities by surprise. Many
people sought refuge on roofs and trees until water level subsided, revealing
severe damage to roads and other public infrastructure including drinking
water systems.
A number of tropical cyclones visited the Province of Iloilo for the last ten
years which caused flooding in some areas of the province.According to
MGB, there are several factors influencing high incidence of flooding.
These are rainfall with intensity ranging from 45 to 100 mm/hr in 2 to 3

hours, flat and low lying slope having 0 to 3% gradient or flood plains,
Page 46
rocky/clayey/soil with low infiltration and high run off and barren and poor
vegetation or presence of kaingin which result to low infiltration and high
run-off.
One of the storm surge disastrous event was last November 8, 2013 when
Super typhoon Yolanda (international name: Haiyan) battered the central
part of the Philippines.
Packing maximum
winds of 215 kilometers
per hour near the center
and gustiness of up to
250 kph, typhoon
Yolanda was an
exceptionally powerful
typhoon and
considered as the
deadliest Philippine
typhoon on record as
well as the strongest typhoon ever recorded in terms of wind speed.
The PAGASA forecast Typhoon Yolanda to move west – northwest at 40 kph

Panay Island and Guimaras Island were places under Signal No,4 (Very
strong winds of more than 185 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours).
After passing through Bantayan Island in Cebu at 10:40 A.M., Typhoon
Yolanda made its landfall in Western Visayas Region in the vicinity of the
Municipality of Concepcion, Iloilo (11.2O N, 123.2 0E) at 12:00 noon, in
Cuartero, Capiz at 1:00 PM, Tapaz, Capiz at 2:00 PM and offshore Tibiao,
Antique at 3:00 PM.
Western Visayas experienced heavy rainfall and very strong winds resulting
to flooding, landslide and storm surge especially in the northern part of
Panay Island and northern Negros Occidental causing catastrophic damage
to life and property, agriculture , fisheries and infrastructures.
Page 47
A total of 1,208 barangays were affected with 206,953 families. A

total of 903,798 persons were affected, 134 persons died, 12 were
injured and 4 are missing.
Hazard/Disaster Damages to Physical and Natural Assets

Hazard
Damage to Physical and Natural Assets
Event
Agriculture Settlements Infrastructures Natural Environment
Typhoon Agricultural Property Infrastructures
Frank Farms in 21 Houses 20,590 a. Bridges 64 M
(Flooding) 12 municipalities 787 M b. RCP
/RCBC
Culverts 2.9 M
Fish/Aquacul- c. Roads 8.0 M
ture in 6 224 M d. Other
municipalities Capital
Outlay
(schools,
Hospitals,
health 126
M
Typhoon Palay 56 M No. of 1,208 Road Sections 64 M Damaged 13.5

Yolanda Corn 16.5 M Brgys. Plantation/ M
(Storm Other Crops 290M Bridges 103M Protected
Surge) 13 Livestock & No. of Areas
Poultry 17 M Families 206,953 Flood Control 75 M
Abaca 1.3M Damaged
No. of LGU Owned 2M Reforestation 3.2M
Fisheries 870.8M persons 903,798 Projects
Irrigation 50 M
No. of Facilities Damaged
damaged Bldg. incl.
houses Health 33 M facilities .9 M
Facilities
School
Facilities 190M
TESDA 27 M
Training
Centers
PNP Police
Stations 10 M
BFP Fire
Stations 1.2 M
12 Consolidated Report on the Extentof Damages and Loss Inflicted by Typhoon Frank, June 26, 2008
13 Western Visayas Rehabilitation and Recovery Plan in the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda, NEDA VI, RDRRMC, VI
Page 48
Map ___. Multi-Hazard or Composite Map
Page 49
Province of Iloilo, DRR and CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014- 2020
2.1 Regional and National Context of Population
Population and settlements directly affect and influence the development pace
and direction of an area. The size and quality of a population as well as the
settlement patterns directly influence how vibrant and sluggish growth and
development is achieved. For a local government like the Province of Iloilo, the
size of its population and its settlement patterns have major implications to its
growth and development.
As of the 2010 census, the Province of Iloilo (including Iloilo City) has a
population of 2,230195 and a density of 473 persons/km2. Between 2000 and
2010, its population grew at an annual growth rate of 1.48 percent, slower than
the 1.57 percent rate during the previous decade (1990-2000).
The Province of Iloilo has the second largest population among the provinces of
Region VI-Western Visayas, comprising 31.40 percent of the regional total. The
province’s annual population growth rate of 1.48 percent is higher than the
region’s 1.35 percent and much lower than the national average of 1.90 percent.
Population, Annual Population Growth Rate, Density Area,

Region VI, by Province, Philippines, 1990-2000
Pop 2000
Province Population (%) APGR Density Area Area
2
1990 2000 Share 1990 2000 (km ) (%)
ILOILO* 1,647,486 1,925,002 31.00 1.57 340 408 4,719 23.34
AKLAN 380,497 451,314 7.27 1.72 209 248 1,818 8.99
ANTIQUE 406,361 471,088 7.59 1.49 161 259 2,522 12.47
NEG. OCC.* 2,256,908 2,565,723 41.32 1.29 285 324 7,926 39.19
CAPIZ 584,091 654,156 10.54 1.14 248 360 2,633 13.02
GUIMARAS 117,990 141,450 2.28 1.83 195 78 604 2.99
REGION VI 5,393,333 6,208,733 100.00 1.42 267 307 20,222 100.00
PHILIPPINES 60,703,000 76,498,735 2.34 206 260 294,554
Source: NCSO, Including Iloilo City and Bacolod City
Page 50
Given the current trends of population growth, the Province of Iloilo will double
its population in 46 years. On the other hand, Region VI, will double its
population after Iloilo in 51 years and the country in 36 years.

Region VI by Province, Philippines, 2000-2010
Pop
Province Population 2010(%) APGR Density Area Area
2
2000 2010 Share 2000 2010 (km ) (%)
ILOILO* 1,925,002 2,230,195 31.40 1.48 408 473 4,719 23.34
AKLAN 451,314 535,725 7.54 1.73 248 295 1,818 8.99
ANTIQUE 471,088 546,031 7.69 1.49 259 217 2,522 12.47
NEG. OCC.* 2,565,723 2,907,859 40.94 1.26 324 367 7,926 39.19
CAPIZ 654,156 719,685 10.13 0.96 248 273 2,633 13.02
GUIMARAS 141,450 162,943 2.29 1.42 234 270 604 2.99
REGION VI 6,208,733 7,102,438 100.00 1.35 307 351 20,222 100.00
PHILIPPINES 76,498,735 92,337,852 1.90 260 313 294,554
Source: NCSO Including Iloilo City and Bacolod City
2.2 Population Size, Density and Growth Rate
2.2.1 Size and Distribution
The Province of Iloilo (including Iloilo City) has a total population of 2,230,195 as
of 2010. It ranks second to Negros Occidental in terms of population and
accounts for a total share of 31.40 percent of the population of the whole Region
VI. It has an annual population growth rate (APGR) of 1.48 percent, which is
higher than the regional APGR (1.35 percent) and lower than the country’s 1.90
percent. It has a density of 473 persons/km2, the highest among the provinces in
the region. Given its current growth rate, the population of Iloilo is expected to
grow to 2,456,543 by the end of the planning period in 2020. Additional
population is 226,348 or an average increase of 22,635 persons per year.
O( insert write up about Iloilo City0

Iloilo City is the fastest growing urban center in the province. It has a population
of 418,710 which accounts for 19.84 percent of the provincial population. It is the
Page 51
provincial capital and regional center of Region VI, and is the primary gateway to
the islands of Panay and Guimaras. It is the seat of the regional offices of the
national government and serves as the education and commercial hub of Region
VI. The growth of Iloilo City spills over to adjacent municipalities of the
province. It extends to the municipalities of Oton, Pavia, Leganes and San
Miguel.
The growing population of the city brings as well the need for more social
services such as housing, health, education , livelihood and other services. In
terms of settlement, migrating population who does possess the necessary
economic well-being are forced to settle in areas and zones that are not fitted for
settlements such along river banks and coastal zones, a situation that requires
mitigating measures on the part of Iloilo City government.
The Municipality of Oton has the highest population of 82,572 in year 2010
followed by Passi City, Pototan, Lambunao, Dumangas, Miag-ao, Janiuay,
Calinog and Tigbauan. The rest of the province is distributed among the 33other
municipalities of the province, with Bingawan having the smallest share of
population at 13,432.
Iloilo City has the largest increase in population share followed by Oton, Pavia,
Passi City, Dumangas, Pototan, Santa Barbara, Carles, Cabatuan, Janiuay and
Tigbauan. Other municipalities with notable increase in population share from
2000 to 2010 are Badiangan, Cabatuan, Dumangas, Estancia, Pototan, San
Dionisio, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara and Zarraga.
Page 52
Latest and Previous Census Population Size, Annual Population Growth Rate, Land Area, Density, 1990-2000
Pop1990 Area
Municipality Population APGR Density Area
(%)Share (%)
1990 2000 1990 2000 (km2)
Ajuy 38,120 45,192 2.35 1.72 197 234 193.40 4.10
Alimodian 27,203 31,494 1.64 1.48 188 217 144.80 3.07
Anilao 19,560 22,170 1.15 1.26 259 294 75.40 1.60
Badiangan 21,989 22,213 1.15 0.10 284 287 77.50 1.64
Balasan 22,013 25,474 1.32 1.47 537 621 41.00 0.87
Banate 23,364 27,263 1.42 1.56 196 229 118.90 2.52
Barotac Viejo 31,660 36,314 1.89 1.38 222 255 142.30 3.02
Batad 14,337 17,009 0.88 1.72 320 380 44.80 0.95
Bingawan 10,872 11,866 0.62 0.88 128 140 85.00 1.80
Btac Nuevo 39,757 45,804 2.38 1.43 421 485 94.50 2.00
Cabatuan 40,892 45,935 2.39 1.17 496 557 82.50 1.75
Calinog 41,113 48,454 2.52 1.66 177 208 232.80 4.93
Carles 42,648 53,404 2.77 2.27 381 477 112.00 2.37
Concepcion 28,355 34,240 1.78 1.90 292 353 97.00 2.06
Dingle 35,415 38,311 1.99 0.79 451 494 77.50 1.64
Duenas 28,472 30,882 1.60 0.82 315 341 90.50 1.92
Dumangas 49,913 56,291 2.92 1.21 427 482 116.80 2.47
Estancia 27,229 35,842 1.86 2.79 853 1123 31.90 0.68
Guimbal 23,478 27,707 1.44 1.67 523 623 44.50 0.94
Igbaras 25,274 27,878 1.45 0.99 166 183 152.40 3.23
Iloilo City 309,505 365,820 19.00 1.69 5527 6532 56.00 1.19
Janiuay 47,253 54,166 2.81 1.37 264 302 179.10 3.79
Lambunao 55,325 61,084 3.17 1.00 224 247 246.90 5.23
Leganes 18,505 23,475 1.22 2.41 575 729 32.20 0.68
Lemery 19,900 23,546 1.22 1.70 166 196 119.90 2.54
Leon 36,948 43,729 2.27 1.70 263 312 140.20 2.97
Maasin 26,062 30,828 1.60 1.69 166 197 156.60 3.32
Miag-ao 51,738 57,092 2.97 0.99 389 429 132.90 2.82
Mina 15,808 18,096 0.94 1.36 364 417 43.40 0.92
New Lucena 16,910 19,490 1.01 1.43 383 442 44.10 0.93
Oton 52,125 65,374 3.40 2.29 616 773 84.60 1.79
Passi City 55,701 69,601 3.62 1.89 230 278 250.70 5.31
Pavia 23,814 32,824 1.71 3.26 680 938 35.00 0.74
Pototan 54,035 61,206 3.18 1.25 592 670 91.30 1.93
San Dionisio 23,910 28,702 1.49 1.84 188 226 126.80 2.69
San Enrique 24,730 28,655 1.49 1.48 282 327 87.70 1.86
San Joaquin 39,958 47,826 2.48 1.81 173 207 231.40 4.90
San Miguel 17,606 20,754 1.08 1.66 823 970 21.40 0.45
San Rafael 11,199 12,847 0.67 1.38 77 88 145.80 3.09
Sara 36,707 42,363 2.20 1.44 200 231 183.00 3.88
Sta. Barbara 37,730 46,076.0 2.39 2.02 487 594 77.50 1.64
Tigbauan 49,934 50,446 2.62 0.10 824 832 60.60 1.28
Tubungan 15,936 19,007 0.99 1.78 465 554 34.30 0.73
Zarraga 15,483 18,252 0.95 1.66 188 221 82.50 1.75
ILOILO 1,650,486 1,925,002 100.00 1.55 350 408 4,719.40 100.00
Source: NSO, LEP-DENR
Page 53
LATEST AND PREVIOUS CENSUS ON POPULATIONSIZE, ANNUAL POPULATION GROWTH RATE, LAND AREA, DENSITY 2000-2010
DENSITY Area(km2) Area

HISTORIC GROWTH 2000-2010)
(%)
Population Rate p.a. Pop 2010 2000 2010
City/Municipality 2000 2010 % % Share
Ajuy 45,192 47,248 0.45 2.62 234 244 193.40 4.15
Alimodian 31,494 37,484 1.76 2.08 218 259 144.80 3.11
Anilao 22,170 27,486 2.17 1.52 294 365 75.40 1.62
Badiangan 22,213 26,218 1.67 1.45 287 338 77.50 1.66
Balasan 25,474 29,724 1.55 1.65 621 725 41.00 0.88
Banate 27,263 29,543 0.81 1.64 229 248 118.90 2.55
Barotac Nuevo 45,804 51,867 1.25 2.87 485 549 94.50 2.03
Barotac Viejo 36,314 41,470 1.34 2.30 255 291 142.30 3.05
Batad 17,009 19,385 1.32 1.07 380 433 44.80 0.96
Bingawan 11,866 13,432 1.25 0.74 140 158 85.00 1.82
Cabatuan 45,935 54,950 1.81 3.04 557 666 82.50 1.77
Calinog 48,454 54,430 1.17 3.01 208 234 232.80 4.99
Carles 53,404 62,690 1.62 3.47 477 560 112.00 2.40
Concepcion 34,240 39,617 1.47 2.19 353 408 97.00 2.08
Dingle 38,311 43,290 1.23 2.40 494 559 77.50 1.66
Duenas 30,882 33,671 0.87 1.86 341 372 90.50 1.94
Dumangas 56,291 66,108 1.62 3.66 482 566 116.80 2.50
Estancia 35,842 42,666 1.76 2.36 1,124 1,337 31.90 0.68
Guimbal 27,707 32,325 1.55 1.79 623 726 44.50 0.95
Igbaras 27,878 31,347 1.18 1.74 183 206 152.40 3.27
Janiuay 54,166 63,031 1.53 3.49 302 352 179.10 3.84
Lambunao 61,084 69,023 1.23 3.82 247 280 246.90 5.29
Leganes 23,475 29,438 2.29 1.63 729 914 32.20 0.69
Lemery 23,546 27,441 1.54 1.52 196 229 119.90 2.57
Leon 43,729 47,522 0.84 2.63 312 339 140.20 3.01
Maasin 30,828 35,069 1.30 1.94 197 224 156.60 3.36
Miag-ao 57,092 64,545 1.23 3.57 430 486 132.90 2.85
Mina 18,096 21,785 1.87 1.21 417 502 43.40 0.93
New Lucena 19,490 22,174 1.30 1.23 442 503 44.10 0.95
Oton 65,374 82,572 2.36 4.57 773 976 84.60 1.81
Passi 69,601 79,663 1.36 4.41 278 318 250.70 5.38
Pavia 32,824 43,614 2.88 2.42 938 1246 35.00 0.75
Pototan 61,206 70,955 1.49 3.93 670 777 91.30 1.96
San Dionisio 28,702 33,650 1.60 1.86 226 265 126.80 2.72
San Enrique 28,655 32,422 1.24 1.80 327 370 87.70 1.88
San Joaquin 47,826 51,645 0.77 2.86 207 223 231.40 4.96
Page 54
San Miguel 20,754 25,013 1.88 1.39 970 1169 21.40 0.46
San Rafael 12,847 14,655 1.33 0.81 88 101 145.80 3.13
Sta. Barbara 46,076 55,472 1.87 3.07 595 716 77.50 1.66
Sara 42,363 46,889 1.02 2.60 231 256 183.00 3.92
Tigbauan 50,446 58,814 1.55 3.26 832 971 60.60 1.30
Tubungan 19,007 21,540 1.26 1.19 554 628 34.30 0.74
Zarraga 18,252 23,693 2.64 1.31 221 287 82.50 1.77
Provincial Total 1,559,182 1,805,576 1.48 100.00 334 387 4,663.40 100.00
Source: NCSO, 2000,2010
2.2.2 Density and Urbanization
Iloilo City, a highly urbanized city, has the highest population density of 7,477
persons/km2. It is followed by Estancia with a population density of 1,238
persons/km2, Pavia with 1,122 persons/km2., San Miguel with 1,112
persons/km2., then Oton and Tigbauan with 917 and 900 persons/km2,
respectively. San Rafael has the lowest population density with 94 persons/
km2. Provincial density is 447 persons/ km2.
Municipalities with substantially higher population density compared to the

provincial average are Balasan, Barotac Nuevo, Cabatuan, Guimbal, Leganes,
Pototan and Sta. Barbara, among others.
Iloilo City, likewise, has the highest population density compared to other highly
urbanized cities such as Bacolod City and Cebu City in Visayas and Davao City
in Mindanao, but way behind Metro Manila which has a population density of
18,137 persons/km2. A tabulation of the population density of key cities is
provided hereunder.
POPULATION DENSITY OF KEY CITIES:
Pop. 2007 Area (km2) Density

(persons/km2)
Iloilo City - 418,710 56 7,477
Cebu City - 798,809 329 2,428
Bacolod City - 499,497 156.10 3,200
Davao City - 1,363,337 2,443.61 558
Page 55
Based on population density 2007 (Map 4C), municipalities with high density are
those surrounding the City of Iloilo. In 1980 the population in these areas was
already dense, with densities ranging from 450 to 600 persons/km2. In a span of
ten (10) years, settlements grew to 600 and above persons/km2. influencing other
municipalities. The growth of Iloilo City spills over to adjacent municipalities of
the province. It extends to the Municipality of Oton in the south, Pavia and San
Miguel in the central part and Leganes in the northeastern part. Estancia has the
highest density and has influenced its surrounding municipalities, especially
Balasan because of its small geographical size and being the center of commerce
and trade in the north.
Page 56
2.2.3
Growth Rate
Page 57
For 2000-2007, the population growth rate of the Province of Iloilo at 1.32 percent
is lower than the country’s 2.04 percent and is 0.03 percent lower than the
Western Visayas’ 1.35 percent. A total of nine (9) cities/municipalities including
Iloilo City have increased their population growth rates compared to the
previous 1990-2000 period. These municipalities are Badiangan, Cabatuan,
Dingle, Dumangas, Lemery, Oton, Pototan and San Miguel. The rest of the
municipalities show a decrease in their population growth rates from year 2000
to 2007. The following municipalities exhibited increase in APGR.
City/Municipality 1990-2000 2000-2007

Badiangan 0.10 1.41
Cabatuan 1.17 1.47
Dingle 0.79 0.91
Dumangas 1.21 1.57
Oton 2.29 2.48
San Miguel 1.66 1.98
Iloilo City 1.69 1.95
Population growth is controlled not only by birth and death rates but also by the
present population. It can be gleaned that aforementioned municipalities
exhibited a notable increase of population from 1990 to 2007. People tend to
settle in municipalities where they can avail of tertiary services and where they
can engage in business and employment.
Municipalities with annual population growth rates higher than the provincial
average rate of 1.32 percent, are Badiangan, Cabatuan, Dumangas, Estancia,
Leganes, Oton, Pavia, Pototan, San Dionisio, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara and
Zarraga.
A total of 19 municipalities have high population density. They have population

density of 450 persons/km2 to 600 persons/km2 and over 600 persons/km2, but
only 13 of these municipalities are fast growing municipalities. Densely
populated and fast growing municipalities are Estancia with 1,238 persons/km2,
Page 58
Pavia with 1,122 persons/km2, San Miguel with 1,112 persons/km2, Oton with
917 persons/km2 and Tigbauan with 900 persons/km2. Other municipalities
include Leganes, Cabatuan, Sta. Barbara, Guimbal, Miag-ao, Pototan, Balasan and
Dumangas. The growth of these areas are brought about by its unique natural
and physical characteristics such as location, population growth, infrastructure
support, investment opportunities and economic activities.
Estancia’s high density is attributed to its small geographical size but the buoyant
fishing industry serves as magnet for people to come and settle in the area.
While Estancia does not have a wide fishing ground, but it serves as a fish
trading center due to its strategic location and presence of port facilities, cold
storage and fish market. It is the commercial center in northern Iloilo influencing
the towns of Balasan and Carles. These towns are densely populated but they
have slow population growth.
Pavia, San Miguel, Leganes and Oton dense population and fast population
growth rate are attributed to the spill over effect of the City of Iloilo.
Municipalities are ideal areas to accommodate residential, commercial and
industrial spill over of the city.
Cabatuan and Sta. Barbara attribute their dense population and fast growth to the
presence of jobs and economic opportunities, being the site of the New Iloilo
Airport.
Miag-ao plays a significant role in the development of the province. Anchored

on the University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), Miag-ao has become a center
for fishery education attracting students mainly in the Visayas and Mindanao
areas. It also boasts its natural historical attraction, the Miag-ao church, and
varied economic activities such as fish processing and salt making, patadyong
and hablon weaving, and other natural tourist attraction.
Other densely populated and fast growing municipalities accredit the presence of
tertiary education, health facilities and commercial centers. Livestock, poultry
Page 59
and vegetables are the major agricultural contributions of these municipalities.

Economic mobility is favored in this area, because of its good farm to market
roads. It may also be due to the small geographical size of the municipality vis-à-
vis its population.
Low population density municipalities are those whose density is below 300
persons/km2. However, Janiuay, Lambunao, Passi City, Calinog and Sara
though less dense, can be qualified also as fast growing municipalities. These
municipalities could be described as economically vibrant and competitive with
increasing but manageable environmental pressure. These municipalities have
large geographical size vis-à-vis their population.
Passi City is seen as a fast emerging growth center. Since its creation as
component city, its population has increased, and other amenities such as banks,
private institutions, commercial buildings/centers, housing and other social
facilities have continued to proliferate. Infrastructure facilities, such a roads and
bridges, have become the priority of the local government to develop and
maintain. The major products of Passi City and nearby towns are sugarcane and
other cash crops. Passi City has good market facilities that can accommodate
agricultural products for household consumption as well as product trading in
bulk to nearby towns and provinces of Aklan and Capiz.
Janiuay, Lambunao and Calinog are emerging growth centers with the presence
of district hospitals, tertiary education services and full range of convenience
shops. Sara is also considered as fast growing because it is the convergence point
of surrounding municipalities of Ajuy, Concepcion, San Dionisio and Lemery. It
has bus and jeepney terminal, banking services, and brisk commerce and trade.
The rest of the municipalities have slow growth because of limited economic
competitiveness and limited environmental pressure. Bingawan has the slowest
growth of 0.47 percent followed by Dueñas, Ajuy and Leon.
Given the current growth rate, the estimated total population and overall density
at the end of the planning period on 2013 of the province are 2,264,932 and 485
Page 60
persons/km2. An additional population of 339,930 or an average of 48,561

persons per year.
Page 61
Province of Iloilo, DRR and CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014-
2020 Population and Settlements
2.2.4 Other Characteristics
Urban and Rural Distribution. Urbanization is defined as the growth in the

proportion of a population living in urban areas when there is development.
It is migration from rural to urban areas. Urbanization can occur with the
reclassification of rural areas as urban as a result of population growth.
Urbanization may also occur when population grows through natural
increase. Urbanization also comes with it more demand for social services
and amenities such as livelihood, housing, education, water and sanitation.
With unmitigated urbanization, the marginalized households are pushed

towards settling in vulnerable areas such as along riverbanks and creeks, near
coastal lines and unprotected areas. Such occurs in Iloilo City and urbanizing
municipalities of Pavia, Estancia, San Miguel, Leganes and Oton.Except for
Iloilo City, a highly urbanized city, Pavia has the highest urbanization level of
96.25 percent which means that almost all barangays in the municipality have
a population density of more than 500 persons/km2. This is attributed to its
geographical location being adjacent to the city resulting to population spill
over and immigration caused by various residential subdivision projects and
presence of manufacturing establishments in the municipality. Barangays
with high growth rates have residential subdivisions in their locality with
high percentage of occupancy.
Most of the municipalities, because of the limited area in their poblaciones,

have expanded their area by extending to the neighboring barangays to
accommodate the economic opportunities and in-migration from other
barangays.
Estancia, a densely populated municipality has added five more barangays to

their existing poblacion, so with the municipalities of San Miguel, Leganes,
and Oton, among others.
Page 62
Passi City has added six (6) more barangays to the existing and approved
urban land use plan to give way to its future development, to make it a total
of 13 barangays. Total urban area is 3,316.44 hectares. The expected growth
of population is anticipated to increase because of the introduction of
business and commercial development in the municipality.
Leganes has extended its urban areas in barangays surrounding the poblacion
to accommodate the spill over of Iloilo City and perhaps in preparation to the
future 177 hectare industrial growth center being developed by PEZA. It will
accommodate small repair shops to large industrial facilities while
maintaining sufficient land for agricultural production.
San Miguel, on the other hand, attributes its additional urban area to
industrial and commercial activities and the presence of mixed use
development in their land uses. However, it will preserve most of its
irrigated agricultural land for rice production.
While most of the municipalities are gearing towards urbanization, they

deferred growth in some areas to preserve the agricultural lands from rapid
conversion to urban uses and to ensure ample food supply for the province.
For the entire province of Iloilo, it has an urbanization level of 36.57 and
considered in its moderate level.
Migration Patterns. Migration as defined by NCSO, is the movement to take

up residence in a specific geographic area by individuals who have been
previously residing outside the area.
A total of 10,482 were registered as migrants in the province of Iloilo in the

year 2007. They either migrate from one (1) municipality to another within
the province, from other provinces within the country and from other
countries. A total of 5,581 or 53.24 percent individuals emigrate from one
Page 63
municipality to another within the province, 45.72 percent or 4,792

individuals migrate to the province from other parts of the country while 1.04
percent or 109 individuals migrate from other countries to the province.
Among the reasons cited for immigration and emigration is economic

(employment, transfer of work, livelihood opportunities or to be near the
workplace). Other reasons are due to marriage, conflicts with neighbors or
family, relocation of boundaries, transfer of residences, hazardous house
location o or some were ejected from place of residence.
A total of 49.55 percent or 3,277 individuals intramigrated within the
province, transferring from one municipality to another. Emigration within
the country- transfer from the province to other parts of the country, totaled
to 3,072 individuals or 46.45 percent and 4.0 percent or 265 individual
immigrated to other countries.
Reasons for emigration are almost the same as immigration. Iloilo has an
immigration rate of 3.31 percent and emigration rate of 2.25 percent. This
gives a net migration rate of 1.06 percent or one (1) person in a 1,000
population. This means that the province is an immigration area since there
are more people arriving to establish permanent residence in the province
compared to those departing to other places.
Population by Ethnicity. Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage and refers to

shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions that set apart one
group of people from another. The most common characteristics
distinguishing various ethnic groups are ancestry, a sense of history,
language, religion, and style of dress. Ethnic differences are not inherited;
they are learned.
Basing on the census year 2000, 72.29 percent of the total household
population of the Province of Iloilo, are of Hiligaynon/Ilonggo by ethnic
origin. The rest belong to other ethnic groups such as Karay-a, Kiniray-a, etc.
Page 64
2.3 Population Exposure to Hydrometeorological Hazards
2.3.1 Population Exposure to Flooding
population in areas that are located in areas that are exposed in highly
susceptible to flooding. This means that these population are situated in
areas that are highly susceptible areas to flooding.
In the municipalities of Zarraga, Pavia and Leganes, all the population are
exposed to highly susceptible areas to flooding. All of the 24 barangays in
Zarraga are within highly susceptible areas with two barangays, Talaugis and
Tubigan which are prone to liquefaction.
A high percentage of population in the municipalities of, Oton, Dumangas,

Pototan, Barotac Nuevo and Pavia are exposed to highly susceptible areas to
flooding.
In Pavia, all 18 barangays are susceptible to flooding. Areas near the banks of
Aganan River, Jaro River, Tigum River, Pandanan Creek, are prone to bank
scouring and erosion thus resulted to flooding.
Municipalities whose population with the lowest susceptibility to

flooding are Batad, Bingawan, Igbaras, Maasin, Miag-ao and San Joaquin
Page 65
2.3.2 POPULATION EXPOSURE TO RAIN INDUCED LANDSLIDE
Page 66

susceptible areas are Calinog, Janiuay, Lambunao, Leon, Miag-ao and San Rafael.
Most number of population in the municipalities of Alimodian, Barotac Viejo, Carles,

Concepcion, Tubungan, Maasin, Passi city, San Dionisio and San Miguel are exposed
or are within the areas that are moderately susceptible to rain induced landslide.
Located in the low susceptibility areas to rain induced landslide are population in
the municipalities of Ajuy, Banate, Bingawan, Cabatuan, Dingle, Duenas, Lambunao,
San Enrique, San Joaquin and Zarraga.
Municipalities with population that are located in the least susceptibility area to rain
induced landslide are Sta. Barbara, Pototan, Oton, Mina and Dumangas.
Leganes and Pavia are not exposed to rain induced landslide in any level of
susceptibility.
2.3.3 POPULATION EXPOSURE TO STORM SURGE
Page 67
All of the coastal municipalities are prone to storm surge. As experienced,

storm surge was experienced during Typhoon Yolanda. Badly hit by storm
surge were the municipalities of Concepcion, Carles and Estancia. It was also
experienced in the municipalities of Lemery, San Rafael and Passi City
eventhough it is already far from the coast.
In terms of population, the most susceptible to storm surge is the

municipality of Carles, Estancia and Concepcion. These municipalities are
coastal municipalities with the presence of islets surrounding.
2.6 POPULATION EXPOSURE TO GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
2.6.1 Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – West Panay Fault
West Panay Fault
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The whole Province of Iloilo are exposed to ground shaking in any level of intensity
once the West Panay Fault is activated with Magnitude of 7.4 and depth of 2 kms.
Intensity VI will be felt in 15 municipalities and 100% of the population in Bingawan,
Calinog and Passi City are exposed to ground shaking.
Intensity VII will be felt in 27 municipalities with 100% of the population in Badiangan,
Cabatuan, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel and Sta. Barbara are exposed to ground
shaking.
2.6.2 Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – Tablas Fault
Tablas Fault
activated with Magnitude of 7.1 and depth of 2 kms. Bingawan and Passi City will have all
its population (100%) exposed to Intensity VI ground shaking while 100% of the population
in Badiangan, Cabatuan, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel and Santa Barbara will
experience Intensity VII. The rest of the population will either experienced intensities in
various levels.
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Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – Negros Trench
Like other earthquake generators, Negros Trench could cause ground

shaking in all municipalities in the province once it is activated with a Magnitude of
8. 3 and a depth of 35 kms. Ground shaking in all municipalities varies from
Intensity V to Intensity VII.
Negros Trench
Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – Masbate Fault
Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – Central Negros Fault
Earthquake generators like Masbate Fault and Central Negros Fault maybe far from
the province of Iloilo, but they could affect in province once thses faults are activated.
( Masbate Fault – Magnitude 7, Depth – 2 kms; Central Negros Fault – Magnitude
6.5, Depth – 2 kms.) All municipalities will experience ground shaking in all levels of
intensity
Page 70
Masbate Fault
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2.6.2 POPULATION EXPOSURE TO EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE
resulting inlandslides. Depending on the degree of ground shaking, level od
infrastructure, such as cracking, toppling and even collapse; burying of settlements
or flooding in downstream areas due to deposition.
Usually earthquake induced landslide occurs in municipalities with mountain ranges

with slopes 50% or higher. Highly exposed to earthquake induced landslide could
be found in the mountain ranges in the municipalities of Leon, Miag-ao, San Joaquin,
Tubungan, Igbaras, portions of Alimodia, Guimbal and Tigbauan . The rest of the
municipalities are moderately to low exposed with the exception of the
There are 32 municipalities affected by earthquake induced landslide , once the West
Panay Fault is activated. The highest number of population affected is Miag-ao,
35,628 individuals will be affected by earthquake induced landslide in any levels of
susceptibility. This is followed by San Joaquin with 29,616 number of population
affected then, Leon with 28,039, Calinog with 24,143 individuals and Janiuay with
23,462 number of population will be affected by earthquake induced landslide in any
levels of susceptibility.
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West Panay Fault
Tablas Fault
Page 73
Once the Tablas Fault is activated (Magnitude 7.1, Depth – 2 kms. ) there are 32
municipalities whose populations are exposed on earthquake induced landslide. The
municipalities with the highest number of population exposed to earthquake
induced landslide are Miagao with 35,628 individuals, San Joaquin with 29,616
populations, Leon, Lambunao, Calinog and Janiuay. Usually these municipalities
that are exposed are those with high elevation areas.
Negros Trench
With the activation of Negros Trench ( Magnitude 8.3, depth – 35 kms) there are
municipalities whose population are not exposed to earthquake induced landslide.
Balasan, Carles, Barotac Nuevo, Dumangas, Estancia, Leganes, Mina, New Lucena,
Pavia, Santa Barbara and Zarraga are not exposed to earthquake induced landslide in
Page 74
2.4 Existing Settlement Pattern
2.4.1. Existing Hierarchy of Settlements, Spatial Strategies
The Regional Center of Western Visayas is Iloilo City. Pavia, Oton, San Miguel,
Leganes and Iloilo City have agreed to form an alliance to address urbanization,
economic growth, environmental concerns and other urban issues. The alliance
municipalities play their respective roles such as: agro-industrial center for Pavia,
center for agriculture and light to heavy industries for Leganes, agricultural basket for
San Miguel and residential area for Oton. The Province of Guimaras also joined the
alliance because of its proximity to Iloilo City and its potential in eco-tourism.
Lately, Sta. Barbara being the gateway to the New Iloilo Airport has manifested its
interest to join the alliance. Sta. Barbara will be the center for agriculture and
heritage tourism. The alliance is now known as the Metro Iloilo Guimaras Economic
Development Council (MIGEDC). Satellite municipalities include Zarraga, New
Lucena, Cabatuan, Maasin, Alimodian, Leon and Tigbauan.
Minor urban centers were also identified such as Miag-ao, Dumangas, Barotac Viejo,
Sara, Estancia, Janiuay, Pototan and Passi City. Miag-ao, the center for commerce
and trade in the southern part of Iloilo and gateway to Antique and other major tourist
destinations, has Guimbal, Igbaras, San Joaquin and Tubungan as its satellite
municipalities. Dumangas’ satellite municipalities are Barotac Nuevo and Anilao,
while Barotac Viejo’s satellite towns are Banate and San Rafael.
Sara is the convergence point, playing a commercial and trading role for, the
municipalities of Concepcion, Lemery, San Dionisio and Ajuy. Estancia is the center
for fish trading in Iloilo and a commercial center in the north. Carles, Balasan and
Batad are considered satellite municipalities. Minor urban centers such as Janiuay
and Pototan have satellite municipalities surrounding the area. Passi City has San
Enrique, Dueñas and Dingle as satellite municipalities.
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2.4.2 Scalogram
Iloilo City is the most functionally complex with centrality index of 273.50. Iloilo
City is the center for governance, residential, commercial, financial and educational
activities for Region VI. It offers the most important services such as tertiary
hospitals, international port, hotels, commercial business districts, colleges,
universities and tourism facilities. Pototan and Passi City, on the other hand, have
also high centrality indices because of the presence of the rehabilitation center and
provincial hospital in Pototan and the presence of sugar central in Passi City. Both
areas have brisk commerce and trading activities, presence of agriculture production
areas, various livelihood undertakings and trucking services. Facilities such as
communication and power facilities, markets and commercial centers, irrigation water
facilities and transport facilities are factors that influence the growth of the
municipalities.
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Miag-ao’s high centrality index is attributed to the presence of the University

of the Philippines Visayas, commerce and trade center in the southern part of
Iloilo and the gateway to Antique and even Boracay Island. Other factors that
influenced its growth are the presence of key services and infrastructures
such as banks, communication, power, water facilities and key road
networks.
On the other hand, Cabatuan’s high centrality index is attributed to the

presence of the New Iloilo Airport. Estancia’s pier and port facilities have
greatly contributed to its high centrality index.
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The rest of the municipalities though well provided with basic facilities such
as health centers, rural banks, water supply, district hospitals, social welfare
institutions, tourist attractions, etc., their centrality indices are just fair.
2.3.3 Existing Settlement Pattern based on Histogram
Based on the histogram, using the 2007 population, only Iloilo City has a
population of greater than 100,000. Iloilo City is the only highy urbanized
city in the province. It is the provincial capital of the province and the seat of
regional offices of the national government. It is the education and
commercial hub of Region VI.
Large towns such as Oton, Passi City, Pototan, Miag-ao, and Sta. Barbara are
municipalities with population over 50,000 and also these municipalities have
high centrality indices based on the scalogram. Population swells in these
municipalities because of the presence of: tertiary health and education
facilities, basic facilities for commerce and industry and subdivisions which
accommodate additional households in the area.
Small towns such as Pavia, Guimbal, Estancia and Concepcion are

municipalities with a population less than 50,000. Factors influencing their
growth are the presence of facilities for basic health services, leisure and
recreational facilities, training and commercial centers and educational
facilities.
Although some municipalities have tertiary facilities and services, they were
not classified as such because of their population is less than 50,000.
Population plays an important role when you classify settlements based on
histogram.
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2.5 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO HYDROMETEROLOGICAL HAZARDS
2.5.1 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO FLOODING
The built up areas in the municipalities of Tubungan, Lambunao, and Bingawan are
not exposed to flooding in any level of susceptibility.
In terms of percentage, the built up areas in the municipalities of Dumangas,

Leganes, Mina, Oton, Pavia, Zarraga and San Miguel are 100% exposed to high level
of susceptibility in flooding.
The built up areas in municipalities of Ajuy, Anilao, Balasan, Banate, Cabatuan,

Igbaras, Lmery, Leon, Miag0ao, San Dionisio, San Joaquin, San Rafael, Sara and
Tigbauan are both susceptible to high and moderate flooding,.
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Whereas, the built up area in the municipality of Batad is 100% moderately

susceptible to flooding. Together with Concepcion, they are the two municipalities
whose built up areas are prone to moderate susceptible.
2.5.2 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO RAIN INDUCED

LANDSLIDE
Built up Areas Exposure to Rain Induced Landslide

A built up area of 85.67 has. in Ajuy and 195.49 has. in San Joaquin are situated or
located in a highly susceptible area to rain induced landslide.
A built up area of 46.90 has. in Ajuy, 14,52 has. in Alimodian, 69.80 has. in
Conceopcion, 13,06 has. in Maasin, 13.05 has. in Miag-ao, 40.68 has. in San Dionisio and
195.49 has. in San Joaquin are within the moderately susceptible areas to rain induced
landslide.
All the other built up areas in the municipalities are within the low susceptible areas
to rain induced landslide.
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Built up areas in the municipalities of Oton, Tigbauan, Leganes, Pavia, San Miguel,
Zarraga, Mina, Dumangas, Balasan, Batad and Lemery are not exposed to rain induced
landslide in any level of susceptibility.
2.5.3 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO STORM SURGE
The built up areas in the municipalities of Ajuy, Balasan, Banate, Carles,

Concepcion, Estancia, Guimbal, IloiloCity, Miagao, Oton, San Dionisio, San Joaquin
and Tigbauan are prone to storm surge. These municipalities are located along the
coastal areas. The latest storm surge event One of the storm surge disastrous event
was last November 8, 2013 when Super typhoon Yolanda (international name:
Haiyan) battered the central part of the Philippines. Packing maximum winds of 215
kilometers per hour near the center and gustiness of up to 250 kph, typhoon Yolanda
was an exceptionally powerful typhoon and considered as the deadliest Philippine
typhoon on record as well as the strongest typhoon ever recorded in terms of wind
speed.
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2.6.3 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO GROUND SHAKING
During earthquake almost all built up areas in the municipalities in the province of
Iloilo are exposed to ground shaking in all levels of intensities and magnitudes.
Built up areas of all the municipalities of the province are affected by ground shaking
with the activation of West Panay Fault in any level. Built up areas in Carles, Sara,
Batad and Estancia will be 100% affected by Intensity V. Built up area in Anilao will
be 100% affected so with Alimodian, 100% affected by Intensity VII.
West Panay Fault
The built up areas in municipalities of Alimodian, , Cabatuan, Igbaras,

Janiuay, Leganes, Leon, Maasin, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, Pototan, San
Miguel, sta. Barbara, Tubungan and Zarraga are all exposed to ground
shaking Intensity VII during the activation of the Tablas Fault. These
municipalities will be all 100% affected.
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Tablas Fault
Negros Trench once activated, all built up areas in the province will
experience ground shaking in all levels of intensities.
Negros Trench
Page 83
Masbate Fault
Page 84
2.6.4 Built up Area Exposure to Earthquake Induced Landslide – West Panay Fault
West Panay Fault
Built up area Exposure to Earthquake induced Landslide – Tablas Fault
Tablas Fault
Page 85
Built up Area Exposure to Earthquake Induced Landslide – Negros Trench
Negros Fault
West Panay Fault - Built up areas in 15 municipalities are also affected by

earthquake induced landslide in any level of susceptibility. Built up areas that are
exposed are in the municipalities of Ajuy, Alimodian, Anilao, Badiangan, Bingawan,
Calinog, Dueñas, Guimbal, Igbaras, Oton, Maasin, MIagao, Passi City, San Joaquin
and Tubungan.
Tablas Fault - The built up areas in municipalities of Alimodian, , Cabatuan,

Igbaras, Janiuay, Leganes, Leon, Maasin, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, Pototan, San
Miguel, Sta. Barbara, Tubungan and Zarraga are all exposed earthquake induced
landslide. Intensity VII during the activation of the Tablas Fault. These
Negros Trench – There are municipalities whose built up areas are exposed to
earthquake induced landslide. These are the municipalities of Ajuy, Alimodian,
Anilao, Badiangan, Bingawan, Calinog, Dueñas, Guimbal, Igbaras, Leon, Maasin,
Miag-ao, Passi City San Joaquin and Tubungan.
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2.1 Regional and National Context of Population
Population and settlements directly affect and influence the development pace
and direction of an area.. The size and quality of a population as well as the
settlement patterns directly influence how vibrant and sluggish growth and
development is achieved. For a local government like the province of Iloilo, the
size of its population and its settlement patterns have major implications to its
growth and development.
As of the 2007 census, the Province of Iloilo (including Iloilo City) has a
population of 2,110,588 and a density of 447 persons/km2. Between 1990 and
2000, its population grew at an annual growth rate of 1.57 percent, slower than
the 2.08 percent rate during the previous decade (1980-1990).
The Province of Iloilo has the second largest population among the provinces of
Region VI-Western Visayas, comprising 30.84 percent of the regional total. The
province’s annual population growth rate of 1.32 percent is lower than the
region’s 1.40 percent and much lower than the national average of 2.04 percent.

Region VI, by Province, Philippines 1980 -- 1990
Pop. 1990
Area
Population (%) APGR Density Area
Province
(km2)
1980 1990 Share 1980 1990 (%)
ILOILO* 1,341,259 1,647,486 30.15 2.08 284 349 4,719 23.34
AKLAN 324,563 380,497 6.96 1.60 178 209 1,818 8.99
ANTIQUE 344,879 406,361 7.44 1.65 137 161 2,522 12.47
NEG. OCC.* 1,930,301 2,256,908 41.31 1.58 243 285 7,926 39.19
CAPIZ 492,231 584091 11.97 1.14 222 248 2,633 13.02
GUIMARAS 92,382 117,990 2.16 2.48 153 195 604 2.99
REGION VI 4,525,615 5,393,333 100.00 1.70 228 270 20,222 100.00
PHILIPPINES 48,098,000 60,703,000 2.35 163 206 294,554
Source: NCSO , Including Iloilo City and Bacolod City
Page 50

Region VI, by Province, Philippines, 1990-2000
Pop 2000
1990 2000 Share 1990 2000 (km2) (%)
ILOILO* 1,647,486 1,925,002 31.00 1.57 340 408 4,719 23.34
AKLAN 380,497 451,314 7.27 1.72 209 248 1,818 8.99
ANTIQUE 406,361 471,088 7.59 1.49 161 259 2,522 12.47
NEG. OCC.* 2,256,908 2,565,723 41.32 1.29 285 324 7,926 39.19
CAPIZ 584,091 654,156 10.54 1.14 248 360 2,633 13.02
GUIMARAS 117,990 141,450 2.28 1.83 195 78 604 2.99
REGION VI 5,393,333 6,208,733 100.00 1.42 267 307 20,222 100.00
PHILIPPINES 60,703,000 76,498,735 2.34 206 260 294,554
Source: NCSO, Including Iloilo City and Bacolod City
Given the current trends of population growth, the Province of Iloilo will double
its population in 52 years. On the other hand, Region VI, will double its
population ahead of Iloilo in 49 years and the country in 34 years.

Region VI by Province, Philippines, 2000-2007
Pop 2007
2
2000 2007 Share 2000 2007 (km ) (%)
ILOILO* 1,925,002 2,110,588 30.84 1.32 408 447 4,719 23.34
AKLAN 451,314 495,122 7.23 1.33 248 272 1,818 8.99
ANTIQUE 471,088 515,265 7.53 1.29 259 204 2,522 12.47
NEG. OCC.* 2,565,723 2,869,766 41.93 1.61 324 362 7,926 39.19
CAPIZ 654,156 701,664 10.25 1.01 248 266 2,633 13.02
GUIMARAS 141,450 151,238 2.21 0.96 234 250 604 2.99
REGION VI 6,208,733 6,843,643 100.00 1.40 307 338 20,222 100.00
PHILIPPINES 76,498,735 88,574,614 2.04 260 301 294,554
Source: NCSO Including Iloilo City and Bacolod City
2.2 Population Size, Density and Growth Rate
2.2.1 Size and Distribution
The Province of Iloilo (including Iloilo City) has a total population of 2,110,588 as
of 2007. It ranks second to Negros Occidental in terms of population and
accounts for a total share of 30.84 percent of the population of the whole Region
Page 51
VI. It has an annual population growth rate (APGR) of 1.32 percent, which is
lower than the regional APGR (1.40 percent) and lower than the country’s 2.04
percent. It has a density of 447 persons/km2, the highest among the provinces in
the region. Given its current growth rate, the population of Iloilo is expected to
grow to 2,264,932 by the end of the planning period in 2013. Additional
population is 339,930 or an average increase of 56,655 persons per year.
Iloilo City is the fastest growing urban center in the province. It has a population
of 418,710 which accounts for 19.84 percent of the provincial population. It is the
provincial capital and regional center of Region VI, and is the primary gateway to
the islands of Panay and Guimaras. It is the seat of the regional offices of the
national government and serves as the education and commercial hub of Region
VI. The growth of Iloilo City spills over to adjacent municipalities of the
province. It extends to the municipalities of Oton, Pavia, Leganes and San
Miguel.
The growing population of the city brings as well the need for more social
services such as housing, health, education , livelihood and other services. In
terms of settlement, migrating population who does possess the necessary
economic well-being are forced to settle in areas and zones that are not fitted for
settlements such along river banks and coastal zones, a situation that requires
mitigating measures on the part of Iloilo City government.
The Municipality of Oton has the highest population of 77,621 in year 2007,
sharing 3.68 percent of the total provincial population. It is followed by Passi
City with 76,045 representing 3.60 percent, Pototan with 67,626 or 3.20 percent,
Lambunao with 63,300 and Dumangas with 62,769 or 3.00 percent and 2.97
percent, respectively. The rest of the province is distributed among the 38 other
municipalities of the province, with Bingawan having the smallest share at 12,259
or 0.58 percent.
Page 52
Iloilo City has the largest increase in population share followed by Oton, Pavia,
and Leganes. Other municipalities with notable increase in population share
from 2000 to 2007 are Badiangan, Cabatuan, Dumangas, Estancia, Pototan, San
Dionisio, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara Zarraga.
The remaining 32 municipalities have decreased population shares since 2000.

Notably municipalities with reduced population shares are Lambunao, San
Joaquin, Leon, Miag-ao, Calinog, Duenas, Janiuay and Sara. Decrease in
population shares range from 0.03- 0.174 percent. The population growth rates
and densities during the three censal periods are presented in Tables 5A to 5C.
Page 53
Pop1990 Area Area

Municipality Population APGR Density
(%)Share (km2) (%)
1980 1990 1980 1990
Iloilo City 244,827 309,505 18.75 2.37 4,372 5,527 56.00 1.19
Passi City 47,988 47,701 3.50 1.86 191 230 250.70 5.31
Lambunao 45,435 45,325 3.35 1.99 184 224 246.90 5.23
Pototan 4,624 54,035 3.27 1.93 489 592 91.30 1.93
Oton 41,044 42,125 3.16 2.42 485 616 84.60 1.79
Miag-ao 45,816 51,738 3.13 1.22 345 389 132.90 2.82
Tigbauan 34,540 49,934 3.03 3.75 570 824 60.60 1.28
Dumangas 41,241 49,913 3.02 1.93 353 427 116.80 2.47
Janiuay 40,120 47,253 2.86 1.65 224 264 179.10 3.79
Carles 32,184 42,648 2.58 2.86 287 381 112.00 2.37
Calinog 32,897 41,113 2.49 2.25 141 177 232.80 4.93
Cabatuan 34,468 40,892 2.48 1.72 418 496 82.50 1.75
San Joaquin 34,525 39,958 2.42 1.47 149 173 231.40 4.90
Btac. Nvo 34,276 39,757 2.41 1.49 363 421 94.50 2.00
Ajuy 30,397 38,120 2.31 2.29 157 197 193.40 4.10
Sta. Barbara 32,693 37,730 2.29 1.44 422 487 77.50 1.64
Leon 31,552 36,948 2.24 1.59 225 263 140.20 2.97
Sara 28,838 36,707 2.22 2.44 158 200 183.00 3.88
Dingle 29,179 35,415 2.15 1.96 376 457 77.50 1.64
Btac Viejo 24,135 31,660 1.92 2.75 170 222 142.30 3.02
Duenas 23,962 28,472 1.73 1.74 265 315 90.50 1.92
Concepcion 21,121 28,355 1.72 2.99 218 292 97.00 2.06
Estancia 19,817 27,229 1.65 3.23 621 853 31.90 0.68
Alimodian 22,906 27,203 1.65 1.73 158 188 144.80 3.07
Maasin 26,692 26,062 1.58 -0.24 170 166 156.60 3.32
Igbaras 22,173 25,274 1.53 1.32 145 166 152.40 3.23
Sn Enrique 19,663 24,730 1.50 2.32 224 282 87.70 1.86
San Dionisio 19,410 23,910 1.45 2.11 153 188 126.80 2.69
Pavia 17,330 23,814 1.44 3.23 495 680 35.00 0.74
Guimbal 19,502 23,478 1.42 1.87 438 523 44.50 0.94
Banate 17,710 23,364 1.42 2.81 149 196 118.90 2.52
Balasan 17,979 22,013 1.33 2.04 438 537 41.00 0.87
Badiangan 19,239 21,989 1.33 1.34 248 284 77.50 1.64
Lemery 15,707 19,900 1.21 2.39 131 166 119.90 2.54
Anilao 15,782 19,560 1.19 2.17 209 259 75.40 1.60
Leganes 14,285 18,505 1.12 2.62 444 575 32.20 0.68
San Miguel 14,241 17,606 1.07 2.14 665 823 21.40 0.45
New Lucena 13,457 16,910 1.02 2.31 305 383 44.10 0.93
Tubungan 14,510 15,936 0.97 0.94 423 465 34.30 0.73
Mina 12,290 15,808 0.96 2.55 283 364 43.40 0.92
Zarraga 12,673 15,483 0.94 2.02 154 188 82.50 1.75
Batad 11,790 14,337 0.87 1.98 263 320 44.80 0.95
San Rafael 8,742 11,199 0.68 2.51 60 77 145.80 3.09
Bingawan 9,229 10,872 0.66 1.65 108 128 85.00 1.80
ILOILO 1,340,989 1,650,486 100.00 2.10 284 350 4,719.40 100
Source: NSO,LEP-DENR
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Pop1990 Area
(%)Share (%)
1990 2000 1990 2000 (km2)
Iloilo City 309,505 365,820 19.00 1.69 5527 6532 56.00 1.19
Passi City 55,701 69,601 3.62 1.89 230 278 250.70 5.31
Oton 52,125 65,374 3.40 2.29 616 773 84.60 1.79
Pototan 54,035 61,206 3.18 1.25 592 670 91.30 1.93
Lambunao 55,325 61,084 3.17 1.00 224 247 246.90 5.23
Miag-ao 51,738 57,092 2.97 0.99 389 429 132.90 2.82
Dumangas 49,913 56,291 2.92 1.21 427 482 116.80 2.47
Janiuay 47,253 54,166 2.81 1.37 264 302 179.10 3.79
Carles 42,648 53,404 2.77 2.27 381 477 112.00 2.37
Tigbauan 49,934 50,446 2.62 0.10 824 832 60.60 1.28
Calinog 41,113 48,454 2.52 1.66 177 208 232.80 4.93
San Joaquin 39,958 47,826 2.48 1.81 173 207 231.40 4.90
Sta. Barbara 37,730 46,076.0 2.39 2.02 487 594 77.50 1.64
Cabatuan 40,892 45,935 2.39 1.17 496 557 82.50 1.75
Btac Nuevo 39,757 45,804 2.38 1.43 421 485 94.50 2.00
Ajuy 38,120 45,192 2.35 1.72 197 234 193.40 4.10
Leon 36,948 43,729 2.27 1.70 263 312 140.20 2.97
Sara 36,707 42,363 2.20 1.44 200 231 183.00 3.88
Dingle 35,415 38,311 1.99 0.79 451 494 77.50 1.64
Barotac Viejo 31,660 36,314 1.89 1.38 222 255 142.30 3.02
Estancia 27,229 35,842 1.86 2.79 853 1123 31.90 0.68
Concepcion 28,355 34,240 1.78 1.90 292 353 97.00 2.06
Pavia 23,814 32,824 1.71 3.26 680 938 35.00 0.74
Alimodian 27,203 31,494 1.64 1.48 188 217 144.80 3.07
Duenas 28,472 30,882 1.60 0.82 315 341 90.50 1.92
Maasin 26,062 30,828 1.60 1.69 166 197 156.60 3.32
San Dionisio 23,910 28,702 1.49 1.84 188 226 126.80 2.69
San Enrique 24,730 28,655 1.49 1.48 282 327 87.70 1.86
Igbaras 25,274 27,878 1.45 0.99 166 183 152.40 3.23
Guimbal 23,478 27,707 1.44 1.67 523 623 44.50 0.94
Banate 23,364 27,263 1.42 1.56 196 229 118.90 2.52
Balasan 22,013 25,474 1.32 1.47 537 621 41.00 0.87
Lemery 19,900 23,546 1.22 1.70 166 196 119.90 2.54
Leganes 18,505 23,475 1.22 2.41 575 729 32.20 0.68
Badiangan 21,989 22,213 1.15 0.10 284 287 77.50 1.64
Anilao 19,560 22,170 1.15 1.26 259 294 75.40 1.60
San Miguel 17,606 20,754 1.08 1.66 823 970 21.40 0.45
New Lucena 16,910 19,490 1.01 1.43 383 442 44.10 0.93
Tubungan 15,936 19,007 0.99 1.78 465 554 34.30 0.73
Zarraga 15,483 18,252 0.95 1.66 188 221 82.50 1.75
Mina 15,808 18,096 0.94 1.36 364 417 43.40 0.92
Batad 14,337 17,009 0.88 1.72 320 380 44.80 0.95
San Rafael 11,199 12,847 0.67 1.38 77 88 145.80 3.09
Bingawan 10,872 11,866 0.62 0.88 128 140 85.00 1.80
ILOILO 1,650,486 1,925,002 100.00 1.55 350 408 4,719.40 100.00
Source: NSO, LEP-DENR
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Latest and Previous Census Population Size, Annual Population Growth Rate, Land Area, Density 2000-2007
Pop2007 Area
(%)Share (%)
2000 2007 2000 2007 (km2)
Iloilo City 365,820 418,710 19.84 1.95 6,532 7,477 56.00 1.19
Oton 65,374 77,621 3.68 2.48 773 917 84.60 1.79
Passi City 69,601 76,045 3.60 1.27 278 303 250.70 5.31
Pototan 61,206 67,626 3.20 1.44 670 741 91.30 1.93
Lambunao 61,084 63,300 3.00 0.51 247 256 246.90 5.23
Dumangas 56,291 62,769 2.97 1.57 482 537 116.80 2.47
Miag-ao 57,092 60,498 2.87 0.83 429 455 132.90 2.82
Janiuay 54,166 57,878 2.74 0.95 302. 323 179.10 3.79
Carles 53,404 57,673 2.73 1.10 477 515 112.00 2.37
Tigbauan 50,446 54,574 2.59 1.13 832 900 60.60 1.28
Sta. Barbara 46,076 51,075 2.42 1.48 594 659 77.50 1.64
Calinog 48,454 51,018 2.42 0.74 208 219 232.80 4.93
Cabatuan 45,935 50,861 2.41 1.47 557 616 82.50 1.75
San Joaquin 47,826 50,102 2.37 0.67 207 216 231.40 4.90
Btac Nuevo 45,804 49,515 2.35 1.12 485 524 94.50 2.00
Ajuy 45,192 47,113 2.23 0.60 234 244 193.40 4.10
Leon 43,729 45,647 2.16 0.62 312 325 140.20 2.97
Sara 42,363 45,005 2.13 0.87 231 246 183.00 3.88
Dingle 38,311 40,828 1.93 0.91 494 527 77.50 1.64
Estancia 35,842 39,479 1.87 1.39 1123 1237 31.90 0.68
Barotac Viejo 36,314 39,326 1.86 1.14 255 276 142.30 3.02
Pavia 32,824 39,275 1.86 2.60 938 1122 35.00 0.74
Concepcion 34,240 36,881 1.75 1.07 353 380 97.00 2.06
Alimodian 31,494 34,035 1.61 1.11 217 235 144.80 3.07
Maasin 30,828 32,555 1.54 0.78 197 208 156.60 3.32
San Dionisio 28,702 32,171 1.52 1.64 226 254 126.80 2.69
Duenas 30,882 32,149 1.52 0.58 341 355 90.50 1.92
San Enrique 28,655 30,006 1.42 0.66 327 342 87.70 1.86
Guimbal 27,707 29,724 1.41 1.01 623 668 44.50 0.94
Igbaras 27,878 29,417 1.39 0.77 183 193 152.40 3.23
Banate 27,263 28,714 1.36 0.74 229 241 118.90 2.52
Balasan 25,474 27,384 1.30 1.04 621 668 41.00 0.87
Leganes 23,475 27,357 1.30 2.21 729 850 32.20 0.68
Lemery 23,546 25,017 1.19 0.87 196 209 119.90 2.54
Badiangan 22,213 24,504 1.16 1.41 287 316 77.50 1.64
San Miguel 20,754 23,804 1.13 1.98 970 1112 21.40 0.45
Anilao 22,170 23,465 1.11 0.81 294 311 75.40 1.60
Zarraga 18,252 21,458 1.02 2.34 221 260 82.50 1.75
New Lucena 19,490 21,318 1.01 1.29 442 483 44.10 0.93
Tubungan 19,007 20,631 0.98 1.18 554 601 34.30 0.73
Mina 18,096 19,809 0.94 1.30 417 456 43.40 0.92
Batad 17,009 18,298 0.87 1.05 380 408 44.80 0.95
San Rafael 12,847 13,694 0.65 0.92 88 94 145.80 3.09
Bingawan 11,866 12,259 0.58 0.47 140 144 85.00 1.80
ILOILO 1,925,002 2,110,588 100.00 1.32 408 447 4,719.40 100.00
Source: NSO,LEP-DENR
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2.2.2 Density and Urbanization
Iloilo City, a highly urbanized city, has the highest population density of 7,477
persons/km2. It is followed by Estancia with a population density of 1,238
persons/km2, Pavia with 1,122 persons/km2., San Miguel with 1,112
persons/km2., then Oton and Tigbauan with 917 and 900 persons/km2,
respectively. San Rafael has the lowest population density with 94 persons/
km2. Provincial density is 447 persons/ km2.
Municipalities with substantially higher population density compared to the

provincial average are Balasan, Barotac Nuevo, Cabatuan, Guimbal, Leganes,
Pototan and Sta. Barbara, among others.
Iloilo City, likewise, has the highest population density compared to other highly
urbanized cities such as Bacolod City and Cebu City in Visayas and Davao City
in Mindanao, but way behind Metro Manila which has a population density of
18,137 persons/km2. A tabulation of the population density of key cities is
provided hereunder.
POPULATION DENSITY OF KEY CITIES:
Pop. 2007 Area (km2) Density

(persons/km2)
Iloilo City - 418,710 56 7,477
Cebu City - 798,809 329 2,428
Bacolod City - 499,497 156.10 3,200
Davao City - 1,363,337 2,443.61 558
Based on population density 2007 (Map 4C), municipalities with high density are
those surrounding the City of Iloilo. In 1980 the population in these areas was
already dense, with densities ranging from 450 to 600 persons/km2. In a span of
ten (10) years, settlements grew to 600 and above persons/km2. influencing other
municipalities. The growth of Iloilo City spills over to adjacent municipalities of
the province. It extends to the Municipality of Oton in the south, Pavia and San
Miguel in the central part and Leganes in the northeastern part. Estancia has the
highest density and has influenced its surrounding municipalities, especially
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Balasan because of its small geographical size and being the center of commerce
and trade in the north.
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2.2.3 Growth Rate
For 2000-2007, the population growth rate of the Province of Iloilo at 1.32 percent
is lower than the country’s 2.04 percent and is 0.03 percent lower than the
Western Visayas’ 1.35 percent. A total of nine (9) cities/municipalities including
Iloilo City have increased their population growth rates compared to the
previous 1990-2000 period. These municipalities are Badiangan, Cabatuan,
Dingle, Dumangas, Lemery, Oton, Pototan and San Miguel. The rest of the
municipalities show a decrease in their population growth rates from year 2000
to 2007. The following municipalities exhibited increase in APGR.
City/Municipality 1990-2000 2000-2007

Badiangan 0.10 1.41
Cabatuan 1.17 1.47
Dingle 0.79 0.91
Dumangas 1.21 1.57
Oton 2.29 2.48
San Miguel 1.66 1.98
Iloilo City 1.69 1.95
Population growth is controlled not only by birth and death rates but also by the
present population. It can be gleaned that aforementioned municipalities
exhibited a notable increase of population from 1990 to 2007. People tend to
settle in municipalities where they can avail of tertiary services and where they
can engage in business and employment.
Municipalities with annual population growth rates higher than the provincial
average rate of 1.32 percent, are Badiangan, Cabatuan, Dumangas, Estancia,
Leganes, Oton, Pavia, Pototan, San Dionisio, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara and
Zarraga.
A total of 19 municipalities have high population density. They have population

density of 450 persons/km2 to 600 persons/km2 and over 600 persons/km2, but
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only 13 of these municipalities are fast growing municipalities. Densely

populated and fast growing municipalities are Estancia with 1,238 persons/km2,
Pavia with 1,122 persons/km2, San Miguel with 1,112 persons/km2, Oton with
917 persons/km2 and Tigbauan with 900 persons/km2. Other municipalities
include Leganes, Cabatuan, Sta. Barbara, Guimbal, Miag-ao, Pototan, Balasan and
Dumangas. The growth of these areas are brought about by its unique natural
and physical characteristics such as location, population growth, infrastructure
support, investment opportunities and economic activities.
Estancia’s high density is attributed to its small geographical size but the buoyant
fishing industry serves as magnet for people to come and settle in the area.
While Estancia does not have a wide fishing ground, but it serves as a fish
trading center due to its strategic location and presence of port facilities, cold
storage and fish market. It is the commercial center in northern Iloilo influencing
the towns of Balasan and Carles. These towns are densely populated but they
have slow population growth.
Pavia, San Miguel, Leganes and Oton dense population and fast population
growth rate are attributed to the spill over effect of the City of Iloilo.
Municipalities are ideal areas to accommodate residential, commercial and
industrial spill over of the city.
Cabatuan and Sta. Barbara attribute their dense population and fast growth to the
presence of jobs and economic opportunities, being the site of the New Iloilo
Airport.
Miag-ao plays a significant role in the development of the province. Anchored

on the University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), Miag-ao has become a center
for fishery education attracting students mainly in the Visayas and Mindanao
areas. It also boasts its natural historical attraction, the Miag-ao church, and
varied economic activities such as fish processing and salt making, patadyong
and hablon weaving, and other natural tourist attraction.
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Other densely populated and fast growing municipalities accredit the presence of
tertiary education, health facilities and commercial centers. Livestock, poultry
and vegetables are the major agricultural contributions of these municipalities.
Economic mobility is favored in this area, because of its good farm to market
roads. It may also be due to the small geographical size of the municipality vis-à-
vis its population.
Low population density municipalities are those whose density is below 300
persons/km2. However, Janiuay, Lambunao, Passi City, Calinog and Sara
though less dense, can be qualified also as fast growing municipalities. These
municipalities could be described as economically vibrant and competitive with
increasing but manageable environmental pressure. These municipalities have
large geographical size vis-à-vis their population.
Passi City is seen as a fast emerging growth center. Since its creation as
component city, its population has increased, and other amenities such as banks,
private institutions, commercial buildings/centers, housing and other social
facilities have continued to proliferate. Infrastructure facilities, such a roads and
bridges, have become the priority of the local government to develop and
maintain. The major products of Passi City and nearby towns are sugarcane and
other cash crops. Passi City has good market facilities that can accommodate
agricultural products for household consumption as well as product trading in
bulk to nearby towns and provinces of Aklan and Capiz.
Janiuay, Lambunao and Calinog are emerging growth centers with the presence
of district hospitals, tertiary education services and full range of convenience
shops. Sara is also considered as fast growing because it is the convergence point
of surrounding municipalities of Ajuy, Concepcion, San Dionisio and Lemery. It
has bus and jeepney terminal, banking services, and brisk commerce and trade.
The rest of the municipalities have slow growth because of limited economic
competitiveness and limited environmental pressure. Bingawan has the slowest
growth of 0.47 percent followed by Dueñas, Ajuy and Leon.
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Given the current growth rate, the estimated total population and overall density
at the end of the planning period on 2013 of the province are 2,264,932 and 485
persons/km2. An additional population of 339,930 or an average of 48,561
persons per year.
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2.2.4 Other Characteristics
Urban and Rural Distribution. Urbanization is defined as the growth in the

proportion of a population living in urban areas when there is development.
It is migration from rural to urban areas. Urbanization can occur with the
reclassification of rural areas as urban as a result of population growth.
Urbanization may also occur when population grows through natural
increase. Urbanization also comes with it more demand for social services
and amenities such as livelihood, housing, education, water and sanitation.
With unmitigated urbanization, the marginalized households are pushed

towards settling in vulnerable areas such as along riverbanks and creeks, near
coastal lines and unprotected areas. Such occurs in Iloilo City and urbanizing
municipalities of Pavia, Estancia, San Miguel, Leganes and Oton.Except for
Iloilo City, a highly urbanized city, Pavia has the highest urbanization level of
96.25 percent which means that almost all barangays in the municipality have
a population density of more than 500 persons/km2. This is attributed to its
geographical location being adjacent to the city resulting to population spill
over and immigration caused by various residential subdivision projects and
presence of manufacturing establishments in the municipality. Barangays
with high growth rates have residential subdivisions in their locality with
high percentage of occupancy.
Most of the municipalities, because of the limited area in their poblaciones,

have expanded their area by extending to the neighboring barangays to
accommodate the economic opportunities and in-migration from other
barangays.
Estancia, a densely populated municipality has added five more barangays to

their existing poblacion, so with the municipalities of San Miguel, Leganes,
and Oton, among others.
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Passi City has added six (6) more barangays to the existing and approved
urban land use plan to give way to its future development, to make it a total
of 13 barangays. Total urban area is 3,316.44 hectares. The expected growth
of population is anticipated to increase because of the introduction of
business and commercial development in the municipality.
Leganes has extended its urban areas in barangays surrounding the poblacion
to accommodate the spill over of Iloilo City and perhaps in preparation to the
future 177 hectare industrial growth center being developed by PEZA. It will
accommodate small repair shops to large industrial facilities while
maintaining sufficient land for agricultural production.
San Miguel, on the other hand, attributes its additional urban area to
industrial and commercial activities and the presence of mixed use
development in their land uses. However, it will preserve most of its
irrigated agricultural land for rice production.
While most of the municipalities are gearing towards urbanization, they

deferred growth in some areas to preserve the agricultural lands from rapid
conversion to urban uses and to ensure ample food supply for the province.
For the entire province of Iloilo, it has an urbanization level of 36.57 and
considered in its moderate level.
Migration Patterns. Migration as defined by NCSO, is the movement to take

up residence in a specific geographic area by individuals who have been
previously residing outside the area.
A total of 10,482 were registered as migrants in the province of Iloilo in the

year 2007. They either migrate from one (1) municipality to another within
the province, from other provinces within the country and from other
countries. A total of 5,581 or 53.24 percent individuals emigrate from one
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municipality to another within the province, 45.72 percent or 4,792

individuals migrate to the province from other parts of the country while 1.04
percent or 109 individuals migrate from other countries to the province.
Among the reasons cited for immigration and emigration is economic

(employment, transfer of work, livelihood opportunities or to be near the
workplace). Other reasons are due to marriage, conflicts with neighbors or
family, relocation of boundaries, transfer of residences, hazardous house
location o or some were ejected from place of residence.
A total of 49.55 percent or 3,277 individuals intramigrated within the
province, transferring from one municipality to another. Emigration within
the country- transfer from the province to other parts of the country, totaled
to 3,072 individuals or 46.45 percent and 4.0 percent or 265 individual
immigrated to other countries.
Reasons for emigration are almost the same as immigration. Iloilo has an
immigration rate of 3.31 percent and emigration rate of 2.25 percent. This
gives a net migration rate of 1.06 percent or one (1) person in a 1,000
population. This means that the province is an immigration area since there
are more people arriving to establish permanent residence in the province
compared to those departing to other places.
Population by Ethnicity. Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage and refers to

shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions that set apart one
group of people from another. The most common characteristics
distinguishing various ethnic groups are ancestry, a sense of history,
language, religion, and style of dress. Ethnic differences are not inherited;
they are learned.
Basing on the census year 2000, 72.29 percent of the total household
population of the Province of Iloilo, are of Hiligaynon/Ilonggo by ethnic
origin. The rest belong to other ethnic groups such as Karay-a, Kiniray-a, etc.
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2.3 Population Exposure to Hydrometeorological Hazards
2.3.1 Population Exposure to Flooding
population in areas that are located in areas that are exposed in highly
susceptible to flooding. This means that these population are situated in
areas that are highly susceptible areas to flooding.
In the municipalities of Zarraga, Pavia and Leganes, all the population are
exposed to highly susceptible areas to flooding. All of the 24 barangays in
Zarraga are within highly susceptible areas with two barangays, Talaugis and
Tubigan which are prone to liquefaction.
A high percentage of population in the municipalities of, Oton, Dumangas,

Pototan, Barotac Nuevo and Pavia are exposed to highly susceptible areas to
flooding.
In Pavia, all 18 barangays are susceptible to flooding. Areas near the banks of
Aganan River, Jaro River, Tigum River, Pandanan Creek, are prone to bank
scouring and erosion thus resulted to flooding.
Municipalities whose population with the lowest susceptibility to

flooding are Batad, Bingawan, Igbaras, Maasin, Miag-ao and San Joaquin
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2.3.2 POPULATION EXPOSURE TO RAIN INDUCED LANDSLIDE
Page 67

susceptible areas are Calinog, Janiuay, Lambunao, Leon, Miag-ao and San Rafael.
Most number of population in the municipalities of Alimodian, Barotac Viejo, Carles,

Concepcion, Tubungan, Maasin, Passi city, San Dionisio and San Miguel are exposed
or are within the areas that are moderately susceptible to rain induced landslide.
Located in the low susceptibility areas to rain induced landslide are population in
the municipalities of Ajuy, Banate, Bingawan, Cabatuan, Dingle, Duenas, Lambunao,
San Enrique, San Joaquin and Zarraga.
Municipalities with population that are located in the least susceptibility area to rain
induced landslide are Sta. Barbara, Pototan, Oton, Mina and Dumangas.
Leganes and Pavia are not exposed to rain induced landslide in any level of
susceptibility.
2.3.3 POPULATION EXPOSURE TO STORM SURGE
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All of the coastal municipalities are prone to storm surge. As experienced,

storm surge was experienced during Typhoon Yolanda. Badly hit by storm
surge were the municipalities of Concepcion, Carles and Estancia. It was also
experienced in the municipalities of Lemery, San Rafael and Passi City
eventhough it is already far from the coast.
In terms of population, the most susceptible to storm surge is the

municipality of Carles, Estancia and Concepcion. These municipalities are
coastal municipalities with the presence of islets surrounding.
2.6 POPULATION EXPOSURE TO GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
2.6.1 Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – West Panay Fault
West Panay Fault
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The whole Province of Iloilo are exposed to ground shaking in any level of intensity
once the West Panay Fault is activated with Magnitude of 7.4 and depth of 2 kms.
Intensity VI will be felt in 15 municipalities and 100% of the population in Bingawan,
Calinog and Passi City are exposed to ground shaking.
Intensity VII will be felt in 27 municipalities with 100% of the population in Badiangan,
Cabatuan, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel and Sta. Barbara are exposed to ground
shaking.
2.6.2 Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – Tablas Fault
Tablas Fault
activated with Magnitude of 7.1 and depth of 2 kms. Bingawan and Passi City will have all
its population (100%) exposed to Intensity VI ground shaking while 100% of the population
in Badiangan, Cabatuan, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel and Santa Barbara will
experience Intensity VII. The rest of the population will either experienced intensities in
various levels.
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Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – Negros Trench
Like other earthquake generators, Negros Trench could cause ground

shaking in all municipalities in the province once it is activated with a Magnitude of
8. 3 and a depth of 35 kms. Ground shaking in all municipalities varies from
Intensity V to Intensity VII.
Negros Trench
Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – Masbate Fault
Population Exposure to Ground Shaking – Central Negros Fault
Earthquake generators like Masbate Fault and Central Negros Fault maybe far from
the province of Iloilo, but they could affect in province once thses faults are activated.
( Masbate Fault – Magnitude 7, Depth – 2 kms; Central Negros Fault – Magnitude
6.5, Depth – 2 kms.) All municipalities will experience ground shaking in all levels of
intensity
Page 71
Masbate Fault
Page 72
2.6.2 POPULATION EXPOSURE TO EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE
resulting inlandslides. Depending on the degree of ground shaking, level od
infrastructure, such as cracking, toppling and even collapse; burying of settlements
or flooding in downstream areas due to deposition.
Usually earthquake induced landslide occurs in municipalities with mountain ranges

with slopes 50% or higher. Highly exposed to earthquake induced landslide could
be found in the mountain ranges in the municipalities of Leon, Miag-ao, San Joaquin,
Tubungan, Igbaras, portions of Alimodia, Guimbal and Tigbauan . The rest of the
municipalities are moderately to low exposed with the exception of the
There are 32 municipalities affected by earthquake induced landslide , once the West
Panay Fault is activated. The highest number of population affected is Miag-ao,
35,628 individuals will be affected by earthquake induced landslide in any levels of
susceptibility. This is followed by San Joaquin with 29,616 number of population
affected then, Leon with 28,039, Calinog with 24,143 individuals and Janiuay with
23,462 number of population will be affected by earthquake induced landslide in any
levels of susceptibility.
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West Panay Fault
Tablas Fault
Page 74
Once the Tablas Fault is activated (Magnitude 7.1, Depth – 2 kms. ) there are 32
municipalities whose populations are exposed on earthquake induced landslide. The
municipalities with the highest number of population exposed to earthquake
induced landslide are Miagao with 35,628 individuals, San Joaquin with 29,616
populations, Leon, Lambunao, Calinog and Janiuay. Usually these municipalities
that are exposed are those with high elevation areas.
Negros Trench
With the activation of Negros Trench ( Magnitude 8.3, depth – 35 kms) there are
municipalities whose population are not exposed to earthquake induced landslide.
Balasan, Carles, Barotac Nuevo, Dumangas, Estancia, Leganes, Mina, New Lucena,
Pavia, Santa Barbara and Zarraga are not exposed to earthquake induced landslide in
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2.4 Existing Settlement Pattern
2.4.1. Existing Hierarchy of Settlements, Spatial Strategies
The Regional Center of Western Visayas is Iloilo City. Pavia, Oton, San Miguel,
Leganes and Iloilo City have agreed to form an alliance to address urbanization,
economic growth, environmental concerns and other urban issues. The alliance
municipalities play their respective roles such as: agro-industrial center for Pavia,
center for agriculture and light to heavy industries for Leganes, agricultural basket for
San Miguel and residential area for Oton. The Province of Guimaras also joined the
alliance because of its proximity to Iloilo City and its potential in eco-tourism.
Lately, Sta. Barbara being the gateway to the New Iloilo Airport has manifested its
interest to join the alliance. Sta. Barbara will be the center for agriculture and
heritage tourism. The alliance is now known as the Metro Iloilo Guimaras Economic
Development Council (MIGEDC). Satellite municipalities include Zarraga, New
Lucena, Cabatuan, Maasin, Alimodian, Leon and Tigbauan.
Minor urban centers were also identified such as Miag-ao, Dumangas, Barotac Viejo,
Sara, Estancia, Janiuay, Pototan and Passi City. Miag-ao, the center for commerce
and trade in the southern part of Iloilo and gateway to Antique and other major tourist
destinations, has Guimbal, Igbaras, San Joaquin and Tubungan as its satellite
municipalities. Dumangas’ satellite municipalities are Barotac Nuevo and Anilao,
while Barotac Viejo’s satellite towns are Banate and San Rafael.
Sara is the convergence point, playing a commercial and trading role for, the
municipalities of Concepcion, Lemery, San Dionisio and Ajuy. Estancia is the center
for fish trading in Iloilo and a commercial center in the north. Carles, Balasan and
Batad are considered satellite municipalities. Minor urban centers such as Janiuay
and Pototan have satellite municipalities surrounding the area. Passi City has San
Enrique, Dueñas and Dingle as satellite municipalities.
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2.4.2 Scalogram
Iloilo City is the most functionally complex with centrality index of 273.50. Iloilo
City is the center for governance, residential, commercial, financial and educational
activities for Region VI. It offers the most important services such as tertiary
hospitals, international port, hotels, commercial business districts, colleges,
universities and tourism facilities. Pototan and Passi City, on the other hand, have
also high centrality indices because of the presence of the rehabilitation center and
provincial hospital in Pototan and the presence of sugar central in Passi City. Both
areas have brisk commerce and trading activities, presence of agriculture production
areas, various livelihood undertakings and trucking services. Facilities such as
communication and power facilities, markets and commercial centers, irrigation water
facilities and transport facilities are factors that influence the growth of the
municipalities.
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Miag-ao’s high centrality index is attributed to the presence of the University

of the Philippines Visayas, commerce and trade center in the southern part of
Iloilo and the gateway to Antique and even Boracay Island. Other factors that
influenced its growth are the presence of key services and infrastructures
such as banks, communication, power, water facilities and key road
networks.
On the other hand, Cabatuan’s high centrality index is attributed to the

presence of the New Iloilo Airport. Estancia’s pier and port facilities have
greatly contributed to its high centrality index.
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The rest of the municipalities though well provided with basic facilities such
as health centers, rural banks, water supply, district hospitals, social welfare
institutions, tourist attractions, etc., their centrality indices are just fair.
2.3.3 Existing Settlement Pattern based on Histogram
Based on the histogram, using the 2007 population, only Iloilo City has a
population of greater than 100,000. Iloilo City is the only highy urbanized
city in the province. It is the provincial capital of the province and the seat of
regional offices of the national government. It is the education and
commercial hub of Region VI.
Large towns such as Oton, Passi City, Pototan, Miag-ao, and Sta. Barbara are
municipalities with population over 50,000 and also these municipalities have
high centrality indices based on the scalogram. Population swells in these
municipalities because of the presence of: tertiary health and education
facilities, basic facilities for commerce and industry and subdivisions which
accommodate additional households in the area.
Small towns such as Pavia, Guimbal, Estancia and Concepcion are

municipalities with a population less than 50,000. Factors influencing their
growth are the presence of facilities for basic health services, leisure and
recreational facilities, training and commercial centers and educational
facilities.
Although some municipalities have tertiary facilities and services, they were
not classified as such because of their population is less than 50,000.
Population plays an important role when you classify settlements based on
histogram.
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2.5 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO HYDROMETEROLOGICAL HAZARDS
2.5.1 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO FLOODING
The built up areas in the municipalities of Tubungan, Lambunao, and Bingawan are
not exposed to flooding in any level of susceptibility.
In terms of percentage, the built up areas in the municipalities of Dumangas,

Leganes, Mina, Oton, Pavia, Zarraga and San Miguel are 100% exposed to high level
of susceptibility in flooding.
The built up areas in municipalities of Ajuy, Anilao, Balasan, Banate, Cabatuan,

Igbaras, Lmery, Leon, Miag0ao, San Dionisio, San Joaquin, San Rafael, Sara and
Tigbauan are both susceptible to high and moderate flooding,.
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Whereas, the built up area in the municipality of Batad is 100% moderately

susceptible to flooding. Together with Concepcion, they are the two municipalities
whose built up areas are prone to moderate susceptible.
2.5.2 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO RAIN INDUCED

LANDSLIDE
Built up Areas Exposure to Rain Induced Landslide

A built up area of 85.67 has. in Ajuy and 195.49 has. in San Joaquin are situated or
located in a highly susceptible area to rain induced landslide.
A built up area of 46.90 has. in Ajuy, 14,52 has. in Alimodian, 69.80 has. in
Conceopcion, 13,06 has. in Maasin, 13.05 has. in Miag-ao, 40.68 has. in San Dionisio and
195.49 has. in San Joaquin are within the moderately susceptible areas to rain induced
landslide.
All the other built up areas in the municipalities are within the low susceptible areas
to rain induced landslide.
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Built up areas in the municipalities of Oton, Tigbauan, Leganes, Pavia, San Miguel,
Zarraga, Mina, Dumangas, Balasan, Batad and Lemery are not exposed to rain induced
landslide in any level of susceptibility.
2.5.3 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO STORM SURGE
The built up areas in the municipalities of Ajuy, Balasan, Banate, Carles,

Concepcion, Estancia, Guimbal, IloiloCity, Miagao, Oton, San Dionisio, San Joaquin
and Tigbauan are prone to storm surge. These municipalities are located along the
coastal areas. The latest storm surge event One of the storm surge disastrous event
was last November 8, 2013 when Super typhoon Yolanda (international name:
Haiyan) battered the central part of the Philippines. Packing maximum winds of 215
kilometers per hour near the center and gustiness of up to 250 kph, typhoon Yolanda
was an exceptionally powerful typhoon and considered as the deadliest Philippine
typhoon on record as well as the strongest typhoon ever recorded in terms of wind
speed.
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2.6.3 BUILT UP AREAS EXPOSURE TO GROUND SHAKING
During earthquake almost all built up areas in the municipalities in the province of
Iloilo are exposed to ground shaking in all levels of intensities and magnitudes.
Built up areas of all the municipalities of the province are affected by ground shaking
with the activation of West Panay Fault in any level. Built up areas in Carles, Sara,
Batad and Estancia will be 100% affected by Intensity V. Built up area in Anilao will
be 100% affected so with Alimodian, 100% affected by Intensity VII.
West Panay Fault
The built up areas in municipalities of Alimodian, , Cabatuan, Igbaras,

Janiuay, Leganes, Leon, Maasin, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, Pototan, San
Miguel, sta. Barbara, Tubungan and Zarraga are all exposed to ground
shaking Intensity VII during the activation of the Tablas Fault. These
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Tablas Fault
Negros Trench once activated, all built up areas in the province will
experience ground shaking in all levels of intensities.
Negros Trench
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Masbate Fault
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2.6.4 Built up Area Exposure to Earthquake Induced Landslide – West Panay Fault
West Panay Fault
Built up area Exposure to Earthquake induced Landslide – Tablas Fault
Tablas Fault
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Built up Area Exposure to Earthquake Induced Landslide – Negros Trench
Negros Fault
West Panay Fault - Built up areas in 15 municipalities are also affected by

earthquake induced landslide in any level of susceptibility. Built up areas that are
exposed are in the municipalities of Ajuy, Alimodian, Anilao, Badiangan, Bingawan,
Calinog, Dueñas, Guimbal, Igbaras, Oton, Maasin, MIagao, Passi City, San Joaquin
and Tubungan.
Tablas Fault - The built up areas in municipalities of Alimodian, , Cabatuan,

Igbaras, Janiuay, Leganes, Leon, Maasin, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, Pototan, San
Miguel, Sta. Barbara, Tubungan and Zarraga are all exposed earthquake induced
landslide. Intensity VII during the activation of the Tablas Fault. These
Negros Trench – There are municipalities whose built up areas are exposed to
earthquake induced landslide. These are the municipalities of Ajuy, Alimodian,
Anilao, Badiangan, Bingawan, Calinog, Dueñas, Guimbal, Igbaras, Leon, Maasin,
Miag-ao, Passi City San Joaquin and Tubungan.
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Province of Iloilo, DRR and CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan,
CY 2014-2020, Physical Resources
I.
Physical Resources
3.1 General Land and Water Characteristics and Resources
3.1.1 Topography and Slope
The topography of the Province of Iloilo varies from flatlands and rolling hills to
mountain peaks and ranges. The mountain ranges lie along the border of Iloilo,
Antique and Capiz, and roll down into flat plain towards the coastal towns.
Almost one-third of the entire province is considered flat. A chain of mountains runs
from the southwest to the northwest portion along the border between Iloilo and
Antique. The highest peak of Mt. Baloy in Lambunao is 1,728 meter above sea level,
followed by Mt. Inaman in Maasin at 1,350 meter above sea level and Mt. Igdalig in
Igbaras at 1,288 meter above sea level. A belt of hills with varying heights from 90
to 100 meters above the sea level is found in the greater part of the northeastern
section of the province bordering Capiz. From the ranges of mountains and hills, the
land rolls down into a flat plain extending all the way from the apex of a triangular-
shaped land towards the coastal towns. Some areas noted to be at their high level of
elevation are mapped out as highly vulnerable to rain induced landslides.
The province of Iloilo accounts for the biggest share of 0-3 percent slope class with
32 percent or a total of 151,020.80 hectares of its total land area that is generally flat,
while the Province of Antique has the lowest share of 18.45 percent of these slope.
While considered flatlands, many areas in the province are identified as vulnerable to
flooding. Seasonal and continuous rains inundates rivers, creeks and lakes resulting to
damage to crops and properties and loss of lives.
Almost all of the areas of San Miguel, Oton, Pavia, Leganes, Zarraga, Dumangas,
Barotac Nuevo and Estancia are generally flat, while large portions of the
municipalities of Pototan, Dingle, Mina, Sta. Barbara, Balasan, Carles, Sara, Ajuy,
Btac. Viejo, Banate and Anilao have 0-3 percent slope. Slope could also be found in
some areas of the remaining municipalities of the province. Slope 3-8 percent
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( sloping and undulating) could be found in most areas of the province with large
portions in Leon and San Enrique. A total of 42,474 hectares or 9 percent of the total
provincial area has a slope of this category. Large portions of 8-18 percent slope
(70,791 hectares or 15 percent) are located in the municipalities of Cabatuan,
Badiangan, Janiuay, Dueñas and the island barangays of Concepcion. Large portions
of slope 18 percent – 30 percent could be found in most of the municipalities; so with
slope 30-50 percent. Large portions of the municipalities of Calinog, Lambunao,
Janiuay, Maasin, Alimodian, Leon, Tubungan, Igbaras, Miag-ao, San Joaquin and the
island barangays of San Dionisio have slopes greater than 50 percent. Some of the
areas in these municipalities are identified as vulnerable to rain induced landslides.
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3.1.3 Land and Water Resources
3.1.3.1 Land Resources
Aside from the mainland, the Province of Iloilo has a total of 66 islands mostly
situated in the northern part with a total area of 9,013.50 hectares representing 1.91
percent of the total land area of the province. More than half of these islands are
classified as alienable and disposable, while the remaining is classified either as
timberlands or unclassified land. Several of the islands are considered vulnerable to
storm surges.
The Municipality of Carles has 29 islands with Calagna-an Island as the biggest in
terms of area. Seaweed culture farming is suitable in this island, as well as the
islands of Sicogon, Isla de Caña, Manlot, Balbagon, and Gigantes. Most of these
islands are famous for their tourism potentials. Gigantes Islands is identified by the
National Museum as archaeological sites due to the discovery of abundant
archeological materials, notably earthenware ceramics, that are typically of metal
age. The majestic Mt. Opao in Sicogon Island is home to the legendary pitcher plant
precariously rooted in cliffs and its forest is home to the bald eagle. A number of
narra and naga trees is doting the area. Balbagon Island is best described for its
creamy beach fanned by coconut palms and crystalline water, while Naburot Island
is blessed with a long stretch of white sandy beach with thicket of mangroves.
All timberlands, unique landscapes and protected area located in Gigantes Group of
islands, composed of Gigantes Norte, Gigantes Sur, Balbagon Islang, Bantigue Island,
Cabugao Daku and Cabugao Gamay Islands, Bulubadiang Island, Uaydahon island
and Gigantona and Gigantona islets; Sicogon Island, Tomaquin Islands, Naburot
Island are suitable for eco tourism.
The Municipality of Concepcion , has 17 islands whose total land area comprised 40
percent of the entire municipality. Pan de Azucar is the largest while Bocot is the
smallest island. Some of these islands are submerged during high tide. The nearest
island to the mainland is Tago Island while the farthest is Baliguian Island, which is
25 km from the mainland. Pan de Azucar seascape is a natural and prominent
landmark famous for its Herculean cone-shaped structure made of dacite porphyry
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rocks where mossy plants abundantly grow. Biological features of the area includes
the Philippine monkey, sea eagle and Philippine megapodes. There is an abundance
of mangroves at Sitio Banaban that is considered as the habitat of Philippine
mallards, seaweeds and seagrasses are enormous particularly in shallow waters,
which are considered as haven of tropical fishes. Tago island, a stone’s throw away
from the town proper of Concepcion and one of the biggest islands, remains
uninhabited. Historically, it was the sanctuary of the guerillas during the Japanese
occupation. It is a crop-producing island and home to wild monkeys, rare flora and
fauna. Tagubanhan Island, considered one of the most populous islands has five
barangays three of which belong to Concepcion and the other two belong to Ajuy.
Ajuy has seven small islands. Calabasa Island, classified as timberland area, is the
site of “Parola” Lighthouse which is equipped with navigational facilities to aid
maritime navigation ships, fishing boats and cargo boats passing though that area.
Nasidman Island, a tourist area is classified as alienable and disposable area.
Estancia has six islands with Bayas as the largest at 70.40 hectares. and the smallest is
Bolubadiang with an area of only 4,000 m2. Balasan, on the other hand, has four
islands with Malugambi as the largest at 20.80 hectares. However, two islands are
yet unnamed and unclassified. Of the three islands in San Dionisio, only Naburot
Island is alienable and disposable while the two others are unclassified.
3.1.3.2 Water Resources
About 159 rivers and creeks traverse the entire province and these are identified as
possible sources of potable and irrigation water. Major rivers that provide water for
both irrigation and potable use are: Jalaur River, Suague River, Tigum River, Aganan
River, Serruco River, Jaro River, and Iloilo Estuary or River .
Inland Surface Waters
Tigum River originates from Mt. Inaman located at the Iloilo-Antique border. It
traverses the municipalities of Maasin, Cabatuan and Sta. Barbara until its
downstream area (in Pavia to its mouth in Brgy Hinactacan, Lapaz, Iloilo City) called
Jaro River. Aganan River, on the other hand, traverses the municipalities of
Alimodian, San Miguel, part of Sta. Barbara, and, finally joins Jaro River in Brgy.
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Ungka I, Pavia. The Jaro – Tigum River is the principal river channel while Aganan
River is its major tributary. Jaro-Tigum has an approximate length of 35 km from its
source down to its mouth at Brgy. Hinactacan, Lapaz, Iloilo City; Aganan River has
an approximate length of 20 km from its source down to its confluence with Jaro-
Tigum River in Pavia Bridge, Pavia, Iloilo.
Jalaur River originates from Mount Baloy, and traverses the municipalities of
Calinog, Passi City, Dueñas, Dingle, Pototan, Dumangas, and Btac. Nuevo down to
Brgy. Guigui, Leganes, Iloilo where it empties its water to Guimaras Strait. Jalaur
River has an approximate length of 75 km from its sources down to its mouth in Brgy.
Guigui, Leganes. It has several tributaries but only Ulian River is considered as its
major tributary with an approximate length of 30 km from its source down to its
confluence with Jalaur River in Brgy. Tolarucan, Janiuay, Iloilo.
Aganan River is one of the major tributaries of Jaro River. It stretches to an

approximate length of 66.6 km from its source down to its confluence with Tigum
River in Pavia Bridge, Pavia, Iloilo. The river traverses the areas in Alimodian, San
Miguel, portions of Sta. Barbara and Pavia, Iloilo. There are times that swelling of the
Aganan River brings flood waters to the city, even before the water reaches the Jaro
River. The Catchment of Aganan River is 216.52 km2
Suague River is located in the central part of Iloilo, with its headwater in Janiuay.
This river covers 26,028 has consisting of 108 barangays with its river basin located in
six municipalities namely; Janiuay, Maasin, Badiangan, Pototan, Mina and New
Lucena. It has two service areas, Barotac Nuevo and Dumangas.
Jaro River is a convergence of Tigum River and Aganan River with its mouth at Brgy.
Hinactacan, Lapaz, Iloilo City. It traverses the 22 barangays of Iloilo City and
empties the water to the Iloilo Strait. During flooding, the swelling of waters brings
flood water and destruction of properties to the City of Iloilo. From the junction of
Tigum –Aganan Rivers to Iloilo Strait, Jaro River stretches an approximate length of
10.4 km with a catchment area of 14.28 km2.
Serruco River is a waterway in the municipalities of Sara and Ajuy. It originates

from the mountain ranges of Brgy. Agbobolo and Brgy. Mata in the Municipality of
Sara. The length of the river is approximately 14 kms. from Brgy. Improgo and cuts
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across the basin northeasterly direction. Its uppermost stream at Brgy. Improgo is
traversing through forest and marginal lands and flows down to Sitio Tapulanga,
Brgy. Puente Bunglas, Ajuy before its ultimate discharge to Ajuy Bay. The river has
no major tributary but a number of small rills, brooks, and rain runoffs that passes
thru natural drainage which empties directly in the upstream and midstream of the
river serves as its tributaries. One of the most important uses of Serruco River is to
supply water for irrigation purposes. The river is also being used for domestic
purposes such as bathing and washing of clothes.
Iloilo - Batiano Estuary/ River is not actually a river but an arm of the sea which
stretches about 10 km. from its mouth in Parola up to its sources in Arevalo, Iloilo
City. The Iloilo river is an important inland waterway for commerce and industry. It
serves as a waterway for cargo vessels, scenic points of interest for tourism, and a
great transportation network through the heart of some densely populated and
economically important areas and commercial centers of the province. Iloilo River
has no watershed of its own. However, the bulk of its water is sourced mainly from
its two major tributaries (Calajunan Creek and Dungon Creek), run- off from nearby
agricultural lands, and inundation of seawater from Iloilo Strait.
Coastal Marine Waters
The coastlines of the province of Iloilo is approximately 451.83 kilometers. There are
19 coastal municipalities in the province namely: San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Guimbal,
Tigbauan, Oton, Leganes, Ajuy, San Dionisio, Zarraga, Dumangas, Barotac Nuevo,
Barotac Viejo, Carles, Banate, Batad, Anilao, Balasan, Concepcion, and Estancia
covering a total of 230 coastal barangays.
Seagrasses can be found in the municipalities of San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Leganes,

Banate, Btac. Viejo, Concepcion, San Dionisio and Carles. Corals and coral reefs can
be also found in San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Carles, Estancia, Concepcion, Btac. Viejo and
Banate.
Banate Bay is one of the rich fishing grounds in the province. Covering a total of
1,315 hectares of fishing ground, it is located in the municipalities of Barotac Nuevo,
Banate, Anilao and Barotac Viejo covering a total of 22 barangays. Floral resources of
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the mangrove ecosystem can be found in these coastal municipalities with 17 species
thriving in these areas. Patches of seaweeds and sea grasses can be found distributed
along the coastal municipalities.
San Joaquin seascape is located at the southern part of the Province of Iloilo
specifically located along the coastal area of the Municipality of San Joaquin. Coastal
barangays bordering the seascape are Catagan, Igcondao, Igcadlum, Lawigan and
Sinogbuhan with an aggregate area of 1,772.82 hectares. The seascape is a potential
place for the spawning of fish such as tuna, blue marlin, lapu-lapu and other seasonal
fishes. Fresh vegetation is mostly shrubs and bushes with patches of naturally
growing tree species.
The Visayan Sea, which covers seven municipalities in the northern part of the
province that include Balasan, Estancia, Batad, Ajuy, Concepcion, San Dionisio and
Carles The Visayan sea is one of the biggest and most productive fishing grounds in
the country. The Philippine Fisheries Profile of 1999 notes that Visayan Sea ranks
first in terms of commercial fisheries and third in terms of municipal fishing. The
diversity of its resources has drawn various activities in the Visayan Sea resulting to
the decline in the fishery productivity due to unabated exploitation. Interventions
are now being made to empower the different stakeholders to sustainably manage
their resources based on local initiatives.
Water Bodies According to Beneficial Use
The uppermost stream at the Maasin Dam of Jaro-Tigum-Aganan River being the
source of drinking water is officially classified as Class A; the rest (midstream down
to its mouth) is officially classified as Class C. These rivers are recipients of
discharges from piggery, poultry dressing plant, paper mill, domestic waste from
urban centers where it traverses, and agricultural run-off from nearby agricultural
lands and also are sources of irrigation water for rice fields.
The Metro Iloilo Water District (MIWD) maintains a dam at Brgy. Daja in the
Municipality of Maasin and the pumping stations at Brgy. Ungka, Pavia. The MIWD
extracts its water supply from Tigum River through an intake dam in Brgy. Daja,
Maasin with a capacity of about 10,936,618 cubic meters. Augmenting its surface
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water source at Maasin, MIWD has groundwater sources in the barangays of Oton,
Pavia and San Miguel with a capacity of 3,583,404 m3.
A study of JICA (PW4SP, August 2000) showed that deep well areas cover
approximately 75 percent of the provincial land area and are widely distributed in
the central part of the province. The deep well area is composed of alluvial plains
and low hills made of sedimentary rocks. Considering its geological formation, the
Iloilo plain is categorized as a high potential area for deep well development. Eastern
rolling hills including a small portion of alluvial plains and the northern part of the
province are classified as low yielding areas.
About 25 percent of the province is classified as difficult areas to exploit

groundwater, where mountain range and rolling hills are found. These are located in
the western and eastern portions of the province. Groundwater occurs only in
fissures or fault fracture zones.
Potential surface water volume are exploitable for domestic use in municipalities
situated in the Jalaur, Jaro and Sibalom river basins. The province has significant
number of springs which are being utilized for domestic purposes. Such spring
sources come out from the mountain range and rolling hills area in the western and
eastern parts of the province.
The availability and quality of water both for irrigation and potable use are directly
affected by the population, settlements as well as urbanization. This could be
explained by the fact that the larger the population in a settlement and the higher the
urbanization in an area the more the demand for water is. In Iloilo city in particular,
the local water producer and distributor, the Metro Iloilo Water District, could hardly
provide the water needs of the increasing population.
While in the municipal levels, the respective water districts are having difficulty in
the maintenance and sustaining their day-to-day operations.
The Jalaur River Watershed Reservation covers a total area of 9,930 hectares in the
municipalities of Calinog and Lambunao and was proclaimed as watershed areas
under Presidential Proclamation No. 601 dated June 28, 1990. It supplies irrigation
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water on the central part of the Province of Iloilo. The Jalaur River is the main source
of water supply most especially for irrigation purposes. This river is one of the
biggest in terms of source volume in the whole Panay Island. For potable water,
there is one pumping station at Barangay Barrio Calinog as the main source and one
back-up pumping station at Barangay Simsiman along the Jalaur River.
The Maasin Watershed Forest Reserve covers a total area of 6,775.68 hectares
situated in the 17 barangays of the municipalities of Maasin, Alimodian and Janiuay
and was proclaimed as a watershed forest reserve pursuant to Presidential
Proclamation No. 820 dated October 25, 1991. The Maasin Watershed Forest
Reservation which forms part of the Tigum-Aganan River Basin is a dependable
resource for both upland and lowland communities. The upland communities
cultivate farms therein and collect forest resources. The lowland communities benefit
from the water supply, ecological functions and other environmental services. As a
watershed reservation, it supplies potable water to the municipalities of Maasin,
Cabatuan, Sta. Barbara, Pavia, Leganes, Oton, San Miguel and Iloilo City through the
Metro Iloilo Water District.
3.1.4 IMPACTS OF DISASTER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER
In areas/regions where rainfall is projected to decrease, there will be water stress

(both in quantity and quality), which in turn, will most likely cascade into more
adverse impacts, particularly on forestry, agriculture and livelihood, health, and
human settlement.
Large decreases in rainfall and longer drier periods will affect the amount of water in
watersheds and dams which provide irrigation services to farmers, especially those in
rain fed areas, thereby, limiting agricultural production. Likewise, energy production
from dams could also be rendered insufficient in those areas where rainfall is
projected to decrease, and thus, could largely affect the energy sufficiency program of
the country. Design of infrastructure, particularly of dams, will need to be re-visited
to ensure that these will not be severely affected by the projected longer drier
periods.
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In areas where rainfall could be intense during wet periods, flooding events would
follow and may pose danger to human settlements and infrastructure, in terms of
landslides and mudslides, most especially, in geologically weak areas. Additionally,
these flooding events could impact severely on public infrastructure, such as roads
and bridges, including classrooms, evacuation centers, and hospitals.
Adaptive capacity is enhanced when impact and vulnerability assessments are used
as the basis of strategic and long-term planning for adaptation. Assessments would
indicate areas where critical water shortages can be expected leading to possible
reduction of water available for domestic consumption, less irrigation service
delivery, and possibly, decreased energy generation in dams. Note that the adverse
impacts would cascade, so that long-term pro-active planning for these possible
impacts is imperative in order to be able to respond effectively, and avoid
maladaptations. A number of adaptation strategies should be considered. Among the
wide array of cost effective options are rational water management, planning to
avoid mismatch between water supply and demand through policies,
upgrading/rehabilitation of dams where these are cost-effective, changes in cropping
patterns in agricultural areas, establishing rain water collection facilities, where
possible, and early warning systems. 1
WATER IN SCIENTIFIC, SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL DIMENSIONS

SCIENTIFIC SOCIAL FINANCIAL
General decrease in rainfall Increase in population Increase in price of water
Wetter rainy season, drier Larger demand for piped-in- Larger demand for water
dry season water infrastructures
Increased evaporation Increase in water pollution Increased privatization
More intense El Niño, La Decrease in rainfed farms Need for insurance
Nina instruments
SOURCES OF WATER
1. Groundwater
a. Clean source of water
b. Moderately expensive to develop
c. Moderately expensive to extract
1
MDG-F
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d. Year-round source
e. Easily depleted
f. Moderately affected by climate change
2. SPRINGS
a. Clean source of water
b. Very cheap to develop
c. No cost to extraxct
d. Seasonal Source
e. Heavily affecte4d by climate change
3. Surface Water
a. Requires treatment of water
b. Expensive to develop
c. Expensive to utilize
d. Year-round source
e. Least affected vy climate change
4. Other Sources: ( Rainwater Harvesting and Desalination)
a. Localized Source
b. Very cheap to develop and utilize
c. Highly seasonal
d. Very expensive to utilize
e. Unlimited source
INSIGHTS ON CLIMATE PROOFING WATER RESOURCES

1. Diversify water sources
2. Implement genuine water conservation programs
3. Utilize surface water for irrigation, reserve springs and groundwater for
domestic use
4. Regional and multi-LGU planning (inclusive growth)
3.1.5 Geological Features
Types of Soil Based on Genetic and Morphological Characteristics
The different types of soil in the Province of Iloilo are classified based on their
genetic and morphological characteristics. There are 18 different types of soil in the
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province generally considered fertile and suitable to most types of agricultural crops.
Predominance of loam classification makes it conducive to farming.
Rock Types
The Mines and Geosciences Bureau has identified two rock types: sedimentary rocks
and igneous rocks (plutonic/intrusive igneous rocks and volcanic extrusive rocks).
The most common sedimentary rock is quaternary alluvium which could be found in
almost all the municipalities of the province. These consist of unconsolidated
deposits of sand and gravel along stream beds, banks and on lowlands. Another is
Cabatuan formation which consist of gray to black, fossiliferous, thick bedded
mudstone, poorly bedded sandstone with occasional mudstone, and coarse grained
sandstone.
3.1.6 Mineral Resources
Mineral Ore Reserves
Iloilo Province is rich in metallic and non-metallic mineral resources. Mineral ore
reserves can be found in some parts of the province. Manganese can be found in
Ajuy with 50,000 MT estimated reserves and so with large quantity of aggregates.
Ball clay can be found in Lemery, while white clay can be found in Gigantes Island,
Carles and Balasan. Red burning clay can be found in the municipalities of Sta.
Barbara and San Miguel. A large quantity of basalt and basalt/lava flow can be found
in San Joaquin and Anilao. A small quantity of guano, limestone and phosphate
rock could be found in Dingle
Potential Minerals
The government promotes for the revitalization of the minerals industry. The
government believes on the potential of the minerals sector to attract new
investments, generate revenues for the government, and provide additional jobs and
livelihood opportunities. However, these should be anchored on the basic principles
of sustainable development. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Region 6 has also
identified potential minerals in the following municipalities: Gold can be found in
the municipalities of Ajuy, Concepcion, Barotac Viejo, Dingle, Balasan, Lemery,
Janiuay, Carles and Sara. Copper, a metallic mineral, can be mined in Ajuy,
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Concepcion, Barotac Viejo, Dingle, Balasan and Sara, while manganese can be found
in the municipalities in Anilao, Sara, San Dioniso and San Joaquin. Iron can be found
in Concepcion.
For non-metallic mineral, there is a potential supply of white clay in the

municipalities of Leon, Carles, Concepcion, San Dionisio, Batad, Barotac Viejo, Ajuy
and Estancia. Red burning clay can be found in Ajuy, Leon, Oton, Sta. Barbara, San
Miguel, Pototan, Tigbauan and Cabatuan. Potential supply of limestone can be found
in Dingle, Passi City, Carles and Dumangas while guano and phosphate rocks are
abundant in Carles, Dingle, Passi City and Igbaras. Semi precious stones could be
found in San Joaquin while supply of black clay is found in San Dionisio, Balasan,
Alimodian, and Pavia and feldspar in Sara and Ajuy.
3.1.7 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Two tectonic plates sandwich the country : the Philippine Sea Plate
to the east and the Eurasian Plate to the West.
Between these two plates is found the PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE

(PFZ) where the country’s most active faults are located ( Abra River
Fault, Tubao Fault, Digdig Fault, Central Leyte Fault, Mindanao
Fault, Mati Fault and West Valley Fault).
Movements along the active faults are responsible for the present-
day high seismicity of the Philippine archipelago. Earthquakes
generated by movements along faults are all shallow seated (from0 to
70 km deep). Very destructive earthquakes may originate from fault
movements occurring at less than 30 km. If strong shallow
earthquake occur under the sea and displace parts of the sea bed,
tsunamis are oftentimes generated.
Earthquake Generators Identified for the Province of Iloilo
 West Panay Fault

 Tablas Fault
 Negros Trench
 Central Negros Fault
 Masbate Fault
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West Panay Fault – runs along the mountain ranges of San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Igbaras,
Tubungan, Leon, Alimodian, Maasin, Janiuay, Lambunao in Iloilo; mountain ranges of Tapaz
and Jamindan in Capiz; municipalities of Libacao, Madalag, Malinao, New Washington,
Lezo, Makato and Tangalan in Aklan.
Fault Source: West Panay Fault ; Epicenter – 122.27067 ; longitude., 11.241498 latitude; Magnitude 7.4 : Depth – 2
kms.
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Tablas Fault – runs through the municipalities of Antique: Hamtic (adjacent to San Joaquin in
Iloilo), Sibalom, Belison, Patnongon, coastlines of Bugasong, Laua-an, Barbaza, Tibiao,Culasi,
Sebaste cutting through the municipalities of Pandan and Nabas in Aklan up to Tablas,
Romblom
Fault Source: Tablas Fault: Epicenter -121.905 longitude, 11.8324 latitude; Magnitude 7.1 : Depth – 2 km.
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Negros Trench - is located between the islands of Panay and Palawan. It is a collision zone of
Sulu trench and Manila Trench. .
Fault Source: Negros Trench : Epicenter- 121.911 longitude, 11,.091 latitude Magnitude – 8.3 ; Depth 35 kms.
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Masbate Fault – is part of the Central Philippine Fault (Entire Ilocos Norte-Aurora-Quezon-
Masbate-Eastern Leyte-Southern Leyte-Agusan Del Norte-Agusan Del Sur-Davao del Norte)
The Masbate fault is the central part with large and medium earthquakes accompanied by
unusually large ground rupture .The Uson Fault is the shorter western trace on Masbate
Island while the Masbate Fault refers mainly to the trace onshore Masbate Island to the trace
east of Burias Island
Fault Source: Masbate Fault : Epicenter – 123.598 longitude, 12.461 latitude Magnitude – 7 : Depth – 2kms.
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Central Negros Fault – Faultline running across the municipalities of Vallehermoso in Neg.
Or. - Moises Padilla and Magallon in Neg. Occ. – Guihulngan in Neg. Or. – Isabela,
Binalbagan, Himamaylan, Kabankalan in Neg. Occ – Mabinay, Bindoy, Manjuyod, Bais City,
Tanjay, Bayawan, Sta. Catalina, Siaton, Zamboanguita, Dawin and Bacong in Neg. Or.
Fault Source : Central Negros Fault : Epicenter 122.94217 longitude; 10.195 latitude; Magnitude : 6.5 : Depth – 2 kms
3.1.5 Climate and Rainfall
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CLIMATE PROFILE:
Iloilo has two types of climate. The southern portion has two pronounced
season: dry from December to June, and wet from July to November. Rains
associated with the south-west monsoon come as early as May, with July to
September as the wettest months. Its north-eastern part is relatively dry from
November to April, and wet the rest of the year. The mountain ranges
running from north to south of Panay Island shields the north-eastern areas
from the south-west monsoon.
November and December are the wettest months brought about by the
prevailing north-east wind.
Map 8
Climate Map
From November to January, tropical cyclones that develop in the

northwestern Pacific generally move westward, crossing the province. These
cyclones bring strong winds and intense rainfall that oftentimes result to
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floods, causing loss of lives and destruction of properties. Typhoons that
pass the northern part of the country during the southwest monsoon (June to
September) or those that form over the South China Sea enhance the
prevailing southwest wind flow, bringing monsoon rains over the province
for prolonged period of time.
The annual rainfall is 2,254.9 mm, while the average annual rainfall for the
past five years (2002-2006) is 1,710.50 mm.
Average annual relative humidity for the whole country is about 82 percent.
High values of relative humidity are usually observed at night and early
morning, while low values are noted during the day and early evening except
when it is raining.
The tropical cyclone season is from June to December, with an average

monthly frequency of more than one tropical cyclone. July, August and
September have the most frequented tropical cyclone occurrences with an
average of three or more cyclones each month. However, January to May is
not entirely free from tropical storms.
The projected seasonal temperature increase, seasonal rainfall change and

frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under the medium range
emission scenario in Iloilo are presented in tables and graphs below:
:Seasonal temperature increase in © in 2020 and 2050 under medium rare emission
scenario.
Observed Baseline 1971- Change in 2020 (2006-2035) Change in 2050 (2036-2065)
2000
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON
26.4 28.2 27.9 27.6 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.9 2.4 2.1 1.9
 In Iloilo, the projected values for 2020 are:
DJF mean temperature = (26.4oC + 1o C) = 27.4 oC
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Seasonal Temperature Increase
Seasonal rainfall change in % in 2020 and 2050 under medium range emission
scenario
Observed Baseline 1971- Change in 2020 (2006-2035) Change in 2050 (2036-2065)
2000
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON
324.8 290.6 932.8 828.3 1.2 -8.6 -.06 11.5 20.4 -13.3 3.8 3.9
 DJF rainfall = { 324.8 mm + (328 + 1.2%) mm} = (324.8 +3.9 ) or 325.7 mm
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Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission
Scenario
No. of days with Tmax > No. of dry days No. of days with rainfall
35o >200 mm
OBS.1971- 2020 2050 OBS.1971- 2020 2050 OBS.1971- 2020 2050
2000 2000 2000
4 1431 3076 7839 5227 5226 4 5 4
 No. Of days with Tmax > 35 C in Iloilo City during the 2006-2035 period
o
( centered at 2020) = 1,431
 No. Of dry days in Iloilo City during the 2006-2035 period (centered at 2020=
5227
 No. Of days with rainfall > 300mm in Iloilo City during the 2006-2035 period
centered at 2020
Projected temperature increase in oC under high range and medium range

emission scenarios in 2020 and 2050 based
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Province of Iloilo, DRR and CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014-2020, Physical Resources
I.
Table 11: Climate Change Impacts Experienced in the Province
Climate Sectoral Impacts Experienced

Change Area
Affected Agri & Acquaculture Biodiversi Othe
Impacts Forestry Coastal and Marine Water Health
ty rs
Temp Changes in temperature and rainfall Increase in temperature and Heat waves will increase heat
Increase will trigger the spread of pests and variability in rainfall will affect the stroke among the elderly. The
diseases of both plants and animals. growth and development of plants demand for energy will increase
and animals in the forest. Some and may exceed the available
forest plants and wildlife animal supply.Typhoons and monsoon
specie may not survive. rains can flood hospitals and
health center disrupting services
and access by the residents.
Rainfall Changes in temperature and rainfall Reduction in rainfall during the Flooding will cause the outbreak
Changes intensity, frequency and distribution summer season will result in water and spread of water-based and
will affect the growth and yield of shortage. Irrigation water for farms vector-borne disease leading to
climate sensitive crops and fruit will be less affecting food higher morbidity and mortality.
trees. production. Water level is dams will
be low affecting energy production.
The incidence of malaria,
Heavy rains in may areas will
Floods and strong winds brought by dengue, leptospirosis,
create flooding affecting economic
typhoons will damage crops and schistosomiasis, cholera and
activities, damages to physical
affect their production. dysentry will increase in flooded
assets and even fatalities injuries
and unsanitary areas.
and illnesses.
Sea Level Small islands will significantly be
Rise affected by sea level rise
inundating large portions of the
lands and contaminating the
ground water with saline.
Sea Surface Sea surface temperature will affect
Temperature fishery. Fish will move out to cooler
and deeper waters making it difficult
to reach and catch them by artisanal
fisherman.
El Niño / Drought will seriously affect crop Forest fires may become frequent
Drought production will heat stress will in forest and grasslan areas during
increase mortality of poultry and El Niño episodes.
livestock.
Storm Surge Aquaculture and mariculture are Storm surge and sea level rise
damaged by typhoons and coastal will inundate coastal settlements
flooding aside storm surge. and tourism industry.
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Table ___: Existing Policies, Laws, Regulations and Plans and Programs and Projects of the Province on Climate Change
Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Existing
DRRM CCA
EffortsPolicies
Laws and E.O. 2012-014 - An order designating Mr. Jerry V. Bionat SP Res. 2012-0060 - Res. adopting the report of the
Regulations as Officer-in-Charge of the Provincial Disaster Risk committee on aquatic resources and approving its
Reduction and Management Office that is created under recommendation declaring and valid Municipal Ordinance
this government per Sangguniang Panlalawigan No. 08, Series of 2011 of the Municipality of Concepcion,
Appropriation Ordinance No. 2011-08, Series of 2011 Province of Iloilo, entitled, “An Ordinance declaring
portions of the municipal waters fronting Bgry. Igbon as
Marin Protected Area.”
E.O. 2012-098 - An order for conducting the 2012 Search SP Res. 2012-0092 - Res. adopting the report of the
for Outstanding LGUs on Ecological Solid Waste committee on aquatic resources and approving its
Management Program Cleanest and Greenest in the recommendation declaring legal and valid Ordinance No.
province of Iloilo 2011-10 of the Municipality of San Joaquin, Province of
Iloilo, “An Ordinance providing for the regulation,
development, management, protection and conservation
of fisheries and aquatic resources of the municipality.”
E.O. – 2013-020- An order creating the Provincial Land SP-2012-0142 - Res. authorizing the Governor, Arthur D.
Use Committee (PLUC) and the Provincial Technical Defensor, Sr., to enter into and sign a Memorandum of
Working Group (PLUC-TWG) and Secretariat in the Agreement (MOA), for and in behalf of the Province of
Province of Iloilo superceeding Executive Order No. 202, Iloilo, with the Department of Agriculture-Regional Field
Series of 2010 Unit VI, Parola, Iloilo City and the Bureau of Soils and
Water Management (BSWM), Elliptical Road Corner
Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City for the
establishment of Expanded Modified Rapid Composting
(EMRC) production farms, located at Pototan and San
Miguel, Province of Iloilo.
SP Res. No. 2012-0047 - Res. concurring and confirming SP Res. 2012-0172 - Res. declaring legal and valid Res.
the appointment of Mr. Jerry V. Bionat as Provincial No. 28-2012 “A Res. embodying Municipal Ordinance No.
Government Department Head (PGDH), Provincial 01-2012 declaring the entire Sicogon island as Tourism
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office, Area including the Three Hundred Thirty Four (334)
Province of Iloilo hectares agricultural land” of the Municipality of Carles,
Province of Iloilo
SP Res. No. 2012-0176 - Res. adopting the report of the SP-2012-0175- Res.adopting the report of the committee
committee on aquatic resources and approving its on aquatic resources and approving its recommendation
recommendation declaring legal and valid Municipal remanding Ordinance No. 2012-03, “Ordinance declaring
Ordinance No. 2012-02, “An Ordinance amending and establishing portions within the coastal areas of
provisions of fish refuge and sanctuaries of Section 2, BarangayDangula-an, Anilao, Iloilo, as Marine
Article C., Chapter 1, Title III of the Environmental Code”, Sanctuaries, of the Municipality of Anilao, Province of
of the Municipality of Guimbal, Province of Iloilo. Iloilo, to its origin for compliance for with the requirement
of publication.
SP Res. 2012-0280 – Res. adopting the report of the SP Res. 2012-0266 - Res. adopting the report of the
committee on environment and natural resources and committee on aquatic resources and approving its
approving its recommendation declaring valid Municipal recommendation declaring legal and valid Ordinance No.
Ordinance No. 2011-09 of the Municipality of Alimodian, 2012-248 of the Municipality of Oton, Province of Iloilo,
Province of Iloilo, entitled “The Alimodian Environment “An ordinance amending Section 3 and 10 of Ordinance
Code of 2012. No. 2004-131 also known as ordinance regulating the use
of fine mesh nets in catching shrimp or hipon for
commercial purposes and imposing fees thereof
SP Res. 2013-0088 - Res. approving the proposed SP Res. 2012-0267 - Res. adopting the report of the
rehabilitation plan for tropical storm Quinta to be funded committee on aquatic resources and approving its
from the Prov’l. Disaster Risk Reduction Management recommendation declaring legal and valid Res. No. 2012-
(PDRRM) Trust Fund CY 2010 & CY 2011 & from the 56 of the Municipality of Concepcion, Province of Iloilo, “A
budget concerned National Agencies or from other resolution adopting Provincial Ordinance No. 2012-093,
sources, in the total amount of (P512,293,057.00) as An ordinance prohibiting the catching or gathering of
contained in the Prov’l. Devt. Council Exec. Com (PDC- gravid blue crabs (Bukakahan) and undersized blue crabs
Excom) Res. No. 2013-031. locally known as “Kasag”.
SP Res. 2013-0215 - Res. authorizing the governor, SP Res. 2012-0269 - Res. adopting the report of the
Honorable Arthur D. Defensor, Sr. to sign a Memorandum committee on Barangay Affairs and approving its
of Understanding (MOU), for and in behalf of the Province recommendation declaring legal and valid Ordinance No.
of Iloilo, with the United Nations World Food Programme 2012-10 of the Municipality of New Lucena, Province of
(WFP) Philippines, relative to the implementation of the Iloilo, “An ordinance requiring all Barangays in the
WFP-funded “Disaster Preparedness and Response Municipality to implement DILG Memorandum Circular
/Climate Change Adaptation Programme”, subject to all No. 2012-02, which promote the construction of rainwater
the terms and conditions stipulated in the said MOU collector (nationwide) in order to mitigate the insufficiently
of water in the domestic, industrial and agricultural uses,
brought about by the adverse impact of climate change.”
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Existing Efforts DRRM CCA
SP Res. 2013-0230- Res. authorizing the Governor, Hon. SP Res. 2012-0289 - Res. adopting the report of the
Arthur D. Defensor, Sr., to sign a Memorandum of Agree- committee on environment and natural resources and
ment (MOA), for and in behalf of the province of Iloilo, approving its recommendation declaring null and void
with different local and national government units Municipal Ordinance No. 2012-09 of the Municipal of
/agencies and non-governmental organization Green Miag-ao, Province of Iloilo, entitled, “An ordinance
Forum, relative to the formation of the Panay River Basin prohibiting quarrying or extraction of sand, gravel, silica
Alliance as strategy for climate change mitigation and or other similar materials from the foreshore area and
disaster risk reduction, subject to all the terms and salvage zone in Miag-ao, Iloilo.”
conditions stipulated therein
SP Res. 2013- 0236 - Res. adopting the report of the SP Res. -0347 - Res. adopting the report of the
committee on zoning land land use planning and committee on environment and natural resources and
approving its recommendation declaring legal Resolution approving its recommendation declaring legal and valid
No.2011-032-A of the City of Passi, Province of Iloilo, Ordinance No. 04-2012 of the Municipality of Bingawan,
entitled: “Approving the Forest Land Use Plan(FLUP) of Province of Iloilo, “Tree Planting Ordinance of Bingawan,
the City of Passi, Iloilo” Iloilo.
SP Res. -0267 - Res. adopting the report of the SP Res. 2013-0066 - Res. authorizing the governor,
committee on public order and safety and approving its Honorable Arthur D. Defensor, Sr., to enter into a
recommendation declaring legal and valid Resolution No. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), for and in behalf
2013-043 of the Municipality of Banate, province of Iloilo, of the province of Iloilo, with the Department of
“Resolution declaring a state of calamity in the Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), relative to
municipality by incessant rains wrought by tropical the regreening of 1,092 hectares of lot in the
depression “KIKO” Municipalities of Igbaras, Tubungan, Calinog, Miag-ao
and Alimodian, and 69 hectares in the Municipalities of
Btac. Viejo, Btac. Nuevo, Anilao, Banate, Estancia and
Carles, all of the province of Iloilo, subject to all terms and
conditions stipulated therein
SP Res. 2013-0270 - Res. adopting the report of the SP Res. 2013-0067 - Res. authorizing the governor,
Committee on Environment and Natural Resources and Honorable Arthur D. Defensor, Sr., to enter into a Memo-
approving its recommendation remanding Municipal randum of Understanding (MOU). for and in behalf of the
Ordinance No. M63-2013 of the Municipality of Janiuay, province of Iloilo, with the West Visayas State University –
Province of Iloilo, entitled: “An ordinance prohibiting/ College of Agriculture and Forestry (WVSUOCAF),
penalizing the extraction and hauling of sand and gravel relative to the reforesting of 241 hectares of its campus in
and stone from any sources within the territorial the Municipality of Lambunao, province of Iloilo, subject to
jurisdiction of the municipality between six o’clock in the the terms and conditions stipulated therein.
afternoon (6:00 P.M.) and six o’clock in the morning (6:00
A.M.) from Mondays to Saturdays and the whole day on
Sundays and Holidays,” for proper modification in
conformity with the provision of section 59 © of the Local
Government Code of 1991.
SP Res. 2013 -0347 - Res. urging the Provincial Disaster SP Res. 2013-0159 - Res. endorsing century peak energy
Risk Reduction Management Office (PDRRMO), Province corporation to construct and eventually operate the 5.1
of Iloilo, to organize/reorganize the Provincial Government Mega Watt (MW) Igbulo run-off river mini-hydroelectric
clearing team to include Iloilo Electric Cooperatives power plant located in Barangay Igcabugao, Municipality
(ILECO) personnel, Department operators, under Public of Igbaras, province of Iloilo, with reservation to comply
Works and Highways (DPWH) personnel, equipment with the Forest Land Agreement (FLAG) as required
operators, and chainsaw operators, among others, to under its environmental compliance Certificate No. ECC-
augment the clearing teams of the component R6-0911-358-4220 dared February 12, 2010 and such
municipalities during the time of calamity and urging the other requirements which may be heretofore imposed by
PDRRMO to find any means possible to establish and appropriate government offices and agencies
maintain communication lines with the component
municipalities designed to be functional even during the
time of calamity.
SP Res. 2013-0363 - Res. adopting and approving the SP Res. 2013-0215 - Res. authorizing the governor,
proposed recovery/rehabilitation plan for super typhoon Honorable Arthur D. Defensor, Sr. to sign a Memorandum
Yolanda and oil spill to be funded from the National of Understanding (MOU), for and in behalf of the Province
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (NDRRM) of Iloilo, with the United Nations World Food Programme
Trust Fund and partly from the unexpended balances of (WFP) Philippines, relative to the implementation of the
the Iloilo Provincial Risk Reduction and Management WFP-funded “Disaster Preparedness and Response
(PDRRM) Fund for FYs 2010, 2011, and 2012, in the total /Climate Change Adaptation Programme”, subject to all
amount of Three Billion Eight Hundred Ninety Six Million the terms and conditions stipulated in the said MOU
Nine Hundred Twenty Seven Thousand Pesos
(P3,896,927,000,), as contained in the PDRRM
Resolution No. 09, series of 2013
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Existing Efforts DRRM CCA
SP Res. 2013-0364 - Res. approving the herein under SP Res. 2013-0230- Res. authorizing the Governor, Hon.
programs and activities embodies in PDRRM Resolution Arthur D. Defensor, Sr., to sign a Memorandum of
No. series of 2013 and authorizing the release of the Agreement (MOA), for and in behalf of the province of
amount of Forty One Million Seventy Three Thousand Iloilo, with different local and national government
Four Hundred Ninety-Eight Pesos (P41,073,498.00) for units/agencies and non-governmental organization Green
the implementation of the said programs and activities Forum, relative to the formation of the Panay River Basin
chargeable against the unexpended trust fund of the Alliance as strategy for climate change mitigation and
provincial disaster risk reduction and management fund disaster risk reduction, subject to all the terms and
for 2011 and 2012 conditions stipulated therein.
SP Res. 2013-0241 - Res. adopting the report of the

Committee on Agriculture and approving its
recommendation declaring legal and valid Municipal
Ordinance No. 01-2013 of Bingawan, Province of Iloilo,
“Rainwater Collection Promotion Ordinance of 2013”
SP Res. 2013-0631 - Res. adopting the report of the

Committee on Agriculture and approving its
recommendation declaring legal and valid Municipal
Ordinance No. 2013-05 of the Municipality of Tubungan,
Province of Iloilo, entitled: “An ordinance regulating the
burning and/or throwing of rice hull and/or saw dust in the
municipality”, provided that the publication requirement as
provided in Section 59 C of the Local Government Code
of 1991 be complied with
Plans, Programs Forest Management System Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSSP)
and Projects
a. Watershed Protection & Rehabilitation Project Coastal Resource Management
( Protection Forest)
b. Upland Development Project (ISF /Community – Fisheries Post-Harvest Promotion
Based Forest Management
b.1 Agroforestry Development Integrated Freshwater Aquaculture Park and Technology
• SALT 1 (75% Agricrops, 25% Forest Trees Center
• SALT 2 ( 40% Agricrops, 40% Livestock, 20%
Forest Trees
• SALT 3 – (40% Agricrops, 60% Forest Trees
• SALT 4 – (25% Agricrops, 75% Forest Trees
Coastal and Marine Management Ecosystem Mariculture Development
• Coastal Reforestation Project
• Seedling Production
• Task Force on Illegal Quarrying
Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program Fishery Law Enforcement
• Institutional Capabilities Rice Development
• Capacity Building Corn DEvelopment
• Risk Reduction Crop Protection and Disease Surveillance
• Quick Response Livestock Development Program
• Rehabilitation Programs and Projects Agricultural Engineering
Agri-Aqua Research & Techno Center
Action for Re-greening and Transformation for Climatre
Change Adaptation Program (ART-CCA)
Adoption of Rainwater (?Adaptation to Climate Change
Harvesting Technologies
• Small Farm Reservoir
• Rainwater Ferrocement Tank
Freshwater/Riparian Management Ecosystem
• Rainwater Harvesting Technology Transfer
Urban Management Ecosystem
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Table : Provincial LGU Mandates on DRRM and CCA Laws
Status of Implementation by the Province
Relevant Mandates for the province
DRRM Act CC Act
Provide technical assistance, enforcement and information SP adopts the report of the Committee
management in support of municipal and city climate change on Environment and natural resources
action plans declaring valid Municipal Ordinances on
Environment (ex. Environmental Code of
the Municipality of Alimodian)
Conduct inter-local government unit collaboration in the Sumultaneous tree planting and
conduct of climate-related activities mangrove planting in various
municipalities in the province.
Allocate from their annual appropriations adequate funds for Allocated the amount of P71M or more Allocated the amount of P71M or
the formulation, development and implementation, including representing LDRRMF taken from the more representing LDRRMF
training, capacity building and direct intervention of their estimated revenue from regular sources taken from the estimated
respective climate change programs and plans. of the province. revenue from regular sources of
the province.
Conduct public awareness campaigns on the effects of climate Reproduction of information materials on
change and energy saving solutions to mitigate these effects, Climate Change
and initiatives, through educational and training programs and
micro-credit schemes , especially for women in rural areas.
Establish an LDRRMO which shall be responsible for setting The Province has established a
the direction, development, implementation and coordination of Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and
disaster risk management programs Management office (PDRRMO) with an
appointed PDRRM Officer and personnel
with budget out of the PDRRM Fund
constituting 5% of the total budget of the
Province in accordance with the RA
10121.
Organize, train and directly supervise the local emergency Conduct of seminar/ workshop on the
response teams DRRM operation a response system on
natural hazards to selected barangays
residents/ stakeholders
Design, program and coordinate disaster risk reduction and Conducted PDRRMC committee /units
management activities consistent with the National Council’s meeting
standards and guidelines
Facilitate and support risk assessment and contingency Conduct of training on DRRM response
planning activities and operation system for Provincial
Government officers and employees.
Consolidate local disaster risk information which includes Conducted workshop on the
natural hazards, vulnerabilities and climate change risks and consolidated province-wide identified
maintain a local risk map hazards/ risk assessment and
vulnerabilities.
Organize and conduct training, orientation and knowledge With the budget, personnel and plan, the
management trainings on disaster risk reduction and province has implemented both the pre-
management at the local level. disaster activities such as trainings,
workshops, procured necessary
materials and equipment and has
likewise spent the quick response fund
during times of disaster and calamities
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Operate a multi-hazard early warning system, linked to disaster Radio program and information
risk reduction to provide accurate and timely advice to national education campaign on DRRM program
or local emergency response organizations and to general and public awareness of RA 10121.
public, through diverse mass media particularly radio, landline
communications and technologies for communication within
rural communities.
Formulate and implement a comprehensive and – integrated With the budget and personnel, the
LDRRMP in accordance with the national, regional and PDRRMO has prepared the Provincial
provincial framework and policies on disaster risk reduction in Disaster Risk Reduction Management
close coordination with the local development councils (LDCs) Plan (PDRRMP) duly approved by the
PDRRM Council.
Prepare and submit to the local Sanggunian through the Prepared and submitted to the local
LDRRMC and the LDC the annual LDRRMO Plan and budget, sanggunian through the LDRRMC and
the proposed programming of the LDRRMF other dedicated the PDC the anuual LDRRMF
disaster risk reduction and management resources and other incorporated in AIP CY 2014.
regular funding sources and budgetary support of the LDRRMO
Conduct continuous disaster monitoring and mobilize Conducted seminar workshop on the
instrumentalities and entitles of the LGUs, CSO, private groups formulation/ response operation system
and organized volunteers, to utilize their facilities and resources for local responders/ offices and
for the protection and preservation of life and properties during agencies
emergencies in accordance with existing policies and
procedures.
Identify, assess and manage the hazards, vulnerabilities and Worskhop on the consolidation of the
risks that may occur in their locality province-wide identification of
hazards/risk assessed vulnerabilities
Disseminate information and raise public awareness about Conducted information education
those hazards, vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, campaign fora/ seminars on nature and
early warning devices and counter measures human induced hazards
Reproduction of information materials

on hazards and related materials
Identify and implement cost-effective risk reduction measures/

strategies
Maintain a database of human resource, equipment, directories

and location of critical infrastructures and their capacities such
as hospitals and evacuation centers
Develop, strengthen and operationalize mechanisms for

partnership or networking with private sector, CSOs and
volunteer groups
Take all necessary steps on a continuing basis to maintain,

provide, or arrange the provision of, or to otherwise make
available, suitably-trained and competent personnel for
effective civil defense and disaster risk reduction and
management in its area
Organize, train, equip and supervise the local emergency

response teams and ACDVs ensuring that humanitarian aid
workers are equipped with basic skills to assists mothers to
breastfeed.
Prepare and submit, through the LDRRMC and the LDC, the
report on the utilization of the LDRRMF and other dedicated
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I.
disaster risk reduction and management resources to the local
COA copy furnished the regional director of the OCD and local
LGOO of the DILG
Respond to and manage the adverse effects of emergencies Maintenance and procurement of
and carry out recovery activities in the affected area, ensuring medical supplies and other supples for
that there is an efficient mechanism for immediate delivery of the Provincial Health Emergency Mgmt.
food, shelter and medical supplies for women and children, System Unit 24/7
endeavour to create a special place where internally-displaced
mothers can find help with breastfeeding, feed and care for Procurement o drugs and medicines for
their babies and give support to each other. prevention and control of infectious
diseases
Relief programs for local victims of

calamities
Within its area, promote and raise public awareness of and

compliance with the DRRM Act and legislative provisions
relevant to the purpose of this Act
Serve as secretariat and executive arm of the LDRRMC
Coordinate other disaster risk reduction and management

activities
Establish linkage/network with other LGUs for disaster risk

reduction and emergency response purposes
Recommend through the LDRRMC the enactment of local

ordinances consistent with the policies and guidelines laid
down in this Act
Establish a Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and The Province has established a
Management Operations Office Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management office (PDRRMO) with an
appointed PDRRM Officer and personnel
with budget out of the PDRRM Fund
constituting 5% of the total budget of the
Province in accordance with the RA
10121.
Prepare and submit, through the LDRRMC and the LDC, the
report on the utilization of the LDRRMF and other dedicated
disaster risk reduction and management resources to the local
COA copy furnished the regional director of OCD and the
LGOO of the DILG
Encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in

disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as
organizing, quick response groups, particularly in identified
disaster prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk
reduction and management programs as part of the SK
programs and projects
Monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement of the

LDRRMF based on the LDRRMP as incorporated in the local
development plans and annual work and financial plan
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3.2 Land Use Potentials and Constraints
3.2.1 Land Classification
Alienable and Disposable Lands
Land of public domain is classified as alienable and disposable lands and forestlands.
Section 3 ( c ) of Presidential Decree No. 705, dated May 19, 1975, known as the
Forestry Reform Code of the Philippines states that “ alienable and disposable lands
(A & D) are those lands of the public domain which are classified and determined not
to be needed for forest purposes and are available for disposition under
Commonwealth Act No. 141, as amended by the Public Land Act.”
All of the lands on the 14 municipalities of the Province of Iloilo are classified as
alienable and disposable lands. These are the municipalities of Guimbal, Oton,
Tigbauan, Leganes, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara, Badiangan,
Bingawan, Cabatuan, Mina, Pototan and Dueñas. No forestland is situated in these
municipalities.
Passi City, the only component city in the province, has the largest A & D lands in
terms of area at 21,754 hectares. This is followed by Lambunao at 16,146.50
hectares Ajuy at 15,398.63 hectares and Sara at 15,150 hectares. Other municipalities
with large areas of A & D lands are San Rafael, Janiuay, Alimodian, Miag-ao, and
Banate.
Tubungan has the smallest area of A & D land with 1,093 hectares representing 32
percent of the total land area of the municipality. San Miguel and Leganes may have
the smallest A & D land area but this constitutes 100 percent of the total land area of
the municipality.
The province has a total of 357,856.79 hectares of alienable and disposable lands. A
total of 159,407.98 hectares are being cultivated to annual crops while 89,155.68
hectares are being cultivated to perennial crops. The rest of the area is being covered
by shrubs, wooded grassland, fishpond or built up areas, inland water, open forest
mixed and mangrove forest.
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Forestland
Forestlands are those lands of the public domain which have been classified as such
and declared as needed for forestry purposes. Forestlands are areas which inherently
produce more benefits and give better service than when converted to agricultural
lands or other uses, as such these lands are not to be titled. Forestlands include
production and protection forestlands.
The municipality with the largest forestland in terms of area is San Joaquin at 15,594
hectares, followed by Calinog with 14,954.25 hectares, Lambunao with 8,545.50
hectares, Maasin with 6,980 hectares and Igbaras with 5,584.00 hectares.
Zarraga, Estancia, Barotac Nuevo and Iloilo City have small forestlands.
The province has a total forest land area of 114,083.00 hectares. These are
categorized into closed and open forest, broadleaved plantation forest, shrubs,
wooded grassland, grassland, mangrove and fishpond areas. Other areas are planted
to annual and perrenial crops.
Indigenous areas are located in Barangays Cabatangan, Agsirab, Panuran in

Lambunao covering a total area of 5,225.65 hectares under Proclamation No. RVI-
CADC-165 and in Sitios Nagpana, Talingian, Cabugao and Balioan, Ilongbukid and
San Florentino in the municipalities of San Rafael and Barotac Viejo with an area of
938 hectares under Proclamation No. 56.
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Land Classification by City/Municipality and Percentage Share of Total Provincial Land
Total Land % share % Forest land % Share of
CITY/ MUNI- Area (ha) total A & D (ha) Share (Classified Total
CIPALITY Land of Total (ha.) Forestland
A&D
Iloilo City 5,598.00 1.19 5,510.00 1.54 88.00 0.08
Ajuy 19,346.00 4.10 15,398.63 4.30 3,947.37 3.46
Alimodian 14,480.00 3.07 11,944.00 3.34 7,593.70 6.66
Anilao 7,538.00 1.60 6,680.00 1.87 858.00 0.75
Badiangan 7,750.00 1.64 7,750.00 2.16 -
Balasan 4,100.00 0.87 3,097.20 0.86 1,002.80 0.88
Banate 11,886.00 2.52 11,067.90 3.09 818.10 0.72
Barotac Nuevo 9,449.00 2.00 9,349.85 2.61 99.15 0.09
Barotac Viejo 14,230.00 3.01 8,923.05 2.49 5,306.95 4.65
Batad 4,476.00 0.95 3,655.00 1.02 821.00 0.72
Bingawan 8,500.00 1.80 8,500.00 2.37 -
Cabatuan 8,248.00 1.75 8,248.00 2.30 -
Calinog 23,280.00 4.93 8,325.75 2.33 14,954.25 13.11
Carles 11,202.00 2.37 7,564.93 2.11 3,637.07 3.19
Concepcion 9,702.00 2.06 8,242.40 2.30 1,459.60 1.28
Dingle 7,750.00 1.64 6,103.54 1.71 1,646.46 1.44
Dueñas 9,052.00 1.92 9,052.00 2.53 -
Dumangas 11,677.00 2.47 7,713.00 2.15 3,964.00 3.47
Estancia 3,197.00 0.67 2,881.80 0.80 315.20 0.28
Guimbal 4,448.00 0.94 4,448.00 1.24 -
Igbaras 15,243.00 3.23 9,659.00 2.70 5,584.00 4.89
Janiuay 17,910.00 3.79 12,461.00 3.48 5,449.00 4.78
Lambunao 24.692.00 5.23 16,146.50 4.51 8,545.50 7.49
Leganes 3,216.00 0.68 3,216.00 0.90 -
Lemery 11,990.00 2.54 7,604.45 2.12 4,385.55 3.84
Leon 14,013.00 2.97 9,003.00 2.52 5,010.00 4.39
Maasin 15,658.00 3.32 8,678.00 2.42 6,980.00 6.12
Miag-ao 13,286.00 2.81 10,146.00 2.83 3,140.00 2.75
Mina 4,335.00 0.92 4,335.00 1.21 -
New Lucena 4,412.00 0.93 4,412.00 1.23 -
Oton 8,456.00 1.79 8,456.00 2.36 -
Passi City 25,068.00 5.31 21,754.00 6.08 3,314.00 2.90
Pavia 3,502.00 0.74 3,502.00 0.98 -
Pototan 9,131.00 1.93 9,131.00 2.55 -
San Dionisio 12,677.00 2.69 7,898.21 2.21 4,778.79 4.19
San Enrique 8,772.00 1.86 6,457.99 1.80 2,314.01 2.03
San Joaquin 23,135.00 4.90 7,541.00 2.11 15,594.00 13.67
San Miguel 2,134.00 0.45 2,134.00 0.60 -
San Rafael 14,578.00 3.09 12,608.50 3.52 1,969.50 1.73
Sara 18,300.00 3.88 15,150.00 4.23 3,150.00 2.76
Sta. Barbara 7,748.00 1.64 7,748.00 2.16 -
Tigbauan 6,062.00 1.28 6,062.00 1.69 -
Tubungan 3,460.00 0.73 1,093.00 0.30 2,367.00 2.07
Zarraga 8,253.00 1.75 8,205.30 2.29 47.70 0.04
TOTAL 471,940.00 357,857.00 114,083.00
Source: LEP –Data, FMS, DENR 6
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Province of Iloilo, DRR and CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY
2014-2020, Physical Resources
I.
3. 2. 2 Land Suitability
Land suitability is defined as the classification of land into categories based on the degree
to which the characteristics of the land can satisfy the environmental requirements of
specific crops without deterioration. An example is rice which has high water
requirements and most varieties grow best in standing water; no other cereal crop will
tolerate waterlogging during its period of active growth. Irrigated rice grows on generally
flat land with high to medium fertility level and not eroded. These areas are also suitable
for fishpond. Oton has the highest suitability for irrigated rice and fishpond with 98% of
this total land area. Pavia , Barotac Nuevo, Leganes and Dumangas are municipalities
highly suitable for rice.
Slope 3-8 percent, described as sloping to undulating where some areas are level to
gently sloping with slight to moderate soil erosion and medium fertility level, could be
found in the municipalities of Guimbal, Tigbauan, Oton, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara,
Cabatuan, Janiuay, Lambunao, Calinog, Badiangan, Passi City, Bingawan, Dueñas and
Sara. These areas are suited for rainfed rice, corn, mungo and peanuts.
Undulating to rolling areas with slight erosion and medium fertility level are areas with
slope 8-18percent.
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Located in the municipalities of Leon, Miag-ao, San Joaquin, Igbaras, Maasin,
Lambunao, Alimodian, Tubungan, Calinog and BIngawan are areas with slope 18-30
percent. They are moderate to highly eroded areas, with high sand stone hills. They are
suitable for production forest.
Land Suitability Category by Municipality
Category Description Municipalities

0 – 3% High to medium fertility level and are not eroded. Oton, Pavia, Barotac Nuevo, Leganes and Dumangas,
Generally flat Large portions of Pototan, Dingle, Mina, Sta. Barbara,
Balsasan, Carles, Sara, Btac. Viejo and Anilao
3 - 8% Sloping to undulating; some areas are level to Guimbal, Tigbauan, Oton, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara,
gently sloping; slight to moderate soil erosion Cabatuan, Janiuay, Lambunao, Calinog, Badiangan, Passi
and with medium fertility level City, Bingawan, Dueñas and Sara.
8 – 18% Undulating to rolling areas with slight erosion Located in almost all municipalities of the province.
and medium fertility level. Suitable for perrenial
trees.
18 – 30% Moderate to highly eroded areas; High sand stone Leon, Miag-ao, San Joaquin, Igbaras, Maasin, Lambunao,
hills; suitable for production forest. Alimodian, Tubungan, Calinog and Bingawan.
More than 50% Higly eroded and not suitable for any of the San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Igbaras, Tubungan, Leon, Maasin,
above land use. Alimodian, Janiuay, Badiangan, Lambunao, Calinog, Passi
City, San Enrique, Anilao, Barotac Viejo, Ajuy, San
Dionisio, San Rafael, and Batad
Source: PPFP, Province of Iloilo, 1993-2002, Slope Map
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More or less two percent of the total land area of the province is highly eroded and not
suitable for any described land use. They have slopes of more than 50 percent and can be
found in the municipalities of San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Igbaras, Tubungan, Leon, Maasin,
Alimodian, Janiuay, Badiangan, Lambunao, Calinog, Passi City, San Enrique, Anilao,
Barotac Viejo, Ajuy, San Dionisio, San Rafael and Batad.
While such areas are described as highly eroded and not suitable for any described land
use, but physical evaluation would show that farmers are cultivating the lands at the
detriment of both the land resources and the farmers themselves. These areas are
vulnerable to rain induced landslides.
Production forests are forestlands managed primarily for the production of timber and
other tree products. Production forests are those with 18 percent to 50 percent slope
regardless of forest cover.
Protection Areas are forestlands maintained primarily for their beneficial effects on soil
and water and the environment in general. They are preserved and/or protected and not
subjected to conversion into other land uses.
Protection forests are categorized as National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS)
and Non-NIPAS.
NIPAS
In the province of Iloilo, the following are identified as NIPAs areas:
Bulabog Putian National Park was proclaimed pursuant to Presidential Proclamation

No. 760 dated June 14, 1961. It is located at the municipalities of Dingle and San
Enrique with an area of at least 854 hectares.
Samponong Bolo Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary located at Sara with a total land area of
54 has. It was declared under BFD Regional Special Order No. 25, Series of 1987.
Maasin Watershed Reservation located at Maasin, Janiuay, and Alimodian with a total
land area of 6,738.50 hectares. It was proclaimed pursuant to Presidential Proclamation
No. 820 dated 25 October 1991.
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Jalaur Watershed Reservation located at Calinog and Lambunao with a total land area
of 9,227.60 hectares was proclaimed pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 601 dated
28 June 19990.
Non-NIPAS
Considered as Non-Nipas areas are the following:
Areas over an elevation of 1000 meters above sea level along the peak of mountain
ranges of San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Leon and Lambunao.
Slope > 50 percent in some areas of San Joaquin, Igbaras, Tubungan, Leon, Maasin,
Alimodian, Janiuay, Badiangan, Lambunao, Calinog, Passi City, San Enrique and Anilao.
Buffer strips of major rivers like Tigum, Aganan, Suague and Jalaur rivers, 40 meters on
both sides along river banks and portions within alienable and disposable lands which are
20 meters along river banks. Buffer strips have not been strictly imposed in many river
banks in the province of Iloilo.
Mangrove Forest along the coastline in the municipalities of Ajuy, Anilao, Banate,
Barotac Nuevo, Bartoac Viejo, Carles, Concepcion, Batad, Tigbauan, Zarraga,
Dumangas, Estancia, Guimbal, Leganes, Miag-ao, Oton, San Dioniso and San Joaquin.
Depletion of mangrove areas in the identified municipalities has been identified to be due
to establishments of settlements or for livelihood purposes.
Marine Reserve and Aquatic Wildlife Sanctuary in Batad and Manigonigo Island,
Carles.
Marine Protected Areas in the islands of Concepcion and Carles. MPAs in these areas
are endangered due to illegal fishing activities.
Tinagong Dagat in Lambunao is a lake situated at an estimated 800 meters elevation. It

is a cauldron of an inactive volcano and has no recorded eruption for the last 10,000
years. It has an area of 3.50 hectares with an outlet of about 140 inches wide and 26
inches deep, with the water flowing down to a creek that connects to Ulian River.
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Areas Prone to Natural Hazards
a. Earthquake prone areas are in the municipalities of San Joaquin, Miag-ao,

Igbaras, Tubungan, Leon, Alimodian, Maasin, Janiuay, Lambunao and Calinog
where the Western Panay fault traverses.
b. Tsunami prone areas as shown by experience of tidal wave in the municipalities

of San Joaquin, Miag-ao and Guimbal as an aftermath of the 8.2 magnitude
earthquake in 1948 with epicenter somewhere in San Joaquin.
c. Flood Prone Areas/Possible Flooded Areas can be found in the municipalities

of Calinog, Lambunao, Dueñas, Passi City, Dingle, Pototan, Barotac Nuevo,
Dumangas, Zarraga, Leganes, Janiuay, Mina, Maasin, Cabatuan, Sta. Barbara,
Pavia, Alimodian, San Miguel, Leon, Tigbauan, Oton, Igbaras, Guimbal and
Miag-ao
Riverbank Erosion/Scouring can be found in the municipalities of Dumangas,

Banate, Pavia, Miag-ao, Cabatuan, Maasin, San Joaquin, Calinog, Lambunao,
Btac. Viejo, Igbaras, Tubungan, Dueñas, Dingle, Alimodian, Janiuay, Pototan,
Oton and Guimbal
Sheet Flooding can be found in the municipalities of Miag-ao, Cabatuan, Dueñas,

Dingle, Alimodian, Janiuay, Badiangan and Oton.
Coastal Flooding/ Coastal Erosion/Storm Surge are noted in the municipalities of

Dumangas, Banate, Miag-ao, San Joaquin, Tigbauan, Oton, Guimbal and Btac.
Viejo.
d. Areas Prone to Landslide

The recent geohazard assessment conducted by MGB VI focused on landslide
and flooding susceptibilities of barangays in each municipality. The following
barangays are susceptible to landslides:
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LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY
Susceptibility Rating AND No. of Brgys.
Municipality High Medium Low
1. Banate 5 5
2. Miag-ao 30 18 16
3. Cabatuan 4 4 37
4. Maasin 3 19 16
5. San Joaquin 23 28 11
6. Calinog 18 21 10
7. Lambunao 20 20 25
8. Btac. Viejo 1 9
9. Igbaras 33 6 3
10. Tubungan 34 6 4
11. Leon 35 25 11
12. Ajuy 9 2
13. Dueñas 33
14. Dingle 1 14
15. Alimodian 13 4 28
16. Janiuay 12 - 19
17. Badiangan 1 25
18. Bingawan 1 1 12
19. Pototan 1 4
20. Tigbauan 1 9
21. Guimbal 1 2 2
22. Concepcion 12 7 3
23. Carles 10 6 3
24. San Dionisio 15 6 6
25. Batad 6 9 3
26. Sara 13 6 7
27. Lemery 10 6 6
28. San Enrique 6 0 3
29. Anilao 2 2 1
30. Passi City 35 10
31. Estancia 5 5
32. Balasan 4
33. Sta. Barbara 1
34. Dueñas 35
Source : MGB 6
Highly susceptible barangays are those which have the presence of active and/or recent
landslides, presence of numerous and large tension cracks, areas with drainages that are
prone to debris damming, areas with numerous old landslides/escarpments, steep slopes,
presence of weak/rock slope materials, structures (joint, beds) dipping towards the slope
face, and nearness to faults. Twenty three (23) of the 43 municipalities surveyed by
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MGB have barangays that are highly susceptible to landslide. In Leon, 68 of the total 85
barangays are highly susceptible to landslide while the rest have either moderate or low
susceptibility. Tubungan has 23 barangays highly susceptible to landslide. The rest of
the 23 barangays are moderately susceptible or have low susceptibility to landslide.
Other municipalities with highly susceptible barangays to landslide are Igbaras, San
Joaquin, Miag-ao, Lambunao, Alimodian, Janiuay, Maasin, Barotac Viejo, Tigbauan,
Dueñas, Guimbal, Bingawan, Calinog, Concepcion, Carles, San Dionsio, Batad, Sara,
Lemery, San Enrique, Anilao and Badiangan.
Moderately susceptible barangays are those areas with indicative and/or old landslides,
presence of small tension cracks and moderate in slope. Twenty eight of the 85
barangays of the Municipality of San Joaquin are moderately susceptible to landslide.
Miag-ao has 25 barangays that are moderately susceptible while Calinog has 21 and
Maasin has 19 barangays. Tubungan has 17 barangays that are moderately susceptible.
Other municipalities with moderate landslide susceptibility include Lambunao, Igbaras,
Barotac Viejo, Leon, Tigbauan, Banate, Cabatuan, Leon, Ajuy, Dingle, Alimodian,
Janiuay and Pototan.
Low susceptible barangays are those areas that are low to gently sloping and has no
evidence of mass movements. Municipalities which have the most number of barangays
with low susceptibility are Cabatuan, Dueñas, Alimodian, Badiangan, Miag-ao, Maasin,
Lambunao, San Joaquin, Banate, Calinog, Igbaras, Tubungan, Leon, Dingle, Bingawan,
Pototan and Guimbal.
e. Trust Fault is found in the mountain ranges of San Joaquin, Miag-ao,

Igbaras, Tubungan, Leon, Alimodian, Maasin, Janiuay, Lambunao and Calinog
f. Storm surges occur when the wind that swirls around a storm pushes water
towards the shore. The rise in water level due to the combined force of storm
surge and normal tides could cause severe flooding in the municipalities of
Dumangas ( 2 barangays), Banate (7 barangays), Miag-ao (5 barangays), San
Joaquin (3 barangays), Barotac Viejo (2 barangays), Oton (7 barangays), Guimbal
(11 barangays), Tigbauan (8 barangays), Concepcion (5 barangays), Carles (17
barangays), San Dionisio (1 barangay), Batad (1 barangay), Ajuy (4 barangays),
Estancia (7 barangays)
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g. Inundated Areas – Coastal barangays of San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Tigbauan,
Guimbal, Oton, Leganes and Zarraga
h. Liquefaction – Barotac Viejo (2 barangays), Zarraga (2 barangays)
i. Subsidence - Leon (2 barangays)
j. Areas prone to Flashflood
A flash flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas that washes rivers
and streams. It is caused by heavy rain associated with a thunderstorm, hurricane,
or tropical storm. Flash floods can also occur after the collapse of a human
Flash flooding occurs when the ground becomes saturated with water that has
fallen too quickly to be absorbed. The runoff collects in low-lying areas and
rapidly flows downhill. Flash floods most often occur in normally dry areas that
have recently received precipitation, but may be seen anywhere downstream from
the source of the precipitation - even dozens of miles from the source.
Of the 43 municipalities assessed by MGB for geohazard, 26 municipalities have

the susceptibility to flashflood. Shown below are the barangays that are
susceptible to flashflood.
Susceptibility Rating & No. of Brgys.

Municipality High Medium Low
1. Ajuy 17 8 4
2. Alimodian 5 9 18
3. Anilao 16 3
4. Badiangan 2 10
5. Balasan 7 2 6
6. Banate 2 13 2
7. Barotac Nuevo 14 2 4
8. Barotac Viejo 18
9. Batad 6 3 10
10. Bingawan 9
11. Cabatuan 4 4 30
12. Calinog 26 4
13. Carles 5 2 17
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14. Concepcion 7 3 13
15. Dingle 3 3 19
16. Dueñas 2 2 21
17. Dumangas 12 12 12
18. Estancia 4 1 12
19. Guimbal 2 3 31
20. Igbaras 20 2 7
21. Janiuay 9 7 17
22. Lambunao 19 4 13
23. Leganes 13 1 12
24. Lemery 16 1 12
25. Leon 48
26. Maasin 6 3 14
27. Miag-ao 17 7 36
28. Mina 16 4
29. New Lucena 16
30. Oton 37
31. Passi City 40 6 1
32. Pavia 8 6 4
33. Pototan 38 6
34. San Dionsio 13 5 9
35. San Enrique 24 1
36. San Joaquin 13 13 30
37. San Miguel 1 12
38. San Rafael 9
39. Sara 18 3 17
40. Sta. Barbara 10 3 25
41. Tigbauan 1 8 33
42. Tubungan 8 25
43. Zarraga 14 5 3
Source : MGB 6
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3.1.2 IMPACTS OF DISASTER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON FORESTRY AND

BIODIVERSITY
3.1.2.1 FORESTRY:
Changes in rainfall regimes and patterns resulting to increase/decrease in water use and
temperature increases could lead to a change in the forests ecosystem, particularly in areas where
the rains are severely limited, and can no longer provide favorable conditions for certain highly
sensitive species. Some of our forests could face die-backs. Additionally, drier periods and
warmer temperatures, especially during the warm phase of El Nino events, could cause forest
fires. A very likely threat to communities that largely depend on the ecological services provided
by forests is that they may face the need to alter their traditions and livelihoods. This change in
practices and behavior can lead to further degradation of the environment as they resort to more
extensive agricultural production in already degraded areas.
Adverse impacts on forestry areas and resources could be expected to multiply in a future
warmer world. The value of impact and vulnerability assessments could not be underscored.
These assessments would help decision makers and stakeholders identify the best option to
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address the different impacts on forest areas, watersheds and agroforestry. Indigenous
communities have to plan for climate-resilient alternative livelihoods. Thus, it is highly important
to plan for rational forest management, particularly, in protected areas and in ancestral domains.
One of the more important issues to consider is how to safeguard livelihoods in affected
communities so as not to further exacerbate land degradation. Early warning systems in this
sector will play a very important role in forest protection through avoidance and
control/containment of forest fires. 2
3.1.2.2 BIODIVERSITY:
Climate change and biodiversity are interlinked. Climate change is a driver of
biodiversity loss but proper management of biodiversity contributes to reduction of
climate change impacts.
Direct impacts of climate change:

1. Changes in the timing of biological events
2. Changes in species distribution and behavior in plants and animals
3. Increased frequency and instensity of pests and diseases.
4. Increased vulnerability of species to extinction and potential loses of net
productivity of ecosystems.
On going efforts in the country to address climate change :

1. Philippines ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change ( UNFCCC) in 1992 and its Kyoto Protocol in 2003.
2. Institutional mechanisms such as the creation of the inter-agency Committee
on Climate Change in 1992
In January 2008, Senate Bill Order 1890 or the Philippine Climate
Change Act was filed establishing the framework program for
climate change creating the Climate Change Commission and
appropriating funds for implementation.
3. Presidential Task Force on Climate Change (PTFCC) in 2007
4. Designation of the DENR, as the national authority on Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol.
Clean Development mechanism projects comprise of renewable
emergy (wind, geothermal and mini hydropower), methane
2
PAGASA, MDG – Achievement Fund
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I.
recovery amd electric generation from hog farms, landfill wastes
to power generation, heat recovery from sinter, and water
treatment using cogeneration.
5. REDD ( Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation) – Its goal is to assess whether carefully structured
payment structures and capacity support can create the incentives to
ensure actual, lasting, achievabvle, reliable and measurable emission
reductions while maintaining and improving the other ecosystem
services forest provide.
6. Other on going reforestation projects also contribute to the reduction of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
7. Philippine Imperative which is an initiative of Philippine business and
industry to respond to global warming. Identified crucial areas where
private sector support is needed are a) crop insurance for rice farmers who
are affected my drought or rain floods b) advocacy, communications and
social mobilization c) creation of strategies that are responsive to possible
massive population migrations, and food and water shortages and d)
Creation of investment incentives for new business opportunities that
promote green technologies and cut carbon emissions.
Importance of Biodiversity:
1. Economic Benefits such as source of food and animal protein,
building materials, important source of livelihood
2. Ecological benefits from plants and forests include their role as
climate stabilizers, the absorb carbon dioxide from the environment
and act carbon sink, they release oxygen and also purify air and
water
3. Forests prevent flahfloods and excessive soil erosion. Watersheds
provide continuous supply of water to amny people. Soil micro-
organisms recycle nutrients that enrish the soil
4. Mangroves serve as spawning and nursing ground to many
commercially important specie of marine life and provides protection
from strom surge and tsunami. Coral reefs and seagrass are physical
buffers from string waves and typhoons
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I.
5. Marine protected areas are popular sites for diving, snorkeling and
other water sports
6. Photographers, painters, artist and lovers of nature obtain inspiration
from scenic beauty that biodiversity offers
7. Countless opportunities for research diverse ecosystems
8. Forest and mountains are spiritual and cultural homes of indigenous
peoples in may parts of the country.
Threats to Biodiversity:
1. Habitat Destruction – Logging, Fires, Land conversion, siltation,
destructive fishing, encroachment. Volcanic erutions, earthquakes,
typhoons and pest and diseases.
2. Over- exploitation – Overpopulation, poverty and paucity of
livelihood opportunities, unequal opportunity of access to many
bioresources
3. Chemical or Environment Pollution – Chemical waster, mine tailings,
hazardous wastes, factory discharge, agricultural fertilizer and
pesticide runoffs and household wastes
4. Biological Pollution – introduction of new species, alien invasive
species
Impacts of Biodiversity Loss
1. Water shortage
2. Food shortage
3. Health hazards
4. Economic disadvantage
5. Global Warming
Importance of Conserving Biodiversity

1. Sustains our life support systems on earth
2. Contributes to environmental stability
3. Provides options for the present and future in terms of bio-resources
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Economy
4.1. Economic Structure
4.1.1 External Context of the Local Economy
Western Visayas contributed the fifth (5th) largest share to the country’s Gross
Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) for 2006 (Latest Data). Western Visayas
recorded a total share of Php396.8 billion at current prices or 6.58 percent of the
entire national economic production. The service sector comprised 51 percent of
the region’s total economy while the industry sector shared 29 percent and
agriculture, fishery and forestry accounted for 20 percent of the region’s GRDP
for 2006.
Relative to this, Table 11 and Figure 6 reveal that Iloilo ranked second (2nd) next
to Negros Occidental in terms of the region’s total family income derived from
business and industry. Negros Occidental contributed 38 percent while Iloilo
shared 35 percent followed by Capiz with 10 percent of the region’s total income
amounting to Php114 billion.
Table 11
Total Family Income by Household Head, by Kind of Business/Industry, 2000
( in Million Pesos)
Kind of Business/Industry
Wholesale Manufac- Community, Transportation Mining Construc- Other Not
Province & Retail turing Recreational Storage & tion Service Defined Total
Agriculture
& Personal Communication Quarrying Industries
Services Services
Aklan 1,336.50 697.15 155.11 251.87 181.10 - 22.88 3,271.08 2,350.21 8,265.90
Antique 1,959.12 614.04 26.95 57.66 94.32 - - 2,432.98 3,196.19 8,381.26
Capiz 2,491.26 574.94 99.14 279.43 468.20 - - 4,856.99 2,719.22 11,489.18
Guimaras 182.85 231.06 14.25 - 51.83 - 8.69 950.73 647.57 2,086.98
Iloilo 4,894.56 3,563.46 759.43 852.17 1,276.66 26.73 309.85 15,375.35 13,542.68 40,600.89
Neg.Occ. 10,284.99 2,811.34 622.20 1,239.92 822.81 10.53 148.23 18,135.43 9,528.72 43,604.17
Region VI 21,149.28 8,491.99 1,677.08 2,681.05 2,894.92 37.26 489.65 45,022.56 31,984.59 114,428.38
Source: FIES, 2000 (Latest available data)
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Economy
Figure 6
Shares of Family Income
7%
7%
39% Aklan
10%
Antique
Capiz
2%
Guimaras
Iloilo
35%
Negros Occ
Table 12 shows that “Other Services Industries” got the highest share comprising
39 percent of the total regional income. From the 39 percent of the same category,
Negros Occidental scored the highest with 16 percent, followed by Iloilo with 13
percent and Capiz with 4 percent.
The category under “Not Defined” ranked second (2nd) with 28 percent of the
total regional income, wherein Iloilo obtained the highest percentage of 12
percent, followed by Negros Occidental with 8 percent and Antique with 3
percent.
Furthermore, Agriculture ranked third (3rd) in terms of the total regional income
with 18 percent. Negros Occidental shares 9 percent, followed by Iloilo with 4
percent and Capiz with 2 percent.
Concurrent to this, Iloilo shared the second largest portion of the region’s
economy in 2000, equivalent to 35 percent as shown in Table 12. The other
services and not defined industries contributed the highest shares of Iloilo’s
economy amounting to 13 percent and 12 percent, respectively. The agriculture
sector ranked third (3rd) with 4 percent followed by the wholesaling and retailing
with 3 percent.
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Economy
Table 12
Joint Probability: Shares of Family Income (%) by Household Head,
by Kind of Business/Industry, 2000
Kind of Business/industry
Commu Transpor-
nity tation Other
Province Whole Recrea- Storage Mining Ser
sale Manu- tional & Communi- & vices
Agri- & factu- Perso- Cation Quarry Construc Indus Not
culture Retail ring nal Ser. Service ing tion tries Defined Total
Aklan 1.16 0.61 0.14 0.22 0.16 0.00 0.02 2.86 2.05 7.22
Antique 1.71 0.54 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.00 0.00 2.13 2.79 7.32
Capiz 2.18 0.50 0.09 0.24 0.41 0.00 0.00 4.25 2.38 10.05
Guimaras 0.16 0.20 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.83 0.57 1.82
Iloilo 4.28 3.11 0.66 0.75 1.12 0.02 0.27 13.43 11.84 35.48
Neg.Occ. 8.99 2.46 0.54 1.08 0.72 0.01 0.13 15.85 8.33 38.11
Region VI 18.48 7.42 1.46 2.34 2.53 0.03 0.43 39.35 27.96 100.00
Source : Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES), 2000 (Latest Available Data)
4.1.2. Patterns of Industry Concentration and Specialization
Table 13 indicates the industry concentration in Western Visayas. Negros

Occidental ranked first in the agriculture sector with 49 percent, followed by
Iloilo with 23 percent, Capiz with 12 percent and Guimaras with 0.86 percent.
Negros Occidental’ contribution to agriculture was attributed to its sugar
industry while Iloilo’s major contribution to agriculture was attributed to rice.
The industry sector specifically the wholesale and retail trade, manufacturing,
mining and quarrying, and construction are dominated by Iloilo with 41.96
percent in wholesale and retail trade, 45.28 percent in manufacturing, 71.74
percent in mining and quarrying and 63.28 percent in construction. This could be
therefore explained that other than agriculture, Iloilo dominates other regions, in
other sectors as mentioned. Negros Occidental ranked second in these categories
with 33.11 percent in wholesale and retail trade, 37.10 percent in manufacturing,
28.26 percent in mining and quarrying and 30.28 percent in construction,
respectively. Guimaras consistently ranked last, being smallest province in the
region.
On the service sector, Negros Occidental dominated the community, recreational
and personal services with 46.25 percent and other service industries with 40.28
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Economy
percent followed by Iloilo with 31.78 percent and 34.15 percent respectively.
However, the transportation, storage and communication services are dominated
by Iloilo with 44.10 percent, Negros Occidental with 28.42 percent, Capiz with
16.17 percent, Aklan with 6.26 percent, Antique with 3.26 percent and Guimaras
1.79 percent.
Table 13
Concentration: Total Family Income (%) by Household Head,
by Kind of Business/ Industry, 2000
Agriculture Wholesale Manufac- Community, Transportation Mining Construc- Other Not
Province & Retail Turing Recreational Storage & tion Service Defined
Services Services
Aklan 6.32 8.21 9.25 9.39 6.26 0.00 4.67 7.27 7.35
Antique 9.26 7.23 1.61 2.16 3.26 0.00 0.00 5.40 9.99
Capiz 11.78 6.77 5.91 10.42 16.17 0.00 0.00 10.79 8.50
Guimaras 0.86 2.72 0.85 0.00 1.79 0.00 1.77 2.11 2.03
Iloilo 23.15 41.96 45.28 31.78 44.10 71.74 63.28 34.15 42.34
Neg.Occ. 48.63 33.11 37.10 46.25 28.42 28.26 30.28 40.28 29.79
Region VI 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: FIES, 2000 (Latest Available Data)
At the provincial scene, Table 13 reveals that Iloilo is concentrated in trading,

manufacturing, mining/quarrying and construction sectors. It is also intense in
agriculture as it ranked second in the region. Iloilo is also concerted in the
services sector, especially on transportation/storage/communication services
and community /recreational /personal services.
Relative to this, data from the Department of Trade showed that 57 percent of
establishments registered in 2006 were in the trading and manufacturing sectors
with a total investment amounting to Php1.3 billion with 7,380 workers while 43
percent of the establishments registered were in the service sector, with a total
investment of Php571 million.
Iloilo Province has an agri-business economy, an economy where both

agriculture and services complements each other. Until now, Iloilo is an
important supplier of agriculture, livestock and fishery products to other places
in the country. Iloilo is also a trading hub of Panay, a sector where Iloilo
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Economy
dominates other provinces in Western Visayas. It generated a total of USD12.691

million from marine products representing 85 percent of the total export
performance in 2006.
4.1.3 Basic Sectors and Corresponding Industries
Table 14 shows the economy of the region. Region VI is basically anchored in the
agriculture sector because it accounts for the dominant share of the family
income in all provincial economies, except for Guimaras.
However, at the provincial scenario, services and agriculture sector dominated

other industries with 41 percent and 12 percent, respectively as shown in Figure
8.
The Province of Iloilo is primarily an agriculture-based economy considering that

agriculture and fishery accounted for 20 percent of the Gross Regional Domestic
Product (GRDP) in 2006 as reported by the National Statistics Coordination
Board. Relative to this, Iloilo is the region’s major agriculture hub where its
agricultural and fishery outputs account to more than 40 percent, followed by
Negros Occidental and Capiz.
Table 14
Specialization: Total Family Income (%) by Household Head,
by Kind of Business/Industry, 2000
Wholesale Manufac- Community, Transportation Mining Construc- Other Not
Province Agriculture & Retail turing Recreational Storage & tion Service Defined Total
Services Services
Aklan 16.17 8.43 1.87 3.05 2.19 0.00 0.29 39.57 28.53 100.00
Antique 23.38 7.33 0.32 0.69 1.13 0.00 0.00 29.02 38.13 100.00
Capiz 21.68 5.00 0.86 2.43 4.08 0.00 0.00 42.28 23.67 100.00
Guimaras 8.76 11.07 0.69 0.00 2.46 0.00 0.42 45.56 31.04 100.00
Iloilo 12.06 8.78 1.87 2.10 3.14 0.07 0.76 37.86 33.36 100.00
Neg.Occ. 23.59 6.45 1.43 2.84 1.89 0.02 0.34 41.59 21.85 100.00
Region
VI 18.48 7.42 1.46 2.34 2.53 0.03 0.43 39.35 27.96 100.00
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Economy
Figure 8
Specialization: Iloilo Shares of Total Family Income by HH Head
37.86%
40.00%
33.36%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00% 12.06%
8.78%
10.00%
3.14%
5.00%
1.87% 0.76%
0.02% 0.07%
0.00%
Agriculture Wholesale & Manufacturing Transportation Storage Mining & Construction Other Services Not Defined
Retail Community Recreational Communication Quarrying Industries
& Personal services Services
Table 15
Location of Production, Employment and Income
Agriculture Wholesale Manufac- Community, Transportation Mining Construc- Other Not
Province & Retail turing Recreational Storage & tion Service Defined
Services Services
Aklan 0.87 1.14 1.33 1.30 0.88 0.00 0.65 0.01 1.02
Antique 1.26 0.99 0.19 0.29 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.74 1.36
Capiz 1.17 0.72 0.61 1.02 1.61 0.00 0.00 1.07 0.85
Guimaras 0.48 1.48 0.38 0.00 0.87 0.00 1.28 1.16 1.12
Iloilo 0.65 1.18 1.27 0.90 1.25 1.89 1.77 0.96 1.19
Neg.Occ. 1.28 0.87 0.97 1.21 0.75 0.88 0.79 1.06 0.78
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Economy
4.2 Potential for Contributing to Local Economic Growth
4.2.1. Economic Base Industries
Industries that have high potentials for contributing to the economy of the Iloilo are
agriculture (palay and corn), livestock (swine) and fisheries.
Agriculture, Livestock and Fishery. Iloilo’s economy is essentially anchored on the

agriculture, livestock and fishery sector. The 2002 FIES revealed that 329,014 or 44
percent of employed persons in Iloilo are in this sector, majority are farmers and
fisherfolks.
However, the Provincial Agriculture Office reported that there is a declining agricultural
and aquaculture productivity caused by the conversion of prime agricultural lands to other
uses and because interventions are not focused on agriculture and aquaculture.
Conversions are made to give way to settlements and other commercial activities.
Agriculture. The Province of Iloilo is known for its agricultural-based products and has
long been enjoying the over supply of rice for the past years. The Department of
Agriculture Region VI revealed that as of June 2007, Iloilo ranks second (2nd) among the
highest rice-producing provinces in the country where an increasing trend is recorded at
an average of 21 percent annual growth. It posted a surplus of 325,297 metric tons (MT)
of rice with a palay sufficiency level of 165 percent in year 2007. In spite of this growth,
agricultural productivity is on a declining status. Constraints which hinder productivity
are the following: (1) decreasing yield per unit area, (2) poor or inefficient marketing
system and extension delivery system, and, (3) poor local government support to
agricultural programs and projects.
Total rice production in the Province of Iloilo in 2007 was pegged at 864,112 metric tons
(MT) valued at Php10.4 billion, followed by the provinces of Negros Occidental and
Capiz with 413,906 metric tons (MT) and 303,879 metric tons (MT), respectively. The
highest ten (10) rice producing municipalities are Dumangas, Pototan, Cabatuan, Barotac
Nuevo, Sara, Barotac Viejo, Dingle, Passi City, Lambunao and Sta. Barbara. Total
production in these municipalities accounted for 41 percent of the total production of the
province.
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Economy
Corn production also accounts for a large share in the economy of the province. Iloilo
ranked first in corn production in Region VI. In 2007, corn production in Iloilo was
recorded at 148,408 metric tons (MT) valued at Php1.5 billion followed by Negros
Occidental and Capiz, with 63,239 metric tons (MT) and 42,054 metric tons (MT)
production, respectively. Top corn producing municipalities in the Province of Iloilo are
mostly located in the fifth (5th) district particularly, Sara, Batad, San Dionisio, Lemery,
and Ajuy. Other top producing municipalities are Passi City, Leon and Alimodian.
Production in these municipalities totaled 41,232 metric tons (MT) contributing 28
percent of the total corn production in the province and 47 percent of the total corn
production in the region. Provincial average production per unit area is 3.76 MT/hectare
compared to the region’s 2.74 MT/hectare. Iloilo is 70 percent sufficient in corn.
Several significant observations in terms of corn production have been noted in Iloilo.
There are several areas that have been planted with other crops like sugar that are now
being planted to corn. Corn is also grown in high slopes in the municipalities of Sara,
Batad, San Dionisio, Lemery and Ajuy where there are likelihood of an occurrence of rain
induced landslides that may affect areas around and the vicinity of corn production sites
resulting to damage to crops and even loss of lives.
Livestock. Records show that hogs (swine) also contribute large shares in the economy of
the Province of Iloilo. Hog industry in the province is gaining more momentum. In the
last quarter of 2007, hog population reached 516,350 heads representing 35 percent of the
total regional hog population of 1,477,500 heads, valued at approximately Php3.3 billion,
computed live weight, while Negros Occidental’s share is 27 percent and Capiz’s 12
percent of the total hog population of Western Visayas. Hogs are raised productively
throughout the Province of Iloilo. The top hog producing municipalities are Sta. Barbara,
Oton, Lambunao, Guimbal, Passi City, Concepcion and Banate representing 37 percent of
the total hog population.
Fishery. Fishery is another sector that accounts for large shares in the economy of the
Province of Iloilo. Iloilo’s rich fishing grounds emerged as the region’s top fish
producing area with an annual production of 128,618.06 metric tons (MT) in 2007
representing 31.5 percent of the region’s production of 408,267.35 MT in the same
period. Production includes aquaculture with 26,794.91 metric tons (MT), commercial
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Economy
fisheries with 51,761.55 metric tons (MT), marine fisheries with 72,315.83 metric tons
(MT) and inland fisheries with 44,540.68 metric (MT). The major coastal municipalities
are: Carles, Ajuy, Banate, Dumangas, Concepcion and Estancia.
Another opportunity in the fishery industry is the culture of Tilapia. This species of fish
grows very fast but the global market share of the Philippines is minuscule. If the
Province of Iloilo is able to address some of its concerns and obstacles in the agri-fishery
sector, Iloilo will be able to tap the growing demand for tilapia in the world market.
4.2.2 Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Agriculture 1

Climate change is an on-going constantly shifting weather events, a moving target
affecting AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION and poses climate change –
base challenges on the ASEAN cooperation to secure balanced food security.
In local context, PAGASA has made a country-relevant climate change conclusion ‘DRY
AREAS SHALL BECOME DRIER, WET AREAS, EVEN WETTER’.
Climate change in the near future will have to deal with climate change-related health
issues caused by air borne particulates and pollutants, climate change – induced shift in
supply and demand patterns of food and agricultural products , climate change – induced
upsurges of pests and disease on fruits and coconut trees and climate change- induced
waster borne diseases.
Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Higher temperature eventually

reduce yields of desirable crops while encouraging weed and pest proliferation. The
changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of shot- run crops failures and lon
run production declines. Although there will be gains in some crops, the overall impacts
of climate change on agriculture are expected to be negative, threatening global food
security.
Using science based tools in understanding and localization of climate change tells us that
weather patterns abnd aberrations in the Philippines has changed. Weather patterns in
the Philippines are dictated by “prevailing winds” - habagat (southwest monsoon) from
May to October and amihan (northeast monsoon) from November tom early May. The
1
Understanding Climate Change: Impacts and Adaptation Measures in the Agriculture Sector, Rogelio N. Concepcion, PhD, UPLB-
SESAM
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Economy
wet season starts in June and peaks in July to September and declines towards October.
But lately, aptterns have been changing. Rains arriving late and lingering up to
December, “wet summer, hot Christmas time” and with unexpected typhoons with
massive landslides and widespread flooding.
The central Visayas – including Bohol, Negros and Cebu have rain shadow area which
sheltered from the monsoon rains and thus less pronounced seasons.
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Economy
Order of Impacts Risks and Vulnerabilities Policy Implications
Soil organic matter depletion Review of investment scenario

Rise • Predispose sloping lands to landslides & plans for energy sufficiency
in • Increase water loss in dams and rivers Promotion of organic agric. to
temperature 1st Order Rise in Increase algal bloom and eutrophication in water bodies reduce energy based inputs;
Temperature Drying out of wetlands and increase in emission of GHG Review of water allocation and
Ecosystem degradation and reduced environmental services improve irrigation use
Increase energy consumption efficiency
2nd Order Temporal and Wet areas become wetter, dry areas, drier Review of effectiveness of the
spatial variations in rainfall engineering designs of water
related infrastructures
Suborder 2a, Decline in Further increase water loss and energy consumption
rainfall Reduced cultivation areas for rain fed crops
Suborder 2b, Increase in Expansion of vector-borne disease (dengue)
rainfall Increase forest litter fall for C storage and biodiversity and erosion control
Flooding, water regeneration, refilling of dams for power, domestic water and irrigation
Increase in areas for rain fed production
3rd Order, Increase intensity Increase magnitude of disasters and risks to human lives and Review of settlement and
and coverage of Extreme properties resettlement policies
weather events
Sub-order3a Drought Plus Increase water use and energy consumption
El Nino Decline in yield and area of agriculture and food production
Suborder 3b, Increase Widespread flooding and increase cultivation areas for food security; increase problem of
intensity of monsoon rain flood related diseases (Leptospirosis, snail fever)
Sub-order 3c, Increase Massive damage to lives, infrastructures and properties, disruption in transport, travel and
intensity and coverage of distribution of products and services; Reduce erosion reduction and carbon storage capacity by
super typhoons . washing out of forest litters; river sedimentation and severe stream bank erosion and river
flooding
Accordingly, traditional knowledge and practices, bio-signals are learned and

understand through foot prints of climate change, bio-responsers to stimulus
of climate change stressors and oral forms of community-based early warning
and risk communication system. Plants adapt to change in temperature. Forest
trees shed their leaves to minimize transpiration and conserve moisture. ( Ex.
Mango trees are confused. Fruit development on the side of morning sun and leaf
flushing, followed by new sets of flowering on the opposite side, facing the
afternoon suns.) It has been noted that the rise in temperature plus increase in
temperature are the times when dengue fever are rampant. Prolonged rainfall
plus rise in temperature results to flood related diseases such as leptospirosis and
schistosomaiasis. Decline rainfall amidst rising temperature results to early or
late blooming or growing of off season fruits. Also a traditional knowledge is
when there is accumulation of water in growing bamboos , drought is expected
and presence of super typhoons amidst rising temperature. 2
2 Understanding Climate Change: Impacts and Adaptation Measures in the Agricultural Sector, Rogelio N. Concepcion, Ph D, Professorial Lecturer, UPLB-SESAM
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Economy
Maintaining healthy and stable ecosystems is therefore a necessity especially in

the midst of changing climate. Ecosystem services that reduces disaster risk can
be sustained only it man continually protects and manages the environment in a
sustainable way.
AGRICULTURE EXPOSURE TO HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL AND

GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
4.4.1 AGRICULTURE EXPOSURE TO FLOODING
Agricultural areas Exposure to Flooding:
The agricultural areas in the municipality of Tubungan is not exposed to

flood in any levels of susceptibility.
In terms of percentage, the agricultural areas in the municipality of

Leganes, Pavia and Zarraga are 100% highly susceptible to flooding. This
is followed by Oton, Dumangas, Pototan and San Miguel.
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Economy
In terms of area, Dumangas has the largest of agricultural land that is

highly susceptible to flooding with 10,776.09 has. This is followed by
Oton with 7,437.03 has, then Pototan with 6,948.65 has. Barotac Nuevo,
Dingle, Zarraga and Santa Barbara have also the largest agricultural area
that is highly susceptible to flooding.
Highly and moderate susceptibility agricultural areas to flooding are

found in the municipalities of Ajuy, Anilao, Balasan, Banate, Barotac
Nuevo, Batad, Cabatuan, Carles, Concepcion, Estancia, Guimbal, Igbaras,
Janiuay, Lemery, Leon, Miagao, Pototan, San Dionisio, San Joaquin, San
Rafael, Sara and Tigbauan.
Highly susceptible agricultural areas are found in the municipalities of

Alimodian, Badiangan, Barotac Viejo, Bingawan, Calinog, Dingle,
Dueñas, Dumangas, Lambunao, Leganes, Maasin, Mina, New Lucena,
Oton, Passi City, Pavia, San Enrique, San Rafael, Santa Barbara and
Zarraga.
4.4.2 AGRICULTURE EXPOSURE TO RAIN INDUCED LANDSLIDE
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Economy
Almost all of the agricultural areas of the 40 municipalities in Province of

Iloilo are within the rain include landslide areas in any levels of
susceptibility. Sara has the widest agricultural area that are prone to rain
include landslide areas in any levels of susceptibility with 8,209 hectares.
Next is Passi City with 6,932.57 hectares, followed by Lemery, with
6,288.59 hectares, San Enrique with 5,888.90 hectares and Janiuay with
5,131.75 hectares. Dueñas and Dingle are two municipalities with wide
agricultural areas that are prone to rain induced landslide. Agricultural
areas in the municipalities of Pavia, Leganes and Zarraga are not prone to
rain induced landslide in any level of susceptibility.
4.4.3 AGRICULTURE EXPOSURE TO STORM SURGE
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Table No.____ Agriculture Exposure to Storm Surge
TOTAL MUNICIPAL Exposed Agriculture Exposed Percentage of

LAND
MUNICIPALITY AGRICULTURE AREA within Areas Prone to Agriculture within Areas
CLASSIFICATION
(has.) Storm Surge Prone to Storm Surge
AJUY Agriculture 6,294.99 1,036.23 0.16461

ANILAO Agriculture 1,532.78 223.11 0.14556
BALASAN Agriculture 4,414.53 453.90 0.10282
BANATE Agriculture 3,534.38 111.14 0.03145
BAROTAC NUEVO Agriculture 5,158.62 667.98 0.12949
BAROTAC VIEJO Agriculture 6,382.33 462.16 0.07241
CARLES Agriculture 4,646.14 1,391.23 0.29944
CONCEPCION Agriculture 2,749.82 129.75 0.04718
DUMANGAS Agriculture 11,050.43 689.32 0.06238
ESTANCIA Agriculture 1,171.26 218.27 0.18635
GUIMBAL Agriculture 2,929.05 169.55 0.05789
ILOILO CITY Agriculture 1,991.33 124.53 0.06254
LEGANES Agriculture 2,718.22 275.41 0.10132
MIAGAO Agriculture 3,787.80 497.76 0.13141
OTON Agriculture 7,490.64 130.11 0.01737
SAN DIONISIO Agriculture 5,650.15 403.04 0.07133
SAN JOAQUIN Agriculture 2,796.15 130.56 0.04669
TIGBAUAN Agriculture 6,208.90 129.55 0.02086
ZARRAGA Agriculture 3,541.28 319.83 0.09031
The widest agricultural area that is prone to storm surge is in Carles, with
1,391.23 has. This is followed by Ajuy with 1,036.23 has., followed by
Dumangas, Barotac Nuevo, Miag-ao, Barotac Viejo, San Dionisio and
Balasan.
In terms of percentage, Carles has the highest percentage of agricultural

land that is prone to storm surge.
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AGRICULTURE EXPOSURE TO EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE
All agricultural areas except those in Leganes and Pavia are affected by
earthquake induced landslide if West Panay Fault activates. Built up areas in 15
municipalities are also affected by earthquake induced landslide in any level of
susceptibility. Built up areas that are exposed are in the municipalities of Ajuy,
Alimodian, Anilao, Badiangan, Bingawan, Calinog, Dueñas, Guimbal, Igbaras,
Oton, Maasin, MIagao, Passi City, San Joaquin and Tubungan.
AGRICULTURE EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMI
Table No.____ Agriculture Exposure to Tsunami Inundation
TOTAL Exposed Percentage

Exposed Agriculture
MUNICIPAL of Agriculture within
MUNICIPALITY LAND CLASSIFICATION within Areas Prone to
AGRICULTURE Areas Prone to
Tsunami Inundation
AREA (has.) Tsunami Inundation
GUIMBAL Agriculture 2,929.05 241.56 0.08247
ILOILO CITY Agriculture 1,991.33 578.88 0.29070
LEGANES Agriculture 2,718.22 728.39 0.26797
MIAGAO Agriculture 3,787.80 724.19 0.19119
OTON Agriculture 7,490.64 293.89 0.03923
SAN JOAQUIN Agriculture 2,796.15 415.17 0.14848
TIGBAUAN Agriculture 6,208.90 110.74 0.01784
ZARRAGA Agriculture 3,541.28 501.56 0.14163
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AGRICULTURE EXPOSURE TO LIQUEFACTION
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All the agricultural areas in San Miguel, Pavia, Mina and Pototan
are all exposed to liquefaction. There are four municipalities whose
agricultural areas are not exposed to liquefaction. They could be found in
the municipalities of Batad, Lemery, San Dionisio and San Rafael.
Tourism. Another sector that account for large shares in the economy of the
Province of Iloilo is tourism. A quick review of the tourism industry’s
performance shows that it is now the largest industry and still growing.
Iloilo’s tourist arrival for 2007 totaled to 412,689 with tourist receipts amounting
to Php7.7 billion. The province ranks third (3rd) next to Negros Occidental and
Aklan in volume of tourist arrivals and tourist receipts, comprising 21 percent of
the total tourist arrival and receipts in Western Visayas in 2007.
The 2006 labor and employment data of NSO showed that roughly 109,000
persons were employed in the tourism industry.
IMPACTS OF DISASTER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON CULTURAL HERITAGE
Direct physical impacts of Climate Change on Cultural Heritage
A number of direct impacts of Climate Change can be expected to play a role

on:
1) Archaeological evidence is preserved in the ground because it has

reached a balance with the hydrological, chemical and biological
processes of the soil. Short and long cycles of change to these
parameters may result in a poorer level of survival of some sensitive
classes of material
2) Historic buildings have a greater intimacy with the ground than

modern ones. They are more porous and draw water from the ground
into their structure and lose it to the environment by surface
evaporation. Their wall surfaces and floors are the point of exchange
for these reactions. Increases in soil moisture might result in greater
salt mobilisation and consequent damaging crystallisation on
decorated surfaces through drying.
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3) Timber and other organic building materials may be subject to

increased biological infestation such as migration of pests in altitudes
and latitudes that may not have been previously concerned by such
threats.
4) Flooding may damage building materials not designed to withstand

prolonged immersion, and post flooding drying may encourage the
growth of damaging micro-organisms such as moulds (Archaeological
sites and monuments may be at risk from flooding, particularly the
eroding effect of rapid flowing water.
5) Increases in storminess and wind gusts can lead to structural damage.

Moveable heritage may be at risk from higher levels of humidity,
higher temperatures and increased UV levels.
Table __: Principal Climate Change risks and impacts on cultural heritage3
Climate Climate change risk Physical, social and cultural impacts on cultural heritage
indicator
Atmospheric moisture − Flooding (sea, river) − pH changes to buried archaeological evidence
change − Intense rainfall − Loss of stratigraphic integrity due to cracking and heaving from changes in sediment
− Changes in water table levels moisture
− Changes in soil chemistry − Data loss preserved in waterlogged / anaerobic / anoxic conditions
− Ground water changes − Eutrophication accelerating microbial decomposition of organics
− Changes in humidity cycles − Physical changes to porous building materials and finishes due to rising damp
− Increase in time of wetness − Damage due to faulty or inadequate water disposal systems; historic rainwater goods
− Sea salt chlorides not capable of handling heavy rain and often difficult to access, maintain, and adjust
− Crystallisation and dissolution of salts caused by wetting and drying affecting standing
structures, archaeology, wall paintings, frescos and other decorated surfaces
− Erosion of inorganic and organic materials due to flood waters
− Biological attack of organic materials by insects, moulds, fungi, invasive species such as
termites
− Subsoil instability, ground heave and subsidence
− Relative humidity cycles/shock causing splitting, cracking, flaking and dusting of
materials and surfaces
− Corrosion of metals
− Other combined effects eg. increase in moisture combined with fertilisers and pesticides
Temperature change − Diurnal, seasonal, extreme − Deterioration of facades due to thermal stress
events (heat waves, snow − Freeze-thaw/frost damage
loading) − Damage inside brick, stone, ceramics that has got wet and frozen within material before
− Changes in freeze-thaw and drying
ice storms, and increase in wet − Biochemical deterioration
frost − Changes in ‘fitness for purpose’ of some structures. For example overheating of the
interior of buildings can lead to inappropriate alterations to the historic fabric due to the
introduction of engineered solutions
− Inappropriate adaptation to allow structures to remain in use
Sea level rises − Coastal flooding − Coastal erosion/loss
− Sea water incursion − Intermittent introduction of large masses of ‘strange’ water to the site, which may disturb
the metastable equilibrium between artefacts and soil
− Permanent submersion of low lying areas
− Population migration
− Disruption of communities
− Loss of rituals and breakdown of social interactions
Wind − Wind-driven rain − Penetrative moisture into porous cultural heritage materials
− Wind-transported salt − Static and dynamic loading of historic or archaeological structures
− Wind-driven sand − Structural damage and collapse
− Winds, gusts and changes in − Deterioration of surfaces due to erosion
direction
3 Predicting and Managing The Effects of Climate Change on World Heritage
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Desertification − Drought − Erosion

− Heat waves − Salt weathering
− Fall in water table − Impact on health of population
− Abandonment and collapse
− Loss of cultural memory
Climate and pollution − pH precipitation − Stone recession by dissolution of carbonates
acting together − Changes in deposition of − Blackening of materials
pollutants − Corrosion of metals
− Influence of bio-colonialisation
Climate and biological − Proliferation of invasive species − Collapse of structural timber and timber finishes
effects − Spread of existing and new − Reduction in availability of native species for repair and maintenance of buildings
species of insects (eg. − Changes in the natural heritage values of cultural heritage sites
termites) − Changes in appearance of landscapes
− Increase in mould growth − Transformation of communities
− Changes to lichen colonies on − Changes the livelihood of traditional settlements
buildings − Changes in family structures as sources of livelihoods become more dispersed and
− Decline of original plant distant
materials
4.2.2. Local Employment Growth
The Province of Iloilo’s total labor force population (15 years and over) for 2006
totaled to approximately 1.373 million, which is 30 percent of the total labor force
of Western Visayas.
The economic development of the province is basically anchored on the

agriculture and services sector. Forty four percent (44%) of those employed are
in the agriculture sector while 56 percent are in the services and industry sectors.
On the average, the employment rate of the Province of Iloilo last 2006 was
recorded at 94.2 percent, which is 3.1 percent higher than 2004 and 0.5 percent
higher than the region’s employment rate of 93.7 percent.
Looking at the historical trends from 2001 to 2006, employment rate was
increasing annually. This is an indication that the province’s economy is
improving.
Iloilo has demographic dividend where the economy is now benefiting from a
very young population. The population age range between 15-64 years old are
considered economically active. While other countries are facing the prospect
where their active labor force is fast depleting, Iloilo has a very young and
dynamic population that can still be expected in the next seven (7) to eight (8)
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years. As far as the labor force is concerned, there is an ample supply of labor
resource to be tapped.
4.2.3 Competitiveness and Market Share
Tourism is one of the potential industries in Iloilo in terms of competitiveness

and market share. Iloilo’s tourist destinations are positioned to significantly
contribute to the growing economic sphere in this part of the country. Located in
the heart of the Philippines, Iloilo will have a big advantage as a popular site for
seminars, trainings and national conventions. This provides locators and end-
users a complete one-stop tourism experience.
The main challenge for the Province of Iloilo is how to attract a major portion of
the projected arrival of local and foreign tourists within its boundaries, given the
bad image our country has when it comes to peace and order, especially in
safeguarding our foreign and local visitors. Despite this issue, Iloilo still faces a
bright future ahead for tourism in the years to come. The rich cultural heritage
and the indigenous traits of being friendly and hospitable are also the added
factors why Iloilo is a sought-after tourist destination.
Tourists want to see many things, activities and sites during their short stay in
the area and most of them expect some degree of comfort when they travel.
Therefore, there is a need to develop access to tourist attractions in the form of
infrastructures like airports and ports, roads and bridges, etc. The need to keep in
touch with their loved ones or business associates necessitates the provision of
telecommunication facilities like direct dialing, faxes, e-mail, etc.
The construction of hotels, inns and other comfortable lodging places equipped
with clean and sanitary comfort rooms and running water is a must. For people
who spend their savings on occasional vacation, they want the best that their
money can buy. The cost for tourist-oriented, recreational and entertainment
facilities is reasonable.
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Economy
Another industry with potential in terms of competitiveness and market share is

agriculture, livestock and fishery. The Province of Iloilo is an agri-business
economy. It is also a major supplier of hogs, agriculture, livestock and fishery
products to other places in the country.
The Province of Iloilo is the top rice producing province in Region VI and even in
the whole Visayas Region. It contributes 42 percent to the total rice production in
the region in 2007. Yield per hectare is also the highest in the region at 3.39
MT/hectare compared to the regional average of 3.32 MT/hectare.
Iloilo has very rich marine resources to meet the growing market for fish
products with the surging global demand for fish. It has a total coastline of
806.44 kilometers and is gifted with a whole year fishing season. Southern Iloilo
experiences peak season during May to October and lean season during June to
September while Northern Iloilo experiences peak season during March to
November and lean season during April to December.
Marine products had a remarkable contribution out of the total export

performance in 2006. Iloilo got Php12.691 million out of the marine products,
which constituted 85 percent of the total export performance in 2006.
4.2.4 Potentials for Local Economic Growth
Tourism is considered to have high prospects for the Province of Iloilo. Iloilo’s
strength lies in its culture, location and natural beauty.
Tourism is a major engine for socio-economic development and sustainability in

the region and in the Province of Iloilo as well. Tourism may be the best
deterrent to the destruction and/or depletion of the province’s cultural resources.
Proper tourism management and program may provide means for the local
populace to recognize the importance, significance and benefits that the host
community may gain from the region’s cultural assets.
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Economy
To attract tourists, there is no substitute to a good product and this province has
very good products to showcase. These products are in the form of historical
sites, cultural events/festivals/fiestas, sceneries, and natural formation such as
beautiful caves, rivers and the like. At present, the Department of Tourism
(DOT) noted the Province of Iloilo’s tourist attractions under the following
classification: twenty nine (29) historical sites, two (2) cultural sites, one (1)
industrial site and nine (9) natural sites, not mentioning other attractions such as
religious sites, man-made sites, festivals, special interests and native delicacies.
Beauty, health and wellness tourism should also be considered as one of Iloilo’s
business prospects. With abundance of available doctors and health
professionals, Iloilo is capable of offering not only medical services but also
beauty and wellness, such as spa and gym facilities and amenities.
The agricultural land of Iloilo plays a significant role in its economy. Iloilo will
remain as the primary source of food for other regions considering that
approximately 70 percent of its land is still devoted to agriculture. This strength
should be appreciated, given the fact that many regional centers in the
Philippines like Cavite, Laguna and Batangas are losing the arable lands to
development but Iloilo has managed to preserve its important resource devoted
to agriculture. If Iloilo’s vast agricultural land can be fully harnessed, these can
feed not only the Ilonggos but many of its neighbors.
Iloilo is one of the domestic suppliers of agriculture, livestock and fishery

products. If the agri-business or the agricultural sector can be harnessed, Iloilo
will be able to bail out many Ilonggos in the rural areas from poverty.
Developing countries like the Philippines account for 50 percent of world fish
exports and Iloilo got Php12.691 million from export of marine products
constituting 85 percent of the total export performance in 2006.
Lastly, since the Province of Iloilo is 183 percent sufficient in pork, the surplus of
135,940 heads were shipped to Manila, Cebu and other regions in 2007. Recently,
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Economy
hogs are marketed in the form of “pork-in-a-box” adding value to the product
and reducing transport cost and risk.
The above stated industries are some of the few prospects/potentials in Iloilo for
local economic growth.
4.3. Local Factors
Several factors that may enhance competitiveness and efficiency of the industries
are present and available in Iloilo.
Iloilo is strategically located at the center of the archipelago. It can be reached by

plane, inter-island vessels and bus through “roll on, roll off” (RORO) from
Manila, Cebu and even the Mindanao provinces. With this, Iloilo is
advantageously positioned for the growing tourism industry and other
investments. It has rich physical and natural resources. Its fertile soil is suitable
for various agricultural crops. The province is also suitable for the production of
poultry and livestock. Iloilo’s marine and aquatic resources show sign of serious
depletion but it is being rehabilitated and enhanced.
Iloilo has adequate institutional facilities. It is the center of education in the

island of Panay and to some extent, the whole Western Visayas. It has vast
human resource potentials ready for the employment market with highly
educated and skilled labor force. The high level of education of the Ilonggos is a
potential source of employment requirements. The diversity of Ilonggo talents
skills make its people surpasses economic difficulties. But it is notable that there
is a mismatch between the competencies of available skilled manpower vis-à-vis
the needs of the industry.
Iloilo’s adequate infrastructure serves as a major investment attraction in the

province. It has relatively good ports and airport facilities and extensive road
network. The opening of the New Iloilo Airport of international standard paves
the way for tourism and more business opportunities. The Iloilo port is the third
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Economy
largest port in the country after Manila and Cebu. The Iloilo Commercial Port
Complex caters to foreign vessels and domestic containerized vessels.
Communication is not a problem in Iloilo. It is noted that majority of the

population owns and uses mobile phones. The city and province are served by
three telephone companies and three major cellular system companies. This is a
big advantage of Iloilo in inviting investors and also provides one stop tourism
experience.
One of the strengths of Iloilo is the deregulation of the telecommunication sector.

It has one of the most modern, competitive and advanced telecommunication
infrastructures in the region today. With that, it has a unique advantage over
other provinces. The beauty about the Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) is its available internet services where investors need not
consider physical limitations anymore. Investors can continue to provide ICT
enabled services.
Servicing the power requirements of the province are the three (3) electric
cooperatives while Iloilo City is serviced by the Panay Electric Company. The
National Power Corporation supplies power to the electric cooperatives thru
power plants, power barges and submarine cables.
Finally, Iloilo has a well developed/established financing institutions/banking

network. There are 71 financing institutions composed of 38 commercial/savings
bank and 33 rural banks with 146 branches all throughout the City and Province
of Iloilo.
4.4 Summary
4.4.1. Overall Structure of Provincial Economy
Iloilo shared 35.48 percent of the region’s total income of Php114 billion, second
after Negros Occidental. Among the regional industries, Iloilo contributed large
shares in the industry sector specifically the wholesale and retail, manufacturing,
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mining and quarrying, and construction. However, within the province, the
service and agriculture sectors dominated other industries.
4.4.2. Industries that have Best Potentials for Contributing to Local Economic Growth
• Agriculture (Palay)
• Livestock (Swine)
• Fisheries
• Tourism particularly eco-tourism
• Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)
4.4.3. Local Factors that may enhance the Growth Potentials of the Identified
Industries
• Iloilo is advantageously positioned for the growing tourism industry and

other investments. It is strategically located at the heart of the Philippines. It
can be reached by plane, inter island vessels and bus thru “roll on roll off’
(RORO) from Manila, Cebu and even Mindanao provinces.
• The Province of Iloilo is rich in physical and natural resources which is

suitable for various agricultural crops. Its climate is suitable for poutry and
livestock production. Iloilo is also abundant in marine and aquatic resources.
• The Province of Iloilo has adequate institutional facilities and is the center of
education in the island of Panay and to some extent the whole Western
Visayas
• The Province of Iloilo has vast human resource potentials ready for the
employment market.
• The Province of Iloilo has adequate infrastructure. Iloilo has relatively good
airport and ports facilities andextensive road network. It also has adequate
communication facilities both the landline and cellular systems.
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Economy
• Iloilo boasts of the emergence of ICT Industry. Iloilo has one of the most
modern and competitive ICT enabled services.
• Iloilo has well developed financing institutions/banking network. Iloilo has

a well established banking network composed of 38 commercial/savings
banks and 33 rural banks with a total of 146 branches all throughout the city
and province.
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5.1 External Linkages
5.1.1 Land, Air and Water Access Routes and Key Transport Infrastructure and
Facilities
Access by Land
National roads traverse from the southern part of the province passing all the
coastal, upland and lowland municipalities that stretches to the central and
northern part of the province. They connect vital economic infrastructure such as
the Iloilo Commercial Port Complex, Iloilo Port in Muelle Loney and the Iloilo
Airport in Cabatuan. A coastal road connects the Iloilo Commercial Port to
Dumangas that also serve as an alternate route to the main road.
The total national road length is 808.164 kilometers, disaggregated as follows:

Concrete roads – 286.485 kilometers (35.45 percent of total); asphalt road –
290.308 kilometers (35.92 percent), gravel road – 231.138 kilometers (28.60
percent) and earth road – 0.231 kilometers (0.02 percent). These are all passable
roads.
National bridges have a total length of 7,292.20 linear meters disaggregated as

follows: concrete bridge – 6,300.10 linear meters (86.36 percent); steel bridge –
937.112 linear meters (12.84 percent) and bailey bridge – 57.99 linear meters (79.49
percent).
Access by Air
The New Iloilo Airport is located at Cabatuan, Iloilo with a 2,500 meter x 45
meter - runway and a new terminal building with state-of-the art computerized
facilities to accommodate flights from Manila, Cebu, Davao and Puerto Princesa.
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One of the busiest airports outside Manila, the New Iloilo Airport is built on a
wider and panoramic location to cater the increasing influx of passengers visiting
Iloilo. There is a possibility of opening new route: the Manila-Iloilo-Palawan
route and the Iloilo – Hongkong route.
From year 2005-2007 incoming aircraft passenger grew by 39.20 percent and
outgoing aircraft passenger rose by 40.15 percent. However, the volume of
incoming and outgoing cargoes decreased by 2.61 percent and 40.77 percent
respectively. Aircraft movement dropped by 0.70 percent. The high cost of fuel
that contributes to higher fares may have affected airline activities.
Access by Water
The Iloilo Port is the third largest port after Manila and Cebu. It is considered as
one of the finest harbors in the country and it is the principal port of entry of the
region. The Iloilo River Wharf has a total berth length of 2,800 meters (2,100
meters along Muelle Loney St. and 700 meters along the Lapuz-Libertad side)
winding through the heart of the city. The old foreign pier has a 648 meters quay
that was converted into a domestic cargo-passenger terminal. RORO facilities
were constructed at Lapuz River Wharf which link Cebu, Guimaras (Jordan) and
Puerto Princesa, Palawan plying the western Strong Republic Nautical Highway
(SRNH).
The Iloilo Commercial Port Complex is located in Bo. Obrero, Lapuz in a 20.80
hectares reclaimed area with reinforced concrete quay line of 26.26 meters x 400
meters, RORO system of 13.80 meters x 15.0 meters and a wharf extension of
26.26 meters x 132 meters. It is considered as the leading trade and commercial
hub for Western Visayas and is one of the safest natural seaports. There is a
distinct possibility that the port will become an international transshipment
point. A Wharf Extension Project, costing Php318,888,880.00 covers the
construction of 134 meters x 26.10 meters mooring facility, mooring/fendering
system and dredging.
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The Iloilo Fishing Port Complex (IFPC) is the center for fish trading and marine
products. It was constructed to provide safe landing for fishing vessels, reduce
fish spoilage and prevent double handling of fish. The IFPC is located in a 21
hectare reclaimed area in Tanza, Molo, Iloilo City with a breakwater of 390
meters and a landing quay for tuna boats, trawlers, purseiners and bancas. It has
a slipway with 2 units of 190 meters for 250 gross ton (GT) vessels. It is also
equipped with facilities for refrigeration and repairs.
The Province of Iloilo has several ports along the coastal areas. These are the
ports of Estancia, Banate, Naluoyan in Dumangas, Badiang and Culasi in Ajuy,
Guimbal, Miag-ao, Concepcion, and Anilao. The biggest is the Port of Estancia
which caters to vessels ferrying cargoes and passengers embarking and
disembarking at the northern towns of Iloilo. Also docking at the Estancia Port
are vessels engaged in fishing, tanker and towing. These vessels traveled to
Manila, Leyte, Bacolod, Cagayan and Batangas. In the Port of Ajuy, vessels
docking are tankers, fishing vessels and towing vessels. These
tankers travel to Bataan and Malaysia. Ajuy port also caters to travellers and
goods, particularly agriculture products to the province of Negros Occiental.
Dumangas Port caters to vessels engaged in towing, barging, tanker and cargo
and passengers going to Bacolod City, Bais City, Naga City, Cebu City and
Mindoro Province. The Iloilo City Port Complex (ICPC) at Bgy. Loboc, Lapuz
caters to vessels engaged in cargoes, tanker, towing, barging and passenger going
to Cebu City, Bacolod City, Roxas City, Manila, Dumangas, Cotabato and
Cagayan de Oro City and Naga City. Private ports cater to towing, barging and
tanker vessels going to Leyte Province, Boracay Island, Antique Province,
Batangas City, Bataan Province and Mindoro Province.
Foreign shipcalls in 2005 to 2007 decreased by 9.37 percent for the Base Port while
they increased by 16.67 percent for the Port of Estancia and 80 percent for the
private ports. Domestic shipcalls in 2005-2007 decreased by 6.78 percent for the
Base Port and 32.09 percent for the Port of Estancia while it increased by 71.07
percent in the Port of Dumangas and 12.54 percent for the private ports.
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From 2005 to 2007, disembarking passengers decreased in all ports: 98.34 percent
for the Port of Estancia, 48.52 percent from the Port of Dumangas and 36.31
percent for the private ports. Embarking passengers also dropped in all ports
except for the Port of Dumangas where it increased by 85.53 percent.
Buses traveling from Metro Manila to Iloilo and vice versa via Caticlan Port
under the Strong Republic Nautical Highway and other minor ports contributed
to the decreasing passenger traffic at Iloilo port.
5.1.2 Linkages and/ or Facilities that should be given Highest Priority for
Improvement
The construction of the Leon-San Remegio Road is considered as one of the most
strategic inter-provincial links between Antique and Iloilo province. Opening up
the link is expected to introduce dynamic exchanges between Iloilo and Antique,
further boosting the access to Iloilo International Airport located in Cabatuan.
The Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH) connecting the islands of

Luzon, Panay, Negros and Mindanao has greatly contributed to the fast growing
economy in the Visayas region. It has contributed to much lower transportation
cost for the riding public. The SRNH is an intermodal transport system operated
by Roll-On-Roll-Off (RORO) facility linking Mindanao via Roxas-Caticlan Route
and Negros Island via the Iloilo-Bacolod Route. The concrete road consists of two
sections, the Iloilo-Roxas Road (Zarraga-Ivisan Road Section, 89.885 kilometers)
and the Caticlan-Kalibo-Aklan-Capiz Boundary (134.64 kilometers). Road covers
preventive maintenance asphalt concrete overlay on its 2-lane carriageway width
of 6.7 meters. In support to the SRNH, a road widening project is being planned.
The proposed 163.70 kilometer Panay East-West Lateral Road connecting
Valderrama, Antique-Lambunao-Calinog-Passi-Concepcion, Iloilo will provide
fast and reliable transport system for the urban centers and depressed rural
communities which would consequently propel aquaculture and fisheries
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development, promote tourism and urbanization, increase economic activities

and upgrade the standards of living within the road influence area.
Due to the increase in population, there is a demand for an increase in

transportation facilities and this, most likely, will result to traffic congestion. The
presence of big buses, plying from Manila to Iloilo and vice versa, local buses,
public utility vehicles and private vehicles cause the traffic congestion in a 12
meter road width. Hence, this will entail the widening of major roads and
bridges linking major towns and other provinces.
A proposed Metro Iloilo Road Network totaling 48.4 kilometers which cost Php3
billion was proposed to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), a foreign
funding agency. These are:
C1– The Metropolitan Circumferential Road from Arevalo district

running across Mandurriao and Jaro districts and linking up to the
existing coastal road in Bgy. Balabago.
C 2 - From Leganes to Oton cutting across Pavia and San Miguel and
Sta. Barbara.
C3- Iloilo-San Miguel-Sta. Barbara-New Lucena to Dumangas Road
C4- Tigbauan, Bancal-Cabatuan-New Lucena to Dumangas Road
- A total of 22.2 kilometer By Pass Roads will be provided to
connect the proposed circumferential roads to the existing ones.
- A total of 5 Radial Roads are expected to commence in the Phase I

planning period of the Regional Framework Plan. This includes
road widening, repair and rehabilitation of existing ones.
The Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) is presently

embarking on the establishment of a National Railway System spanning a
distance of about 5,000 kilometers connecting the major cities and provinces in
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. In Panay Island, the proposed Trans Panay
Express has a 117 kilometer line starting from Iloilo City to Roxas City and a
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possible extension to Caticlan, Malay, Aklan. The proposed project will promote
tourism, industrialization of the countryside and the government’s increasing
agricultural activities in the rural areas. It also aims to provide a safe, reliable
and economical mode of transport of persons, goods, and services particularly, in
the Provinces of Iloilo, Capiz Aklan and Antique. It is the objective of this project
to uplift the economic and social conditions of the concerned provinces.
A pre-feasibility study was undertaken for the proposed Trans-Visayas

Friendship Bridges which will connect the island provinces of Bohol to Cebu,
Bohol to Southern Leyte, Cebu to Negros Oriental, Negros Occidental to Iloilo
and Iloilo to Guimaras. The interconnection of Western Visayas, Eastern and
Central Visayas aims to reduce the cost of transporting products, people and
tourists from one region to the other as well as the cost of transmitting power and
energy among the provinces in the Visayas. It will further strengthen
government’s plan for these areas to be the country’s center for tourism.
The proposed Trans-Visayas Friendship Bridges will be in support of the Strong

Republic Nautical Highway, a major program during the term of President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, connecting the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Panay,
Negros and Mindanao.
The bridge connecting Negros Occidental to Iloilo will be situated at Tomonton
Point in E.B. Magalona, Negros Occ. To San Juan Point, Banate, Iloilo to shorten
the length of the viaduct.
165
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5.2 INTERNAL CIRCULATION

5.2.1 Description of Internal Circulation Routes
The provincial roads which are administratively managed by the Iloilo
Provincial Government augment the national roads as they provide inter-district
connections. They connect the municipalities within the growth center, such as
the municipalities of Oton, San Miguel, Pavia, Sta. Barbara and Leganes. They
also shorten routes between municipalities and provide accessibility of the
residents to various barangays leading to the nearest market centers and tourist
destinations. Provincial road has a total road length of 671.829 kilometers, 10.52
percent or 70.679 kilometers is concrete; 1.22 percent or 8.23 kilometers is
asphalted, and the remaining 88.25 percent or 592.92 kilometers is gravel road.
Comparative road condition by district showed that the First Engineering

District of the province of Iloilo composed of seven (7) municipalities has a total
provincial road length of 74.634 kilometers representing 11.115 percent of the
total provincial road length. Almost 89 percent or 66.369 kilometers is gravel
road, while the remaining 11 percent or 8.265 kilometers is concrete. Forty five
percent (45 percent), or about 33.49 kilometers is in fair condition and the
remaining 41.144 kilometers or 55 percent is in good condition.
The Second Engineering District, covering eight (8) municipalities, has a total
road length of 113.474 kilometers that comprises 16.89 percent of the total
provincial road length. Gravel road measures 78.21 kilometers or 68.92 percent,
concrete road is estimated at 35.079 kilometers or 30.91 percent and the asphalt
portion is 0.185 kilometers or 0.16 percent. Almost 67 percent or 75.712
kilometers is in good condition, and fair for the remaining 33.28 percent or 37.762
kilometers.
The Third Engineering District with nine (9) municipalities has a total road
length of 120.673 kilometers representing 17.96 percent of the total provincial
road length. Concrete road comprises the 7.53 percent or 9.087 kilometers,
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asphalt road is 1.83 percent or 2.218 kilometers and a much longer length of
109.368 kilometers or 90.63 percent is gravel road. Of the total length, 88.188
kilometers or 73.08 percent is categorized as fair and only 31.685 kilometers or
26.25 percent is considered in good condition.
The Fourth Engineering District covering the eight (8) municipalities in the
province has a total road length of 224.848 kilometers. Ninety two percent (92
percent) or 206.866 kilometers is gravel road. Concrete road is estimated to be
12.155 kilometers or 5.40 percent and the asphalt road is 5.827 kilometers or 2.59
percent. Roads in good condition stretch to 93.85 kilometers or 41.74 percent, but
a longer portion of 130.998 kilometers or 58.26 percent is categorized as fair.
The Fifth Engineering District of the Province of Iloilo composed of ten (10)
municipalities has a road length of 138.20 kilometers or 20.57 percent of the total
provincial road length. Concrete road is estimated to 6.093 kilometers or 4.41
percent and gravel road totaled to 132.107 kilometers or 95.59 percent. All roads
are in good condition.
Provincial bridges have a total length of 1,584.81 meters. RCDG bridges have a
total length of 960.810 linear meters or 60.63 percent; bailey bridge with 153.00
linear meters or 9.65 percent; steel deck bridge with 450.00 linear meters or 28.39
percent; and timber bridges with 21.00 linear meters or 1.325 percent.
Municipal roads aggregate to 287.2821 kilometers of which 68.89 percent are

concrete roads, 4.96 percent are asphalt, 23.65 percent are gravel and 1.14 percent
are earth roads.
Municipal bridges consist of 742.91 linear meters. Concrete bridge - 625 linear
meters (84.14 percent), timber bridge – 19.86 linear meters (2.67 percent), steel
deck bridge – 97.93 linear meters (13.18 percent).
The total length of barangay roads is 3,054.359 kilometers. Almost 2 percent or

55.817 kilometers are concrete roads, 0.52 percent or 16.050 kilometers are asphalt
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roads; 65.98 percent or 2,015.163 kilometers are gravel roads and 29.06 percent or
887.725 kilometers are earth roads.
From Iloilo City, the Municipality of Carles is the farthest municipality with a
distance of 147.6 kilometers while the Municipality of Pavia is the nearest with a
distance of 9.6 kilometers. The Municipality of New Lucena has the highest road
density at 2.41 km/km2 while the Municipality of Ajuy has the least road density
at 0.21 km/km2. The Province of Iloilo has an average road density of 0.88
km/km2. Total road network (excluding national roads) reached 4,013.4701
kilometers which translates to 0.85 kilometer of road per square kilometer of land
area.
5.2.2 Priority Internal Routes and Linkages that Needs to be Improved
Maintaining the good conditions of roads cannot be sustained due to budgetary

limitations. The Province of Iloilo is maintaining 671.829 kilometers of the
provincial roads every year. There are 592.92 kilometers of the provincial road
that are gravel surface which need to be regularly maintained and possibly
concreted.
Due to the dilapidated condition of the old timber and bailey bridges, which are
vulnerable to damages caused by natural calamities, they were converted into
modular steel bridges under the President’s Bridge Program and the United
Kingdom Financing Facility. These bridge improvements would provide
essential transport facilities in order to increase the local population’s access to
basic services and economic opportunities.
Municipal roads are mostly concrete but there are also gravel roads and earth
roads. Local Government Units (LGUs) have to maintain the 67.949 kilometers
gravel road and 3.286 kilometers earth roads for they link to the barangay roads
wherein most produce are being transported from farm to the market in the
urban areas.
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Most of the barangay roads in the province are passable and are all-weather
roads with some portions remaining unpassable during rainy days. Barangay
roads need constant and regular maintenance to preserve their good conditions.
Heavy trucks and jeepneys loading agricultural products like sugar cane, palay
and bananas, among others, usually cause damages on the road surfaces.
Maintenance of the 2,902 kilometers barangay roads is the responsibility of the
various LGUs.
5.2.3 Proposed New Routes and Transport Facilities
There are no proposed routes within the internal circulation however, there are
several projects listed below which are very crucial in the development of the
province.
a. Construction of secondary access road from the national highway

in Brgy. Tabucan airport complex to Brgy. Duyan-duyan in the
municipality of Cabatuan.
b. Concreting of Iloilo City-Caticlan Highway (Pototan-Capiz
Boundary)
c. Concreting of Parara-Jamog Road, Tigbauan
d. Concreting of Leganes Poblacion Lapayon Road, Leganes
Bus terminals were established along the boundaries of the city and the
municipalities. Northbound provincial buses and jeepneys have their terminal at
Brgy. Tagbak, Jaro, the south bound at Brgy. Mohon, Arevalo and the central
bound at Brgy.Ungka, Jaro and Pavia. To lessen the travel volume in the major
city routes, only buses and jeepneys with car passes can enter the city. Passi
City, Sara and Estancia operate their own respective bus terminals.
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5.2.4 ROADS EXPOSURE TO HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
PROVINCIAL ROADS EXPOSED TO FLOODING:
Exposure Exposure
Exposed
Exposed Road Percentage of Percentage of
Road Length
Road Total Road Length within Road Length Road Length
Municipality within Mode-
Classification Length High Suscep- within High within Moderate
rate Suscep-
tible Areas Susceptible Susceptible
tible Areas
Areas Areas
AJUY Provincial 17.83 11.54 4.31 0.65 0.24
ALIMODIAN Provincial 3.59 2.16 0.60
ANILAO Provincial 10.69 3.26 5.56 0.30 0.52
BADIANGAN Provincial 15.76 2.35 0.15
BALASAN Provincial 23.25 4.20 16.65 0.18 0.72
BANATE Provincial 11.91 9.55 0.68 0.80 0.06
BAROTAC NUEVO Provincial 44.53 41.97 1.40 0.94 0.03
BAROTAC VIEJO Provincial 22.62 5.99 0.26
BATAD Provincial 17.72 2.99 4.66 0.17 0.26
CABATUAN Provincial 24.98 6.61 0.26
CALINOG Provincial 25.32 5.55 0.22
CARLES Provincial 12.64 8.09 0.64
CONCEPCION Provincial 7.33 0.16 4.31 0.02 0.59
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DINGLE Provincial 28.71 15.91 0.55

DUENAS Provincial 29.37 8.26 0.28
DUMANGAS Provincial 28.39 28.39 1.00
ESTANCIA Provincial 4.94 1.36 0.27
GUIMBAL Provincial 4.03 1.06 0.26
JANIUAY Provincial 26.98 5.10 0.19
LAMBUNAO Provincial 12.59 5.27 0.42
LEGANES Provincial 13.67 13.67 1.00
LEMERY Provincial 4.30 3.33 0.77
LEON Provincial 13.90 0.69 3.16 0.05 0.23
MAASIN Provincial 3.57 3.57 1.00
MIAGAO Provincial 20.67 5.48 5.86 0.27 0.28
MINA Provincial 8.31 5.63 0.68
NEW LUCENA Provincial 11.38 4.41 0.39
OTON Provincial 16.63 16.63 1.00
PASSI Provincial 58.82 3.79 0.06
PAVIA Provincial 11.43 11.43 1.00
POTOTAN Provincial 20.76 13.34 1.43 0.64 0.07
SAN DIONISIO Provincial 12.29 4.22 4.47 0.34 0.36
SAN ENRIQUE Provincial 7.27 2.20 0.30
SAN JOAQUIN Provincial 6.31 1.84 0.50 0.29 0.08
SAN MIGUEL Provincial 7.03 6.24 0.89
SANTA BARBARA Provincial 20.00 11.87 0.59
SARA Provincial 15.03 7.71 2.02 0.51 0.13
TIGBAUAN Provincial 2.22 1.57 0.65 0.71 0.29
ZARRAGA Provincial 9.31 9.31 1.00
No flooding in the provincial roads in the municipality of Tubungan in

all levels of susceptibility, so with the municipalities of Bingawan,
Igbaras and San Rafael.
The provincial roads in the municipalities of Dumangas, Leganes,

Maasin, Oton, Pavia and Zarraga are all exposed or located within the
highly susceptible area to flooding. Flooding is also highly susceptible
in the provincial roads of Banate, Barotac Nuevo and San Miguel.
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ROADS EXPOSURE TO RAIN INDUCED LANDSLIDE
PROVINCIAL ROADS EXPOSURE TO RAIN INDUCED LANDSLIDE

Exposure
Exposed Road Exposed Road Exposed Road Exposure Exposure
Percentage of
Road Length within Length within Length within Percentage of Percentage of Road
Total Road Road Length
Municipality Classificatio High Moderate Low Road Length Length within
Length within Low
n Susceptible Susceptible Susceptible within High Moderate
Susceptible
Areas Areas Areas Susceptible Areas Susceptible Areas
Areas
AJUY Provincial 17.832 0.345 1.615 0.019 0.091

ALIMODIAN Provincial 3.591 1.426 0.397
ANILAO Provincial 10.694 1.874 0.175
BADIANGAN Provincial 15.757 0.577 12.833 0.037 0.814
BALASAN Provincial 23.253 2.403 0.103
BANATE Provincial 11.914 0.002 1.682 0.141
BAROTAC NUEVO Provincial 44.534 0.441 0.727 0.010 0.016
BAROTAC VIEJO Provincial 22.622 0.776 15.855 0.034 0.701
BATAD Provincial 17.718 1.108 8.537 0.000 0.063 0.482
BINGAWAN Provincial 1.352 1.352 1.000
CABATUAN Provincial 24.977 18.364 0.735
CALINOG Provincial 25.319 19.773 0.781
CONCEPCION Provincial 7.334 2.781 0.379
DINGLE Provincial 28.707 0.156 12.640 0.005 0.440
DUENAS Provincial 29.373 21.108 0.719
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GUIMBAL Provincial 4.029 2.972 0.738
JANIUAY Provincial 26.981 21.882 0.811
LAMBUNAO Provincial 12.595 7.329 0.582
LEMERY Provincial 4.303 0.973 0.226
LEON Provincial 13.896 8.502 1.546 0.612 0.111
MIAGAO Provincial 20.671 2.036 7.294 0.099 0.353
MINA Provincial 8.311 2.676 0.322
NEW LUCENA Provincial 11.385 6.974 0.613
PASSI Provincial 58.818 2.171 52.852 0.037 0.899
POTOTAN Provincial 20.758 5.986 0.288
SAN DIONISIO Provincial 12.287 3.598 0.293
SAN ENRIQUE Provincial 7.273 0.804 4.271 0.111 0.587
SAN JOAQUIN Provincial 6.306 0.428 3.541 0.068 0.561
SAN MIGUEL Provincial 7.025 0.787 0.112
SANTA BARBARA Provincial 19.996 8.125 0.406
SARA Provincial 15.035 2.438 2.864 0.162 0.190
There are 33 municipalities whose provincial roads are exposed to rain

induced landslide in any level of susceptibility. Provincial roads with high
exposure are in Passi City, Dueñas, Janiuay, Calinog,Cabatuan, Barotac Viejo
among others.
PROVINCIAL ROADS EXPOSURE TO STORM SURGE:
174
Table No.____ Provincial Road Exposure to Storm Surge

Exposure Percentage
Exposed Road Length
ROAD TOTAL ROAD of Road Length within
MUNICIPALITY within Areas Prone to
CLASSIFICATION LENGTH (km.) Areas Prone to Storm
Storm Surge
Surge
AJUY Provincial 17.83 8.23 0.46134

BALASAN Provincial 23.25 0.88 0.03785
BANATE Provincial 11.91 0.11 0.00929
BAROTAC NUEVO Provincial 44.53 0.55 0.01240
BATAD Provincial 17.72 3.78 0.21345
CONCEPCION Provincial 7.33 4.95 0.67546
DUMANGAS Provincial 28.39 0.43 0.01521
ILOILO CITY Provincial 0.23 0.12 0.52686
LEGANES Provincial 13.67 2.62 0.19171
MIAGAO Provincial 20.67 1.13 0.05456
OTON Provincial 16.63 2.49 0.14999
SAN DIONISIO Provincial 12.29 8.23 0.66967
SAN JOAQUIN Provincial 6.31 0.15 0.02439
ZARRAGA Provincial 9.31 0.52 0.05565
Provincial Roads:
Provincial roads that has the longest length that is prone storm surge is in San
Dionisio with 8.23 kms.. Ajuy, Carles, Batad, Concepcion and Estancia has also
provincial roads that is prone to storm surge
PROVINCIAL ROADS EXPOSURE TO GROUND SHAKING
The provincial roads are also affected by ground shaking in all levels of intensity.
The provincial roads in the municipalities of Anilao, Barotac Viejo, Bingawan,
Calinog Lemery, Passi City, San Enrique and Sara are 100% affected by Intensity
VI. Fourteen (14) municipalities in the province are affected by intensity VII.
They are Alimodian, Badiangan, Cabatuan, Guimbal, Leon, Maasin, Miag-ao,
Mina, New Lucena, Pavia, Pototan, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara and Tigbauan
175
PROVINCIAL ROADS EXPOSURE TO EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE
176
Table No.____ Provincial Road Exposure to Earthquake Induced Landslide ( West Panay Fault)
Exposure Exposure
Exposed Exposure
Exposed Road Exposed Percentage Percentage
Road Percentage of
ROAD Length within Road Length of Road of Road
TOTAL ROAD Length Road Length
MUNICIPALITY CLASSIFICA Moderate within Low Length Length within
LENGTH (km) within High within Low
TION Susceptibility Susceptibility within High Moderate
Susceptibili Susceptibility
Areas Areas Susceptibili Susceptibility
ty Areas Areas
ty Areas Areas
ALIMODIAN Provincial 3.59 - 0.09 0.37 - 0.02435 0.10280
ANILAO Provincial 10.69 - - 2.48 - - 0.23217
BADIANGAN Provincial 15.76 - 0.45 2.04 - 0.02877 0.12971
BANATE Provincial 11.91 - - 0.50 - - 0.04209
BAROTAC VIEJO Provincial 22.62 - - 1.61 - - 0.07138
CALINOG Provincial 25.32 - 0.29 8.50 - 0.01126 0.33576
DINGLE Provincial 28.71 - - 2.27 - - 0.07894
DUENAS Provincial 29.37 - - 4.20 - - 0.14309
GUIMBAL Provincial 4.03 - 1.19 0.48 - 0.29546 0.11929
JANIUAY Provincial 26.98 - 0.67 3.40 - 0.02487 0.12588
LAMBUNAO Provincial 12.59 - - 2.26 - - 0.17939
LEON Provincial 13.90 1.20 5.15 1.68 0.08609 0.37033 0.12063
MAASIN Provincial 3.57 - 1.30 0.94 - 0.36489 0.26355
MIAGAO Provincial 20.67 2.80 - 1.05 0.13542 - 0.05064
PASSI Provincial 58.82 - - 20.74 - - 0.35264
SAN JOAQUIN Provincial 6.31 0.36 0.12 0.90 0.05769 0.01947 0.14267
SARA Provincial 15.03 - - 0.37 - - 0.02459
Provincial roads that will be affected when West Panay Fault is activated
are Alimodian, Anilao, Badiangan, Banate, Barotac Viejo, Calinog, Dingle,
Dueñas, Guimbal, Janiuay, Lambunao, Leon, Maasin, Miag-ao, Passi City, San
Joaquin and Sara.
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PROVINCIAL ROADS EXPOSURE TO LIQUEFACTION
Table No.____ Provincial Road Exposure to Liquefaction ( West Panay Fault)
Exposed Exposed Exposure Exposure Exposure

Exposed
Road Road Percentage Percentage of Percentag
TOTAL Road
Length Length of Road Road Length e of Road
ROAD ROAD Length
MUNICIPALITY within within Length within within Length
CLASSIFICATION LENGTH within Low
High Moderate High Moderate within Low
(km.) Susceptibl
Susceptibl Susceptibl Susceptible Susceptible Susceptibl
e Areas
e Areas e Areas Areas Areas e Areas
AJUY Provincial 17.83 - - 2.86 - - 0.16038
ALIMODIAN Provincial 3.59 - - 3.59 - - 1.00000
ANILAO Provincial 10.69 - - 0.04 - - 0.00383
BADIANGAN Provincial 15.76 - - 10.44 - - 0.66243
BALASAN Provincial 23.25 - - 4.31 - - 0.18540
BANATE Provincial 11.91 - - 3.39 - - 0.28484
BAROTAC NUEVO Provincial 44.53 - 11.52 25.89 - 0.25858 0.58136
BAROTAC VIEJO Provincial 22.62 - - 2.42 - - 0.10678
BINGAWAN Provincial 1.35 - - 0.01 - - 0.00506
CABATUAN Provincial 24.98 - - 21.10 - - 0.84482
CALINOG Provincial 25.32 - - 6.44 - - 0.25445
CARLES Provincial 12.64 - - 0.91 - - 0.07188
DINGLE Provincial 28.71 - - 15.92 - - 0.55470
178
DUENAS Provincial 29.37 - - 8.63 - - 0.29384

DUMANGAS Provincial 28.39 - 10.39 8.90 - 0.36611 0.31339
GUIMBAL Provincial 4.03 - - 4.03 - - 1.00000
JANIUAY Provincial 26.98 - - 4.45 - - 0.16496
LAMBUNAO Provincial 12.59 - - 9.35 - - 0.74201
LEGANES Provincial 13.67 - 5.01 1.23 - 0.36650 0.08998
LEON Provincial 13.90 - - 5.00 - - 0.36011
MAASIN Provincial 3.57 - - 2.24 - - 0.62843
MIAGAO Provincial 20.67 - 0.45 17.67 - 0.02169 0.85463
MINA Provincial 8.31 - 0.50 7.81 - 0.05996 0.94004
NEW LUCENA Provincial 11.38 - 0.03 11.36 - 0.00262 0.99738
OTON Provincial 16.63 1.16 9.72 2.60 0.06958 0.58434 0.15620
PASSI Provincial 58.82 - - 10.96 - - 0.18638
PAVIA Provincial 11.43 - 11.43 - - 1.00000 -
POTOTAN Provincial 20.76 - 3.60 17.16 - 0.17349 0.82651
SAN ENRIQUE Provincial 7.27 - - 0.08 - - 0.01084
SAN JOAQUIN Provincial 6.31 - - 4.79 - - 0.76000
SAN MIGUEL Provincial 7.03 - 4.43 2.59 - 0.63088 0.36912
SANTA BARBARA Provincial 20.00 - 5.26 14.37 - 0.26319 0.71865
SARA Provincial 15.03 - - 2.02 - - 0.13426
TIGBAUAN Provincial 2.22 - - 2.22 - - 1.00000
ZARRAGA Provincial 9.31 - 3.66 3.48 - 0.39350 0.37424
There are 35 municipalities whose provincial roads are exposed to liquefaction.

In the municipalities iof Pototan, Tigbauan, Guimbal, Mina, New Lucena, Pavia and San
Miguel all the provincial roads are exposed to liquefaction to any level of susceptibility.
5.2.5 IMPACTS OF DISASTER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON TRANSPORT:

There have been extreme events recently signaling increase in intensity
and frequency of such, events. The climate change threatens basic
elements of life for people around the worls – access to water, food, health
and use of land and environment. Transportation system will be affected
by climate change. Transport sector not only affected by climate change it
also contributes to the climate change due to carbon emissions.
These predicted climate change will severely impact the transport

infrastructure. The potential impacts on transport infrastructure and
operation due to climate are given below:
1. Temperature : The extended warm weather would affect
pavement deterioration due to melting of bitumen, heating
179
and thermal expansion of bridges and railtracks, , buckling of

joins. Decrease in temperature also affects transport
operation.
2. Rainfall : The increase in precipitation would affect drainage

capacities, road pavement, driving condition and visisbility.
Increse in intensity of summer precipitation creates flooding,
affect drainage, bridges affecting waterways and clearance,
damage pavement and affect road, rail airport, port and
harbours, water transport channels, damage bridges
foundation due to scouring. Roadm blocks ddue to landslides
and mudslides.
3. Storms and storm surges : Rainfall and winds associated with

cyclone would create flooding and afeect roads, rails and
airports and water transport. Disrupt traffic and safety and
emergency evacuation operations; affect traffic boards and
information signs. It may lead to inundation.
4. Sea level rise : Rise in sea level can affect the coastal roads,
railways, port and harbor, airport near to coastal areas, marine
transport in the affected areas. In many cases there may be
need to realign or abandon the affected coastal infrastructure.
IMPACT MATRIX OF CLIMATE EVENTS AND VULNERABLE INFRASTRUCTURES

Coastal Ports Water
Vulnerable Bridge Drains Rail Pave Culvert Side Air Road
Roads & and Trans
Infrastructures tracks ment Slopes ports Signs
Rails Harbour port
Temperature X X X X X X
Precipitation X X X X X X X X X X X
Wind X X X X X
Storm/Cyclone X X X X X X X X X X X
Sea Level Rise X X X X X
180
Precipitation, storm and cyclone are most destructive climate events affecting all
vulnerable component of transport system. All infrastructure components
bridges, drains, culverts, railtrack, pavement, side slopes, coastal road and rails,
ports and harbor, airports, water transport and road signs are impacted by
precipitation, storm and cyclones.
It is important that the transport system adapts to the projected changes in

climate considering that transport infrastructure is important both socially and
economically.
Design parameters of vulnerable infrastructures components:

1. When designing bridges, culverts and drains consideration should be
given to increasing design parameter such as frequency and intensity of
rains, introducing sufficient subsurface water drains, increasing design
high flood level of bridge.
2. Designing coastal road consideration should be given to predicted sea

level rise and providing high and strengthened side barriers
3. Adequate slope stabilization measures, river bank protection works and

raising embankment height in flood plains would safeguard road closure
and damge to road due to excessive rains and floods.1
1
Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies Vol. 7 , 2009
181

6.1 Employment and Unemployment Rates
6.1.1 Latest Employment, Unemployment/Underemployment Rates
In 2006, the province’s total labor force population (15 years and over) totaled to
approximately 1.373 million, representing 30 percent of the total labor force of the
region. Sixty two percent (62%) or 831,322 joined the active labor force.
Iloilo has demographic dividend where the economy is now benefiting from a
very young population. The population ages 15-64 years old are considered
economically active. While other countries are facing an active labor force which
is fast depleting, Iloilo will still have a very young and dynamic population in the
next seven (7) to eight (8) years. This means there will be an ample supply to tap
in an economy that is evolving towards services which is people centered.
The economic development of the province is basically anchored on both the

agriculture and services and the industry sectors. The agriculture sector gets 43.6
percent of the labor force while 56.4 percent is in the services and industry sectors
(based on the 2002 data with the absence of the provincial disaggregated data on
the latest FIES report).
On the average, employment rate for 2006 was recorded at 94.2 percent, 3.1
percent higher than 2004 and 0.5 percent higher than the region’s employment
rate with was pegged at 93.7 percent.
On the other hand, unemployment rate of the province for 2006 was averaged at
5.8 percent, 3.1 percent lower than the unemployment rate for the year 2004. The
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province’s unemployment rate for 2006 is 0.5 percent lower compared to the
region’s unemployment rate.
6.1.2. Historical Trends of Employment and Unemployment
Looking at the historical trends from 2000 to 2006, average employment rate was
increasing annually. This is an indication that the province’s economy is
improving.
Employment and Unemployment Rates
Year Employment Rate (%) Unemployment Rate (%)

Region VI Iloilo Region VI Iloilo
2000 88.9 89.8 11.1 10.2
2001 88.7 86.6 11.3 13.4
2002 91.2 89.3 8.8 10.7
2003 91.3 88.9 8.7 11.1
2004 90.3 91.1 9.7 8.9
2005 93.1 - 6.8 -
2006 93.7 94.2 6.3 5.8
Source: NSCB, 2007 Regional Social and Other Economic Trends
On the other hand, the historical trend of the unemployment rate of the province
from 2000 to 2006 is decreasing, coherent with the increase of employment rate.
The narrowing inflation and unemployment rate give indication that the
province’s economy will perform better in the succeeding years.
6.2 Family Income
6.2.1 Average Family Income Levels
The 2000 results of the Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) revealed
that the average family income in the Province of Iloilo for 2000 increased by
23.97 percent from Php83,715.00 in 1997 to Php110,114.00 in 2000. This is 0.47
percent higher than the region’s average income for 2000 of Php109,600.00 and
equivalent to 76 percent of the country’s average income of Php145,121 in 2000.
183
While the region’s average income increased by 2.66 percent from Php109,600.00
in 2000 to Php112,593.00 in 2003, this is 24 percent lower than the country’s
average income for 2003.
From the average income of Php110,114.00, a little more than 80.14 percent was
spent on various expenditures such as food, clothing, education, transportation
and communications and other household operations. The remaining 19.86
percent of the income was kept as savings.
Total and Average Income Region VI, by Province, 1997 and 2000
(in Thousand Pesos)
Total
Area Families Total Income (Php) Average Income (Php)
2000 1997 2000 1997 2000
Philippines 15,269,655 1,748,060,769 2,199,431,875 123,168 144,039
Urban 1,202,432,535 - 178,121 -
Rural 545,628,235 - 73,319 -
Region VI 1,211,732 108,460,218 132,805,985 86,770 109,600
Urban 56,607,892 - 123,282 -
Rural 51,852,326 - 65,569 -
Aklan 86,466 7,779,360 8,609,285 87,276 99,568
Antique 92,247 8,161,827 8,755,803 83,005 94,917
Capiz 131,121 12,394,520 13,022,037 87,905 99,313
Guimaras 26,091 1,827,289 2,638,452 74,003 101,125
Iloilo 291,472 24,317,689 32,095,069 83,715 110,114
Iloilo City 75,509 10,637,677 20,563,858 167,222 283,604
Negros Occ. 422,175 31,586,381 31,208,300 67,665 73,923
Bacolod City 89,651 11,755,474 15,913,181 154,836 177,501
6.2.2 Historical Trends of Family Income
The historical trend of the average family income in the province is increasing as
shown in Table 17. This means that the purchasing capacity of the families in
Iloilo also increased.
The data show that the socio economic status/standard of living of the families in
Iloilo is improving.
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6.3 Social Services

6.3.1 Health
Hospital-Bed Population Ratio. The health services come in two components:

(1) the curative services and (2) the preventive services. The curative or hospital
services under the Iloilo Provincial Government are served by the 11 district
hospitals and one (1) provincial hospital, all strategically located in the different
municipalities. Another two (2) government owned facilities are located in the
municipalities of New Lucena and Barotac Nuevo. Located in the City of Iloilo
are six (6) privately owned hospitals and two (2) government owned hospitals.
All these hospitals in the city have a total bed capacity of 2,448 with a hospital
bed-population ratio of 1:862. This indicates that Iloilo has adequate hospital
beds to serve its total populace. (Standard hospital bed-population ratio is
1:1000).
Health Manpower Population Ratio. The public health concerns are being
addressed by the 43 municipal rural health units (in the 42 municipalities and one
city) and 427 barangay health stations located in strategic barangays .
The latest record as of 2007 from the Provincial Health Office (PHO) showed that
there are a total of 53 municipal health officers spread in the 42 municipalities
and 1 city of the entire province with a doctor-population ratio of 1:31,837
indicating that the province is below the standard ratio of 1:20,000
(1MHO/20,000 population). Computation shows that the province will need an
additional 35 public health doctors to effectively respond to the health services
demand of the populace. For the provincial managed hospital based doctors,
there is a doctor-population ratio of 1:16,726 in the same year. Though the data
indicate that the hospitals have met the standard ratio, it is noted that these
doctors are not proportionately distributed according to capacity and occupancy
rate patient-load of the hospital.
Government health personnel in the province are still inadequate to provide

efficient services. The public health sector needs an additional of 18 nurses, 7
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dentists, and 47 sanitary inspectors to comply with the standards. At present,

we exceeded the hiring of midwives by 67.
For Barangay Health Workers (BHW), it is ideal that one (1) BHW should serve
20 households. Though there are now a total of 17,243 BHWs, the province still
needs an additional of 8,807 BHWs to augment the present community- based
health services provider of the province.
The Barangay Nutrition Scholars (BNS) are tasked to augment the nutrition
services in the rural areas. Ideally, there should be one (1) BNS per barangay. At
present, there are only a total of 1,635 BNS; an additional 86 BNS is still needed.
There are only three (3) health educators in the public health services. To comply
with the standard of 1:50,000, an additional of 31 health educators are to be
considered. These are very vital services that are expected to provide massive
information and education campaigns in order to strengthen the preventive
aspect of health service provision in the entire province of Iloilo.
Percent of Infants with low birth weights. In 2007, there are a total of 33,346
deliveries. Records show that for every ten (10) babies born alive, one (1) baby
is underweight. Of the total live births, 93.88 percent weighed more than 2.5
grams at birth and 4.68 percent weighed less than 2.5 grams at birth. The
nutritional status of 1.44 percent is unknown.
The top ten (10) municipalities registering a combined total of 1,101 infants or
newborns with low birth weights are the municipalities of Sta. Barbara, Miag-ao,
Banate, San Joaquin, Pototan, Dingle, Dumangas, San Dionisio,Passi City and
Alimodian. Miag-ao and Banate have shown significant performances in terms of
drastically reducing the incidence to only three (3) newborns with low birth
weights.
Low birthweight among newborns is brought about by multi-faceted factors. The

very significant ones are: (1) accessibility to basic health services, such as the
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family’s geographical location, (2) poor maternal health and education,

nutritional family planning practices, (3) low educational attainment and income,
and (4) availability of birthing centers or other delivery services.
In 2007, Sta. Barbara recorded the highest number of newborns with low
birthweight, followed by Dumangas and Dingle. The major factor that
contributed to this is the poor
health seeking behaviors of some pregnant women. Most of them are
undernourished during pregnancy, they prefer to give birth at home through
traditional birth assistants and they refuse to undergo prenatal care.
Morbidity Rates. Upper respiratory tract infection is still the leading cause of
morbidity in the province as of 2002 to 2007. A total of 46,934 cases were
detected indicating a rate of 2,602 persons per 10,000 population. It is followed
by pneumonia and lower tract infection, hypertension, dog bites, diarrhea,
wounds of all kinds, influenza, TB respiratory, parasitism, status asthmaticus,
and urinary tract infection in that order. Amazingly, dog bites are increasing
yearly and now ranked fourth (4th) in the list despite the aggressive program of
the public health on anti-rabies campaign. It was noted, however that
municipalities had been very lax in the enforcement of their ordinances
preventing stray dogs to roam around. Other causes of morbidity are poor
nutritional status and poor environmental sanitation concerning cleanliness in
surroundings, safe drinking water and sanitary toilet facilities.
Mortality: In 2007, recorded deaths reached 8,095. Average death was computed
at 4.49 in every 1,000 populaton, a little lower than the national level which is 4.8.
The leading causes of deaths are pneumonia with a rate of 113.07 cases per 10,000
population, followed by heart disease, hypertensive vascular diseases, cancer of
all forms, and tuberculosis, septicemia, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, accidents,
and wounds of all kinds. Increases in death rate have been particularly marked
in the municipalities of Balasan, Alimodian and Badiangan.
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Strategies to address the issues and problems of the health sector include the
provision of basic health and nutrition services and intensification of disease
prevention and control among constituents. The Province of Iloilo shall provide
access to quality and affordable hospital products, devices, facilities and services.
It shall upgrade the hospital service capabilities by implementing/enhancing
hospital public health development programs and enforcement of national health
legislation policies and standards.
The Province of Iloilo shall continue providing adequate and effective basic social
services through its programs on health financing for the indigents. Equally
important is strengthening the advocacy efforts on disease prevention and
control program and adopting a healthy lifestyle and management of health risk
programs. Programs like maternal care, milk supplementation, food subsidy,
child health and nutrition, reproductive health programs, and other health-
related programs shall be sustained.
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6.3.1.1 IMPACTS OF DISASTER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON HEALTH
The greatest number of people vulnerable to the projected adverse impacts of

climate change is in Asia and the Pacific. Climate change is expected to modify
and often to magnify the current burden of diseases in the region. With projected
increases in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns ( drier climate in dry
seasons and wetter climate in wet seasons), and an increase in the frequency and
/or intensity of tropical cyclones and storms, climate change will significantly
challenge the public health community at the global, national and local levels.
Projected Health Impacts of Climate Change:

HEALTH OUTCOME EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Cardiovascular and respiratory • Heat waves cause short-term increases in moratlity
diseases • Death from heat stroke increase during heat waves
• Weather affects concentrations of harmful air pollutants
Allergic Rhinitis • Weather affects the distribution, seasonality, and production of
aeroallergens
Deaths and injuries, infectious • Floods, landslides, and windstorms cause death and injuries
diseases, and mental disorders • Flooding disrupts water supply and sanitation system and may
damage transport systems and health care infrastructure.
• Floods may provide breeding sites for mosquito vectors.
• Floods may increase post-traumatic stress disorders
Starvation.malnutrition and diarrheal • Drought reduces water availability for hygiene
and respiratory diseases • Drought increases the risk of forest fires, which adversely affects
air quality
• Climate change may decrease food supplies (crop yields and fish
stocks) or access to food supplies
Mosquito, tick, and rodent borne • Higher temperatures shorten the development time of pathogens
diseases in vectors and increase the potential of transmission to human
• Each vector species has specific climate conditions (temperature
and humidity) to be sufficiently abundant to maintain transmission
Waterborne and food – borne • Survival of disease- causing organisms is related to temperature
diseases • Climate conditions affect water availability and quality
• Extreme rainfall can affect the transport of disease- causing
organisms into the water supply.
Source: Adapted from Krovats, K.L., Ebi and B. Menne, 2003 Methods of Assessibng Human Health Vulnerability and Public Health Adaptation to climate Change, Geneva; World Health
Organizations
The poor and the vulnerable are expected to experience the bulk of
the projected impacts of climate change, including those impacts of
health.
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Specific actions to address climate change and health: 1

1. Incorporate health benefits and impacts of climate change into design,
implementation and monitoring process in water-financing programs,
agricultural projects and disaster risk management systems.
2. Advocate for a policy dialogue ensuring integration of health impacts of

climate change risks into national and regional development policies ans
strategies.
3. Improve public awareness, knowledge, and monitoring of co-benefits related

to climate change, health, and economics to ensure reduce of poor people
vulnerability.
4. Strengthen national meteorological and /or hydrological services, disaster

management system, and national climate change offices to become more
proactive to adapt to climate change, rather than reactive.
5. With new projects, consider the provision of fellowships for eduction and
training in climate modeling and impact stidies, the promotion of integrated
climate studies in schools, and support for the participation of least
developed countries experts in regional and international research activities.
6. Train local officials in facilitating community-based adaptation with a focus

on preparedness and resilence, particulary related to “hot spots”or areas that
are onsidered high risjk (coastal areas and cities).
7. Establish a systematic observation network for short term climatic

monitoring, prerdiction and assessment to be shared in regionalclimate
programs for th explicit purpose of signating possible outbreak of climate-
related diseases.
8. Provide high quality data for impact assessment and adaptation activities,
utilizing above observation network to monitor and implement responses
related to extreme events.
9. Monitor systems for climate indices, extremes, trends droughts, floods, sea
level rise, phenology, poverty and other variables as well as capacity and
resources to maintain and use these systems to be available at the local and
national levels. Information generated should reach and benefit the
communities at the local level.
1
Accounting for Health Impacts of Climate Change , ADB,SIDA
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6.3.2 Education
At present there are 981 public elementary schools, 172 public secondary schools,
80 private elementary schools & 37 private secondary schools in the entire
Province of Iloilo.
Drop-Out and Cohort Survival Rate High drop out and low cohort survival
rates in public elementary and secondary schools were noted. The lowest cohort
survival rate of 78.9 percent was recorded in School Year (SY) 2007-2008 for the
elementary and 77.28 percent in SY 2006-2007 for the secondary level. Drop-out
rates were recorded at 3.15 percent for SY 2006-2007, 3.2 percent in SY 2006-2007
and 6.61 percent in SY 2007-2008 for the secondary level. Drop out rates may
even be higher in remote rural areas of the province.
High drop out and low cohort survival rates are brought mostly by the following
issues and problems: a) low family income b) poor health nutrition c)
inaccessibility of basic education facilities in far-flung and island barangays and
d) increasing drug & alcohol abuse among students.
The School Districts of Sara, Batad and Pototan II consistently showed low
student survival rates from SY 2006-2007 to SY 2007-2008, but showed significant
decreases in their cohort survival rates.
School Districts with low cohort survival rates for SY 2007-2008 are Concepcion,
Pototan II, Sara, Janiuay II, San Dionisio and Badiangan.
Classroom – Pupil Ratio. Currently the existing classroom-pupil ratio in the

province of Iloilo is 1:25 in elementary level, which is significantly higher than
the standard of 1:40. At the national level, the ratio is also 1:25.
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For the secondary level, the classroom- student ratio is 1:45 in the province of
Iloilo which is within the standard of 40-45 students per classroom. Classroom-
student ratio in the national level is 1:55 which is lower than the standard of 1:45.
Classroom shortages are mostly felt in Metro Manila, Calabarzon and Central
and Western Visayas. Iloilo, in particular, had been besetted by this problem in
the past five (5) years, however, the DepEd, Division of Iloilo, has already given
priority in addressing it.
Literacy Rate by Population. In Western Visayas, the Province of Iloilo posted

the highest literacy rate of 92.8 percent. This is followed by Aklan, Negros
Occidental, Capiz and Antique. This is quite lower than the national literacy rate
of 93.4 percent.
The National Capital Region topped the list with 99 percent literacy rate followed
by Ilocos Region, Central Luzon, Bicol Region and Southern Tagalog Region.
Western Visayas ranked sixth with 92.8 percent.
The educational system in the Philippines is plagued by serious problem and

these continue to be the top priority in the development agenda of the
government in order to raise the quality of public school system in the country.
There is overcrowding of classrooms in the secondary level. Low basic education
competencies may be due to low cohort survival rate both in elementary and
secondary levels. There is also a high drop out rate and decrease in graduation
rate in both levels. There is a need to strengthen the education management and
learning support system and operationalize the school based system framework
and standard.
To complement the measures adopted by the Department of Education, the

Province of Iloilo is implementing programs like Iskolar sang Iloilo Program, a
financial assistance to deserving high school graduates to pursue Baccalaureate
Degree and Out of School Youth Program which is a program for the youth to
improve and hone their skills on various means of livelihood. The basic
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education support program deploys teachers to elementary and high schools on

contract basis. The program also allocates funds for the improvement/repairs
and rehabilitation of school facilities and related structures and purchases of
equipment and instructional materials. Likewise, it also supports the sports
program and other DepEd related activities.
6.3.3. Housing
The housing situation in Province of Iloilo is based on the figures of the 14 LGUs
that have drafted their Local Shelter Plan in 2008: Anilao, Balasan, Batad,
Calinog, Estancia, Janiuay, Lambunao, Leganes, Maasin, Mina, Pavia, Pototan,
Sta. Barbara and Passi City. Based on the estimates of the 14 LGUs, there are
approximately 50,000 informal settler families in the province accounting for
about 15 percent of the number of households in the province based on the 2007
population. Most of the houses in Iloilo were constructed between 1991 and
2000. This is about 61 percent of the total housing stock. This means that most of
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the houses are relatively new, and only a few need major repair. However, due
to damages of Typhoon Frank in June 2008, the number of structures needing
upgrading has increased considerably. The housing need of the Province of
Iloilo, based only on the estimates of the 14 LGUs for the period 2008 to 2016 is
44,554 units. This is composed of the backlog and units need due to population
increase.
Of the occupied housing units, 73.82 percent are owned or being amortized, 2.43
percent are rented, 17.57 percent are being occupied for free with consent of
owners, and the remaining units are being occupied for free without owner’s
consent. Regarding the occupied lots, 43 percent are owned or being amortized,
7 percent are rented, 44 percent are occupied for free with the consent of the
owners. The remaining, are occupied without the owner’s consent.
Based on the 2007 population which is 1,691,878, with an average annual

population growth rate 1.13 percent and an average household size 5.05, and a
ratio 1:1.05 household per dwelling unit, the present housing need or the backlog
is computed at 32,023 units. This figure is based on displaced units (26,141)
households and double-up units or sharers, (5,882) households.
The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) has approved to date 176
subdivisions with licenses to sell. Majority of these subdivisions have lots for
economic housing and for socialized housing. It is also noted that municipalities
within the periphery of Iloilo City have the most number of subdivisions, Oton
with 29, Pavia with 30, Leganes with 13 and Sta. Barbara with 11.
Quite a number of households are situated within environmentally critical areas.

They are the most likely victims of natural hazards like landslides, flashflood,
coastal flooding, storm surges, etc. Some of them opted to transfer to safe areas
while a few remain, due to economic reason and to be near their workplace.
One of the major constraints identified is affordability, whereby the cost of land
and housing is no longer within the reach of the informal settlers. Not all
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households may have sufficient financial resources to pay for the housing needs
as perceived and identified.
6.3.4. Security
Comparative Crime Volume
Criminality. The total crime volume from January 1 to 23rd of August 2006
totalled to 596 incidents. This includes index and non-index crimes and shows a
decrease of 11 incidents representing 1.81 percent compared to the previous year
of 2005 and 25.21 percent higher than 2004.
The Province of Iloilo recorded an increase of 0.76 percent on crime solution

efficiency in 2006 compared to 2005 of the same period and decrease of 1.03
percent compared to 2004.
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For the Index Crimes, physical injuries registered the highest number of
occurrences with 221 incidents, followed by murder with 85 incidents, homicide
with four (4) incidents, rape with 31 incidents, robbery with 30 incidents, and
theft with 16 incidents for a total of 447 Index Crimes. Non-Index Crimes
recorded a total of 149 cases, which are all in violation of Special Laws. The
average monthly crime rate (AMCR) was registered at 3.81 in 2004, 4.86 in 2005
and 4.77 in 2006. Some serious crimes committed were related to drugs.
In 2007, 286 persons were arrested and 146 persons from January to May, 2008
thru the joint effort of Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency/Philippine
National Police (PDEA/PNP). Illegal Drugs cases filed in court were 252.
For the planning period, the Iloilo Provincial Police Office (IPPO) shall continue
to support the AFP in combat operation involving the suppression of insurgency
and other threats to national security. It shall pursue its campaign against illegal
fishing, illegal drugs, illegal gambling, illegal logging, and cattle rustling.
Campaign against unlicensed loose firearms and violence against women and
children shall remain enforced. Above all the IPPO shall remain vigilant to all
forms of crime committed against the persons and property.
However, the IPPO is faced with constraints in the delivery of programs and
projects, like lack of support from LGUs on operational capability build-up of
units towards internal security operation, lack of financial support, difficulties in
obtaining search warrants and lack of total support and cooperation of local
officials.
To eliminate illegal activities, The Fisheries Code of 1998 or Republic Act 8550
shall be enforced through the Bantay Dagat Program, continuous Information
Education Campaign (IEC) and advocacy program to develop peoples’
awareness on the ill effects of illegal drugs and strengthening of Barangay Peace
and Order Council/Municipal Peace and Order Council (BPOC/MPOC) and
other local peace initiatives. The IPPO shall continue its plan to restore/enact
laws embodied in the Provincial Integrated Area Community Public Safety Plan
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by conducting different programs and projects/activities in support to the plan

in order to broaden police powers of search and arrest to combat all means of
threats to international and national peace and security caused by terroristic
attacks.
Areas of concern that need to be prioritized are terrorism and proliferation of

illegal drugs. The Communist Party of the Philippines/National People’s
Army/National Democratic Front (CPP/NPA/NDF) Panay (Re-Affirmist
Faction) is reported to continue to display aggressiveness in its recovery and
expansion activities by conducting house-to-house visitations and propaganda
work. These areas were identified mostly in the southern and central
municipalities of the Province of Iloilo.
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or shabu remains to be the number one drug of

choice in the Province of Iloilo. Marijuana comes in second due to its
affordability and availability while Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
commonly known as ecstacy was monitored to be used by some affluent members
of Iloilo society. Illegal drugs like cocaine, heroin and opium were not monitored
to exist in the region. Illegal drugs continue to be smuggled into the region
through air, land and sea transportation from Manila, Cebu, Dumaguete,
Cagayan de Oro, Masbate and Zamboanga City. There are five critical entry and
exit points for illegal drugs in the region: seaport, airports, mail and parcel,
Philippine shoreline and RORO system.
For 2007, there is a total number of 1,330 PNP personnel in the province of Iloilo
which cater to 2,110,588 populace or a ratio of 1 policeman to 1,586 population.
Standard ratio is 1 policeman to 1,500 population, but in critical areas it is 1
policeman to 500 population.
Fire Protection. Under the R.A. 6975 or the Department of Interior and Local
Government Act of 1990, the Bureau of Fire Protection shall establish at least one
(1) fire station with adequate personnel equipment in every municipality.
Currently, the Province of Iloilo has only 33 fire stations out of 42 municipalities
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and one component city. Two (2) of these are City Fire Stations including six (6)
sub-stations in Iloilo City and the other 29 are classified as municipal fire stations.
There are 13 municipalities without firetrucks. There are 353 firefighters in the
whole province of Iloilo. Based on the estimated ratio of 1 firefighter to 2000
population, there is a need for additional 691 fire personnel to cater the whole
population. A total of 400 fire incidents occurred in 2007 which is 21.5 percent
higher than the previous year.
In 2007, the following municipalities with higher occurrence of fire incidents

were Oton – 26, Sta. Barbara – 25, Pototan – 12, Sara – 7, Dingle – 8, Leganes – 7,
Janiuay – 6, Estancia and Lambunao – both have 5 fire incidents.
To address the problem on fire incidents, municipalities shall have fire stations
with complete fire fighting equipment. Fire prevention programs and other
disaster preparedness programs shall be implemented. A regular information
drive on fire prevention shall be conducted.
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6.4 Utility/Infrastructure Services
6.4.1 Water and Sanitation
The Metro Iloilo Water District (MIWD) provides the domestic water
requirements of the City of Iloilo and the municipalities of Pavia, Maasin,
Cabatuan, Sta. Barbara. Oton, Leganes, and San Miguel. It has an existing storage
distribution of 7,500 cubic meters (m3) concrete ground reservoir at Talanghauan,
Santa Barbara, and 568 cubic meters (m3) elevated steel tank at Jibao-an, Pavia.
The old transmission lines and production wells and interconnection of
distribution line in subdivisions are the major and continuing rehabilitation
works of the MIWD. It is noted that water consumption has increased by 24.87
percent from year 2005 to 2007.
The MIWD has its surface water source in Maasin Dam, Brgy. Daja, Maasin with
a capacity of 350 liters per second (lps). Another source is groundwaters, Pump
Station No. 8, 9, 10, 11 from Brgy. Sta. Monica, Cabatuan Norte in Oton (57 liters
per second); Pump Station No.3A from Brgy. Jibaoan, Pavia (26 liters per second);
and Pump Station No.7, 1, 2, 12 from Brgys. San Jose, Sto. Nino in San Miguel (55
liters per second).
There is a need to supply more water in the city and in selected municipalities
covered by MIWD. An additional water supply project to tap water from
Tinagong Dagat at Lambunao, Lake Vito at Dingle, and Jalaur River at Pototan is
being proposed. Other potential water sources are Tigum River Basin at Maasin,
Aganan River at Alimodian, Sibalom River at Leon and the Iloilo River.
With the growing consumer’s awareness and concern about the safety of tap
water, people began to choose bottled water as a safe drinking water. With the
increasing demand for bottled water, distributors resort to extraction of
underground water for commercial purposes. There are apprehensions
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that massive extraction of underground water sources may cause damage in the
aquifer resulting to salt intrusion.
Data showed that, in 2007 about 291,709 households or 97.69 percent have access
to safe water. Level I served 204,429 households or 68.46 percent, Level II served
40,374 households or 13.52 percent and Level III served 46,906 households or
15.71 percent.
The remaining 6,884 households representing the 2.31 percent of the total
populace have no access to safe water.
There is a need for a vigorous effort to construct/rehabilitate/improve the water

system in all municipalities and one component city of the province in order to
improve accessibility of the populace to safe drinking water.
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6.4.2 Power
Servicing the power requirements of all the municipalities in the province are the
three (3) Electric Cooperatives. As of 2007, about 97.90 percent of the barangays
in the province are already energized. The City of Iloilo is serviced by the Panay
Electric Company (PECO).
Iloilo Electric Coopertive (ILECO) I serves 15 municipalities with 95,074 potential

consumers and 107,639 members. It registered an increase of 9.75 percent in its
total membership from 2005 to 2007. All barangays have been fully energized.
House connections increased by 10.57 percent from 2005-2007.
ILECO II also serves 15 municipalities with 101,433 potential consumers and

78,274 members, an increase of 11.03 percent from 2005-2007. Of the 587
barangays, 578 barangays were energized or 98.5 percent of the total. House
connections increased by 12.60 percent during the period.
ILECO III covers 13 municipalities with 68,695 potential consumers with 45,070
members (or an increase of 14.27 percent in its membership). Of the 340
barangays, 313 barangays are already energized for a 92 percent coverage.
House connection increased by 15.38 percent during the same period.
In 2006, a total of 1,681 (97.68 percent) barangays were fully energized. In

Region VI, a total of 3,821 barangays or 94.32 percent were also fully energized
in the same year. It is expected that all barangays will be fully energized by the
end of 2013.
The power rates charged by the electric cooperatives are much higher compared
to the MERALCO rate of Php3.1886 per kilowatt hour (kwh) in Metro Manila. It
is noted that the forecasted demand from 2006 to 2021 will increase by 74.11
percent with capacity requirement to increase to 54.51 percent also in that period.
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Insufficient power supply due to increase of power demand and retirement of

old power plants are the main problems of this sector. The island of Panay will
suffer insufficient power base and will become dependent on imported power
supply from the geothermal plant.
Reliable power supply in the Province of Iloilo is vital to sustain economic

growth. NGAs, LGUs, NGOs and other agencies collaborate to tap renewable
indigenous and non-conventional sources such as hydro, geothermal, coal-
powered and biogas energy sources. Renewable sources of energy would
augment the shortage of power supply but the province needs a base load, a
stable power plant to provide reliable and low cost energy. Construction of
additional power plant should take into account the following considerations;
base load plant, environment friendly, use of indigenous fuel, reasonable
generation cost and short construction period.
In order to optimize the utilization of indigenous resources in the Visayas,

TRANSCO has proposed a 138 kilo volt (KV) Negros-Panay Interconnection
Uprating Project, the Northern Panay Backbone Transmission Project and the
Southern Panay Backbone Transmission Project. The proposed transmission lines
connecting substations of Sta. Barabara to Sibalom could accommodate load
growth for the development of the Province of Iloilo like the Proposed Export
Processing Zone near the airport, the 178 hectares Leganes Industrial Growth
Center, institutional facilities (Ateneo de Iloilo, condo-clinics, hospitals,
commercial buildings), tourism-related facilities (new 200 room 5-star hotel,
mixed-uses 3,000-seat convention center), proposed IT Park in Magsaysay
Village, Pavia Agro-Industrial Centers, and commercial expansions (SM City, SM
Jaro and SM Delgado).
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IMPACTS OF DISASTER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON ENERGY2
The main concern of the Philippine energy sector about climate change relates to
its mandate of ensuring adequate supply of oil, power and gas for domestic
transport and industrial use to drive the country’s economy. The starting point
for energy-related climate change policy is confronting the contry’s current
reliance on fossil fuels to generate power and to run machines for transport and
manufacturing.
Hydropower generation is sensitive to the amount, timing, and geographical

pattern of precipitation as well as temperature. Reduced stream flows are
expected to jeopardize hydropower production. It is also expected that less water
will be available for hydroelectric generation in summer months when demand
is highest. In addition, it is likely that changes in precipitation and runoff
patterns will not only jeopardize hydropower production but also leads to
changes in water policies. Heavy rain, particulary if coupled with heavy stream
flows , could result in water being diverted from hydropower facilities to avoid
damage to the dams and released from reservoirs to avoid flooding.
Photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation is suitable in the country, with current

deployment primarily in off-grid locatios and roof top systems. Solar radiation –
the energy source of these system - may be affected by climate change, resulting
in increased cloudiness and decreased levels of daily global radiation availability.
Wind power generation, on the other hand, is susceptible to variations in ambient

temperatures, humidity and precipitation. The primary determinants of wind
power availability are wind speed statistics (e.g. mean wind speeds and
gustiness). Wind speeds are subject to natural variability on a wide range of time
scales, and they may be affected by climate change. Increased variability in wind
patterns could create additional challenges for accurate wind forecasting for
2
Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation, , Engr. Jess Tamang, Director, Renewable Energy Bureau, Department of Energy
203
generation and dispatch planning, for the sitting of new wind farms, and for the
integration of wind with the utility grid.
Biomass from trees, municipal waste and crop residues is abundant in the
country and represents a significant renewable energy source. Given the
country’s goal to increase the use of biomass-based energy, climate change
impacts on biomass are of concern and changes infood crop residue and growth
rates of crops produced specifically for energy production may affect availability
of agricultural biomass.
The Philippines still relies heavily on thermal electric power generation,

particularly gas fired plants, oil-fired planys, coal plants. Thermoelectric
generation is water intensive; on average, each KWH of electricity generated via
the steam cycle required approximately 25 gallons of water. If changing climatic
conditions alter historical patterns of precipitationand runoff, this may
complicate operations of existing thermoelectric power plants as well as the
design and site selection of new units.
For power plants located along the coast, concerns have been raised about the
possible effects of sea level rise and coastal strom surges. With increased
awareness of possible sea level change, the construction of new power palnts
along the coast is designed to account for this possible impact.
Power transmission and distribution systems may be affected by several aspect of

climate chane: sea level rise, increased temperatures, and extrese typhoon events.
Possible impacts include toppling of the system, flooding and landslides.
Two Main Challenges as a Result of the Changing Climate

1. Responding to the increase in energy demand as a result of increasing
temperatures.
2. The ability of energy infrastructures ( power plants, refineries, depots,
transmission and distribution system) to adapt to changing climatic
conditions.
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6.4.3 Flood Control/Drainage
The topography of Iloilo varies from flat lands and rolling hills to mountain
peaks and ranges. The mountain ranges lie along the border between Iloilo and
the provinces of Antique and Capiz, and roll down into flat plains towards the
coastal towns. Almost one-third of the entire province is considered flat.
Typhoon Frank, one of the most devastating typhoons that affected the province
battered the Western Visayas on June 21, 2008. Packing maximum winds from
175 kilometers per hour (110 mph) with 10 minute-sustained wind to 205
kilometers per hour (125 mph) with 1 – minute sustained wind, it unloaded a
catastrophic amount of rainwater in the mountains of northern Panay,
inundating the major river systems. As water cascaded from the mountains, the
entire island was flooded. Days after the disaster struck, tens of thousands
remained homeless and sanitation problems worsened as many parts of the
urban settlements found themselves without potable water and electricity.
The aftermath of the typhoon wrought billions of pesos in damage and

destruction to private property and public infrastructures and unquantifiable
emotional anguish to the people of Western Visayas, particularly, Iloilo. As per
report of the Regional Disaster Coordinating Council Region VI, in Iloilo alone,
624,425 persons where affected in 1,123 barangays and 40,013 houses were
partially damaged while 19,525 houses were totally damaged. A total of 129
persons were dead, 119 missing and 929 injured. Cost of damage to infrastructure
totalled to Php461,906,900.00, and Php207,321,674.00 to agriculture. After
creating havoc in the Philippines, the typhoon moved through South China Sea
early on June 23,2008 and headed northwards towards China where it was
downgraded to a tropical storm.
Twenty-three (23) municipalities proposed to construct flood control projects

which would entail billions of pesos beyond the financial capacity of these LGUs.
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The DPWH-JICA Iloilo Flood Control Project-Package 1 is undergoing

construction until 2010 which will connect the Tigum and Aganan Rivers and
will drain to the Iloilo Channel with a total contract price of Php1.191 Billion.
Package 2 includes the improvement of Iloilo River, Upper Ingore Creek and
both banks of Jaro River Mouth with a contract price of Php507.804 Million.
Generally, the drainage system for the domestic and industrial waste of the
municipalities flows into an open or covered canal running along both sides of
the road and discharge to the creek, river or sea. Most drainage systems are not
effective due to silt and accumulated waste stored in the system. There is a need
to provide adequate facilities for proper drainage and sewerage system.
Programs on small water impounding projects are continuously implemented by
various agencies. These include flood control, irrigation systems, soil erosion
control and water supply. Drainage system of the 42 municipalities and one
component city will be effective and functional by the end of 2013.
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6.4.4 Solid Waste Management
Waste Segregation at Source. The waste segregation at source is an

important component in the implementation of RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000. Thirty four (34) LGUs or 81 percent indicated
that they conduct waste segregation at source. Many LGUs implement waste
segregation at source but only in selected areas of their municipality such as in
schools or markets. Municipal-wide implementation of waste segregation at
source is not evident in almost all the municipalities assessed.
Waste Collection. Waste collection is evident in urban areas only although it is

also seen in some rural areas near the vicinity of urbanized areas. In the rural
areas, waste collection is not regularly done due to small volume of wastes and
budgetary constraints. Areas unreachable by collecting vehicles are encouraged
to have their own compost pits.
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF). There are 33 LGUs (78.6 percent) which
have MRF. Some municipalities have only one (1) or two (2) MRF mostly located
in the center of the municipality.
Garbage Disposal. The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA
9003), require LGUs not only to recover as much recyclable materials from waste
as possible but also to manage the garbage disposal properly. LGUs are ordered
to close existing dumpsites and convert these to a controlled dumpsite. Fifty
percent (50 percent) of LGUs have converted to controlled dumpsites. Twenty
five (25) LGUs or 59.5 percent, have safe closure plans. Safe closure plans were
inspected and approved by Environmental Management Bureau (EMB). Several
LGUs expressed their desire to cluster with other municipalities in order to
minimize expenses and make a sanitary landfill more viable.
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A total of 248,916 households or 72.38 percent have sanitary waste disposal

system. (PHO, 2007). However, there is no data available as to percentage
distribution of households by type of garbage disposal.
Iloilo Province aims to develop an ecopark specifically in the Iloilo Rehabilitation

Center that will feature its Integrated Solid Waste Management Program.
Sewerage: Sewerages from houses are contained in septic tanks. Most houses in
the barangays do not have septic tanks and waste goes directly under the
ground. Data show that the number of households with sanitary toilets has
increased by 8.82 percent; from 259,992 households in 2006 to 285,145 households
in 2007. About 95.49 percent of the total 298,593 households (based on the May
2000 Census of Population) in the Province of Iloilo have sanitary toilets. It is
targeted that by the end of 2013, 100 percent of households will have sanitary
toilets.
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6.4.5 Communications
Available communication services in Iloilo are: telephone services including

domestic and international direct dial, facsimile, mobile communications,
internet, telegraph and telex stations, post offices and other messengerial and
courier services.
There are 42 out of 43 municipalities with existing telephone facilities with PLDT
serving 20 municipalities and Globelines serving 40 municipalities.
Some municipalities are being served by two (2) telephone companies. As of

2007, there are 40 telephone exchanges and 164,013 installed lines for the
province. There are 44 post offices in different municipalities staffed with
postmasters, mail carriers and utility workers.
Information communication technology is one of the major economic drivers of

the province. The Province of Iloilo is open for investors to invest in an
Informations Communications Technology (ICT) building that would host
interested Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) companies willing to locate in
Iloilo. Due to the increasing demand of communications, there is a need to
establish an Information Technology (IT) Park that would accommodate BPO
companies and provide an eCommunication Centers to the 43 municipalities.
Iloilo has a vision to be the premier ICT development partner for world-class ICT
human resources anchored on industry standards. The Iloilo Federation of
Information Technology (I-FIT) was organized to help transform Iloilo into an IT
investment destination and major ICT and Information Technology Enabled
Services (ITES) hub through proactive intervention in the human resources
development. It is a collaboration of academe, government and industry on
information and communication technology.
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6.4.6 Irrigation Facilities
Iloilo is an agricultural-based province that is being served by several major

irrigation systems augmented by numerous small irrigation projects with a total
service area of 26,456.00 hectares for 2007. The provision of irrigation facilities
contributed to an increase in the yield per hectare of paddy and other crops as
well. The major irrigation systems and its service areas are the following:
The Jalaur-Suage River Irrigation System has been the main source of irrigation
water which flows through distribution canals traversing almost the majority of
the farmlands in Central Iloilo. It serves a total area of 14,400 haectares with a
percentage share of 54.43 percent. The Jalaur-Suage RIS serves a total of 12,688
hectares during wet season and 7,995 hectares during dry season, a drop of 58.69
percent. There are 10,416 farmer beneficiaries in the covered eight (8)
municipalities.
The Aganan-Sta. Barbara RIS has service area of 8,262 hectares sharing 31.22
percent of the total irrigated area. But during dry season, it can only serve 5,500
hectares benefiting 5,018 farmers in seven (7) municipalities including part of the
city.
The Barotac Viejo RIS serves the municipalities of Barotac Viejo and Banate with
a service area of 1,774 haectares and a percentage share of 6.70. It covers 1,050
hectares during wet season which also decreases to 949 hectares during dry
season benefiting 585 farmer beneficiaries.
The Sibalom-Tigbauan RIS serves the municipalities of Tigbauan and Oton of

2,020 hectares with a percentage share of 7.63. It serves 1,650 hectares during wet
season and 800 hectares during dry season benefiting 1,246 farmer beneficiaries.
There are 15 communal irrigation systems and pumps that are no longer
operational and need to be rehabilitated with a total service area of 1,500
hectares.
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Aside from the main irrigation systems there are other sources of irrigation water
being managed by the National Irrigation System, other government agencies
and the private sector comprising a total of 41,357.25 hectares and 21,227
beneficiaries. In order to
increase the number of farmer beneficiaries served, the Jalaur River Multi-
Purpose Project Stage II is being proposed. Stage II of JRMP was proposed to
update the Feasibility Study of the project in order to assess its viability for
implementation with the following development schemes:
 Jalaur Dam with dam height of 106 meters

 Ulian Dam with dam height of 46 meters
 After-bay dams at Jalaur with dam height of 46 M
 Three (3) catch dams at Alibunan, Tagbacan and Jayubo Rivers
 High-line canal connecting Jalaur Dam to Ulian Dam and to the
existing five (5) irrigation systems
 Construction of new irrigation and drainage facilities – 12,000 hectares
new irrigation service area
• Improvement and modernization of the 5 existing irrigation systems
The JRMP, Stage II aims to provide year round irrigation and increase
agricultural production to the 22,340 hectates irrigated by the 5 existing irrigation
systems and 12,000 hectares of currently rainfed areas. It will also generate about
11.50 MW of hydroelectric power to supplement the power supply of the
Province of Iloilo. The project will augment the supply of quality and potable
water for domestic and industrial consumption in the nearby municipalities
including Iloilo City and it will provide other intangible benefits to include flood
mitigation (flood control) and promote eco-tourism in selected dam/reservoir
areas.
The Province of Iloilo has its own program to support the irrigation system. It
will establish, rehabilitate small scale irrigation projects like check dam, diversion
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dam, small farm reservoir, pump irrigation projects and small water impounding
projects.
EXPOSURE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES TO HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL

AND GEOLOGIC HAZARD
6.5 Exposure of Critical Infrastructures to Flooding
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6.6 Exposure of Critical Infrastructures to Rain Induced Landslide
6.7 Exposure of Critical Infrastructures to Storm Surges
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6.8 Exposure of Critical Infrastructures to Ground Shaking
6.9 Exposure of Critical Infrastructures to Earthquake Induced Landslide
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6.10 Exposure of Critical Infrastructures to Tsunami
Table No.____ Critical Infrastructure Priority 2 Exposure to Tsunami Inundation

Exposed Exposure Percentage
TOTAL NUMBER OF
MUNICIPALITY TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE PRIORITY Infrastructures within of Infrastructures
INFRASTRUCTURES
Prone Areas within Prone Areas
LEGANES Barangay Hall 2 4 2 0.50000

MIAGAO Barangay Hall 2 23 6 0.26087
SAN JOAQUIN Barangay Hall 2 13 5 0.38462
TIGBAUAN Barangay Hall 2 12 1 0.08333
ZARRAGA Barangay Hall 2 5 1 0.20000
GUIMBAL Educ Related Facility 2 13 4 0.30769
LEGANES Educ Related Facility 2 10 1 0.10000
MIAGAO Educ Related Facility 2 22 8 0.36364
SAN JOAQUIN Educn Related Facility 2 13 5 0.38462
TIGBAUAN Educ Related Facility 2 17 5 0.29412
GUIMBAL Govt Building/Project 2 1 1 1.00000
LEGANES Govt Building/Project 2 3 1 0.33333
OTON GoVt Building/Project 2 2 2 1.00000
SAN JOAQUIN Govt Building/Project 2 1 1 1.00000
TIGBAUAN GovtBuilding/Project 2 2 2 1.00000
GUIMBAL MPC 2 3 1 0.33333
LEGANES MPC 2 14 4 0.28571
SAN JOAQUIN MPC 2 6 2 0.33333
ZARRAGA MPC 2 11 2 0.18182
GUIMBAL SocWelfare Ser Fac 2 5 2 0.40000
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MIAGAO SocWelfare Ser Fac 2 9 1 0.11111

OTON SocWelfare Ser Fac 2 7 2 0.28571
GUIMBAL TourRelatedCac 2 1 1 1.00000
TIGBAUAN TourRelated Fac 2 3 3 1.00000
Table No.____ Critical Infrastructure Priority 3 Exposure to Tsunami Inundation

Exposed Exposure Percentage
TOTAL NUMBER OF
MUNICIPALITY TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE PRIORITY Infrastructures within of Infrastructures
INFRASTRUCTURES
Prone Areas within Prone Areas
GUIMBAL Basketball Court/MPP 3 4 1 0.25000

MIAGAO Basketball Court/MPP 3 5 2 0.40000
TIGBAUAN Basketball Court/MPP 3 8 1 0.12500
SAN JOAQUIN Overflow 3 6 2 0.33333
MIAGAO Unclassified 3 12 3 0.25000
OTON Unclassified 3 3 1 0.33333
TIGBAUAN Unclassified 3 5 2 0.40000
GUIMBAL Basketball Court/MPP 3 4 1 0.25000
MIAGAO Basketball Court/MPP 3 5 2 0.40000
TIGBAUAN Basketball Court/MPP 3 8 1 0.12500
SAN JOAQUIN Overflow 3 6 2 0.33333
MIAGAO Unclassified 3 12 3 0.25000
OTON Unclassified 3 3 1 0.33333
TIGBAUAN Unclassified 3 5 2 0.40000
6.11 Exposure of Critical Infrastructures to Liquefaction
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Exposure of physical assets to various hazards are reflected as per

designed priority. Physical assets that belong to priority 1 are banks, bridges,
communication related facilities, gas stations, health related facility ex. Hospitals,
irrigation facility and utilities, land transportation terminals, post harvest
facilities, power related facilities, processing facility, protective service facility,
public markets, slaughter houses and water related facilities.
Priority 2 physical assets are barnagay halls, education related facility,

government buildings, multi purpose centers, social welfare facility,
subdivisions, tourism related facility, basketball courts, box culverts, overflows,
and other unclassified structures.
6.5 Other Services and Facilities
The Comprehensive Welfare and Development Program (CSWDP) addresses the

vision of social welfare where the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged
individuals, families and communities are empowered for an improved quality
of life.
Elderly and Children. In 2007, most of the clientele served were 95,198 senior
citizens and 41,730 abused children. These are children in need of special
protection and vulnerable to emotional, sexual and physical abuses. They engage
in prostitution and premarital sex resulting to unwanted pregnancies and early
marriages.
In isolated cases, these children end up committing suicide. It is observed that

the causes of these problems are poverty, lack of attention from their parents or
absence of both parents, dysfunctional family, parent/adult are engaged in vices.
Social Welfare Development Programs provide the underprivileged access to

welfare services. These programs include Early Child Care and Development
Program, Supplemental Feeding for Day Care Children and Crises Intervention
Center for Women and Children. They also include programs on capacity
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building for sectoral groups which include children, women, youth, persons with
disabilities and family heads and needy adults. In addition, there are also Self
Employment Assistance sa Kaunlaran, disaster relief and rehabilitation program
and services and programs and projects localizing poverty reduction efforts.
Among the relief/support centers operating within the province are : Save our
Souls (SOS) Childrens Village, Inc. in Zarraga which caters to abandoned,
neglected and abused children, Here’s Hope Ministries, Inc. in Sta. Barbara
providing food stuff and other needs for less fortunate children from the different
municipalities , Don Bosco Home for Boys in Dumangas which is a refuge for
abandoned, neglected, vagrant out-of-school boys and Chameleon which
accommodates emotionally/physical abused, distressed and displaced women
and children in Passi City.
The DSWD manages the Home for Girls which accommodates

emotionally/physical abused, distressed and displaced women and children and
HAVEN for unwed mothers in New Lucena
Differently Abled Persons. One thousand fifty (1,050) persons with disabilities
were served in the same year. They are assisted with effective approaches
towards comprehensive rehabilitation services to promote their rights and
empower them to participate in society. Concerned national government
agencies and local government units also assist the marginalized sector to gain
access in the use of transport facilities, such as assistance in the form of
subsidized transportation fare, provision of technical and financial assistance in
establishing their self help organizations and business propositions.
Indigenous People. For the Province of Iloilo, there are two areas covered by the
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 or Republic Act 8371. The
implementation of this law is still in its early stage thus the regional office of the
National Commission of Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) is still on the process of
identifying and delineating other potential areas as ancestral domains in the
province. These two areas are located in Cabatangan/Agsirab/Panuran in
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Lambunao covering a total area of 5,225.65 hectares under Proclamation No. RVI-
CADC-165 and in Sitios Nagpana/Talingian/Cabugao and Balioan, Ilongbukid
and San Florentino in the municipalities of San Rafael and Barotac Viejo with an
area of 938 hectares under Proclamation No. 56.
To help uplift the indigenous peoples’ social and economic condition, NCIP
provided various livelihood assistance such as skills training in traditional
handicrafts, agricultural inputs and establishment of abaca plantation.
6.6 Poverty
6.6.1 Extent of Poverty
High incidence of poverty is often claimed to be the major constraint in the attainment of
a good quality of life of the Filipinos.
Using the Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES), the Annual Per Capita
Poverty Threshold in the Province of Iloilo for 2006 is Php14,810.00. It means that this
is the income required or the expenditures necessary to meet the food requirements and
other non-food basic needs of one person in one year. Computed in a monthly basis, it
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takes Php1,234.17 per person per month or Php7,405.00 per month for a family of six to
satisfy both their food and other non- food basic basic needs.
Iloilo ranked 5th in the regional family poverty incidence. In 2006, poverty incidence
was recorded at 30.4 percent, showing an 8.20 percent decrease compared to the 2003
poverty incidence of 38.6 percent. Of the total population in the Province of Iloilo for
2006, 609,625 individuals are listed below the poverty threshold level.
6.6.2 Location of Poverty Concentration/Prevalence

Basing on the National Statistic Coordination Board (NSCB) Poverty Mapping/Municipal
Level Small Area Estimates for 2000, the Municipality of Carles topped the list with
71.82 percent poverty incidence. The Municipality of Pavia had the lowest poverty
incidence of 14.06 percent.
Further, the NSCB’s small area statistics revealed that five (5) municipalities were on the
alarming situation, 26 municipalities were within the provincial index, 11 municipalities
were in better situation and one (1) municipality was classified as in best situation. This
was based on the municipal poverty index or the proportion of the municipal poverty
incidences to the provincial poverty incidence for 2000.
The five (5) municipalities on the alarming situation were Carles, Concepcion, San
Dionisio, Lemery and Balasan while the Municipality of Pavia was classified as on best
situation.
Other tools in determining the state of poverty in the Province of Iloilo was utilized to
come–up with poverty ranking of the municipalities such as the poverty map initiated by
the Peace Equity Foundation (PEF) and Iloilo Code NGOs using various poverty
indicators such as malnutrition rate, cohort survival rate, access to potable water, access
to sanitary toilets, infant mortality rate and strong roofs as proxy indicators for income.
The figure shows that the Municipality of Mina ranked first in malnutrition incidence or
has the highest number of malnourished children in the entire province. On infant
morality rate the data shows that the municipalities of Cabatuan and Sara topped the list.
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In the Province of Iloilo, San Rafael got the highest cohort survival rate for high school
level. Calinog, Badiangan and Estancia ranked first for the elementary cohort survival
rate.
Only Carles showed problem on accessibility to sanitary toilets. Carles at the same time
with San Rafael are in the list of municipalties with poor access to potable water.
Considering the data on households with strong roofs as proxy indicator for household income,
the municipalities of Carles, San Dionisio and Concepcion ranked 1. This means that more
households in these municipalities have low income
Figure 9
Municipal Poverty Incidence Index

Province of Iloilo, 2000
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6.6.3 Key Conditions and Factors Contributing to Poverty
It is observed that high poverty incidence is prevalence in the municipalities that are far
from the capital city and mostly in the coastal municipalities. This could be attributed to
low livelihood/investment and employment opportunities and poor delivery of basic
services in these areas.
Due to low household income, the minimum basic needs of the family members are not
fully attained, resulting to poor quality of life, thus, resulting to high malnutrition
incidence, high infant mortality, low survival rate both in secondary and elementary level.
The high malnutrition incidence among school children and pre-school children is
attributed to the limited implementation of the food supplementation program. It is
shown by the minimal budgetary support to the nutrition services in various LGUs. Lack
of proper health and nutrition practices among households also aggravated the situation.
Furthermore, the lack of health workers and weak advocacy efforts are also the
contributing factors.
The high Infant Mortality Rate in identified municipalities is caused by low access to
basic health and nutrition services or improper health and nutrition practices, weak
implementation of the expanded immunization program and micronutrients
supplementation.
Poor access to potable water and sanitary toilet also led to poor health condition, thus
resulting to high mortality rate.
Formal education is looked upon by most of us as the major avenue towards success that
no matter how poor a family is, sending their children to school is a priority need.
However, low survival rate in secondary and elementary levels had been observed. These
are caused by the combination of households’ poverty situation and poor accessibility to
schools.
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6.6.5 Poverty Reduction Strategies, Targets, Programs and Projects
Goals. Cognizant with the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG),
the Province of Iloilo hopes to improve the quality of life of its populace by reducing the
proportion of households with less than the poverty threshold from 46.5 percent in 1993
to 23.25 percent by 2015.
Objectives. Specifically, the Province of Iloilo aims to increase livelihood/Investment

opportunities and employment opportunities. It also aims to improve nutrition status,
health condition, educational status, access to potable water and access to sanitary toilets
Strategies:
To achieve the goals and objectives towards poverty reduction, the following strategic
options were formulated:
1. Provision of livelihood/investment and employment opportunities. Increase

investments would lead towards more job creation. This could be achieved
through the following:
 Identification and prioritization of high impact projects for public and private
sector investments
 Pursuing the development of micro, small and medium enterprises
 Development of tourism destinations, festivals and tour packages
 Strengthening of local investment policies and procedures
 Partnering and networking with the private sector and business groups.
2. Focused intervention on agriculture and aquaculture

 Prioritization and selective intervention on key agriculture and
aquaculture commodities where the province has competitive position
 Identification of key production areas to attain economy of scale
 Provision of support institutional and infrastructure services
 Partnership of key stakeholders in agriculture and aquaculture
 Technology modeling on best agriculture and aquaculture practices
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3. Putting more premium to the delivery of basic social services

This strategy would address the following:
 Compliance to the eight (8) Millennium Development Goals
(MDG) and Minimum Basic Needs (MBN) requirements
 Provision of basic public health services
 Accessibility of the underprivileged to hospital services
 Maintenance of peace and order and disaster management
 Support to basic, technical/vocational and tertiary education
 Accessibility of the underprivileged to welfare services
 Provision of livelihood and employment opportunities
 Promotion of sports and recreation
4. Provision of infrastructure support

 Maintenance and improvement of local roads and bridges, government
structures and facilities
 Provision of support water infrastructure and post harvest facilities
5. Working partnership with the private sector, NGOs, NGAs and other LGUs
 Strengthen partnership with the private sector and civic organizations
 Broaden partnership with NGOs, NGAs, other LGUs and peoples organization
 Promoting LGU alliances
 Promoting cooperativism
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7.1 Existing Land Use, Trends and Potential Expansion
7.1.1 Existing Land Use
Land use is the way in which an area of land as actually being put to use. Iloilo
has a total land area of 471,940 hectares, utilized as follows; production land use,
protection land use and built up areas. Production land use consisting of an area
of 410,733.12 hectares or 87.03 percent, protection land use, an area of 38,056.43
hectares or 8.06 percent and built up areas of 23,150.45 hectares or 4.91 percent of
the total land area.
An area of 333,128.82 hectares of the production land representing 81.11 percent

is used as crop lands. Croplands could be found in almost all of the
municipalities of the province. These areas are planted to rice (irrigated, non-
irrigated, upland) corn, mango, banana and other industrial crops such as
sugarcane, coconut, and coffee, while the remaining areas are generally
considered as grasslands and shrub lands.
Fishpond area (11,088 hectares) accounts for the 2.70 percent of the total
production land. These are found in the municipalities of Leganes, Anilao,
Barotac Nuevo, Zarraga, Ajuy, Banate, Carles, Estancia, Dumangas, Balasan, Btac.
Viejo,Concepcion and San Dionisio.
Industrial development areas (278 hectares) are situated in the municipalities of

Pavia, Btac. Nuevo and Leganes.
Production forest areas (66,237 hectares) are utilized as rangeland for grazing,
industrial tree plantation, community based forest management and regular
reforestation and other development projects. These areas could be found in the
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municipalities of Alimodian, Cabatuan, Leon, Maasin, Miag-ao, San Joaquin, Sta.

Barbara, Tigbauan, Tubungan, Anilao, Barotac Nuevo, Bingawan, Badiangan,
Calinog, Dingle, Dueñas, Dumangas, Lambunao, Mina, New Lucena, Ajuy,
Banate, Batad, Balasan, Barotac Viejo, Carles, Concepción, Lemery, San Dionisio,
San Rafael and Sara. Along with these, other land uses include areas for
ancestral domains claims in Cabatangan, Agsirab and Panuran in Lambunao,
civil reservations and open access.
Protection land use area includes NIPAS and non-NIPAS areas. NIPAS has an
aggregate area of 37,355.99 hectares which covers the Bulabog Putian Natural
Park, Sampunong Bolo Wildlife Sanctuary , forest reserves and other forest land
for forest purposes, and the watershed forest reserve of Jalaur (located at Calinog
and Lambunao and Maasin (located at Maasin, Janiuay and Alimodian).
Mangrove plantation accounts for 700.44 hectares.
The province built- up areas has a total land area of 23,105.45 hectares. Built- up
areas within A&D areas cover 19,020 hectares and those within forestland have a
total land area of 4,130.45 hectares. It is noted that, in some municipalities, built-
up areas usually located at the poblacion extend to the adjacent barangays of the
municipality. Cabatuan and Sta. Barabara have extended their built- up areas
particularly towards the New Iloilo Airport and along its peripheries. Miag-ao
has added some barangays within the surroundings of the University of the
Philippines to form part of the built- up area. Oton, which serves as a dormitory
town of the Metro Iloilo Guimaras Development Council (MIGEDC), has the
largest area for residential expansion and can accommodate small to complex
residential developments. Pavia’s wide built up areas are attributed to the large
number of industrial establishments. Pavia continues to allocate a wide area of its
land for industrial use, a spin off of its designation as the Regional Agro-
Industrial Center.
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While lands in the province has been identified for its suitability, the great
challenge for the province is to put to actual use what has been appropriately
identified and designated. The pressure on land suitability is dictated by several
underlying factors such as the need for more settlement communities,
commercial areas and food requirements.
The need for settlement requires locating in vulnerable areas like mountain
slopes, along the rivers and coastal zones and other protected areas.
The need for more commercial areas is the on-going urbanization in some areas
of the province where commercial activities generates more revenues rather than
lands are put to idle use or in agriculture.
The need for for food, requires farmers and fisherfolks to locate their agriculture
areas in mountain slopes, along rivers and creeks, and even coastal areas to plant
crops or grow livestocks that would expose them to natural hazards such as
landslides, flooding and storm surges.
VULNERABILITY OF EXISTING LAND USE TO NATURAL

HAZARDS/DISASTERS
Typhoons are the most frequent and the most damaging of all natural disasters in
the Philippines. The poor are the most vulnerable to the damage caused by
natural disasters as they are the ones left homeless and whose livelihoods are
destroyed by the vagaries of the weather.
In urban areas, those living in calamity-prone areas such as riverbanks and

estuaries are vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters. Those in flood
prone areas, along the coast and on steep slopes in upland areas are also at risk.
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Natural disasters increase their vulnerability and perpetuate deprivation abnd

marginalization1
Determinants of Vulnerability to Natural Disasters

1. Urbanization : Rapid urbanization in the country has led to urban squalor
and the proliferation of unplanned, informal and overcrowded
settlements, often in hazard prone areas. Demographic growth and
urbanization have also affected provision of basic services, resulting in
deteriorating solid waste management and siltation of rivers and
drainage channels. These poor urban practices are aggravating flooding
in urban areas for the past years and are expected to make the situation
more severe in the future.
2. Environmental degradation : Envirionmental degradation has hugely

contributed to increasing natural disaster coorrence. Demographic growth
and poor land –use planning have led to the massive depletion of natural
resources and destruction of the environment. Flash flooding, landslides and
drought have increased in the opast two decades as a result of declining
forect cover. Certain areas that have substantially lost their forest cover asre
also more exposed to typhoons.
3. Climate Change : Risks from global climate change are further exacerbating
the country’s vulnerability to natural hazards. The country has recorded the
strongest typhoon, the most destructive typhoons, the deadliest storm and
the typhoon with the highest 24 hour rainfall. These climate trends seem to
fit the scientific evidence that rising sea surface temperature enhances them
destructiveness of tropical cyclones. We are expected to experience
substantial rise in sea levels, making municipalities located along the coast
vulnerable to this phenomenon. The country is also witnessing longer
1 National Assessment on the State of Disaster Risk Management of the Philippines, Final Report (October 2008)
228
episodes of drought or EL Niño, causing a large drop in the volume of

agricultural production and sharp declines in GDP.
VULNERABILITY OF EXISTING LAND USE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

IMPACTS
Climate change are events associated with the increase in global temperatire,
changes in precipitation pattern, occurrence of extreme events, and increase
in sea level life support system such as agriculture, forestry and natural
resources are highly vulnerable to this phenomenon.
Forests play a critical role in climate change as they serve as sources and sinks
of carbon. They have the greatest potential to sequester carbon through
reforestation, agroforestry and conservation of exiting ones. Carbon

sequestration is important in mitigating global warming that leadsd to many
disastrous climate extremes. Under rising temperature and precipitation,
change in area of existing life zones is projected to occur. This could lead to
biodiversity loss. Subsequently, this could bring about a decline in crop
production, food availabilty and worsening livelihood, health, and water
supply among settlers in the watershed.
Between 1971 and 2000, mean annual, maximum and minimum temperatures
in the Philippines have increased by 0.140C. (IPCC,2007). A 10CX rise in
temperature reduces grain yield by 5-7% for major crops. The yield reduction
is caused by heat stress, decrease in sink formation, shortening of growing
period, and increased maintenance for respiration. An extremely hig
temperature in rice during vegetative growth reduces tiller number and plant
height and negatively affects panicle and pollen development.
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The most serious threat of climate change to Philippine agriculture is the

increasing frequency of typhoons. In the last decades, the number of
typhoons that entyered the Philippines area of responsibility has increase
from 15 to 20 per year
TABLE 19
Area Distribution of Existing Land Uses, Province of Iloilo
LAND USE TYPE AREA (HA.)

Total Land Area 471,940.00
I. Production Land Use 410,733.12
1. Crop Lands 333,128.82
1.1 Rice 131,727.00
1.1.1 Paddy Irrigated 56,313.00
1.1.2 Paddy Non-Irrigated 74,414.00
1.1.3 Upland 1,000.00
1.2 Corn 14,835.00
1.3 Mango 3,090.00
1.4 Banana 14,052.00
1.5 Other Food Crops 1,600.00
1.6 Industrial Crops 35,189.00
1.6.1 Sugarcane 13,480.00
1.6.2 Coconut 16,655.00
1.6.3 Coffee 5,903.00
1.6.4 Other Industrial Crops 151.00
1.7 Grasses/Shrubs 131,636.82
2. Fishponds 11,088.00
2.1 Within A&D 4,728.74
2.2 Within Forestland 6,359.26
3. Industrial Development Areas 278.00
4. Production Forest 66,237.00
5.1 Rangeland for Grazing 428.00
5.2 Industrial Tree Plantation 1,194.01
5.3 Community Based Forest Management 6,899.23
5.4 Integrated Social Forestry 12,328.25
5.5 Regular Reforestation and Other Development Project 5,631.90
5.6 Other Land Use 39,755.91
5.6.1 Ancestral Domain Claims 5,225.65
5.6.2 Civil Reservations 3,976.61
5.6.3 Naval Reservations 32.00
5.6.4 Open Access 30,521.65
II. Protection Land Use 38,056.43
1.. NIPAs Areas 37,355..99
1.1 Natural Park 821.87
1.2 Forest Reserve and Other Forest Land for 18,281.33
Forest Purposes
1.3 Watershed Forest Reserve 18,252.79
2. Non-NIPAS Area 700.44
2.1 Mangrove 700.44
III. Built Up areas 23,150.45
1. Within A&D 19,020.00
2. Within Forestland 4,130.45
Source: DA, DENR, RPFP VI
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7.1.2 Trends
Apparently, municipalities within the periphery of Iloilo City have changed some of its
land uses from agricultural to non-agricultural uses. This is because they absorb the spill
over of development of Iloilo City. Population, industries, trading activities which could
not be accommodated in the city found their niches within the surrounding municipalities.
Though Leganes, Sta. Barbara and San Miguel continue to have productive areas for
agriculture, they also continue to assume their roles as being part of Metro Iloilo.
Leganes has indicated its role as agro industrial center with the presence of light industrial
activities, commercial activities, mixed- use developments and also residential area
development. This is also true with Sta. Barbara and San Miguel area.
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Passi City has added six (6) more barangays to the existing and approved urban land use
plan to give way to its future development. Other land uses are anticipated to increase
because of the introduction of physical business and commercial development in the area.
Estancia’s additional barangays are attributed to its dense population. Estancia, as a minor
urban center, has Carles, Balasan and Batad as satellite municipalities.
Other municipalities that have expanded their urban areas are Cabatuan, Miag-ao,
Calinog, and Janiuay. These municipalities are emerging growth centers with the
presence of hospitals (except Miag-ao), tertiary education services and full range of
convenience shops.
The increasing settlements outside Iloilo due to economic activities have been noted and
these are economic activities that are encroaching upon agricultural areas most
particularly those irrigated areas. A development phase that has to be mitigated and
regulated by the concerned government regulators.
7.2 Physical Framework
The framework is composed of several proposed general components such as settlements,

production, protection, and transport/other infrastructures that relate vertically similarly to
the Regional Physical Framework Plan and the Comprehensive Land use Plan (CLUP).
7.2.1 Initial Settlement Growth
The initial settlements growth considers the existing built up areas and the future trends of
expansion of settlement areas. The approximate future settlements/built-up areas based on
the demand for land – how existing settlements are expected to grow and expand
geographically is delineated. This involved revising the built-up areas by taking into
account the urban- rural distribution of population, the existing hierarchy of settlements
and the approved comprehensive land use plans of municipalities and city as
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well as the regional spatial strategies as enunciated in the Regional Physical Framework
Plan were considered in projecting the initial settlements growth plan of the province.
The resulting map is Map 25.
Because of the increasing urbanization of the city, in-migration from the municipalities,
other provinces and the rest of the region is likely to happen. With urbanization,
settlements are likewise to be established and developed. Subdivisions are to proliferate
for those who could afford while informal settlers are expected to increase for those who
do not have the economic means.
In this instance, the city government should be ready enough to mitigate these problems.
Settlements that would likely to grow and expand are those within the periphery of Iloilo
City (Oton, San Miguel, Pavia and Leganes). The social and economic problems brought
about by urbanization of Iloilo City begun to encroach on its neighboring municipalities.
These municipalities have agreed to form an alliance with Metro Iloilo to address
urbanization, economic growth, environmental issues and concerns. These municipalities
have their repective roles in the alliance. Pavia as the Agro-Industrial Center , Leganes as
the center of agriculture and light to heavy industries, San Miguel as the agricultural
basket and Oton as the residential area. Being the gateway to the New Iloilo Airport, Sta.
Barbara has manisfested to join the alliance as the center for agriculture and heritage
tourism. Rehabilitation and maintenance of roads going to the New Iloilo Airport have
spurred economic development in the area.
The Province of Iloilo is experiencing an expansion in large residential and commercial

development. Agricultural lands within the periphery areas of Metro Iloilo started to be
developed as residential subdivisions. A total of 2,000 hectares of new residential
subdivisions are currently being developed in the pheripheral municipalities of San
Miguel, Pavia, Oton, Sta. Barbara and Leganes. Around 1,000 new houses are expected
to be built by various developers namely; Villar Group, Ayala Land, Sta. Lucia Realty,
Fil-Estate, Parc Regency to name a few.
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Due to large expansion of residential areas in the adjacent towns, huge parcels of land
needed to augment the demand on housing developments are provided by the
municipalities.
Future urbanization can be addressed through mixed- use development projects where
residential units are blended with retail, dining and other commercial activities in the
same facility. It can also be addressed with infill housing, where smaller land parcels
closer to urban centers are targeted for development.
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7.2.2 Initial Settlements and Protection Land Use
The initial settlements and protection land use plan is derived by integrating the initial
settlements growth plan and the existing protection land use. This involves the
overlaying of Map 25, (Initial Settlements Growth Map) with Map 11 (Protection Areas
map) to determine areas where built up can expand without encroaching into the
protection areas.
The following criteria were considered in identifying settlement/built-up expansion areas

as part of the process of reconciling/integrating demand and supply for land: 1) the area is
along established urban growth directions, 2) that the area can be provided with basic
services and utilities, 3) ideally within the 0- 8 percent slope range, 4) reasonably
accessible from existing built up areas and other employment centers through existing or
proposed roads and other transportation facilties, 5) within A&D lands but not in
environmentally critical areas 6) not in protection areas and 7) consistent with the
comprehensive land use plans of the municipalities.
Figure 11. Potential Land Use Conflicts

Protection (Forest)
a Production (non-urban)
Built-up
(urban)
d e
Protection
c
Provincial Boundary
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Existing and potential land use conflicts were also identified. Various types of land use
conflicts are:
1. Built-up land uses encroaching into agricultural and other production

(A&D) areas.
2. Built-up land uses encroaching into forest protection areas.
3. Built-up land uses encroaching into protection areas in built-up areas.
4. Agricultural and other non -built -up production areas encroaching into
protection areas within other production areas.
5. Agricultural and other non-built up production areas encroaching into
forest protection areas.
Existing land use conflicts are those that are 1) harmful or destructive to protected areas,
flora, fauna, other protected natural resources; 2) life threatening or are direct threats to
public safety; 3) threatening to the sustainability of key production resources or
employment activites and threatening to the delivery of basic services.
Below is a list of existing and potential land use conflicts based on the analysis of maps.
Other information is also provided by the MGB which identified land use conflicts in the
process of geo-hazard mapping:
1. Built up land uses encroaching into irrigated areas and flood prone areas
are located in the municipalities of Pavia, Leganes, Zarraga, Oton,
Dumangas,
2. Portions of built-up land areas in the municipalities of Tigbauan, Balasan,

Lemery, Sara, Banate, Barotac Nuevo, Pototan, Dingle and Mina are also
encroaching into irrigated areas and flood prone areas.
3. In Dumangas, areas near the banks of the river and irrigation canals are
prone to bank scouring and erosion.
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4. In Banate built up area is located within storm surge prone areas, coastal
flooding and coastal erosion
5. Portions of built up areas in Miag-ao, Guimbal, Tubungan, Leon, Maasin

and Lambunao are located within the landslide prone areas.
6. Existing and proposed built up area of Passi City is heading towards

agricultural areas.
7. In Miag-ao, settlements are located in areas highly susceptible to

landslides, residential areas located on top of slopes where indications of
soil erosion are perceptibly in progress, and are flood-prone.
8. In Cabatuan and Maasin, some residential areas are still located in areas
where previous landslide occurred, located along rivers where flooding
could reach more than a meter depth during extreme weather conditions
and are susceptible to sheet flooding and river bank erosion.
9. In San Joaquin, storm surges, riverbank erosions, landslides are serious

threats to some houses, schools and barangay halls.
10. In Oton, flooding would also affect houses and agricultural areas.
11. Other land use conflicts observed are in Igbaras (mass movement), in
Tubungan, Duenas, and Janiuay (flashflood near creeks and rivers), in
Leon and Janiuay (mass movement),
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O ver all Physical Framework

7.3.1 Settlements Framework
Metro Iloilo
Iloilo City, the provincial capital, is the metropolitan core of Western Visayas. It is the
center for governance, residential, commercial, financial and educational activities, not
only of the province but the whole region as well. It is the nucleus of development from
which growth takes place in a radial fashion. The development in Iloilo City has spilled
over to the surrounding municipalities of Pavia, Oton, San Miguel, Leganes and Sta.
Barbara to form the Metro Iloilo Development Council (MIDC). Currently, the Province
of Guimaras became part of the alliance because of its proximity to Iloilo City and its
potential for eco-tourism. The alliance is now known as the Metro Iloilo Guimaras
Economic Development Council (MIGEDC). Satellite municipalities include Zarraga,
New Lucena, Cabatuan, Maasin, Alimodian, Leon and Tigbauan
The alliance has resulted in municipalities playing individual roles: Pavia as agro-
industrial center, Leganes as the center for agriculture and light to heavy industries for
Leganes, San Miguel as the agricultural basket and Oton as the residential area. Sta.
Barbara, being the gateway to the New Iloilo Airport of international standard, becomes
the center for agriculture and heritage tourism. .
As members of the MIGEDC, some of these municipalities assume the role of Iloilo City
as the seat of regional governance. Pavia and Leganes are already hosts to regional
offices of some national government agencies.
Metro Iloilo (composed of Iloilo City and MIDC member municipalities) would still be
the seat of the regional offices of the government and would still perform multiple roles
of residential, financial and industrial center of the region. It will be the transportation
hub and center for processing of aqua-marine, fruit and other agri-industrial products. It
will provide linkages to tourism sites in other urban areas in the region as well as promote
interaction between and among regions/nations. As the regional center, Metro Iloilo shall
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accommodate a larger share of the region’s future higher density commercial and
residential growth with a higher level of transit access and interaction.
Other Urban Centers in the Province
Other urban centers were also identified in various parts of the province: Miag-ao in the
southern part, Dumangas, Barotac Viejo Sara, and Estancia in the north and Janiuay,
Pototan in the central part and Passi City in the north-central.
Miag-ao, the center for commerce and trade in the southern part of Iloilo and gateway to
Antique and other major tourist spots has Guimbal, Igbaras, San Joaquin and Tubungan
as its satellite municipalities.
The presence of Naluoyan Port in Dumangas and its accessibility via the coastal road
coupled with the presence of teritiary educational facilities and convenience shops makes
Dumangas a minor urban center whose satellite municipalities are Barotac Nuevo and
Anilao, while Barotac Viejo’s satellite are Banate and San Rafael.
In the northern part, Sara is the convergence point and training center of the
municipalities of Concepcion, Lemery, San Dionisio and Ajuy while Estancia, the center
for fish trading in Iloilo and a commercial center in the north has Carles, Balasan and
Batad as its satellite municipalities. Minor urban centers such as Janiuay and Pototan
have satellite municipalities surrounding the area. Passi City has San Enrique, Dueñas
and Dingle as satellite municipalities.
Future Expansion of Built-up Areas

Minor urban centers such as Cabatuan, Estancia and Passi City will eventually become
major urban centers: Cabatuan being the site of the new Iloilo Airport; Estancia because
of its buoyant fishing industry and existing port facilities and Passi City being the center
of commerce and trade in central Iloilo.
Due to future expansion of built up areas in Cabatuan, and estimated 52 square kilometers
is required from 2007 to 2013. Expansion will focus on the barangays surrounding the
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new Iloilo Airport and the poblacion itself. Estancia on the other hand, will need an
additional 39 square kilometers to accommodate its estimated additional population
growth of 6,526 for the period 2007-2013. Passi City’s additional population growth of
12,001 from 2007- 2013 will need 72 square kilometers for settlement expansion. Most
of these expansions will also focus on the poblacion and the six additional barangays that
is part of the city.
Given the existing planning environment of the province and local government units in
the area, the provincial government will adopt policy frameworks to guide strategic
decisions on settlements development planning of the province:
 Improvement of service delivery and encourage local initiative in

advancing opportunities for economic growth and in enhancing overall
quality of life;
 Establish and maintain internal and external linkages to increase inter and
intra-regional integration that leads to economic growth, improved
production efficiency and market access;
 Provide proper and humane relocation and resettlements to address the

housing needs of informal settlements;
 Define appropriate urban development limits in identified

environmentally-critical areas/disaster-prone areas;
 Formulate and implement a comprehensive development plan and

comprehensive land use plans that integrates disaster risk reduction and
management, and climate change adaptation.
 Adopt a partnership or co-management arrangements between LGUs and

NGAs in the management of the environment through proper land use
planning and zoning.
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7.3.2 Protection Framework
Iloilo has protected areas categorized as NIPAS and non-NIPAs areas, environmentally-
critical areas and disaster-prone areas. Protection lands are portion of land and water set
aside for its unique physical and biological significance to enhance biological diversity
and protected against destructive human influence and impact.
To preserve and protect proclaimed natural and historical lands, the provincial
government will pursue the following:
 Provision of permanent park guards/wardens equipped with logistical support;
 Urban forestry in line with the establishment of tree parks in compliance with the
provisions of the Local Government Code.
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 Massive reforestation of degraded mangrove ecosystem through a community based

approach.
 Upland development project such as integrated social forestry and community based
forest management;
 Strict preservation and protection of Forest lands located above 1000 meters above
sea level and with slope over 50 percent.
 Strict enforcement of buffer zones establishments along river easements by the

DENR and LGUs through co-management scheme.
 Adoption of conservation farming practices through sloping agricultural land

technology (SALT), coupled Agricultural Productivity (CAP) and Biodiversity
Conservation project.
 Advocacy with municipal Local Government Units (LGUs) to involve NGOS, POs,
NGAs and academe and other stakeholders;
 Intensification of efforts on enhanced public awareness on the values of protection

areas and disaster preparedness ;
 Increase public participation in conservation and disaster mitigation efforts within

their communities.
 Implementation of land use policies and zoning regulations that encourage the use of
disaster mitigation and environmental protection and rehabilitation measures during
production.
 Adoption of a comprehensive watershed rehabilitation program. A strategic

management plan for environmental management shall be formulated, in coordination
with the national government agencies like the DENR, and the non-governmental
organizations sitting in the Iloilo Watershed Management council (IWMC)
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 Formulation/implementation of policies for the protection of existing natural

drainage, in response to flooding of NPAA and urban areas. Programs/projects would
include flood control projects, disaster risk management program, riverbank
stabilization and integrated coastal management.
7.3.3 Production Framework
• Agriculture
Iloilo will remain as the major food producer and primary source of food for other regions
considering that approximately 70 percent of its land is still devoted to agriculture. The
high producing agricultural areas in the province are not threatened by the encroachment
of settlement expansion except for the MIGEDC areas (Oton, Leganes, Pavia and Santa
Barbara), wherein prime agricultural lands are converted into non-agricultural uses. Passi
City is also affected due to the expansion of their urban area into agricultural areas.
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Constraints which hinder productivity are the following:

 decreasing yield per unit area,
 poor/inefficient irrigation systems and farm to market roads;
 insufficient post harvest facilities;
 inefficient marketing system and extension delivery system;
 poor local government support to agricultural programs and projects.
To address these problems, the following should be undertaken:

 production support activities and location specific interventions must be
intensified;
 construction of irrigation system and rehabilitation of existing irrigation
systems in the major river basins;
 establishment of small scale irrigation projects;
 construction/rehabilitation of farm to market roads;
 establishment of post harvest and production facilities like mechanical dryers,
storage facilities and farm machineries,
 increase farm gate prices of palay and strengthening of extension delivery
system;
 Strong linkages must also be forged between producers and
buyers/consumers to ensure higher agricultural productivity.
LGUs should implement the Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zone
(SAFDZ) as defined in the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 or RA
8435 and delineated in their Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUPs) to protect prime
agricultural lands from illegal conversion through zoning. Existing production activities
above 18 percent slope should be constrained and expansion should be discouraged.
Farmers presently cultivating areas located above 18 percent slope should adopt proper
land management and technologies like Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT)
and Hilly Agricultural Land Technology (HALT). Information, Education Campaign
should be strengthened as well as technical assistance in identifying crop suitability in
certain areas.
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• Fishery
Iloilo’s rich fishing grounds places the province as the region’s top fish producing area
representing 31.5 percent of the region’s total production. Production includes
aquaculture, (marine and inland), municipal and commercial fisheries. Aquaculture
contributed 17 percent of the total fish production. This is composed of brackish water
fishponds, which include bangus, prawn, shrimps and tilapia. Commercial fisheries
contributed 34 percent of the total fish production while 49 percent was contributed by
the municipal fisheries. The major issues in the fishery sector are the following;
 Illegal fishing activities;

 Lack of alternative sources of income of the subsistence fisherfolks;
 Non-adoption of new technologies;
 Loose implementation of fishery laws;
 Lack of local government support
To effectively conserve and manage with greater participation of fishing communities in

the allocation, utilization, control and protection of the resources, the province will
actively implement R.A. 8550 through the following programs/projects and activities:
 “Bantay Dagat” Task Force specifically among the coastal municipalities of

Iloilo will be supported and strengthened.
 Intensification of mangrove rehabilitation activities to serve as nursery

grounds for fish and other aquatic specifies;
 Establishment of community-based fish sanctuaries and improvement of fish

habitat through the provision of artificial reefs in suitable depleted areas;
 Continuous dispersal of tilapia fingerlings in inland and marine bodies of
water;
 Promotion of mariculture technology;
 Implementation of diversified income generating activities and value-adding

of fish and fishery products shall be given due attention.
246
• Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) shall be implemented in all 19 coastal

municipalities drawing lessons and best practices from the Banate Barotac Bay
Resource Management Council, Inc. (BBBRMCI), the Northern Iloilo Alliance
for Coastal Development (NIACDEV), the Visayan sea squadron, an NGO that
works for the protecting the visayan sea, and other provinces like Negros
Occidental, Negros Oriental and Cebu.
• Tourism
Iloilo is known for its historical sites, cultural events/festivals/fiestas, beautiful sceneries,
and natural formation such as caves and rivers. It is a popular site for seminars, trainings
and national conventions with its location being at the heart of the country. This provides
locators and end-users a complete one stop tourism experience. To further enhance and
develop its potential as a major tourist destination, the province will identify and develop
potential tourism areas; provide infrastructure support such as comfort rooms along
tourism zones, cell sites and accommodation facilities; provide support to tourism
alliances in the province and encourage the development and promotion tourism circuits.
The provincial government will ensure, through proper zoning of cities and
municipalities, that tourism development is based on the sound management of resources
and must be sensitive to the local customs and traditions. It will see to it that tourism
development standards are included in the zoning ordinances and other land regulatory
measures to ensure compliance particularly in the construction of tourism facilities.
• Mining
The province is endowed with substantial and sizeable deposits of metallic and non-
metallic minerals that when fully exploited with appropriate technology can contribute
significantly to the economic growth of the province. Presently, there are 141 permit
holders from the 33 municipalities, which cover sand and gravel, earth, rock and
limestone quarry, small scale mining, and mineral processing permit. Despite this, the
province is experiencing massive illegal quarrying.
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The province will strictly implement Provincial Ordinance No. 2000-39 as amended by
Provincial Ordinance No. 2003-029 and Provincial Ordinance No. 2005-057-A,
governing policies for the issuance of permits for the extraction, taking, removal and
disposition of minerals, including but not limited to ordinary earth, gravel, sand, guano,
gemstone, pebbles, boulders, other loose or unconsolidated materials and other quarry
resources from public and private lands; imposing tax on the extracted materials and
providing penalties for the violation of certain provisions thereof. Small-scale mining
shall be enhanced by providing a comprehensive assistance package to include onsite
technical, marketing, financing services and infrastructure development. Strengthening of
mineral law enforcement through coordinative efforts with various law enforcement
agencies such as LGUs, NGOs and POs.
• Industry
Business opportunities abound in Iloilo where industrial centers and investment areas
flourished. Areas of development from the north to the south mushroomed and flourished
because the government and the private sector have linked arms in investment promotion.
Iloilo’s thrust is the establishment of province-wide small and medium scale processing
and manufacturing industries designed to utilize local resources, and the identification
and prioritization of high impact projects for public and private sector investments.
IT parks and other high impact investments are also encouraged. The identification and
selection of the industrial sites should conform to the identified areas for agriculture, the
integrated protected area system of the forestry sector, and in consonance with sound
urban land use planning. Partnering and networking with private/business sector and other
stakeholders in investment promotion.
The province will encourage LGUs to zone their areas in accordance with actual and
potential land uses. The alternative uses for non-performing industrial areas such as built-
up/settlements as the case maybe, should be guided by the local development and land use
248
plan based on the suitability, existing and potential industry needs, support infrastructures
and environmental impacts. Over-all location of industries should be guided by the
objective of a market-oriented dispersal strategy and a common objective as exemplified
by the clustering/alliances of LGUs. Establishment and development of growth centers
and ecozones initiated by LGUs or by the private sector should be encouraged and
promoted.
249
250
7.3.4 Transport/Infrastructure Development Framework
As the province’s economy grows and expands, access from and to areas for making a
living has become critical component of development.
The Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH) that connects the islands of Panay,
Negros, Luzon and Mindanao has greatly contributed to the fast growing economy of
Panay island in general and Iloilo province in particular. The delivery of goods and
services have been enhanced and improved, thus contributng to the increase in the gross
domestic product of the island.
Linking the major road networks is the roll-on and roll-off facilities in the different port
areas of Panay leading to destinations in Luzon, Visayas, Negros Occidental and some
parts of Mindanao. For those who could not afford the luxury of air travel, the roll-on and
roll-off facilities provide such travel convenience.
The New Iloilo Airport at Cabatuan, further boosted the local economy through increase
of passengers and goods from and to outside destinations. Iloilo airport is considered as
one of the busiest airports in the country. It is projected that passengers and goods will
further increase when international flights will be open and be made available. With the
airport’s modern facilities in place, local airlines compete for economy and promo fares
thus increasing passengers. Increased traffic will mean more investments and jobs for the
Ilonggos.
To further boost the external linkages of the province vis-à-vis other provinces and
regions, a pre-feasibility study was undertaken for the proposed Trans-Visayas Friendship
Bridge which will connect the island provinces of Bohol to Cebu, Bohol to Southern
Leyte, Cebu to Negros Oriental, Negros Occidental to Iloilo and Iloilo to Guimaras. The
interconnection of Western Visayas, Eastern Visayas and Central Visayas will reduce the
cost of transporting products and services from one region to another. This project might
entail large capital investments, but will definitely bring about tremendous economic
impact to the regions.
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The Transport Development Framework requires further upgrading and maintenance of

existing roads and facilities including bridges to link the growth centers, tourist
destinations and production areas to the SRNH in support of the inter and intra-regional
linkages.
Likewise, another major concern is the development of the Iloilo Commercial Port to
meet the international standard requirements plus continuous upgrading and providing of
more port facilities to other major ports, municipal ports and Ro-Ro ports. Equally, the
improvement of the Iloilo Airport in Cabatuan and its opening to international flights is a
major economic booster for the province..
Water and sanitation facilities will entail construction/rehabilitation of water supply

systems and exploration of other water sources. In support, formulation and
implementation of ordinances to regulate groundwater extraction are critical areas to
consider. Projects to be pursued are rural waterworks and sanitation program, rainwater
catchment/harvesting project, and other similar activities.
On power, the commissioning of the new coal-fired power plant in Iloilo city boosted the
economic activities of the province. The planned establishment of another coal-fired
power plant in the municipality of Concepcion would further enhance availability of
powee thus would encourage more business activities in the province.
The proposed establishment of the Jalaur Irrigation project with a power component
would further increase power supply not only for Iloilo but for Panay island as well.
The plan indicates and encourages the development of alternative power generating
sources, preferably indigenous and renewable power sources. There are already
investments in biomass energy and hydro power plants to augment the existing power
plants. The government will also pursue the development of power generating plants
through the BOT scheme and related private sector participation, provide base load power
plant, and encourage construction and upgrading of transmission facilities.
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Major urban centers of the province, including Iloilo City are flood-prone areas. The
commissioning of the Iloilo Flood Control Project is expected to mitigate flooding in
Iloilo city as well as neighboring municipalities of Pavia.
To reduce the risk, municipalities will be encouraged to improve or construct river/flood

protection as well as improve and clean drainage systems, especially those that were
clogged during Typhoon Frank. More measures to mitigate or reduce the risks of
calamities will be strengthened by regulating quarrying activities, integrating and
coordinating various development interventions and by pursuing programs on watershed
rehabilitation, upland development and reforestation.
The cost of construction of sanitary landfill to implement RA 9003 is a major constraint

under this sector. As of 2008, about 50 percent LGUs have controlled dumpsite and 59.5
percent have safe closure plan. Every municipality has its materials recovery facilities but
only few are functional. A sanitary landfill that would cover several municipalities would
be encouraged to address the financial requirements of establishing one.
The establishment of an Information Technology (IT) Park to cater to BPOs is one major
project that the province is interested in. The BPO industry is one of the major economic
drivers that would provide jobs for the Ilonggos.
Agriculture is a major contributor to the province’s economy. Vital to it are improved

irrigation facilities, thus, it is necessary to explore other sources of irrigation. The
existing irrigation facilities will be continuously maintained. Because of limited services
of the existing irrigation facilities, there is a need to encourage investment in irrigation
development such as the construction of the Jalaur River Multi-Purpose Project Stage II
to benefit more farmers. However, the establishment of small irrigation facilities shall
also be pursued to compliment the existing national irrigation systems.
253
254
255
OVER ALL PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK
The over all physical framework is an integration of the four frameworks namely;
Settlements, Protection, Production and Transport/Infrastructure Frameworks. This map
serves as the proposed land use of the Province of Iloilo.
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257
Development Issues, Goals, Objectives/Targets, Strategies and Programs
Development Issues, Goals, Objectives/

Targets, Strategies and Programs
Iloilo’s vision is towards “ A progressive, peaceful, ecologically balanced, resilient,
safe envirionment and habitation, and vibrant Iloilo with sustainable agri-aqua,
forest-based and tourism enterprises having adequate access to information, health,
education, technology and other entrepreneurial opportunities, where men and
women equitably share the benefits of development. In line with this, the Iloilo
Provincial Government has come with the eight strategic themes to answer this vision.
This development vision can be realized through the attainment of the following
strategies known as the 8 Strategic Themes: 1) Improved health and nutrition through
accessible and better health facilities and services; 2) Healthy living environment
through environmental protection and rehabilitation; 3) Improved farm household
through improve agriculture productivity; 4) Enhanced quality of life through quality
and accessible education, social welfare and related services; 5) Improved household
income through entrepreneurship, employment generation and investment
promotion; 6) Enhance accessibility through better infrastructure and other support
services; 7) Efficient government service through better government facilities; and 8)
Good governance through transparency, service competencies and good fiscal
position.
Strategic Theme No. 1 is to improve health and nutrition through accessible and better
health facilities and services the following programs and projects will be implemented.
Public health service delivery program will include Lymphatic Filiariasis Elimination
Program, Rabies Prevention and Control, National Leprosy Program, National TB-DOTS
Program, Dengue Prevention Program, Program on STI-HIV Aids, Expanded Program
on Immunization, Nutrition Program, Dental Program, Integrated Management of
258
Cildhood Illness, Program on Community Health Teams, Family Planning and Maternal
Health, Adolescent and Youth Health Program, Geographically Isolated Disadvantage
Areas, Non-communicable Diseases, Environmental Sanitation and Phil. Integrated
Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR).
Another program under Strategic Theme No.1 is Hospital Enhancement Program thru
HEART. This program will include Health Regulations, Good Governance, Health
Huamn Resource, Hospital Operations Management Information System, Health
Financing and Health Service Delivery. Another program is the Veterinary Services to
include Animal Health Management Program, Veterinary Quarantine Services,
Provicnial Canine Rabies Action Program, Barangay Vaccinators Training Program, Goat
Nucleus Farm and Leptospirosis Prevention and Control Program. Potable Water
Project and Health Financing for Indigents are also included in Strategic Theme No.1.
Strategic Theme No.2 is healthy living environment through environmental

protection and rehabilitation which includes programs on Environment and Natural
Resources Services to include Forest Management Ecosystem, Freshwater/ Rprarian
Management Ecosystem, Coastal and Marine Management Ecosystem and Local
Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program. Projects along this line are Action for
Re-greening and Transformation, Scaling Up Rainwater Harvesting Project, River
Profiling, Artificial Reef for Transformation, Ecological Solid Waste Management
Program, Communal Forest Establishment and Roadside Tree Planting.
Strategic Theme No.3 is Improved farm household through improved agriculture

productivity will include programs like Integrated Fisheries Development Program.
Projects involved are Coastal Resource Management for Alliance Municipalilty Program,
Development Enhancement of Coastal Fishing Ground, Mariculture Development,
Integrated Freshwater Aquaculture Park and Technology Center, and Fishery Law
Enforcement.
Another program is the Research and Institutional Development Program, and this will
include Community Participation Action Research, Rice Research and Technology
259
Center, 4H Club, Rural Improvement Club Development and Farmers Association

Development.
Crops Development will have projects on Rice Development, Corn Development, Crops
Protection and Disease Surveillance and High Value Crops Development.
Livestock Development Program will include Livestock Upgrading Program, Provincial

Dairy and Waste Management. Agricultural Engineering and Agribussiness and
Marketing Development are also programs under Strategic Theme No.3.
Strategic Theme No.4 is to enhance the quality of life through quality and accessible
education, social welfare and related services. Programs and projects under the
strategy are Social Welfare and Development Program, Iskolar sang Iloilo Program,
Basic Education Supprt Program, Library Enhancement Program, Heritage and Archival
System and Population Management Services.Socail Welfare and Development Program
will include Self Employment Assistance sa Kaunlaran (SEA-K) Project, Women in
Development Program through Kalipunan ng Liping Pilipina (KALIPI), Youth
Development, Family Welfare Program, Solo Parent Welfare Program, Effective
Reaffirmation on Paternal Abiliities (ERPAT) Program, Senior Citizen Welfare Program,
Supplementary Feeding Program. Child Welfare and Development Program, Welfare
and Development Program for Persons with Disability and Welfare Program on
Trafficking of Persons. Population Management Services will have projects on
Responsible Parenthood, School Based Multi purpose Teen Center, Population
Development Integration and Population Data Banking and Management.
The next is Strategic Theme No, 5 , which is to improve household income through
entrepreneurship, employment generation and investment promotion. Programs
under this will be Manpower Development Services with Employment Promotion and
Development as project. Next we have Tourism Promotion and Development Services,
Enterprises Development Program with Investment Promotion, Generation and
Facilitation Services, Technology and Livelihood Development Services, Livelihood
Development Program and Local Economic Development Project as projects. We also
260
have Cooperative Development Services with Cooperative Development,

Cooprenuership Development Program as projects.
Strategic Theme No.6 is enhanced accessibility through better infrastructure and other
support services. Under these, wehave programs and services such as engineering
services with projects on Concreting and or rehabilitation of various provincial roads
and bridges, and rehabilitation/ maintenance/concreting/ construction of infrastructure
projects. We have also the community direct action projects (CDAP) which will provide
for small infrastructure projects especially in the communities/ barangays which are
vitally needed to pursue their economic activities.
Programs and projects for Strategic Theme No, 7 which is Efficient government service
through government facilities are Iloilo Sports Development Project, Hospital
Improvement Project, Regional Museum Development and Casa Real (old Provincial)
Rehabilitation Project.
Good governance through transparency, service competencies and good fiscal position
which Strategic Theme No.8 has the following programs and projects: Strategic
Perfrmance Management Syatem, Results-Based Management System, Awards,
Incentives and Accreditation, Internal Reform Inititatives, Iloilo Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform and Taxation (I-CART) Program, and Tax Reform Enhancement
Program.
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Goals, Objectives/Targets, Strategies, Programs and Projects , CY 2014-2020

Objectives
Issues Problems Programs Projects
Goals Targets Strategies
Sluggish investment in agriculture, Improve household income Promote Iloilo as investment destinations Investment Promotion Program
aquaculture, tourism, ICT and other through entrepreneurship,
related industries employment generation and Provide livelihood opportunities that are Local Economic Development Program
investment promotion. disaster risk responsive and adaptable to
climate change
Strengthen partnership and network with Public-Private Partnership

private sector and business groups
Formulate Provincial Tourism Strategies Tourism Promotion and Development Services

and Action Plan
Formulate Master Plan for Agriculture Agriculture Master Planning Project integrating DRR/CCA
and Fisheries
Establish data bank for labor force and Labor Force Data Bank Project
job competencies
Facilitate employment strategies to fast Job Faclilitation through Public Employment Service Office (PESO)
track the meeting of job seekers and
employers overseas recruitment
agencies
Absence of data and information as to Upgrade skills and competencies of the Job Competencies Enhancement Prog.
available job competen-cies in the labor force
province
Manpower Development Services Employment Promotion and Development
Low jobs opportunities due to
inadequate skills and low competencies Facilitate access to livelihood and
of the labor force. entrepreneurial opportunities Enterprise Development Program
- Investnment Promotion, Generation and Facilitation Services
Mismatch between the competencies of Provide access to capital - Technology & Livelihood Development Services
available labor force vis-à-vis need of - Livelihood Development Program
the industry Develop micro, small and medium - Local Economic Development Project
enterprises
Low livelihood and entrepreneurial
opportunities due to inade-quate know- Enhance Cooperative Development Cooperative Development services
ledge and skills on the same and Market information promotion and - Cooperative Development
limited access to capital expansion - Coopreneurship Development Program
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Lack of accessibility to market Prioritize appropriate interventions on

opportunities key agriculture, marine and aquaculture
commodities where the province has
competitive position
Low agricultural and aquaculture Improve farm household Adopt modern and appropriate Crops Development Program integrating DRR/CCA
productivity through agricultural technologies in agriculture, marine and - Rice Development Program
productivity. aquaculture. -Corn Development
-Crops Protection and Disease Surveillance
Identify and develop key production -High Value Crops Development
areas to attain economies of scale
Livestock Develop ment Program integrating DRR/CCA
Value adding of agricultural, marine and - Livestock Upgrading Program
aquaculture products - Support to Breeding Stations
- Upgrading of Native Chicken
- Animal Health Management Prog.
- Veterinary Quarantine Program
- Prevention and Control of Emerging Animal Diseases
- Provincial Dairy Program
Fishery Development Program integrating DRR/CCA

- Brackishwater, Aquaculture/marine culture
- Establishment of Baseline Data
- Establishment of Aquamarine Park
- Brackish Pond Aquaculture
- Marine Fisheries Coastal Resource Management
- Integrated Fresh-water Aquaculture Park and Technology Center
- Promotion of Fisheries Postharvest Technology
- Fisheries Law Enforcement
- Integated Coastal Resource Mgmt.t
Conduct regular maintenance of -Irrigation Construction and Rehabilitation Project

irrigation facilities resilient to disaster -Jalaur River Basin Development Master Plan
- Jalaur River Basin Convergence Plan
- Project ReBuild.
- Small Scale Irrigation Project
Provide institutional support to farmers Agribusiness and Marketing Development

and fisherfolks Agricultural Engineering Support Services
Strengthen partnership of key stake- -Support to Agri Based Organizations

holders in agricul-ture, marine and -Support to Agriculture and Fishery Council
aquaculture
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Implement technology modeling on best Research and Institutional Development Program

agriculture, marine and aqua-culture - Community Participation Action Research
practice. - Rice Research and Technology Center
- 4H Club Development
Conduct intensive research and - Rural Improvement Club Development
extension support - Farmers Association Development
- Veterinary Services
o Animal Health Management Program
o Veterinary Quaratine Services
o Provincial Canine Rabies Action Program
o Barangay Vaccinator Training Program
o Goat Nucleus Farm
o Leptospirosis Prevention and Control Program
- Potable Water
Redirect physical development towards CLUP Preparation integrating DRR/CCA

non-sustainable production land
Increasing number of infants with low Improve health and nutrition Enhance basic health and nutrition Public Health Service Delivery
birth weights through accessible health services take takes into consideration -Lymphatic Filiariasis Elimination program
facilities and services. disaster risk and changing climate - Rabies Proevention and Control
High morbidity rate -National Leprosy Progrm
Intensify disease prevention and control - National TB-Dots Program
Increasing cases of maternal mortality. measures. - Dengue Prevention Program
- STI-HIV AIDs
Increasing child mortality - Expanded Program on Immunization
- Phil Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
Poor nutrition status of children - Non Communicable Diseases
Enhance child health and nutrition - Nutrition Program

program - Dental Program
- Integrated Management of Chilhood Illness
Enhance Food Supplementation - Community Health Teams
Program
Improve Quality Maternal Care - Family Planning and Maternal Health

- Adolescent and Youth Health
- Geographically Isolated and Disadvantage Areas
- Environment Sanitation
Upgrade health facilities resilient to Hospital Enhancement Program thru HEART

disaster and climate change. - Health Regulations
- Good Governance
- Health Human Resource
- Hospital Operations Management Information System
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Access to quality and affordable - Health Financing

medicines, hospital devices, facilities and - Health Service Delivery
services
Expand membership of the Phil Health - Health Financing for Indigents

Indigency particularly to the vulnerable
sector of the society
Upgrade medical and dental services at

the Iloilo Provl. Capitol Clinic for the
employees and their dependents
Upgrade employees health benefits in

the form of annual vaccination against
common influenza A infection
Low percentage of secondary school Enhance the quality of life Granting of scholarship to marginalized “Iskolar sang Iloilo” Program
graduates go to college through quality and or under-priviledged but deserving
accessible education, social students.
welfare, and related services.
Low education competencies. Strengthen education management and Basic Education Support Program
learning support system
Lack of support to marginalized sectors Provide accessible welfare service to the Social Welfare Development Program
underpriviledged - Self Employment Assistance sa Kaunlaran (SEA-K) Projject
- Women in Development Program through KALIPI
Provide focused and covergent Poverty - Youth Development Program
Alleviation Programs and Projects - Family Welfare Program
- Solo Parent Welfare Program
- Effective Reaffirmation on Paternal Abilities (ERPAT) Program
- Senior Citizens Welfare Program
- Supplementary Feeding program
- Child welfare and Development Program
- Welare and Development Program for Persons with Disability
- Welfare Program on Trafficking of Persons
- Library Enhancement program
- Heritage and Archival System
- Population Management Services

Respionsible Parenthood
School Based Multi purpose Teen Center
Population Development Integration
Population Data Banking & Management
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Inadequate maintenance of provincial, Enhanced accessibility Update inventory and classification of Construction/ repair and improvement of existing bridges that is disaster risk resilient.
municipal and barangay roads through better infrastructures existing roads and bridges
and other support services.
Insufficient number of equipment for the Conduct regular maintenance and A resilient Road construction program.
construc-tion mainte-nance and repair rehabilitation of provincial roads and
of roads and bridges bridges
Presence of dilapidated and temporary Expand road network systems

bridges connecting provinces.
The need for additional road sections to Facilitate the provision of cheaper,
connect to other provinces in Panay faster, convenient and more reliable
mode of transportation
High transportation cost
Inadequate municipal port facilities

Rehabilitate and improve existing Ports Development Project
Insufficient supply of potable water municipal ports.
Unregulated tapping of underground Healthy living environment Increase HH with success to potable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
water through environmental water supply
protection abd rehabilitation.
Formulate policies, ordinances on Rainwater Catchment/ Harvesting Project
ground water extraction.
Promote rainwater harvesting.
Little regard for urban and physical Identify and regulate settlements/built-up DRR/CCA responsive CLUPs and CDPs.
planning expansion areas within A&D lands.
Human intrusion to protected lands Discourage settlements in protection Implement land use policies and zoning that encourages the use of disaster mitigation
lands or environmentally critical areas. and environmental protection and rehabilitation measures during production.
Unabated practices of inappropriate Formulate and implement a Alternative Income Generating Program
upland farming technology. comprehensive plan and policies on
public safety, disaster mitigation and Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT)
Degraded watershed, mangrove areas preparedness in settlement areas
and depleted marine sanctuaries Coupled Agricultural Productivity (CAP)
Adopt and implement projects that take
Flooding of NPAA and urban areas into consideration disaster risk and Biodiversity Conservation Project
climate change
Irregular implementation of rural-urban Upland Develop-ment Project (ISF/ Community Based Forest Mgt.)
reforestation program and cleaning and Updating and completion of DRR/CCA
greening program CLUPs and zoning ordinances of Watershed Protection and Rehabilitation Project
municipalities to conform to the new - Reforestation Sub-project (Bio-diversity Area)
Inadequate solid waste management guidelines
facilities -Agro-forestry sub-project production area
266
Weak information cam-paign on SWM Massive information education campaign -Communal Orchard Sub-project
Prog. on the effects of human intrusion to
protective lands Artificial Reefs Project
Management Board not functional
Strictly enforce regulation of population Flood Control Project
on not sustainable and protection lands
Adopt Conservation Farming Practice Disaster Risk Management Program
Rehabilitation and enhance degraded Riverbank Stabilization Project

forest lands watershed, marine and
mangrove areas River Profiling Project
Protect / Conserve remaining forest Coastal Rehabilitation

cover
Integrated Coastal resource Management
Involve LGUs, NGOs, Pos, NGAs,
academe and other stakeholder in the Roadside Tree Planting project
development conservation and
protection of natural resource Community cleaning and Greening Project
Formulate/ implement policies for the Communal Forest Establishment

protection of existing natural drainage
especially in urban areas. Ecological Solid Waste Mangement Program
Promote rural-urban reforestation and

community cleaning and greening Environment and Natural Resources Services
- Forest management Ecosystem
Fully implement RA 9003 otherwise - Action for Re-greening and Transformation
known as Solid Waste Manage-ment Act
of 2003
Conduct advocacy on RA 9003
Reactivate/ make functional the

Management Board
Institutional Capabilities
Vulnerability to disasters and lack of Maintreaming of DRR and Capacity Building Reorganization/ Strengthening of MDRRMCs
readiness among local government CCA
units during occurrence of disasters Risk Reduction Establishment of PDRRMO and Operation Center
and calamities
Livelihood Programs Conduct/ facilitate and support geo-hazards assessments and contingency planning
activities.
Quick Response Program
Establish Disaster Preparedness and Response System.
267
Conduct capacity and competency Production/ Publica-tion of GIS based local Geohazard Maps and Local risk maps.
development trainings
Production of advisories/manuals on risk reduction/ disaster preparedness and
management.
Micro-watershed Management Programs on Climate change.
Establishment of Local Evacuation Centers
IEC on DRR preparedness and management through radio programs.
Provincewide training orientation, drills, demonstration activities on disaster risk

reduction and management for concerned agencies and govt. employees at the provl
and local level.
Provision, mainte-nance and training of personnel on effective civil defense and

disaster risk reduction and management
Organizing, training and local emergency response teams and accredited community
disaster volunteer.
Training for Emergency Medical Responders/ Mass Casualty/ Trauma
Training of Social Workers on Camp Evacuation Center Operation & Mgmt.
Health emergency program
Development, Capability Building advocacy and support
Seminars on climate change and its impact
Identification, consolidation of local disaster risk information, assessing and managing

hazards vulnera-bilities and risk
Information and public awareness campaign on hazards vulnerabilities and risks, and
compliance of RA 10121
Operation of a multi hazard early warning system
Health Emergency & Disaster Preparedness
Water and water source protection , conservation
Rainwater Harvesting Technology Transfer
Provision of necessary facilities and equipment
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Livelihood programs for disaster affected communities
Relief and recovery programs
Inadequate competencies of the IPG Good governance through Conduct fiscal management and Personnel Management Program
personnel on human resource transparency, service performance audit of the provincial -Human Resource Devt. Program
development and other related skills competencies and good fiscal government - Human Resource and Organizational Development Prog.
postion. - Fiscal Management and Performance Audit Program
Lack of fiscal mgmt. perfo-mance audit Local Governance Performance Management System
of the provincial government.
Capacity Enhancement for RA 9184 or Government Procurement Act
Non-judicious use of IPG equipment Efficient government service Conduct of regular assessment on the IPG Property Mgmt. Program
and facilities. through government facilities. condition and maintenance of the IPGs
facilities and equipment. - Prov. Government Facility Upgrading project
Poor maintenance of Iloilo Sport
complex Sports Infrastructure Upgrading project
- Flooring and Roof-ing of Covered Gym
-Repair of Track Oval
Outdated IT equipment and software Continous upgrading of tools techniques IT Equipment and Software Procurement Program
in the areas of information and
Communication Technology Web Page Development Program
Geographic Information System
Information Manage-ment System
Real Property Tax Adminstration Prog.

- Real Property Tax Computerization
LAN Upgrading Prog.

Gender blind policies, systems,
processes, programs and projects and Develop mechanism to integrate and Programs on Gender & Development to include:
activities mainstream gender dimensions into all - Capability Building
aspects of development - Gender Sensitive Policy and Plan Formulation
- Gender Sensitive Data Bank
-Formulation of Gender Code
- Gender sensitive PPAs
269
DRR AND CCA STRATEGIES PROGRAMS and PROJECTS

PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
STRATEGIES
DRR CCA
Reduce the risk to Forest Management System • Coastal Resource
disaster of natural • Watershed Protection and management
ecosystem natural Rehaabilitation Project • Action for Regreening and
ecosystem and (Protection Forest) Transformation for
biodiversity through • Upland Development Project Climate Change
ecosystem management (ISF/Community –Based Adaptation Program
approaches conservation Management (ART-CCA)
efforts and sustainable - Agro Forestry Development • Mariculture Development
environment and natural • SALT I (75% • Roadside Tree Planting
resources-based Agricrops, 25% Forest • Communal Forest
economic endeavours.
Trees) Establishment
• SALT 2 – (40% • Ecological Solid Waste
Agricrops, 40% Management Program
Livestock, 20% Forest • Urban Management
Trees) Ecosystem
• SALT 3 – (40% • Jalaur River Basin
Agricrops, 60% Forest Development Plan
Trees • Jalaur River Basin
• SALT 4 – (25% Convergence Plan
Agricrops, 75% Forest • Biodiversity Conservation
Trees) Project
Coastal and Marine Management Coastal and Marine

Ecosystem Management Ecosystem
• Coastal Reforestation • Coastal Reforestation
Project Project
• Seedling production
Task Force on Illegal Quarrying
Enhance disaster Local Disaster Risk Reduction

preparedness through Management Program
multi-stakeholder • Institutional Capabilities
coordination • Capacity Building
• Risk Reduction
• Quick Response
• Rehabilitation Programs
and projects
Local Disaster Management

Training
Production and Publication of IEC
Materials on DRR and CCA
Prioritize construction of • Riverbank Stabilization

flood management Project
structures in highly • Slope Protection
vulnerable areas • Concreting of drainage
270
canals
• Construction of Reinforced
Concrete Box Culverts
• Construction of Reinforce
Concrete pipe culverts
Institutionalize DRR and Construction / repair and Construction / repair and

CCA in infrastructure improvement of existing bridges to improvement of existing
sector be disaster risk resilient bridges to be disaster risk
resilient
Disaster resilient road construction Disaster resilient road

program construction program
Mainstream DRR and DRR and CCA Responsive CLUP’s DRR and CCA Responsive
CCA in sectoral and and CDP CLUP’s and CDP
local development plans
Implement land use DRR and CCA Responsive CLUP’s DRR and CCA Responsive
policies and zoning that and CDP CLUP’s and CDP
encourages the use of
disaster mitigation and DRR and CCA Enhance Provincial DRR and CCA Enhance
environment protection Development and Physical Provincial Development and
and rehabilitation Framework Plan Physical Framework Plan
measures during
production Participation in national Participation in national
government initiated DRR and government initiated DRR and
CCA related programs, trainings CCA related programs,
and activities ( PROJECT trainings and activities (
REBUILD, Engagement with PROJECT REBUILD,
World Wide Fund in relation with Engagement with World Wide
the identification of all weather Fund in relation with the
road corridors in Iloilo. identification of all weather
road corridors in Iloilo.
Practice Integrated Water Adoption of Rainwater(

Resources Management Adaptation to Climate Change
Harvesting) Technologies
• Small Farm Reservor
• Rainwater
Ferrocement Tank
Freshwater/Riparian
Management Ecosystem
• Rainwater Harvesting
Technology Transfer
Rural Water Supply and

Sanitation Project
271
Mainstrean DRR and Dengue Prevention Program

CCA on ongoing
researches on impacts of Leptospirosis Prevention and
climate change on Control program
disease like dengue,
leptospirosis
Use science-based tools

and technologies to
support decisions in Geographic Information System Geographic Information
identifying, preventing System
and mitigating potential
disaster impacts.
Design and construction Repair and maintenance,

of disaster resilient construction of school buildings
school buildings and and classrooms
classrooms
Increase resilience of the Fisheries Post Harvest

agriculture communities Promotions
through development of
climate change sensitive Research and Instituional
technologies, Development program
establishment of climate • Conduct of techno
– resilient responsive demo (Integrated
food production system, Farming
and provision of support System/Palayamanan
services to the most Model)
vulnerable communities. • Consuct of Soil
Conservation
Technology Training
Continue vulnerability
• Institutionalization of
and adaptation
Farmers Organizations
assessments especially in
food production areas • Rural based
Organizations Projects
Livelihood Enhancement
Through Crops Development
Program
• Rice Development
• Corn Development
• Crop Protection and
Disease Surveillance
• High Value Crops
Development
• Livestock
Development Program
Agricultural Engineering
Agri-Aqua Research and

Technology Center
272
Agri Productivity Program/

Urban Agriculture
Intensify development Renewable Energy Project-

and utilization of Purchase of solar panels for the
renewable energy and provincial building, hospitals,
environment friendly ets., to promote and reduce th
alternative energy dependency on existing power
resources/technologies. plants, thereby reduction of
cost of power.
II. POPULATION EXPOSURE, LOCATION LAND USE AND PHYSICAL ASSETS

A. Disaster Risk
The intensity and consequences of impacts of past disaster events on population in terms
of fatalities, injuries and missing persons using historical data and maps were
determined. The location of areas that were seriously affected by disaster impacts and
wherein significant number of people were affected was noted. The physical properties
and natural environment that were damaged, the extent of damage and possibly the cost
of damage were described.
Table: ____ Potential Exposure of Areas, Population and Physical Assets to Various Types of Hazards
( For listing of physical asset exposed, please refer to Provincial DRA Assessment Report))
Built up Areas Exposed Population Exposed Physical Assets Exposed
Extent of areas highly Number of population highly Types and number of physical
Municipalities Types of Hazards exposed (hectares and % exposed and % of population assets exposed and % of
total municipal level of total municipal population total assets
ha % Number % Number %
Ajuy Flood 410.38 63.50% 9,840 21%
Rain Induced Landslide 235.82 36.49% 31991 68%
Storm Surge 166.95 25.83% 3770 8%
Ground Shaking (WPF) 584.06 90.37% 44017 93%
Earthquake Induced Landslide (WPF) 93.16 14.41% 4205 9%
Liquefaction (WPF) 2060 4%
Tsunami Inundation
Alimodian Flood 97.30 44.59% 6,551 19%

Storm Surge
Ground Shaking (WPF) 218.22 100% 34331 100%
Liquefaction (WPF) 144.38 66.16% 9372 27%
Tsunami Inundation
Anilao Flood 95.07 45.63% 6,331 30%

Storm Surge 208.33 100% 566 3%
Tsunami Inundation
273

Badiangan Flood 40.57 11.43% 4,156 17%
Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Balasan Flood 307.93 100% 10,683 39%

Rain Induced Landslide 5025 18%
Storm Surge 23.74 7.71% 2832 10%
Earthquake Induced Landslide (WPF)
Tsunami Inundation
Banate Flood 113.55 90.88% 14,673 51%

Storm Surge 11.90 9.52% 610 2%
Earthquake Induced Landslide (WPF) 4556 16%
Tsunami Inundation
Barotac Nuevo Flood 441.10 98.53% 45,069 91%

Storm Surge 3504 7%
Tsunami Inundation
Barotac Viejo Flood 218.61 79.65% 9,599 24%

Storm Surge 1035 3%
Tsunami Inundation
Batad Flood 78.09 100% 701 4%

Storm Surge 762 4%
Liquefaction (WPF)
Tsunami Inundation
Bingawan Flood 728 6%

Rain Induced Landslide 66.38 100% 11529 94%
Storm Surge
Ground Shaking (WPF) 66.38 100 12259 100%
Tsunami Inundation
Cabatuan Flood 223.93 55.25% 16,895 33%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
274

Calinog Flood 367.29 76.15% 4,700 9%
Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Carles Flood 101.93 78.26% 24,571 43%

Storm Surge 63.32 48.61% 13697 24%
Tsunami Inundation
Concepcion Flood 68.96 49.7% 1,027 3%

Storm Surge 52.54 37.86% 6234 17%
Earthquake Induced Landslide (WPF) 104 0.28%
Tsunami Inundation
Dingle Flood 181.14 96.29% 18,156 46%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Dueñas Flood 120.78 36.60% 9,401 29%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Dumangas Flood 553.94 100% 57,779 98%

Storm Surge 3359 6%
Tsunami Inundation
Estancia Flood 38.80 17.77% 9,725 25%

Storm Surge 94.46 43.26% 8509 22%
Tsunami Inundation
Guimbal Flood 290.09 98.46% 10,408 35%

Storm Surge 140.23 35.38% 1792 6%
Tsunami Inundation 165.36 56.13% 2636 9%
275

ha % Number ha
Igbaras Flood 137.05 71.68% 1,450 6%
Storm Surge
Liquefaction (WPF) 191.19 100% 7363 28%
Tsunami Inundation
Janiuay Flood 131.55 26.04% 6,387 11%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Lambunao Flood 7,980 13%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Leganes Flood 482.69 100% 27,348 100%

Rain Induced Landslide
Storm Surge 2350 9%
Tsunami Inundation 6214 23%
Lemery Flood 58.86 100% 4,786 19%

Storm Surge
Liquefaction (WPF)
Tsunami Inundation
Leon Flood 184.94 93.54% 2,280 5%

Storm Surge
Ground Shaking (WPF 197.71 100% 45647 100%
Tsunami Inundation
Maasin Flood 248.65 77.29% 3,227 10%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Miagao Flood 118.11 44.38% 7,388 12%

Rain Induced Landslide 1464 55.01% 50955 84%
Storm Surge 46.56 17.49% 2051 3%
276

ha % Number
Mina Flood 227.51 100% 14,865 78%
Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
New Lucena Flood 55.75 19.75% 8,879 43%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Oton Flood 970.30 99.78% 77,088 99%

Storm Surge 132.58 13.63% 2375 3%
Passi City Flood 194.48 51.26% 8,516 12%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Pavia Flood 961.94 100% 39,275 100%

Rain Induced Landslide
Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Pototan Flood 318.03 90.92% 57,734 90%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
San Dionisio Flood 258.91 73.91% 2,968 9%

Storm Surge 64.64 18.45% 1550 5%
Liquefaction (WPF)
Tsunami Inundation
San Enrique Flood 82.37 85.18% 5,033 17%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
277

ha % Number
San Joaquin Flood 420.31 37.67% 3,143 6%
Storm Surge 290.38 26.03% 1042 2%
San Miguel Flood 272.39 100% 22,133 93%

Storm Surge
Liquefaction (WPF) 272.40 100%
Tsunami Inundation
San Rafael Flood 122.95 83.96% 2,347 17%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Santa Barbara Flood 782.45 99.31% 38,375 75%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Sara Flood 376.08 97.03% 8,784 20%

Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Tigbauan Flood 478.26 99.84% 13,003 28%

Storm Surge 215.17 44.92% 1802 4%
Tubungan Flood
Storm Surge
Tsunami Inundation
Zarraga Flood 281.57 100% 24,272 100%
Storm Surge 2026 8%
Tsunami Inundation 3177 13%
278
For physical assets exposed may we refer you to DRR and CCA
Assessment Report of the Province of Iloilo.
Exposure of physical assets to various hazards are reflected as per

designed priority. Physical assets that belong to priority 1 are banks, bridges,
communication related facilities, gas stations, health related facility ex. Hospitals,
irrigation facility and utilities, land transportation terminals, post harvest
facilities, power related facilities, processing facility, protective service facility,
public markets, slaughter houses and water related facilities.
Priority 2 physical assets are barnagay halls, education related facility,

government buildings, multi purpose centers, social welfare facility,
subdivisions, tourism related facility, basketball courts, box culverts, overflows,
and other unclassified structures.
B. CLIMATE CHANGE
POTENTIALLY AFFECTED OR EXPOSED AREAS, POPULATION AND
PHYSICAL/SOCIAL AND NATURAL ASSETS TO CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACTS SUCH AS:
a) SEA LEVEL RISE

Philippines as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change as
reported by ADB. It ranked the country fifth in terms of number of
individuals affected by sea level rise. Sea level issue is that it starts very
slowly but once it gets going it is practically unstoppable. After
temperature stabilized, sea levels would only rise at a steady rate for
centuries to come and not accelerate. If the world limited warming to 1.5
degrees then it would still see two meters sea level rise over centuries.
Even then, the world will still see some island nations disappear.
A continuing rise in average global sea level would inundate parts of

many heavily populated river deltas and the cities on them, making thm
uninhabitable and would destroy many beached around the world.
279
With a coastline of 18,000 kilometers, the Philippines is very vulnerable to

sea level rise. The coastlines of the province of Iloilo is approximately
451.83 kilometers. There are 19 coastal municipalities in the province
namely: San Joaquin, Miag-ao, Guimbal, Tigbauan, Oton, Leganes, Ajuy,
San Dionisio, Zarraga, Dumangas, Barotac Nuevo, Barotac Viejo, Carles,
Banate, Batad, Anilao, Balasan, Concepcion, and Estancia covering a total
of 230 coastal barangays.
If the sea level rises only by one meter, the result would still de
devastating to the country. An analysis made by UPLB Climate Change
Program listed 10 provinces that would be inundated.
One of the country’s biggest provinces, Cagayan followed by Palawan

and Iloilo. Iloilo third in rank, 8,647 hectares in 16 towns are most likely
to submerge following a one meter sea level rise.
The critical year for the sea level rise would be by 2050. All government
projects and programs should be constructed above the 12 meter safety
margin. 1
IMPACTS OF SEA LEVEL RISE:

1. Not only will great numbers of our people be displaced, entire
communities including their source of livelihood, their
cultures and traditions will likewise be changed and dislocated
forever.
2. Increasing sea level rise would endanger the drinking water
quality and agricultural productivity.
3. Salt intrusion in coastal soil and freshwater aquifers.
1 Rising Seas to Displace Millions of Filipinos by Henrylito Tacio, Philippine Natural Enrironmentalist Journal
280
b) DROUGHT is the reduction of water or moisture availability is

temporary and significant in relation to norm. Meteorological drought is
the reduction in rainfall and hydrological droughr is the reduction in
water resources. Agricultural drought is the impact of drought on human
activity influenced by various factors, the presence of irrigation systems,
moisture retention capacity of the soil, the timing of the rainfall and
adaptive behavior of the farmers
Major drought years are associated with El Niño events. El Niño years
are associated with less number of typhoons.
IMPACTS BROUGHT ABOUT BY DROUGHT 2

1. Impacts to Agriculture
a. Reduced stream Flow
b. Declining Groundwater Level
c. Insufficient Water Supply
d. Total Crop Loss
e. Limiting Water Supply for Farm Household Needs
2. Crop Failure
3. Reduced irrigated areas
4. Impacts to Water Supply (Water shortage)
a. Less water for domestic use
b. Loss of target collection/ income
c. Additional operational cost
d. Occurrence of water borne diseases
e. Water quality problem
5. Impacts to Irrigation
a. Loss of target collection to NIA (irrigation serve fee)
b. Reduction of farmers income
c. Opportunity loss for NIA
d. Increase in the number of crimes
2 Impacts of Drought in the Philippines, by Rosalina G. de Guzman, DOST, PAGASA
281
6. Impacts to Hydropower (water shortage)

a. Opportunity losses
b. Increase in the use of other sources of power such as
coal thermal, ects.
LIST OF DROUGHT EVENTS IN THE PROVINCE OF ILOILO DURING THE PERIOD 1968-1998
Date of Occurence Areas Affected Damages
1968 -1969 Moderate to severe drought over most of the most Total of 500,000 metric tons of rice
Philippines with Bicol Region as most severely and corn production
affected
1972 -1973 Central Luzon, Palawan, Visayas and Mindanao Total loss of 6,300,00 metric tons of
rice and corn production.
Oct. 1982- Mar. 1983 Moderate to severe drought affected most of Luzon, Rice and production loss of
April 1983 – Sept. 1983 Negros Occidental and Iloilo 6,400,000 metric tons insurance
claims amounted to P38M;
Hydropower generation loss was
P316M
Oct 1989 – March 1990 Drought affected Cagayan Valley, Panay Island, Estimated 500,0000 metric tons of
Guimaras, Palawan and Southern Mindanao: rice and corn oriduction losses;
affected rice and corn area totaled 283,562 has. hydropower generation loss of P348
Major multipurpose water reservoirs reduced inflow M; 10% cutback in water production
in Metro Manila
1991-1992 Severe drought affected Mindanao, Central and P4.08 Billion agricultural losses; 20%
Western Visayas and Cagayan Valley; affected shortfall in Manila water supply.
agricultural areas of 461,800 has.
1997 -1998 About 70% of the Philippines experienced severe 622,106 MT of rice production loss
drought; about 292,000 hectares of rice and corn and 565,240 MT of corn amounting to
area completely damaged P3B; water shortages; forest fires and
human health impacts
c) STORM SURGE
A storm surge is an abnormal rise of the ocean generated by a weather
disturbance such as a tropical cyclone, over and above the predicted high
tide mark. The US National Weather Service says that the rise in water is
mainly wind-driven and therefore, the stronger the winds brought by a
typhoon, the higher the storm surge.
Along with sustained wind speeds, another critical factor is the size of the
typhoon itself. The bigger the typhoon, the longer it will have an impact on
a particular area as it moves along. Size will have a direct correlation with
how long the storm surges will be in effect.
282
'Coastal geometry'
Resio and Westerink (2008) discussed other factors that contribute to the
height of storm surges. They say that besides the typhoon’s wind speed
and size, the geometry of the coastal area may very well tell how far
storm surges will go inland.
A coastal area with a very gentle slope—you know this from beaches
where you can walk a hundred meters and the water will still only be up
to your waist—is more prone to storm surges.
In contrast, beaches with steep ocean floors will be less prone to surges.
Resio and Westerink also said that, as waters come in towards the land,
friction between the advancing water and the ocean floor underneath can
slow down a storm surge. Coral reefs and rocky shores help dissipate the
wave energy. 3
One of the storm surge disastrous event was last November 8, 2013 when
Super typhoon Yolanda (international name: Haiyan) battered the central
part of the Philippines. Packing maximum winds of 215 kilometers per
hour near the center and gustiness of up to 250 kph, typhoon Yolanda
was an exceptionally powerful typhoon and considered as the deadliest
Philippine typhoon on record as well as the strongest typhoon ever
recorded in terms of wind speed.
3
Dr. Carlos Primo "CP" David is a geology professor at the University of the Philippines-National Institute of Geological Sciences (NIGS). He earned his Ph.D. in Environmental Science and
Geology from Stanford University and is the project leader of Climate X.
283
PAGASA forecast Typhoon Yolanda to move west – northwest at 40 kph

Panay Island and Guimaras Island were places under Signal No,4 (Very
strong winds of more than 185 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours).
After passing through Bantayan Island in Cebu at 10:40 A.M., Typhoon
Yolanda made its landfall in Western Visayas Region in the vicinity of the
Municipality of Concepcion, Iloilo (11.2O N, 123.2 0E) at 12:00 noon, in
Cuartero, Capiz at 1:00 PM, Tapaz, Capiz at 2:00 PM and offshore Tibiao,
Antique at 3:00 PM.
Western Visayas experienced heavy rainfall and very strong winds

resulting to flooding, landslide and storm surge especially in the northern
part of Panay Island and northern Negros Occidental causing catastrophic
damage to life and property, agriculture , fisheries and infrastructures.
A total of 1,208 barangays were affected with 206,953 families. A total of

903,798 persons were affected, 134 persons died, 12 were injured and 4 are
missing.
d) Flood
Factors Contributing to Flooding:
1. Meteorological Factors
284
a. Rainfall
b. Cyclonic Storms
c. Small – scale storms
d. Temperature
2. Hydrological Factors
a. Soil Moisture level
b. Groundwater level prior to storm
c. Natural surface infiltration rate
d. Presence of impervious cover
e. Channel cross-sectional shape and rougness
f. Presence or absence or over bank flow, channel
network
g. Synchronization of run-offs fromvarious parts of
watershed
h. High tide impending drainage
3. Human factors aggravating natural flood hazards
a. Land use changes (e.g. surface sealing due to
urbanization, deforestation) increasing run-offs and
sedimentation
b. Occupation of the flood plain obstructing flows
c. Inefficeiency or non-maintenance of infrastructure
d. Too efficient drainage of upstream areas increases flood
peaks.
e. Urban micro claimte may enfoprce precipitation events
One of the devastating floods and flashflood that occurred in the

province of Iloilo was when Typhoon Frank hit the city and Province of
Iloilo. Typhoon Frank was formed in the Pacific Ocean East of the
Philippine Islands on June 19. It intensified to typhoon intensity on June
20. It has wind speeds estimated at 85 knots - making it a category two
tropical cyclone on the Saffir-Simpson scale.
285
Typhoon Frank,
not only created
havoc in Iloilo, but
also on the
neighboring
provinces as well as
the entire country.
It is the 6th typhoon
to hit the
Philippines in year
2008, and swept
across areas not usually affected by typhoons, catching many
communities and authorities by surprise. Many people sought refuge on
roofs and trees until water level subsided, revealing severe damage to
roads and other public infrastructure including drinking water systems.
A number of tropical cyclones visited the Province of Iloilo for the last
ten years which caused flooding in some areas of the province.
According to MGB, there are several factors influencing high incidence

of flooding. These are rainfall with intensity ranging from 45 to 100
mm/hr in 2 to 3 hours, flat and low lying slope having 0 to 3% gradient
or flood plains, rocky/clayey/soil with low infiltration and high run off
and barren and poor vegetation or presence of kaingin which result to
low infiltration and high run-off.
• PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE AND POTENTIAL LONG-TERM FUTURE

THREATS ON INCREASING TEMPERATURE AND EXTREME RAINFALL
VARIABILITY, SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SEA LEVEL RISE ON
THE PROVINCE’S ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL/SOCIAL ASSETS, AND
POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT SECTORS:
o HEALTH
THREATS TO HEALTH POSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Extreme weather events causing injuries and deaths, water contamination,
infectious diseases, food shortages, and mental health problems;
286
2. Droughts and heavy rainfall causing significant reduction in crop yield and
subsistence agriculture which may lead to malnutrition, micronutrient
deficiencies, or in more cases starvation;
3. An increase in the number of very hot days in large cities, along with forest
fires and dust storms adversely impacting air quality over broad areas ( both
rural and urban) and exacerbating the occurrence and intensity of associated
with high temperature (e.g. heat strokes) and respiratory diseases (e.g.
asthma attacks);
4. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns impacting not only the
occurrence of vector-borne disease such as malaria and dengue, but also
changing and possible extending the geographical habitat of vector of such
diseases.
Projected Health Impacts of Climate Change:
HEALTH OUTCOME EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Cardiovascular and respiratory • Heat waves cause short-term increases in moratlity
diseases • Death from heat stroke increase during heat waves
• Weather affects concentrations of harmful air pollutants
Allergic Rhinitis • Weather affects the distribution, seasonality, and production of
aeroallergens
Deaths and injuries, infectious • Floods, landslides, and windstorms cause death and injuries
diseases, and mental disorders • Flooding disrupts water supply and sanitation system and may
damage transport systems and health care infrastructure.
• Floods may provide breeding sites for mosquito vectors.
• Floods may increase post-traumatic stress disorders
Starvation, malnutrition and diarrhea • Drought reduces water availability for hygiene
and respiratory diseases • Drought increases the risk of forest fires, which adversely affects
air quality
• Climate change may decrease food supplies (crop yields and fish
stocks) or access to food supplies
Mosquito, tick, and rodent borne • Higher temperatures shorten the development time of pathogens
diseases in vectors and increase the potential of transmission to human
• Each vector species has specific climate conditions (temperature
and humidity) to be sufficiently abundant to maintain transmission
Waterborne and food – borne • Survival of disease- causing organisms is related to temperature
diseases • Climate conditions affect water availability and quality
• Extreme rainfall can affect the transport of disease- causing
organisms into the water supply.
Source: Adapted from Krovats, K.L., Ebi and B. Menne, 2003 Methods of Assessibng Human Health Vulnerability and Public Health Adaptation to climate Change, Geneva; World Health
Organizations
o BIODIVERSITY
Threats to Biodiversity
o Habitat Destruction
287
 Logging
 Fires
 Land Conversion
 Siltation
 Destructive Fishing
 Encroachment/occupancy inPAs
 Earthquakes
 Typhoons
 Pest and Diseases
o Over-exploitation
 Overpopulation
 Poverty and paucity of livelihood opportunities
 Unequal opportunity of access to many bioresources
o Chemical or Environment Pollution
 Chemical Waste
 Mine Tailings
 Hazardous wastes
 Factory discharge
 Agricultural fertilizer and pesticide runoffs
 Household waste
o Biological Pollution
 Introduction of new species
 Alien invasive species
o AGRICULTURE
A survey of top climate scientists, also published by Oxfam, said

poor people living in low-lying coastal areas, island atolls and
mega deltas and farmers are most at risk from climate change
because of flooding and prolonged drought. The scientists named
South Asia and Africa as climate change hotspots. 4
4 See more at: http://allan.lissner.net/the-effects-of-climate-change-are-the-greatest-threat-to-humanity-oxfam/#sthash.3NwniVRm.dpuf
288
More people on the planet depend on rice than on

any other crop. Rice plants react very quickly to
temperature change: they show a 10% drop in yield
for every 1ºC rise in minimum temperature. In parts
of the Philippines, farmers have had to stop growing
rice completely during the droughts caused by the ‘El
Nino’ years, and river delta and coastal rice
production has already suffered badly accross South-
East Asia because of storms that overwhelm sea
defences and salt-water intrusion into paddy fields. –
o FORESTRY
Deforestration and forest degradation, whether due
to human activities or natural causes, result in
carbon stock reductions and greenhouse gas
emissions, as well as loss or impairment of other
forst goods and services, threatening livelihoods,
environmental functions and other socio-economic
values. Forest conservation endeavours to rectify
such deleterious impacts that cause forest
degradation, and ultimately deforestation.
Forest threats include:

• Fires
• Pest and diseases
• Poor management and harvesting
• Over exploitation
• Grazing and other disturbances
o Forest Management activities that conserve carbon
stocks in forest include;
• Sustainable practices of forest
management and use
• Integrated fire management
• Management of forest health and vitality
289
• Management of forest biodiversity

• Management and extension of protected
areas.
Some forest ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to
climate change such as mountain forests and watersheds,
drykland forest and coastal forest. These ecosystem with
their unique features and resources, also have an important
role for climate change mitigation on a global scale, as well
as providing many other environmental, economical, social
and cultural functions. Management measures are often
critical to reduce their vulnerability and facilitate their
adaptation to climate change. 5
o WATER
Possible impacts of climate change due to changes in extreme precipitation- related weather and climate
events based on projections to the mid- to laste 21st century.
Phenomenon and directed Likelihood of future trends

of trend based on projections for Examples of major projected impacts by sector
21st century using the
SRES scenarios
Agriculture, forestry Water Resources Human Health Industry , Settlements
and Ecosystems and society
Heavy Very Likely Damage to crops; Adverse effects on Increased risk of Disruption of
precipitation soil erosion; quality of surface deaths, injuries settlements, commerce,
events: frequency inability to cultivate and groundwater, and infectious, transport and societies
increases over land due to water contamination of respiratory and due to flooding;
most areas logging of soils water supply; skin diseases pressure on urban and
water scarcity may rural infrastructures,
be relieved loss of property
Area affected by Likely Land degradation, More widespread Increased risk of Water shortages for
drought lower yiels/crops water stress food and water settlements, industry
increases damage and shortage; and socie-ties; reduced
failure; increased increased risk of hydropower generation
increased risk of malnutrition; poten-tials; potential for
wildlife increased risk of population migration
water- food borne
diseases
Intense tropical Likely Damge to crops; Power outages Increased risk of Disruption by flood and
cyclone activity windthrow causing disruption deaths, injuries, high winds; withdrawal
increases (uprooting)of trees; of public water water and food of risk coverage in
damage to coral supply borne diseases; vulnerable areas by
reefs post –traumatic private insurers;
stress disorders potential for population
migrations; loss of
property
5 www.fao.org/forestry
290
o COASTAL AND MARINE HABITATS

Coastal and marine ecosystems of the country consist of beaches,
mangorve forests, coral reefs, seagrass beds, soft bottom communities,
open marine waters and small islands. Beach forests and mangrove
forests have been largely cut down to give way to human settlements and
for other purposes. Marine turtle nesting sites on beaches have been
reduced in area. Mining of beaches for minerals threatens to destroy
considerable beach areas. Such disturbances have reduced the capacity
of these ecosystems to buffer strong wave action and strom surges
brought about by cluimate change. Reduction of mangrove areas has
further compromised their ecological functions of support for fishery and
production and of serving a habitat for both marine and terrestrial
biodiversity. Sea grass beds and coral reefs have been subjected to direct
human disturbances through destructive fishing methods and other
human activities. All coastal ecosystems have suffered from pollution,
including sedimernts from uplands due to land erosion resulting from
loss of forest cover, and also from dredging and land reclamation in
coastal areas.
The open coastal waters and coral reefs have been affected by the rising
sea surface temperature, resulting in episodes of coral bleaching that
have had some impact on the fisheries of coral reefs. Coral reefs have
already lost 90-95 percent of their fish biomass and their species
richness, particulary the top carnivores, due mainly to human-induced
stresses that are exacerbated by climate change.
Rising sea water temperatures and increasing acidity threaten larval

survival and transport in open oceans. The decrease in the basic
productivity of open amrine waters will be felt throughout the entire food
chain leading to humans. Increased frequency of coastal water
disturbance by strom surges will exacerdate the situation through failure
of recruitment of fish and other organisms.
291
Sea level rise is already felt by coastal communities. During times of

heavy monsson winds and storm surges often in combination with high
tides, coastal flooding and erosion of beaches have occurs in some low
lying areas on small, flat islands causing displacement of coastal
communities and destruction of infrastructures.
292
APPLICABILITY OF VUNERABILITY ASSESSMENT TOOLS IN THE PDPFP

For the purpose of mainstreaming of Climate Change Assessment and Disaster Risk
Reduction in the Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, the tools developed
were commendable attempts to rationalize adaptation measures based on what needs to be
addressed through public policy. However, given present institutional limitations in local
development planning, only a few aspects of the tools can be applied, while some need further
modifications. In the assessment of sectoral vulnerability, parameters from empirical sources can
be replace the more rigid technique until such time that models and more sophisticated and
reliable databases are developed. Concepts and focus of vulnerability assessments across related
tools should be standardized. ( e.g. resources sectors like water, agriculture, coastal and forestry)
to aid the streamlining or integration tools.
A simpler tool that can immediately be adopted and operationalized by the provincial
planners was formulated to mainstream CCA and DRR in the PDPFP.
The following are the sectoral vulnerability assessment made using the Vulnerability
Assessment matrices refined and validated during the workshops. The matrices comprise a
relatively comprehensive menu of parameters with which sectoral vulnerability can be measured.
However, not all indicators and sub-indicators on climate change impacts or natural hazards are
operable at all scales and levels of planning. The choice of appropriate indicators and sub-
indicators depends on the availability of data at the time of assessment and institutional
arrangements that support local planning systems.
1. Crops Production Vulnerability to Flooding

2. Crops Production Vulnerability to Erosion
3. Crops Production Vulnerability to Drought
4. Forest Vulnerability to Flooding
5. Forest Vulnerability to Drought
6. Health Vulnerability to Dengue Fever
7. Health Vulnerability to Typhoid Fever
8. Health Vulnerability to Leptospirosis
9. Fisheries ( Marine Fisheries/Mariculture) Vulnerability to Sea level Rise
293
10. Coastal and Marine Vulnerability to Tropical Cyclones and Storm Surges
11. Coastal and Marine Vulnerability to Sea Surface Temperature Increase
12. Biodiversity Vulnerability to Forest Fires
13. Biodiversity Vulnerability to Drought/Heat Stress
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS:
Climate change risk assessment is rather futuristic. Hence, it would require enormous
investments in research and development to generate critical data and information and would
heavily rely on computer based software model development, remote sensing and GIS mapping
technology for spatial analysis and forecasting. It is anticipated that climate change science in the
near future will be developing an array of more advanced quantitative models for accurate
projections of the future impacts of increasing temperature and anomalies in rainfall patterns.
The determinants of vulnerability are sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity.

Vulnerability Index = weighted (sensitivity sub-index + exposure sub-index + adaptive
capacity or coping mechanism sub-index)
The sensitivity of an ecosystem or human settlements varies according to the type of
hazards brought about by climate change. It also depends on the state or quality and location of
ecosystems and human settlements. The level of social and economic status of human
communities including their demographic features determines their level of sensitivity. Exposure
is usually the target of public policy while adaptive capacity is the measure of current efforts to
lower vulnerability.
VULNERABILITY : CROP PRODUCTION to FLOODING

SENSITIVITY INDICATOR: Flooding
Sub – indicators - Rainfall Volume ( Percent increase change from monthly average)
Slope (DENR LMB)
EXPOSURE INDICATOR: Flooding
Sub indicators : Extent of flooded production areas ( % of production areas affected)
Extent of irrigated and rainfed lands silted
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY : Flooding
Sub indicators : Access to flood forecasting information and early warning system
Flood control and drainage facilities in agricultural areas
294
295
VULNERABILITY OF CROPS TO FLOODING ( SENSITIVITY + EXPOSURE + ADAPTIVE CAPACITY)
SENSITIVITY : (Crops Vulnerability to Flooding)

The sensitivity of an ecosystem or human settlements varies according to
the type if hazards brought about by climate change. For the province of Iloilo
the following sub indicators for sensitivity of crops to flooding are rainfall
volume and slope from DENR, LMB. Crops with high sensitivity to flooding are
found in the municipalities of Balasan, Dumangas, Lambunao, Passi Cty and San
Rafael. Crops with low sensitivity to flooding are in municipalities of Badiangan,
Igbaras, leganes, Leon, Maasin, Miag-ao, Pavia Pototan , San Miguel, Santa
Barbara and Zarraga. The crops of the rest of the municipalities are moderately
sensitive to flooding. It was noted that rainfall volume in province have 11-20%
increase change from monthly average rainfall volume or 21-30% increase change
from monthly average volume. Slope of the province varies from <8% which is
very high to >50% which is very low. Crops in the municipalities of Dumangas,
Leganes, Mina, New Lucena, Oton, Pavi, Pototan, Sta. Barbara and Zarraga are
highly sensitive to flooding.
296
EXPOSURE : ( Crops Vulnerability to Flooding)

It is the extent of the ecosystem or human settlements as well as the types
and value of assets that are at risk or most likely to be affected by climate change
and its attendant hazards. Sub indicators to determine the exposure of crops
vulnerability to flooding are the extent of flooded production areas ( 0- > 30% of
production areas affected) and extent of irrigated and rainfed lands that are
silted. Municipalities with crop production that are highly exposed to flooding
are Ajuy, Banate, Batas, Dingle, Dueñas, Dumangas, Oton, Passi City, Pototan,
Sara and Zarraga. Low exposure of crops to flooding are in Bingawan, Calinog,
Carles, Estancia, Guimbal, Maasin, Miag-ao and Tubungan.
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: (Crops Vulnerability to Flooding)

It refers to the general ability of institutions, systems, and individuals to
adjust to potential harms such as climate change. It is largely influenced by the
system’s access to financial, institutional, and technological resources. It also
refers to the potential for adjustments, process ( both natural and human)
practices, or structures to moderate or offset the potential for damage or take
advantage of opportunities created by variations or changes in the climate. Sub-
indicators to determine the adaptive capacity of one municipality are access of
flood forecasting information and early warning devices and flood control and
drainages facilities in all agricultural areas. There are 19 municipalities with crop
production that have high adaptive capacity to flooding. Eight (8) municipalities
are moderate, 15 are low while Lambunao has a very low adaptive capacity to
flooding.
VULNERABILITY SUMMARY (Crop Production vulnerability to Flooding)

Vulnerability = Sensitivity + Exposure + Adaptive Capacity
Municipalities whose crop production with high VULNERABILITY to

flooding are Banate, Batad and Sara whereas, Calinog, Guimbal, Tubungan,
Zarraga, San Miguel, San Joaquin, Pavia Mina, Miag-ao, Maasin and Lambunao
are municipalities with crop production that have low VULNERABIITY to
flooding. The rest of the municipalities have VULNERABILITY INDEX of
moderate.
297
Province of Iloilo, DRR and CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014-2020 Vulnerability Analysis
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE IMPACT – CROPS TO FLOODING
Sensitivity Exposure Adaptive Capacity Vulnerability
Adaptive Capacity Index
Vulnerability Index
Exposure Index
Access to Flood Enforcement
Sum of Extent of Extent of Food control and
Sensitivity Index
Sensitivity Index
Exposure Index
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal Extent of of regulatory
% forest irrigated prime agri Forecasting drainages
Capacity
Adaptive
Area Rainfall Flooding measures,
Slope cover in and rain lands or Information facilities in
Volume
Watershed
Productio
fed lands SAFDZ and Early all Sec. 9 of RA
n Areas 8435 and
silted affected Warning agricultural
Device areas other policies
AJUY 17492.59 0.32 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.33 0.26 0.27 0.87 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.73 0.68 0.87 0.73 0.76
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.24 0.18 0.3 0.72 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.13 0.33 0.76 0.72 0.60 0.76 0.69
ANILAO 8492.98 0.24 0.18 0.3 0.72 0.26 0.20 0.14 0.60 0.30 0.120 0.33 0.83 0.72 0.60 0.83 0.71
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.13 0.33 0.76 0.54 0.60 0.76 0.63
BALASAN 5479.06 0.32 0.18 0.3 0.8 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.33 0.93 0.8 0.60 0.93 0.77
BANATE 7040.88 0.24 0.18 0.3 0.72 0.33 0.20 0.27 0.80 0.40 0.26 0.33 0.99 0.72 0.80 0.99 0.83
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.20 0.07 0.56 0.66 0.67 0.56 0.63
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.6 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.40 0.26 0.07 0.73 0.6 0.60 0.73 0.64
BATAD 4820.035 0.24 0.18 0.3 0.72 0.33 0.26 0.34 0.93 0.40 0.26 0.33 0.99 0.72 0.93 0.99 0.88
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0.32 0.12 0.18 0.62 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.47 0.40 0.13 0.33 0.86 0.62 0.47 0.86 0.64
CABATUAN 10579.08 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.6 0.33 0.20 0.14 0.66 0.30 0.20 0.33 0.83 0.6 0.66 0.83 0.69
CALINOG 27180.29 0.32 0.12 0.18 0.62 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.47 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.62 0.47 0.53 0.54
CARLES 10553.23 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.07 0.20 0.14 0.40 0.40 0.20 0.33 0.93 0.74 0.40 0.93 0.68
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.6 0.33 0.20 0.20 0.73 0.40 0.20 0.33 0.93 0.6 0.73 0.93 0.74
DINGLE 10914.38 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.6 0.33 0.26 0.20 0.80 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.46 0.6 0.80 0.46 0.63
DUENAS 9325.38 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.6 0.33 0.20 0.27 0.80 0.30 0.20 0.33 0.83 0.6 0.80 0.83 0.74
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.24 0.3 0.3 0.84 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.73 0.84 0.80 0.73 0.79
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.24 0.18 0.3 0.72 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.47 0.40 0.20 0.33 0.93 0.72 0.47 0.93 0.69
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.6 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.47 0.30 0.20 0.07 0.56 0.6 0.47 0.56 0.54
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.40 0.13 0.33 0.86 0.54 0.60 0.86 0.66
JANIUAY 19565.99 0.32 0.12 0.18 0.62 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.26 0.33 0.89 0.62 0.67 0.89 0.72
298
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE IMPACT – CROPS TO FLOODING
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.32 0.12 0.24 0.68 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.20 0.13 0.07 0.40 0.68 0.67 0.40 0.59
LEGANES 3206.56 0.24 0.3 0 0.54 0.26 0.20 0.27 0.73 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.54 0.73 0.53 0.60
LEMERY 13900.53 0.32 0.18 0.3 0.8 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.40 0.20 0.33 0.93 0.8 0.67 0.93 0.79
LEON 16003.24 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.48 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.13 0.33 0.76 0.48 0.67 0.76 0.63
MAASIN 15610.25 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.48 0.13 0.20 0.20 0.53 0.30 0.13 0.07 0.50 0.48 0.53 0.50 0.50
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.07 0.20 0.14 0.40 0.30 0.13 0.07 0.50 0.54 0.40 0.50 0.48
MINA 3862.83 0.24 0.3 0 0.54 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.54 0.67 0.53 0.58
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0.24 0.3 0.18 0.72 0.13 0.26 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.26 0.33 0.89 0.72 0.60 0.89 0.73
OTON 8584.98 0.24 0.3 0 0.54 0.33 0.20 0.27 0.80 0.20 0.26 0.33 0.79 0.54 0.80 0.79 0.71
PASSI 25961.74 0.32 0.18 0.3 0.8 0.33 0.20 0.27 0.80 0.30 0.13 0.07 0.50 0.8 0.80 0.50 0.71
PAVIA 2816.14 0.24 0.3 0 0.54 0.07 0.20 0.27 0.54 0.30 0.26 0.07 0.63 0.54 0.54 0.63 0.57
POTOTAN 9229.46 0.24 0.3 0 0.54 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.54 0.80 0.53 0.63
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.24 0.18 0.3 0.72 0.07 0.26 0.27 0.60 0.40 0.26 0.33 0.99 0.72 0.60 0.99 0.76
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.6 0.33 0.20 0.20 0.73 0.40 0.20 0.33 0.93 0.6 0.73 0.93 0.74
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.07 0.26 0.20 0.53 0.40 0.13 0.07 0.60 0.66 0.53 0.60 0.60
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0.24 0.18 0 0.42 0.13 0.20 0.20 0.53 0.30 0.20 0.33 0.83 0.42 0.53 0.83 0.58
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.32 0.18 0.3 0.8 0.33 0.20 0.20 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.46 0.8 0.73 0.46 0.68
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0.24 0.3 0 0.54 0.07 0.20 0.27 0.54 0.30 0.2 0.33 0.83 0.54 0.54 0.83 0.63
SARA 16878.17 0.24 0.18 0.3 0.72 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.40 0.26 0.33 0.99 0.72 0.80 0.99 0.83
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.72 0.07 0.26 0.20 0.53 0.30 0.20 0.07 0.56 0.72 0.53 0.56 0.61
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.6 0.07 0.20 0.14 0.40 0.40 0.13 0.07 0.60 0.6 0.40 0.60 0.53
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.24 0.3 0 0.54 0.33 0.20 0.27 0.80 0.30 0.20 0.07 0.56 0.54 0.80 0.56 0.64
299
VULNERABILITY: CROP PRODUCTION TO EROSION

SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : Erosion
Sub-indicators: Rainfall Volume
Soil Type
Cropping System for rainfed and upland production areas
EXPOSURE INDICATOR: Erosion

Sub-indicators: Extent of flooded production areas
Extent of irrigated and rainfed lands silted
Extent of prime agri lands or SAFDZ affected
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR : Erosion

Sub-indicator: Soil Conservation
Livelihood Diversification program
300
301
VULNERABILITY OF CROP PRODUCTION TO EROSION ( SENSITIVITY +

EXPOSURE + ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. In

agriculture, soil erosion refers to the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the
natural physical forces of water and wind or through forces associated with
farming activities such as tillage.
Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or

can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil. Soil compaction,
low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and
soil acidity problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can
accelerate the soil erosion process.
Crop management systems that favour contour farming and strip-

cropping techniques can further reduce the amount of erosion. To reduce most of
the erosion on annual row-crop land, leave a residue cover greater than 30% after
harvest and or inter-seed a cover crop.
302
The adoption of various soil conservation measures reduces soil erosion

by water, wind and tillage. Tillage and cropping practices, as well as land
management practices, directly affect the overall soil erosion problem and
solutions on a farm. When crop rotations or changing tillage practices are not
enough to control erosion on a field, a combination of approaches or more
extreme measures might be necessary.
Many farmers have already made significant progress in dealing with

soil erosion problems on their farms. However, because of continued advances in
soil management and crop production technology that have maintained or
increased yields in spite of soil erosion, others are not aware of the increasing
problem on farmland. Awareness usually occurs only when property is damaged
and productive areas of soil are lost.
The increase in extreme weather events predicted with climate change

will magnify the existing water and wind erosion situations and create new areas
of concern. Farmland must be protected as much as possible, with special
attention to higher risk situations that leave the soil vulnerable to erosion.
In the Province of Iloilo, the municipalities of Ajuy, Batad, San Dionisio

and Sara have vulnerability of moderate to high in terms of agricultural crop
production to climate change impact which is erosion.
Those with low to moderate vulnerability of crop production to erosion

are Alimodian, Badiangan, Bingawan, Cabatuan, Dueñas, Dumangas, Estancia,
Guimbal, Igbaras, Leganes, Miag-ao, Oton, Passi City, Pavia and Zarraga. The
rest of the municipalities have moderate vulnerability of crop production to
erosion.
303
Table no.______ Vulnerability Assessment of Agriculture-Crop Production Impact: Erosion
Adaptive Capacity
Sensitivity Exposure Vulnerability
Vulnerability Index
Adaptive Capacity
Sum of Municipal
Sensitivity
Capacity Index
Index
Index
Extent of
Area
MUNICIPALITY
Sensitivity
Extent of Extent of
Exposure
Exposure
Livelihood
Adaptive
NAME prime agri Soil
Index
Index
Index
Rainfall Soil Cropping flooded Irrigated and Conservation
diversification
lands or program
Volume Type System production Rain fed lands
SAFDZ
areas silted
affected
AJUY 17492.59 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.74 0.67 0.70 0.70
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.54 0.67 0.50 0.57
ANILAO 8492.98 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.80 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.80 0.60 0.63
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.48 0.60 0.50 0.53
BALASAN 5479.06 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.74 0.60 0.70 0.68
BANATE 7040.88 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.80 0.54 0.60 0.80 0.64
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.80 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.80 0.60 0.63
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.73 0.40 0.40 0.80 0.54 0.73 0.80 0.69
BATAD 4820.03 0.24 0.12 0.30 0.66 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.50 0.40 0.90 0.66 0.67 0.90 0.73
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0.32 0.06 0.18 0.56 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.56 0.60 0.50 0.56
CABATUAN 10579.08 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.67 0.60 0.58
CALINOG 27180.29 0.32 0.06 0.24 0.62 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.62 0.67 0.70 0.66
CARLES 10553.23 0.32 0.12 0.24 0.68 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.68 0.60 0.60 0.63
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.27 0.67 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.67 0.60 0.63
DINGLE 10914.38 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.60 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.80 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.80 0.60 0.67
DUENAS 9325.38 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.60 0.60 0.56
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.67 0.60 0.58
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.30 0. 0 0.48 0.60 0. 0 0.56
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.60 0.60 0.56
304
Table no.______ Vulnerability Assessment of Agriculture-Crop Production Impact: Erosion
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.54 0.67 0.50 0.57
JANIUAY 19566 0.32 0.06 0.24 0.62 0.20 0.26 0.22 0.73 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.62 0.73 0.70 0.68
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.62 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.73 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.62 0.73 0.60 0.65
LEGANES 3206.56 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.59
LEMERY 13900.53 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.74 0.60 0.60 0.64
LEON 16003.24 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.73 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.54 0.73 0.60 0.63
MAASIN 15610.25 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.54 0.67 0.60 0.60
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.48 0.67 0.50 0.55
MINA 3862.83 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.33 0.20 0.73 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.48 0.73 0.70 0.63
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.48 0.67 0.70 0.61
OTON 8584.98 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.59
PASSI 25961.74 0.32 0.06 0.24 0.62 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.62 0.60 0.50 0.58
PAVIA 2816.14 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.59
POTOTAN 9229.46 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.80 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.48 0.80 0.70 0.66
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.24 0.18 0.30 0.72 0.26 0.20 0.27 0.73 0.50 0.40 0.90 0.72 0.73 0.90 0.78
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.54 0.60 0.70 0.61
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.73 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.54 0.73 0.60 0.63
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.26 0.27 0.73 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.73 0.60 0.60
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.32 0.06 0.24 0.62 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.62 0.60 0.70 0.64
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.33 0.20 0.73 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.73 0.60 0.60
SARA 16878.17 0.24 0.12 0.30 0.66 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.40 0.40 0.80 0.66 0.67 0.80 0.70
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.80 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.80 0.60 0.63
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.33 0.20 0.20 0.73 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.54 0.73 0.60 0.63
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.67 0.60 0.58
305
VULNERABILITY: CROPS VULNERABILITY TO DROUGHT

SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : Drought
Sub-indicator : Incidence of El Niño
Dependence on irrigation
Duration of Drought
EXPOSURE INDICATOR : Drought

Sub-indicator : Extent of production areas affected by the last two occurrence
of drought
No. of agricultural families affected
Extent of prime agri lands or SAFDZ affected
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR : Drought

Sub-indicator : Small scale irrigation
Water impounding of rain harvesting facilities
Crops diversification practices
306
307
VULNERABILITY OF CROPS TO DROUGHT (Sensitivity + Exposure + Adaptive Capacity)
Periods of droughts can have significant environmental, agricultural, health,

economic and social consequences. The effect varies according to vulnerability. For
example, subsistence farmers are more likely to migrate during drought because they do
not have alternative food sources. Areas with populations that depend on as a major food
source are more vulnerable to famine.
Drought can also reduce water quality, because lower water flows reduce dilution of
pollutants and increase contamination of remaining water sources. Common consequences of
drought include:
• Diminished crop growth or yield productions and carrying capacity for livestock
• Famine due to lack of water for irrigation
• Habitat damage, affecting both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife[5]
• Hunger, drought provides too little water to support food crops.
• Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases
308
Modern people can effectively mitigate much of the impact of drought

through irrigation and crop rotation. Failure to develop adequate drought
mitigation strategies carries a grave human cost in the modern era, exacerbated
by ever-increasing population densities.
Agricultural droughts are droughts that affect crop production or the

ecology of the range. This condition can also arise independently from any
change in precipitation levels when soil conditions and erosion triggered by
poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall in water available to the
crops. However, in a traditional drought, it is caused by an extended period of
below average precipitation.
Strategies for drought protection, mitigation or relief include:
• Dams - many dams and their associated reservoirs supply additional water
in times of drought.
• Cloud seeding - a form of intentional weather modification to induce
rainfall.[48]
• Desalination - of sea water for irrigation or consumption.
• Land use - Carefully planned crop rotation can help to minimize erosion and
allow farmers to plant less water-dependent crops in drier years.
• Outdoor water-use restriction - Regulating the use of sprinklers, hoses or
buckets on outdoor plants, filling pools, and other water-intensive home
maintenance tasks.
• Rainwater harvesting - Collection and storage of rainwater from roofs or
other suitable catchments.
• Recycled water - Former wastewater (sewage) that has been treated and
purified for reuse.
Adding all the vulnerabilities, crops vulnerability to drought, the

municipality of Zarraga has high vulnerability to drought. Those with moderate
to high vulnerability to drought are Ajuy,Cabatuan, Carles, Dumangas, Leganes,
New Lucena, Passi City and San Enrique. Moderate vulnerabilities to drought
are the municipalities of Alimodian, Anilao, Badiangan, Banate, Barotac Nuevo,
Concepcion, Lemery, Oton, Pavia and Tubungan. The rest of the municipalities
have either low or low to moderate vulnerabilities to drought.
309
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE IMPACT – CROPS TO DROUGHT

Vulnerability Index
Exposure Index
Extent of
Sum of
Adaptive Capacity
production Extent of Water
Sensitivity Index
Sensitivity Index
Dependence on
Exposure Index
Incidence of EL
No. Of
Duration of
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal areas prime agri Small impounding Crop
drought
irrigation
Area agricultural
Niño
affected by lands or scale of rain diversification
families
the last two SAFDZ irrigation harvesting practices
affected
occurrence affected facilities
of drought
AJUY 17492.59 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.07 0.33 0.20 0.60 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.60 0.43 0.70
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.4 0.18 0.3 0.88 0.13 0.26 0.20 0.60 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.88 0.60 0.36 0.63
ANILAO 8492.98 0.4 0.24 0.3 0.94 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.40 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.94 0.40 0.43 0.60
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0.4 0.12 0.3 0.82 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.82 0.60 0.36 0.61
BALASAN 5479.06 0.4 0.12 0.3 0.82 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.82 0.20 0.43 0.49
BANATE 7040.88 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.13 0.20 0.14 0.47 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 1 0.47 0.36 0.62
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.33 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.33 0.43 0.60
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.20 0.43 0.55
BATAD 4820.035 0.4 0.24 0.3 0.94 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.94 0.20 0.43 0.53
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0.4 0.06 0.3 0.76 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.198 0.36 0.76 0.20 0.36 0.45
CABATUAN 10579.08 0.4 0.06 0.3 0.76 0.26 0.33 0.27 0.87 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.76 0.87 0.43 0.70
CALINOG 27180.29 0.4 0.06 0.3 0.76 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.76 0.20 0.36 0.45
CARLES 10553.23 0.4 0.06 0.3 0.76 0.33 0.33 0.34 1.00 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.76 1.00 0.43 0.75
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.4 0.24 0.3 0.94 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.40 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.94 0.40 0.43 0.60
DINGLE 10914.38 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.20 0.43 0.55
DUENAS 9325.38 0.4 0.06 0.3 0.76 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.76 0.20 0.43 0.47
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.20 0.33 0.20 0.73 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.73 0.43 0.74
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.4 0.06 0.3 0.76 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.76 0.20 0.43 0.47
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.4 0.18 0.3 0.88 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.2 0.07 0.26 0.53 0.88 0.20 0.53 0.54
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.4 0.18 0.3 0.88 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.13 0.20 0.43 0.88 0.20 0.43 0.51
JANIUAY 19565.99 0.4 0.18 0.3 0.88 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.88 0.20 0.43 0.51
310
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE IMPACT – CROPS TO DROUGHT
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.4 0.06 0.3 0.76 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.76 0.20 0.36 0.45
LEGANES 3206.56 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.13 0.33 0.14 0.67 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.67 0.43 0.71
LEMERY 13900.53 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.07 0.20 0.07 0.40 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 1 0.40 0.36 0.60
LEON 16003.24 0.4 0.12 0.3 0.82 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.27 0.1 0.07 0.13 0.30 0.82 0.27 0.30 0.47
MAASIN 15610.25 0.4 0.12 0.3 0.82 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.82 0.20 0.36 0.47
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.4 0.24 0.3 0.94 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.94 0.20 0.36 0.51
MINA 3862.83 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.20 0.43 0.55
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0.4 0.18 0.3 0.88 0.26 0.33 0.14 0.80 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.88 0.80 0.43 0.72
OTON 8584.98 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.40 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.40 0.43 0.62
PASSI 25961.74 0.4 0.12 0.3 0.82 0.33 0.33 0.14 1.00 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.82 1.00 0.36 0.75
PAVIA 2816.14 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.33 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.33 0.43 0.60
POTOTAN 9229.46 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.33 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 1 0.33 0.36 0.58
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.4 0.18 0.3 0.88 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.27 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.364 0.88 0.27 0.36 0.51
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.4 0.18 0.3 0.88 0.26 0.33 0.067 0.80 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.88 0.80 0.43 0.72
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.4 0.18 0.3 0.88 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.88 0.20 0.36 0.49
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.20 0.43 0.55
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 0.20 0.43 0.55
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0.4 0.12 0.3 0.82 0.13 0.20 0.07 0.47 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.82 0.47 0.43 0.58
SARA 16878.17 0.4 0.24 0.3 0.94 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.2 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.94 0.20 0.43 0.53
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.4 0.24 0.3 0.94 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.94 0.20 0.43 0.53
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.4 0.24 0.3 0.94 0.20 0.20 0.34 0.60 0.1 0.07 0.20 0.36 0.94 0.60 0.36 0.65
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 0.33 0.33 0.20 1.00 0.1 0.07 0.26 0.43 1 1.00 0.43 0.83
311
VULNERABILITY : FOREST VULNERABILITY TO FLOODING

SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : Flooding
Sub – indicators : Slope (DENR LMB)
Percent Forest Cover in watershed
EXPOSURE INDICATOR: Flooding

Sub-indicators : Extent and number of settlements and population in
floodplains at risk
Extent of flood prone areas in lowland areas
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: Flooding

Sub-indicators Flood control in drainage facilities in flood plain areas
Flood preparedness
312
313
VULNERABILITY OF FOREST TO FLOOD (SENSITIVITY+EXPOSURE+ ADAPTIVE CAPACITY)
The total forestland of the province of Iloilo is 114,083 has. The largest forestland is in San
Joaquin with 15,594 has., followed by Calinog with 14,954.25 has., Lambunao with 8,505 has.,
Maasin and Igbaras. There are small forest land area in Estanica, Barotac Nuevo and Zarraga.
There are fourteen (14) municipalities with no forestlands. They are Guimbal, Oton, Tigbauan,
Leganes, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara, Badiangan, Bingawan, Cabatuan, Mina,
Pototan and Dueñas.
SENSITIVITY ( Forest Vulnerability to Flooding)

Slope and percent forest cover were used as sub-indicators for sensitivity of forestland to
flooding. There are two municipalities with forestland very high sensitivity to flooding. They are
Estancia and Dumangas. Almost all areas of Estancia and Dumangas are generally flat. They
have 0-3% slope. Municipalities with forestland with low sensitivity level to flooding are
Calinog, Leon and Massin. Large portions of these municipalities have slopes greater the 50
314
percent. The rest of the municipalities with forestland are either moderate-high sensitivity to
flood.
EXPOSURE ( Forestland Vulnerability to Flooding)

The sub-indicators used to determine the exposure of forestland to flooding are extent of
settlements and population in floodplains at risk and extenent of flood prone areas in lowland
areas. The forestland in the municipality of Dumangas is moderately exposed to flooding while
all the municipalities with forestland have very low exposure to flooding.
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ( Forestland Vulnerability to Flooding)

The sub-indicator used in the adaptive capacity of forestland to flooding are flood control and
drainage facilities in flood plain areas and flood preparedness. The forestlands of Zarraga, Sara
and Estancia have moderate adaptive capacity index to floods while the rest of the municipalities
have very low adaptive capacity.
VULNERABILITY OF FORESTLAND TO FLOODING ( Sensitivity + Exposure + Adaptive

Capacity)
Adding all the sub- indicators, the forestland in the municipalities of Dumangas, Sara, and
Zarraga have moderate vulnerability index to flooding. The rest of the municipalities with
forestlands have low vulnerability index to flooding. Large portions of the municipalities of
Cakinog, Lambunao, Janiuay, Maasin, Alimodian, Leon, Tubungan, Igbaras Miag-ao , San
Joaquin and the island barangays of San Dionisio have slopes greater than 50%. Some of the
areas in these municipalities are identified as vulnerable to rain induced landslide.
315
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FORESTRY IMPACT: FLOODING
Vulnerability Index
Exposure Index
Extent of
Sum of settlements Extent of Flood control
Sensitivity Index
Sensitivity Index
Exposure Index
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal Extent of
Proximity and flood prone and drainage
Capacity
Adaptive
Area % forest agricultural Reforestation Flood
Slope to river population areas in facilities in
cover areas Efforts preparedness
bodies in lowland flood plain
affected
floodplains areas areas
at risk
AJUY 17492.59 0.24 0.30 0.18 0.72 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.72 0.20 0.43 0.45
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.84 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.84 0.27 0.43 0.52
ANILAO 8492.98 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.84 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.84 0.20 0.43 0.49
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BALASAN 5479.06 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.84 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.84 0.20 0.53 0.52
BANATE 7040.88 0.24 0.30 0.24 0.78 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.78 0.20 0.43 0.47
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.24 0.30 0.24 0.78 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.78 0.20 0.53 0.50
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.24 0.30 0.18 0.72 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.72 0.20 0.53 0.48
BATAD 4820.035 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.84 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.84 0.20 0.53 0.52
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CABATUAN 10579.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CALINOG 27180.29 0.16 0.30 0.12 0.58 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.58 0.27 0.43 0.43
CARLES 10553.23 0.24 0.30 0.24 0.78 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.78 0.20 0.53 0.50
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.16 0.30 0.24 0.7 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.46 0.7 0.20 0.46 0.45
DINGLE 10914.38 0.24 0.30 0.18 0.72 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.72 0.20 0.53 0.48
DUENAS 9325.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.4 0.30 0.30 1 0.07 0.33 0.20 0.60 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 1 0.60 0.53 0.72
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.84 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.30 0.26 0.07 0.63 0.84 0.20 0.63 0.55
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.16 0.30 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.64 0.27 0.43 0.45
JANIUAY 19565.99 0.16 0.30 0.18 0.64 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.72 0.27 0.43 0.45
316
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FORESTRY IMPACT: FLOODING
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.16 0.30 0.24 0.70 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.70 0.27 0.43 0.47
LEGANES 3206.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEMERY 13900.53 0.24 0.30 0.3 0.84 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.07 0.53 0.84 0.20 0.53 0.52
LEON 16003.24 0.16 0.30 0.12 0.58 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.58 0.27 0.43 0.43
MAASIN 15610.25 0.16 0.30 0.12 0.58 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.58 0.27 0.43 0.43
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.16 0.30 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.64 0.27 0.43 0.45
MINA 3862.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OTON 8584.98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PASSI 25961.74 0.24 0.3 0.30 0.84 0.07 0.13 0.14 0.33 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.84 0.33 0.43 0.54
PAVIA 2816.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
POTOTAN 9229.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.84 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.13 0.60 0.84 0.20 0.60 0.54
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.24 0.30 0.18 0.72 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.72 0.20 0.43 0.45
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.24 0.30 0.18 0.72 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.72 0.27 0.43 0.47
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.84 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.13 0.60 0.84 0.20 0.60 0.54
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SARA 16878.17 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.84 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.27 0.30 0.26 0.20 0.762 0.84 0.27 0.762 0.62
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.16 0.30 0.24 0.70 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.43 0.70 0.27 0.43 0.47
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.4 0.30 0.30 1 0.07 0.33 0.14 0.53 0.30 0.26 0.20 0.762 1 0.53 0.762 0.76
317
VULNERABILITY: FOREST VULNERABILITY TO DROUGHT

SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : DROUGHT
Sub-indicator : % Forest Cover
Incidence of El Niño
Presence of rivers and streams
EXPOSURE INDICATOR: DROUGHT

Sub-indicator : Extent of upland farming
Extent of areas affected by El Niño events
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR: DROUGHT

Sub-indicator : Small scale upland irrigation program
Water conservation practices adopted
318
319
VULNERABILITY OF FORESTLAND TO DROUGHT (Sensitivity + Exposure + Adaptive

Capacity)
Adding all the sub-indicators, the forestland in the municipalities of Batad, Dumangas,
Estancia, Lemery, San Rafael and Sara have moderate vulnerability to the forestry impact of
erosion. Forestlands Ajuy, Calinog, Dingle, Janiuay and Maasin have low sectoral vulnerability
to drought. The rest of the municipalities have low to moderate vulnerability.
320
Table No. ____VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FORESTRY IMPACT: DROUGHT
Vulnerability Index
Sum of
Adaptive Capacity
Extent of
Sensitivity Index
Sensitivity Index
Exposure Index
Exposure Index
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal Presence Small scale Water
Extent of areas
Area % Forest Incidence of rivers upland conservation
upland affected by
cover of El Niño and irrigation practices
farming El Niño
streams program adopted
event
AJUY 17492.59 0.24 0.30 0.12 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.66 0.20 0.60 0.48
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.40 0.30 0.12 0.82 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 0.82 0.20 0.70 0.57
ANILAO 8492.98 0.40 0.30 0.18 0.88 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 0.88 0.20 0.70 0.59
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BALASAN 5479.06 0.40 0.30 0.18 0.88 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0 0.50 0.88 0.20 0.50 0.53
BANATE 7040.88 0.40 0.30 0.12 0.82 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 0.82 0.20 0.70 0.57
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.32 0.30 0.18 0.8 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 0.8 0.20 0.70 0.56
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.24 0.30 0.12 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 0.66 0.20 0.70 0.51
BATAD 4820.035 0.40 0.30 0.18 0.88 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.88 0.20 0.80 0.62
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CABATUAN 10579.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CALINOG 27180.29 0.24 0.30 0.06 0.6 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.6 0.20 0.60 0.46
CARLES 10553.23 0.32 0.30 0.18 0.8 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.8 0.20 0.80 0.59
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.32 0.30 0.18 0.8 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.8 0.20 0.70 0.56
DINGLE 10914.38 0.24 0.30 0.12 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.66 0.20 0.60 0.48
DUENAS 9325.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.40 0.30 0.06 0.76 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.90 0.76 0.20 0.90 0.61
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.40 0.30 0.18 0.88 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.88 0.20 0.80 0.62
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.24 0.30 0.12 0.66 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.66 0.40 0.60 0.55
JANIUAY 19565.99 0.24 0.30 0.12 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.66 0.20 0.60 0.48
321
Table No. ____VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FORESTRY IMPACT: DROUGHT
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.32 0.30 0.12 0.74 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.74 0.74 0.20 0.60 0.51
LEGANES 3206.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEMERY 13900.53 0.40 0.30 0.12 0.82 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.90 0.82 0.82 0.20 0.90 0.63
LEON 16003.24 0.16 0.30 0.06 0.52 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.52 0.52 0.40 0.60 0.50
MAASIN 15610.25 0.16 0.30 0.06 0.52 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.52 0.52 0.20 0.60 0.43
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.24 0.30 0.06 0.6 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.20 0.70 0.6 0.6 0.40 0.70 0.56
MINA 3862.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OTON 8584.98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PASSI 25961.74 0.40 0.30 0.06 0.76 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.76 0.76 0.20 0.80 0.58
PAVIA 2816.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
POTOTAN 9229.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.4 0.30 0.18 0.88 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 0.88 0.88 0.20 0.70 0.59
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.24 0.30 0.18 0.72 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.72 0.72 0.20 0.60 0.50
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.32 0.30 0.06 0.68 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.68 0.68 0.40 0.60 0.56
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.40 0.30 0.18 0.88 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.20 0.90 0.65
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SARA 16878.17 0.40 0.30 0.12 0.82 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.90 0.82 0.82 0.20 0.90 0.63
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.32 0.30 0.12 0.74 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.74 0.74 0.40 0.60 0.58
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.40 0.30 0.06 0.76 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.76 0.76 0.20 0.80 0.58
322
VULNERABILITY : HEALTH VULNERABILITY TO DENGUE

SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : DENGUE
SUB-INDICATOR : Access to Level 3 water supply
History of Disease Outbreak last 5 years
Waste Management Practices
EXPOSURE INDICATOR: Dengue

SUB INDICATOR :Household within poverty threshold
Household without access to safe water supply
Household with access to sanitary toilet
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: DENGUE

SUB- INDICATORS Water supply and sanitation systems
Access to proper waste disposal facility (sanitary landfill)
Access to health insurance
HEALTH SENSITIVITY TO DENGUE
323
HEALTH EXPOSURE TO DENGUE
HEALTH ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO DENGUE
324
VULNERABILITY OF HEALTH SECTOR TO DENGUE

(SENSITIVITY + EXPOSURE + ADAPTIVE CAPACITY)
VULNERABILITY OF HEALTH SECTOR TO DENGUE
Last year 2013, Dengue fever has surged in the Visayas, infecting more than 1,800 people
and killing at least 10.
The number of people struck down by the mosquito-borne disease in the central province
of Iloilo in early 2013 is already 71 percent higher than the same period in 2012. The dengue
fatalities in the first half of 2013 were already equal to the total deaths for the whole of 2012. The
outbreak caused alarm because it began before the rainy season’s start in June when mosquitoes
are plentiful.
SENSITIVITY : ( Health Sector Vulnerability to Dengue)
The following sub-indicators were chosen to determine the sensitivity of health sector to
dengue; 1) Waste Management or barangays practicing waste segregation 2) history of disease
outbreak for the past 5 years; and 3) Access to level 3 water supply of households with access to
water. A total of 21 municipalities has no history of dengue for the last 5 years. The
325
municipalities of Batad, Leganes and Lemery have moderate sensitivity to dengue and the rest of
the municipalities have sensitivity ranging from very low to low.
EXPOSURE (Health Sector Vulnerability to Dengue)
Exposure sub-indicators includes household without access to sanitary toilets, households

without access to safe water and households within poverty threshold (30% of families living
within the poverty threshold. San Joaquin and San Rafael have low health exposure to dengue
while the rest of the municipalities have moderate health exposure to dengue.
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ( Health Sector Vulnerability to Dengue)
Adaptive capacity indicators are presence of water and sanitation system, access to proper
waste disposal facility and access to health insurance. Calinog and Lambunao have very low
health adaptive capacity to dengue. Banate, Dueñas, Lemery and San Enrique have very high
health adaptive capacity to dengue, while the rest of municipalities have low to moderate adaptive
capacity.
VULNERABILITY OF HEALTH SECTOR TO DENGUE ( Sensitivity + Exposure + Adaptive Capacity)
Total of 18 municipalities have a rating of low vulnerability of health sector to

dengue. Three (3) municipalities are very low while the rest have moderate vulnerability
of health sector to dengue.
326
Table No.____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH IMPACT: DENGUE
Vulnerability Index
Exposure Index
History
Sum of of Households
Sensitivity Index
Sensitivity Index
Exposure Index
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal Access Households Households Access to
disease without Water and Access to
Capacity
Adaptive
Area Waste to level without within proper waste
outbreak Access to Sanitation Health
Management 3 water Access to Poverty disposal
for the Sanitation System Insurance
supply Safe Water Threshold facility
past 5 Toilets
years
AJUY 17492.59 0.24 0.12 0.06 0.42 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.59 0.42 0.74 0.59 0.58
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.24 0 0.06 0.30 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.07 0.20 0.53 0.30 0.74 0.53 0.52
ANILAO 8492.98 0.32 0 0.12 0.44 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.07 0.26 0.59 0.44 0.74 0.59 0.59
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0.32 0.12 0.12 0.56 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.20 0.26 0.73 0.56 0.74 0.73 0.67
BALASAN 5479.06 0.40 0 0 0.40 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.99 0.40 0.74 0.99 0.70
BANATE 7040.88 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.20 0.07 0.20 0.46 0.54 0.74 0.46 0.59
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.32 0 0.18 0.50 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.79 0.50 0.74 0.79 0.67
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.24 0.12 0.06 0.42 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.20 0.13 0.20 0.53 0.42 0.74 0.53 0.56
BATAD 4820.035 0.24 0.30 0.06 0.60 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.46 0.60 0.60 0.46 0.56
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.33 0.73 0.58 0.74 0.73 0.68
CABATUAN 10579.08 0.32 0 0.12 0.44 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.07 0.26 0.59 0.44 0.74 0.59 0.59
CALINOG 27180.29 0.08 0 0.06 0.14 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.14 0.74 0.20 0.37
CARLES 10553.23 0.32 0.18 0 0.50 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.79 0.50 0.74 0.79 0.67
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.16 0.12 0.06 0.34 0.20 0.07 0.34 0.60 0.13 0.07 0.26 0.46 0.34 0.60 0.46 0.47
DINGLE 10914.38 0.24 0 0.12 0.36 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.20 0.07 0.20 0.46 0.36 0.74 0.46 0.52
DUENAS 9325.38 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.20 0.33 0.86 0.58 0.74 0.86 0.72
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.59 0.54 0.74 0.59 0.63
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.24 0 0.06 0.30 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.60 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.66 0.30 0.60 0.66 0.51
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.40 0 0.06 0.46 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.33 0.73 0.46 0.74 0.73 0.64
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.40 0 0.06 0.46 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.33 0.73 0.46 0.74 0.73 0.64
JANIUAY 19565.99 0.24 0 0.06 0.30 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.60 0.20 0.13 0.20 0.53 0.30 0.60 0.53 0.48
327
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH IMPACT: DENGUE
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.16 0 0.06 0.22 0.26 0.13 0.34 0.74 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.40 0.22 0.74 0.40 0.45
LEGANES 3206.56 0.40 0 0.30 0.70 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.13 0.33 0.79 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.74
LEMERY 13900.53 0.40 0 0.24 0.64 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.20 0.33 0.86 0.64 0.74 0.86 0.74
LEON 16003.24 0.40 0 0.06 0.46 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.33 0.73 0.46 0.74 0.73 0.64
MAASIN 15610.25 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.48 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.59 0.48 0.60 0.59 0.56
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.33 0.73 0.58 0.74 0.73 0.68
MINA 3862.83 0.40 0.18 0 0.58 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.13 0.33 0.79 0.58 0.74 0.79 0.70
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.33 0.73 0.58 0.74 0.73 0.68
OTON 8584.98 0.40 0 0.06 0.46 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.26 0.66 0.46 0.74 0.66 0.62
PASSI 25961.74 0.08 0.12 0 0.20 0 0 0.34 0.34 0.26 0.13 0 0.40 0.20 0.34 0.40 0.31
PAVIA 2816.14 0.08 0 0.24 0.32 0.07 0.07 0.34 0.47 0.26 0.07 0.07 0.40 0.32 0.47 0.40 0.40
POTOTAN 9229.46 0.32 0 0.06 0.38 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.13 0.26 0.66 0.38 0.74 0.66 0.59
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.24 0.12 0.06 0.42 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.46 0.42 0.74 0.46 0.54
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.26 0.33 0.92 0.58 0.74 0.92 0.74
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.32 0 0.06 0.38 0.13 0.07 0.34 0.54 0.26 0.07 0.26 0.59 0.38 0.54 0.59 0.50
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.20 0.33 0.86 0.58 0.74 0.86 0.72
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.08 0 0 0.08 0.07 0.13 0.34 0.54 0.26 0.07 0.07 0.40 0.08 0.54 0.40 0.34
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0.40 0 0.06 0.46 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.20 0.07 0.20 0.46 0.46 0.74 0.46 0.56
SARA 16878.17 0.16 0.12 0 0.28 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.79 0.28 0.74 0.79 0.59
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.13 0.33 0.79 0.58 0.74 0.79 0.70
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.40 0.06 0.06 0.52 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.33 0.73 0.52 0.74 0.73 0.66
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.16 0.06 0.18 0.40 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.79 0.40 0.74 0.79 0.64
328
VULNERABILITY: HEALTH VULNERABILITY TO TYPHOID

SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : TYPHOID
Sub-indicator : Predominant Water Service Level
Household with Sanitation Toilets
History of Disease Outbreak for the last 5
years
EXPOSURE INDICATOR: TYPHOID

Sub-indicator : Household Without Access to Sanitation
Toilet
Household without Access to safe water
Household within Poverty Threshold
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR : TYPHOID

Sub-indicator : Water and Sanitation System
With Access to Health Insurance Program
LGU Policies supporting vector borne disease
control and management
329
330
VULNERABILITY OF HEALTH SECTOR TO TYPHOID – SENSITIVITY +

EXPOSURE + ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
The Iloilo Provincial Health Office (IPHO) reported a rise in the number of
typhoid fever cases in Iloilo province from 2008 to 2010.
The typhoid fever cases are high in the municipalities of Cabatuan, Sara, San
Dionisio, Dumangas, Concepcion, Pototan,, Lemery, Passi City, and Calinog.
However, the IPHO said that so far, there is no reported death from typhoid
fever cases from the entire 42 municipalities and one component city of Iloilo province
People become infected by ingesting food or drink that has either been handled
by an infected person or contaminated by sewage containing bacteria.
As prevention and control, public health interventions to prevent typhoid fever

includes health education about personal hygiene, especially regarding hand-washing
after toilet use and before food preparation, provision of a safe water supply, proper
sanitation systems and excluding disease carriers from handling.
331
With disruption of the usual water supply and sewage disposal, and of the
elimination or reduction of controls on food and water, transmission of typhoid fever
may occur if there are active cases or carriers. Efforts to restore safe drinking water
supplies and sanitary disposal facilities are essential. An intensive search should be
conducted for the case or carrier who is the source of the infection And for the means
(water and food) by which the infection was transmitted. It is also recommended to
organize temporary water purification and sanitation facilities until longer term measures
can be implemented i
Municipalities that are moderate to high vulnerability to climate change impact –

dengue are Balasan, Barotac Viejo, Bingawan, Carles, Lemery and Sara, whereas are the
rest of the municipalities have moderate vulnerability.
332
Table No. _____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH IMPACT – TYPHOID
Vulnerability Index
Adaptability Value
Sensitivity Value
Exposure Value
Sum of LGU Policies
Adaptive Capacity
History of Household
Sensitivity Index
Exposure Index
MUNICIPAL NAME Household Household Household With Access Supporting
Municipal Area Predominant Disease without Water and
with without within to Health Vector-borne
Index
Water Outbreak for Access to Sanitation
Sanitation Access to Poverty Insurance Disease
Service Level the last 5 Sanitation System
Toilets Safe Water Threshold Program Control and
years Toilets
Management
AJUY 17492.59 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.74 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.74 0.80 0.40 0.66
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.32 0.06 0.18 0.56 0.33 0.33 0.34 1 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.56 1 0.47 0.69
ANILAO 8492.98 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.48 0.80 0.47 0.59
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.26 0.33 0.34 0.93 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.54 0.93 0.47 0.66
BALASAN 5479.06 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.76 0.33 0.33 0.34 1 0.3 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.76 1 0.53 0.78
BANATE 7040.88 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.60 0.26 0.33 0.34 0.93 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.60 0.93 0.40 0.660
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.48 0.80 0.47 0.59
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.33 0.33 0.34 1 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.70 1 0.40 0.72
BATAD 4820.035 0.40 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.60 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.64 0.60 0.40 0.56
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0.32 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.33 0.33 0.34 1 0.33 0.13 0.14 0.60 0.68 1 0.60 0.77
CABATUAN 10579.08 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.48 0.80 0.47 0.59
CALINOG 27180.29 0.40 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.27 0.64 0.74 0.27 0.56
CARLES 10553.23 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.76 0.33 0.26 0.34 0.93 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.76 0.93 0.47 0.73
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.20 0.07 0.34 0.60 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.33 0.70 0.60 0.33 0.56
DINGLE 10914.38 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.48 0.80 0.40 0.57
DUENAS 9325.38 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.26 0.33 0.34 0.93 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.54 0.93 0.53 0.68
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.48 0.80 0.40 0.57
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.26 0.13 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.13 0.14 0 0.70 0.74 0 0.66
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.74 0.53 0.59
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.40 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.64 0.80 0.53 0.66
333
Table No. _____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH IMPACT – TYPHOID
JANIUAY 19565.99 0.40 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.60 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.64 0.60 0.40 0.56
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.40 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.60 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.33 0.64 0.60 0.33 0.54
0.53
LEGANES 3206.56 0.40 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.532 0.64 0.80 0.67
2
LEMERY 13900.53 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.76 0.26 0.33 0.34 0.93 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.76 0.93 0.53 0.75
LEON 16003.24 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.20 0.33 0.34 0.87 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.87 0.53 0.63
MAASIN 15610.25 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.76 0.13 0.13 0.34 0.60 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.76 0.60 0.40 0.60
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.74 0.53 0.59
MINA 3862.83 0.4 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.33 0.13 0.14 0.60 0.64 0.80 0.60 0.68
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.74 0.53 0.59
OTON 8584.98 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.74 0.53 0.59
PASSI 25961.74 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.48 0.74 0.47 0.57
PAVIA 2816.14 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.48 0.74 0.47 0.57
POTOTAN 9229.46 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.48 0.74 0.47 0.57
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.32 0.12 0.18 0.62 0.33 0.33 0.34 1 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.62 1 0.40 0.69
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.74 0.53 0.59
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.32 0.06 0.18 0.56 0.13 0.07 0.34 0.54 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.56 0.54 0.47 0.52
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.480 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.13 0.14 0.60 0.48 0.74 0.60 0.61
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.33 0.13 0.34 0.80 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.70 0.80 0.47 0.67
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0.40 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.40 0.64 0.80 0.40 0.62
SARA 16878.17 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.33 0.33 0.34 1 0.26 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.70 1 0.47 0.73
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.74 0.53 0.59
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.13 0.33 0.34 0.80 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.80 0.53 0.61
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.74 0.26 0.13 0.14 0.53 0.48 0.74 0.53 0.59
334
VULNERABILITY: HEALTH VULNERABILITY TO LEPTOSPIROSIS:

SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : LEPTOSPIROSIS
Sub-indicator: Waste Disposal Practices
Flood prone settlement
Incidence of leptospirosis
EXPOSURE INDICATOR : LEPTOSPIROSIS

Sub-indicator : Mortality Rate
Household within poverty threshold
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR :LEPTOSPIROSIS

Sub-indicator : IEC campaign on disease prevention and control
Access to health insurance
Access to proper waste disposal facility
335
336
VULNERABILITY OF HEALTH SECTOR TO LEPTOSPIROSIS – Sensitivity +

Exposure + Adaptive Capacity
The Philippines is dealing with an outbreak of leptospirosis following every

tropical storm and flooding, the worst to hit the area.
The storm and subsequent flooding reportedly killed 1,257 people and displaced
more than 300,000 others. Nearly 180,000 of the displaced are staying in crowded
evacuation centers with the rest in makeshift shelters or host families.
Among the flooding and evacuation, health authorities reported at least 171
people are receiving treatment for leptospirosis, as well as five deaths due to the disease.
With crowded conditions, poor sanitation, lack of clean water, and a forecast of continued
rain, more disease outbreaks may be on the way.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that is transmitted to humans through contact

with the urine of infected animals, often contained in surface water. The bacteria usually
enter the body through the mouth, nose, eyes, or through cuts and abrasions of the skin.
337
Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, muscle pain, chills, redness of eyes,
jaundice, hemorrhages in the skin/mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. If
not treated with appropriate antibiotics, leptospirosis can become quite severe and even
potentially fatal. Because the infected urine is often transmitted via fresh water, cases
tend to peak during rainy seasons or floods.
Treatment guidelines issued by the government explains that

"appropriate, personal protective measures" must be employed including
wearing of boots and overalls during heavy flooding.
Early detection and treatment will help reduce leptospirosis fatalities.
"On the terminal stage, usually there's already liver or kidney

failure...Even if you go to the best centers, very little can be done.
Barotac Viejo, Calinog, Passi City and Pavia have very low sectoral
vulnerability to leptospirosis.
Low to moderate vulnerability to leptospirosis municipalities are Ajuy,

Balasan, Barotac Nuevo, Duenas, Dumangas, Janiuay, Lambunao, Lemery, Leon,
Maasin, Miag-ao, Mina, Sara, Tigbauan, Tubungan and Zarraga. The rest of the
municipalities are either has low vulnerability or low to moderate vulnerability.
338
Table no.______ Vulnerability Assessment of Health Impact: Leptospirosis
Sum of Municipal
Sensitivity
Sensitivity Index
IEC
Waste Disposal
Exposure Index
Capacity Index
Capacity Index
Mortality Rate
Leptospirosis
Index
Access to
Area
Vulnerability
Incidence of
Flood prone
MUNICIPALITY
settlements
Household campaign Access to
Exposure
Practices
Adaptive
Adaptive
NAME proper
Index
Index
within on health
waste disposal
poverty disease insurance
facility
threshold prevention
and control
AJUY 17492.59 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.54 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.46 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.50
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.08 0 0.18 0.26 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.07 0.33 0.26 0.50 0.33 0.37
ANILAO 8492.98 0.08 0 0.06 0.14 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.26 0.07 0.40 0.14 0.50 0.40 0.34
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0.24 0.12 0.06 0.42 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.26 0.20 0.53 0.42 0.50 0.53 0.48
BALASAN 5479.06 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.60 0.07 0.33 0.33 0.73 0.4 0.60 0.73 0.57
BANATE 7040.88 0.08 0.24 0.18 0.5 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.07 0.33 0.5 0.50 0.33 0.45
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.32 0 0.18 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.60 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.59 0.5 0.60 0.59 0.56
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.16 0.06 0.06 0.28 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.13 0.40 0.28 0.50 0.40 0.39
BATAD 4820.03 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.46 0.48
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0.08 0 0.06 0.14 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.07 0.46 0.14 0.50 0.46 0.36
CABATUAN 10579.08 0.08 0 0.3 0.38 0.1 0.5 0.60 0.07 0.26 0.07 0.40 0.38 0.60 0.40 0.46
CALINOG 27180.29 0.08 0 0.06 0.14 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.14 0.50 0.20 0.28
CARLES 10553.23 0.32 0.18 0.18 0.68 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.59 0.68 0.50 0.59 0.59
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.08 0.24 0.18 0.5 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.26 0.5 0.50 0.26 0.43
DINGLE 10914.38 0.16 0 0.18 0.34 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.50 0.33 0.39
DUENAS 9325.38 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.52 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.13 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.53 0.52
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.24 0.24 0.18 0.66 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.46 0.66 0.50 0.46 0.54
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.24 0 0.06 0.3 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.26 0.20 0.53 0.3 0.50 0.53 0.44
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.08 0 0.06 0.14 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.07 0.46 0.14 0.50 0.46 0.36
339
Table no.______ Vulnerability Assessment of Health Impact: Leptospirosis
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.08 0 0.06 0.14 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.07 0.46 0.14 0.50 0.46 0.36
JANIUAY 19566 0.16 0 0.18 0.34 0.1 0.5 0.60 0.07 0.20 0.13 0.40 0.34 0.60 0.40 0.45
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.24 0 0.18 0.42 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.13 0.13 0.33 0.42 0.50 0.33 0.42
LEGANES 3206.56 0.16 0 0.06 0.22 0 0.4 0.40 0.07 0.33 0.13 0.53 0.22 0.40 0.53 0.38
LEMERY 13900.53 0.24 0 0.06 0.3 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.20 0.59 0.3 0.50 0.59 0.46
LEON 16003.24 0.08 0 0.18 0.26 0.1 0.5 0.60 0.07 0.33 0.07 0.46 0.26 0.60 0.46 0.44
MAASIN 15610.25 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.48 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.46 0.48
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.38 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.07 0.46 0.38 0.50 0.46 0.45
MINA 3862.83 0.16 0.12 0.18 0.46 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.13 0.53 0.46 0.50 0.53 0.50
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0.08 0.06 0.18 0.32 0 0.4 0.40 0.07 0.33 0.07 0.46 0.32 0.40 0.46 0.39
OTON 8584.98 0.08 0 0.18 0.26 0.1 0.4 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.07 0.46 0.26 0.50 0.46 0.40
PASSI 25961.74 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.2 0 0.4 0.40 0.07 0.07 0 0.13 0.2 0.40 0.13 0.25
PAVIA 2816.14 0.08 0 0.06 0.14 0 0.3 0.30 0.07 0.26 0.07 0.40 0.14 0.30 0.40 0.27
POTOTAN 9229.46 0.32 0 0.18 0.5 0 0.4 0.40 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.59 0.5 0.40 0.59 0.49
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.32 0.12 0.06 0.5 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.46 0.5 0.50 0.46 0.49
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.24 0.06 0.06 0.36 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.13 0.53 0.36 0.50 0.53 0.46
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.16 0 0.06 0.22 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.59 0.22 0.50 0.59 0.43
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0.16 0.12 0.18 0.46 0 0.4 0.40 0.07 0.33 0.13 0.53 0.46 0.40 0.53 0.46
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.16 0 0.06 0.22 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.22 0.50 0.20 0.31
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0.08 0 0.18 0.26 0 0.4 0.40 0.07 0.20 0.07 0.33 0.26 0.40 0.33 0.33
SARA 16878.17 0.32 0 0.06 0.38 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.59 0.38 0.50 0.59 0.49
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.48 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.13 0.53 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.50
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.08 0 0 0.26 0 0.5 0.50 0.07 0.33 0.07 0.46 0.26 0.50 0.46 0.40
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.34 0 0.4 0.40 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.59 0.34 0.40 0.59 0.44
340
VULNERABILITY : FISHERIES ( MARINE FISHERIES/MARICULTURE) TO SEA LEVEL

RISE
SENSITIVITY INDICATORS: SEA LEVEL RISE
Sub-indicators : Mariculture Production
Marine Organism (Shellfish and Crab) in Mangrove
Areas
Estuarine fisheries production
EXPOSURE INDICATORS: SEA LEVEL RISE

Sub-indicators : Decline in Mariculture Production
Decline in Mangrove Production of Shellfish and
Crabs
Extent of Estuary Inundated
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR: SEA LEVEL RISE

Sub-indicators : Proper siting of Mariculture Projects
Relocation of Coastal Settlements at High Risk Areas
341
342
VULNERABILITY OF FISHERIES ( MARINE FISHERIES/MARICULTURE) TO SEA LEVEL

RISE (Sensitivity + Exposure + Adaptive Capacity)
Climate change can have hazardous and damaging effects to our marine
and inland fishery resources. Rise in temperature, changes in rainfall patterns
and frequent typhoons with extreme flooding, together with change in wind
direction will alter the characteristics (depth, salinity patterns, turbidity) of near
shore fish habitats (mangroves, sea grasses, coral communities), biodiversity
(through extinction and succession of species), ocean circulation pattern, coral
reef production, fish migration pattern, and others.
The fisheries sector is anticipated to be one of the most affected by

climate change. It shall be greatly felt in coastal areas through rise in sea level and
increase in temperature. Weather disturbances shall become apparent through
increased frequency and intensity of typhoons and extreme flooding. Sea level
rise shall inundate low-lying wet and dry land areas, erode shorelines, exacerbate
storm flooding; increase salinity of estuaries and threaten freshwater aquifer
343
(Perez et al, 1999; Nicholls, 2002). Also, accretion in shorelines may occur due to
drowning and inundation of coasts.
The consequence of all these, simply put, is that climate change will
affect fishing- and aquaculture-dependent Filipinos. Fishery resources will
decrease while important fish species may move to other areas making it less
available to fishers. Fishing communities as a result will have less food for their
families and less opportunity to make a living. Displacement of coastal
communities can potentially occur with sea level rise, more frequent typhoons
and its associated flooding.
The country has to develop the resiliency in responding, coping and

adapting to climate change. We can integrate climate change programs / projects
into regional and national development plans, and build local capacity to set
baseline data, monitor and report changes for decision-makers. ii
The marine fisheries or mariculture areas in the municipality of Ajuy,

Banate, Barotac Nuevo, Concepcion, Dumangas, Leganes, Oton, San Dionisio
and Zarraga have moderate to high vulnerability to sea level rise. Tigbauan has
low vulnerability to sea l;evel rise while Guimbal and Miag-ao has low to
moderate vulnerability. Anilao, Balasan, Barotac Viejo, Batad and Carles
344
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE: FISHERIES (MARINE FISHERIES/MARICULTURE) TO SEA LEVEL RISE
Sensitivity Index
Exposure Index
Sum of Marine
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal Decline in Proper Relocation of
Adaptive
Capacity
Organism
Vulnerability
Area Estuarine Decline in Mangrove Extent of Sitting of Coastal
Sensitivity
Exposure
Mariculture Shellfish
Adaptive
Capacity
Index
Fishes Mariculture Production of Estuary Mariculture Settlements
Index
Index
Production and Crab in
Production Production Shellfish and Inundated Projects at High Risk
Mangrove
Crabs Rate Areas
Areas
AJUY 17492.59 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.92 0.33 0.26 0.27 0.87 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.92 0.87 0.30 0.72
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ANILAO 8492.98 0.32 0.24 0.30 0.86 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.73 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.86 0.73 0.30 0.65
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BALASAN 5479.06 0.24 0.24 0 0.72 0.33 0.33 0.27 0.93 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.72 0.93 0.30 0.67
BANATE 7040.88 0.40 0.30 0.30 1 0.33 0.26 0.27 0.87 0.10 0.20 0.30 1 0.87 0.30 0.74
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.40 0.24 0.30 0.94 0.33 0.33 0.27 0.93 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.94 0.93 0.30 0.74
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.32 0.24 0.24 0.80 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.80 0.80 0.30 0.65
BATAD 4820.035 0.24 0.24 0.30 0.78 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.78 0.80 0.30 0.64
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CABATUAN 10579.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CALINOG 27180.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0.20 0 0. 0.20 0.
CARLES 10553.23 0.32 0.24 0.30 0.86 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.86 0.80 0.20 0.64
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.92 0.33 0.33 0.27 0.93 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.92 0.93 0.20 0.71
DINGLE 10914.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DUENAS 9325.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.40 0.30 0.30 1 0.33 0.33 0.27 0.93 0.10 0.20 0.30 1 0.93 0.30 0.77
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.92 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.92 0.80 0.30 0.692
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.240 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.60 0.20 0.10 0.30 0.66 0.60 0.30 0.53
IGBARAS 12524.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
JANIUAY 19565.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
345
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE: FISHERIES (MARINE FISHERIES/MARICULTURE) TO SEA LEVEL RISE
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEGANES 3206.56 0.32 0.24 0.24 0.80 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.80 0.80 0.40 0.68
LEMERY 13900.53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEON 16003.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MAASIN 15610.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.66 0.60 0.40 0.56
MINA 3862.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OTON 8584.98 0.32 0.24 0.24 0.80 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.80 0.73 0.40 0.66
PASSI 25961.74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PAVIA 2816.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
POTOTAN 9229.46 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.92 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.92 0.80 0.30 0.69
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.6 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.6 0.73 0.40 0.61
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SARA 16878.17 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.60 0 0 0
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.24 0.18 0.18 0.60 0 0.19 0.20 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.60 0.40 0.54
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.32 0.24 0.24 0.88 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.88 0.80 0.40 0.68
346
VULNERABILITY : COASTAL AND MARINE : IMPACT : TROPICAL CYCLONES

AND STORM SURGES
SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : TROPICAL CYCLONES AND STORM SURGES

Sub-indicator : Location of Mariculture Projects
Frequency and Duration of Typhoon Hitting the Area in
a Year
Fringing Mangrove Forest
EXPOSURE INDICATOR: TROPICAL CYCLONES AND STORM SURGES

Sub-indicator Extent of Mariculture Projects Damaged
Extent of Coastal Settlements and population frequently
affected by typhoon
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR : TROPICAL CYCLONES AND STORM SURGES

Sub-indicator Access to typhoon forecasting and early warning device
Access to calamity funds and loans recovery
347
348
VULNERABILITY OF COASTAL AND MARINE TO TROPICAL CYCLONES AND

STORM SURGES ( SENSITIVITY + EXPOSURE + ADAPTIVE CAPACITY)
Storms can cause flooding through storm surges which are waves
significantly larger than normal and if a storm event corresponds with the high
astronomical tide extensive flooding can occur. Storm surges occur during storm
events, including hurricanes and tropical cyclones due to three processes:
1. wind setup
2. barometric setup
3. wave set up
Winds blowing in an onshore direction (from the sea towards the land)
can cause the water to ‘pile up’ against the coast. This is known as wind set up.
Low atmospheric pressure is associated with storm systems and this tends to
increase the surface sea level, this is barometric set up. Finally increased wave
break height results in a higher water level in the surf zone which is wave set up.
These three processes interact to create waves that can overtop natural and
349
engineered coastal protection structures thus penetrating sea water further inland
than normal.
As coastal flooding is typically a natural process, it is inherently

difficult to prevent flood occurrence. If human systems are affected by
flooding, an adaption to how that system operates on the coast through
behavioural and institutional changes is required, these changes are the
so-called non-structural mechanisms of coastal flooding response,
building regulations coastal hazard zoning, urban development
planning, spreading the risk through insurance and enhancing public
awareness are some ways of achieving this. Adapting to the risk of flood
occurrence, can be the best option if the cost of building defence
structures outweighs any benefits or if the natural processes in that
stretch of coastline add to its natural character and attractiveness. A
more extreme and often difficult to accept response to coastal flooding is
abandoning the area (also known as managed retreat) prone to flooding.
This however raises issues for where the people and infrastructure
affected would go and what sort of compensation should/could be paid.
In the province of Iloilo, there are nineteen municipalities

located within the coastline of the province. The municipalities of Ajuy,
Anilao, Balasan, Banate , Concepcion and San Dionisio have high
vulnerability to tropical cyclones and storm surges. The rest of the
municipalities are moderately to highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones
and storm surges.
350
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE - FISHERIES (MARINE FISHERIES/MARICULTURE) TROPICAL CYCLONES AND STORM SURGES
Adaptive Capacity
Exposure Index
Sum of Extent of coastal Access to
Frequency and Access to
Vulnerability
settlements and
Index
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal Location of Duration of Fringing Extent of typhoon fore calamity
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Exposure
Adaptive
population
Index
Area
Index
Index
Index
Index
Mariculture Typhoon Hitting Mangrove Mariculture
frequently
casting and funds and
Projects the Area in a Forest Projects Damaged Early Warning loans for
affected by
Year Device recovery
typhoon
AJUY 17492.59 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.58 0.70 0.50 0.60
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ANILAO 8492.98 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.58 0.70 0.50 0.60
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BALASAN 5479.06 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.64
BANATE 7040.88 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.80 0.50 0.68
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.40 0.12 0.180 0.70 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.64
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.400 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.64
BATAD 4820.035 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.80 0.50 0.68
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CABATUAN 10579.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CALINOG 27180.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CARLES 10553.23 0.32 0.12 0.18 0.62 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.62 0.70 0.50 0.61
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.64
DINGLE 10914.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DUENAS 9325.38 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.70 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.70 0.80 0.30 0.62
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.32 0.12 0.18 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.57
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.32 0.12 0.06 0.50 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.80 0.50 0.61
IGBARAS 12524.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
351
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE - FISHERIES (MARINE FISHERIES/MARICULTURE) TROPICAL CYCLONES AND STORM SURGES
JANIUAY 19565.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEGANES 3206.56 0.32 0.12 0.06 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.57
LEMERY 13900.53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEON 16003.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0
MAASIN 15610.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.32 0.12 0.06 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.57
MINA 3862.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OTON 8584.98 0.32 0.12 0.18 0.62 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.62 0.70 0.50 0.61
PASSI 25961.74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PAVIA 2816.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
POTOTAN 9229.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.58 0.70 0.50 0.60
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.32 0.12 0.06 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.57
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.30 0 0 0 0 0 0
SARA 16878.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.32 0.12 0.06 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.57
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.40 0.12 0.06 0.58 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.58 0.70 0.50 0.60
352
VULNERABILITY : COASTAL AND MARINE : IMPACT SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE

INCREASE
SENSITIVTY INDICATOR : Sea Surface Temperature Increase
Sub-indicator Mangrove
Coral Reef
Sea grass meadow
EXPOSURE INDICATOR : Sea Surface Temperature Increase

Sub-indicator No. of species highly sensitive to increase in temperature
No. of species of mangrove highly sensitive to increase in
temperature
No. of families totally dependent on fishing as source of income
and livelihood
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR : Sea Surface Temperature Increase

Sub-indicator Establishment of more sanctuaries and marine protected areas
Mangrove Reforestation
353
354
VULNERABILITY OF COASTAL AND MARINE TO SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE

INCREASE ( SENSITIVITY + EXPOSURE + ADAPTIVE CAPACITY)
Warmer sea temperatures are also associated with the spread of invasive
species and marine diseases. The evolution of a stable marine habitat is
dependent upon myriad factors, including water temperature. If an ecosystem
becomes warmer, it can create an opportunity where outside species or bacteria
can suddenly thrive where they were once excluded. This can lead to forced
migrations and even species extinctions.
The increase in sea surface temperature has effect on corals. Corals die,
some experience coral bleaching, loss of sea structures, macroalgae and loss of
fish species.
Warmer seas also lead to melting from below of polar ice shelves,
compromising their structural integrity and leading to spectacular shelf collapses.
Scientists also worry that warmer water could interrupt the so-called ocean
conveyor belt, the system of global currents that is largely responsible for
355
regulating Earth's temperature. Its collapse could trigger catastrophically rapid

climate changes.
The only way to reduce ocean temperatures is to dramatically reign in

our emission of greenhouse gases. However, even if we immediately dropped
carbon dioxide emissions to zero, the gases we've already released would take
decades or longer to dissipate.
The coastal waters along the municipalities of the Province of Iloilo can
also be affected by the increase in sea surface temperatures. All of the coastal
municipalities are either have moderate to high vulnerability, low and moderate
sectoral vulnerability to sea surface temperature increase.
Municipalities with Low to moderate sectoral vulnerability to sea surface

temperature increase are Anilao, Banate, Barotac Nuevo, Dumangas, San Joaquin
and Zarraga. Moderate vulnerability to sea surface temperature are in the
municiplalities of Ajuy, Batad, Carles,Concepcion, Estancia, Guimbal, Leganes,
Miagao, oton, San Dionisio and Tigbauan, Moderate to high vulnerability are in
the muncicipalituies of Balasan and Barotac Viejo,
356
Table no.______ Vulnerability Assessment of Coastal and Marine Impact: Sea Surface Temperature Increase

Sum of Municipal
Vulnerability Index
Adaptive Capacity
Sensitivity
No. Of
Sensitivity Index
Exposure Index
No. Of families Establishment
Reforestation
Index
MUNICIPALITY Area species of
Coral Reef
Sea grass
Mangrove
Mangrove
No. Of reef totally
Exposure
of more
meadow
NAME mangrove
Index
Index
species highly dependent on sanctuaries
sensitive to highly fishing as
and marine
increase in sensitive to source of
temperature income and protected areas
increase in
livelihood
temperature
AJUY 17492.59 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.68 0.80 0.40 0.64
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ANILAO 8492.98 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.68 0.67 0.30 0.56
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BALASAN 5479.06 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.68 0.67 0.80 0.71
BANATE 7040.88 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.73 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.68 0.73 0.30 0.58
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.68 0.67 0.40 0.59
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.27 0.20 0.27 0.73 0.50 0.20 0.70 0.68 0.73 0.70 0.70
BATAD 4820.03 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.68 0.73 0.40 0.61
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CABATUAN 10579.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CALINOG 27180.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CARLES 10553.23 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.73 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.68 0.73 0.50 0.64
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.80 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.68 0.80 0.30 0.61
DINGLE 10914.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DUENAS 9325.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.67 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.68 0.67 0.40 0.59
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.68 0.73 0.40 0.6
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.62 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.50 0.30 0.80 0.62 0.67 0.80 0.69
357
Table no.______ Vulnerability Assessment of Coastal and Marine Impact: Sea Surface Temperature Increase
IGBARAS 12524.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
JANIUAY 19566 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEGANES 3206.56 0.40 0.12 0.18 0.62 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.67 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.62 0.67 0.60 0.63
LEMERY 13900.53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEON 16003.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MAASIN 15610.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.68 0.60 0.60 0.63
MINA 3862.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OTON 8584.98 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.53 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.68 0.53 0.70 0.63
PASSI 25961.74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PAVIA 2816.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
POTOTAN 9229.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.73 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.68 0.73 0.50 0.64
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.53 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.68 0.53 0.50 0.57
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SARA 16878.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.53 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.68 0.53 0.60 0.60
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.68 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.5 0.05 0.30 0.35 0.68 0.5 0.35 0.53
358
VULNERABILITY : BIO-DIVERSITY IMPACT : FOREST FIRES
Sensitivity Indicators : Forest Fires

Sub-indicators : Land Use in Buffer Zone
Kaingin Plots Inside Protected Area
Exposure Indicators : Forest Fires

Sub-indicators : Extent of buffer Zone Cultivated
Presence of kaingin Areas Inside Strict Protection Zone
Adaptive Capacity Indicator : Forest Fires

Sub-indicators : Monitoring and Surveillance Program for
Protected Areas
Enforcement of Laws within Protected Areas
Management Zones
359
360
VULNERABILITY OF BIO-DIVERSITY TO FOREST FIRES ( Sensitivity + Exposure +, Adaptive

Capacity)
The effects of climate change on forests are manifested through the

increased occurrence of forest fires during the dry season; the rising number of
pest , and disease - infestations in forest areas; the marginalized survival of
seedlings consequent to changes in precipitation patterns; an upsurge in the
population of invasive alien species; and intensifying soil erosion due to
intermittent drought and flooding.
Biodiversity in the forest in the municipalities of Ajuy, Dumangas,

Igbaras, Janiuay, Lambunao, Leon, Maasin, San Enrique, San Joaquin and
Tubungan have low vulnerability to forest fires.
Municipalities such as Anilao, Banate, Barotac Nuevo, Barotac Viejo

Miag-ao and Zarraga have low to moderate sectoral vulnerability to forest fires.
The rest have moderate vulnerability to forest fires.
361
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF BIO DIVERSITY IMPACT: FOREST FIRES
Vulnerability Index
Adaptive Capacity
Exposure Index
Sum of Presence of
Kaingin
Kaingin Monitoring and Enforcement of
Index
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal Land Use Plots Extent of
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Exposure
Adaptive
Capacity
Areas Inside Surveillance Laws within
Index
Index
Index
Area in Buffer Inside Buffer Zone
Strict Program for Protected Areas
Zone Protected Cultivated
Protection Protected Areas Management Zones
Area
Zone
AJUY 17492.59 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.41
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.60 0.40 0
ANILAO 8492.98 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.60 0 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.40 0.54
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.20 0 0 0 0 0 0
BALASAN 5479.06 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.64
BANATE 7040.88 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.40 0.54
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.54
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.57
BATAD 4820.035 0 0.20 0.60 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CABATUAN 10579.08 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0
CALINOG 27180.29 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.41
CARLES 10553.23 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.64
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
DINGLE 10914.38 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.41
DUENAS 9325.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.10 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.20 0.60 0.46
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.64
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.60 0.30 0.44
JANIUAY 19565.99 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.45
362
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF BIO DIVERSITY IMPACT: FOREST FIRES
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.45
LEGANES 3206.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEMERY 13900.53 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.64
LEON 16003.24 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.41
MAASIN 15610.25 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.41
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.70 0.40 0.58
MINA 3862.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OTON 8584.98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PASSI 25961.74 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.70 0 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.64
PAVIA 2816.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
POTOTAN 9229.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.64
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.60 0.40 0.47
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.2 0.40 0.60 0.2 0.41
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.64
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SARA 16878.17 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.30 0.50 0.80 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.60 0.71
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.41
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.20 0 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.30 0.60 0.50
363
VULNERABILITY:BIO DIVERSITY - IMPACT – DROUGHT/HEAT STRESS
SENSITIVITY INDICATOR : DROUGHT/HEAT STRESS

Sub-indicator : Rainfall Volume
Grassland Area
Incidence of El Niño
EXPOSURE INDICATOR : DROUGHT/HEAT STRESS

Sub-indicator Extent of grassland area in buffer zone and
: inside protected areas
: Extent of areas affected by El Niño
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATOR: DROUGHT/HEAT STRESS

Sub-indicator : Transplantation program for rare species of
plants (in-situ, ex-situ)
Buffer zone management and reforestation
364
365
VULNERABILITY OF BIO DIVERSITY TO DROUGHT /HEAT STRESS ( SENSITIVITY +

EXPOSURE + ADAPTIVE CAPACITY)
Warmer temperatures due to both climate change as well as the urban

heat island effect can lead to greater use of air-conditioning and increase energy
demand. Higher annual temperatures may also mean more frequent and more
severe episodes of warm weather, leading to increased occurrences of heat stress
and discomfort , particularly among the elderly, the sick and those without access
to air-conditioning.
Measures that can lower ambient temperature include increasing the

amount of greenery in the city (e.g. city parks , rooftop gardens, vertical greening
in buildings) and modifying building layouts and designs (e.g. using building
materials with better thermal properties, lighter-coloured building surfaces,
designing building interiors and exterior building layouts for better ventilation
and maximising the wind tunnel effect).
366
The effects of climate change on forests are manifested through the

increased occurrence of forest fires during the dry season; the rising number of
pest - and disease - infestations in forest areas; the marginalized survival of
seedlings consequent to changes in precipitation patterns; an upsurge in the
population of invasive alien species; and intensifying soil erosion due to
intermittent drought and flooding.
Impact of drought or heat stress to biodiversity in the municipalities of

Batad, Carles, Concepcion, Estancia, Lemery, Passi City, San Rafael and Sara is
low to moderate.
Very Low vulnerability to drought or heat stress are in the bio diversity
of Badiangan, Bingwan, Cabatuan, Dueñas, Guimbal, Leganes, Mina, New
Lucean, Oton, Pavia, Pototan, San Dionisio, San Miguel, Santa Barbara and
Tigbauan.
The rest of the municipalities have either very low to low and low
vulnerabilities to drought or heat stress.
.
367
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF BIO DIVERSITY IMPACT- DROUGHT/HEAT STRESS
Vulnerability Index
Adaptive Capacity
Exposure Index
Sum of Extent of
Extent of Transplantation Buffer zone
Index
MUNICIPAL NAME Municipal Incidence grassland area
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Exposure
Capacity
Adaptive
Rainfall Grassland areas program for rare management
Index
Index
Index
Area of El Niño in buffer zone
Volume Area affected by El species of plants and
event and inside
Niño event (in - situ, ex-situ) reforestation
protected areas
AJUY 17492.59 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.74 0.20 0.50 0.48
ALIMODIAN 10277.42 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.43
ANILAO 8492.98 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.60 0.20 0.60 0.46
BADIANGAN 6628.71 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
BALASAN 5479.06 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0 0.40 0.74 0.20 0.40 0.45
BANATE 7040.88 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.60 0.20 0.70 0.49
BAROTAC NUEVO 9490.47 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.60 0.20 0.60 0.46
BAROTAC VIEJO 18583.91 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.66 0.20 0.60 0.48
BATAD 4820.035 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.66 0.20 0.70 0.51
BINGAWAN 4339.95 0.32 0.06 0.24 0.62 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.62 0.20 0 0.29
CABATUAN 10579.08 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
CALINOG 27180.29 0.32 0.12 0.24 0.68 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.68 0.20 0.50 0.46
CARLES 10553.23 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.74 0.20 0.70 0.54
CONCEPCION 9460.61 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.66 0.20 0.70 0.51
DINGLE 10914.38 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.40 0.40
DUENAS 9325.38 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
DUMANGAS 12209.10 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.54 0.20 0.50 0.41
ESTANCIA 2750.55 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.66 0.20 0.70 0.51
GUIMBAL 4588.48 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
IGBARAS 12524.24 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.43
JANIUAY 19565.99 0.32 0.12 0.24 0.68 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.68 0.20 0.50 0.46
368
Table No._____ VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF BIO DIVERSITY IMPACT- DROUGHT/HEAT STRESS
LAMBUNAO 24452.14 0.32 0.12 0.24 0.68 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.68 0.20 0.50 0.46
LEGANES 3206.56 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
LEMERY 13900.53 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.74 0.20 0.70 0.54
LEON 16003.24 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.40 0.40
MAASIN 15610.25 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.40 0.40
MIAGAO 16235.87 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.50 0.43
MINA 3862.83 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
NEW LUCENA 3560.83 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
OTON 8584.98 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
PASSI 25961.74 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.74 0.20 0.60 0.51
PAVIA 2816.14 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
POTOTAN 9229.46 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
SAN DIONISIO 12878.15 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.66 0.20 0.70 0.511
SAN ENRIQUE 11212.14 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.40 0.40
SAN JOAQUIN 23066.40 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.54 0.20 0.40 0.38
SAN MIGUEL 3268.05 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
SAN RAFAEL 6634.17 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.74 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.74 0.20 0.70 0.54
SANTA BARBARA 7066.16 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
SARA 16878.17 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.72 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.72 0.20 0.70 0.53
TIGBAUAN 9254.65 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0 0 0 0.54 0.20 0 0.26
TUBUNGAN 8702.09 0.24 0.12 0.24 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.40 0.40
ZARRAGA 3833.65 0.24 0.06 0.24 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.70 0.54 0.20 0.70 0.47
369
DRRM and CCA Capacity Assessment
DRRM and CCA Capacity Assessment:
370
Compliance of Provincial LGU to mandates provided under the DRRM and CC laws. Assessment
of the institutional capacity of the Provincial LGU employing Hyogo framework and legal mandates as
template.
Table ___ Checklist for Evaluating Gaps and Weaknesses in LGU’s PPA on Climate Change Adaptation
Climate Change Adaptation Projects LGU Gaps and Weaknesses
Mitigation
Energy efficiency and conservation • Create enabling policies and stable policy environment for energy
efficiency and conservation
• Forge public private-civil society partnership and other programs
promoting sustainable energy
Renewable energy adoption • Develop a financial renewable energy program
• Increase generation capacities of renewable energy systems.
• Increase rate of use of renewable energy systems in the national
electrification program
• Increase financing for poverty reduction and conservation in
renewable energy host communities
Environmentally sustainable transport • Implement clean fleet program
• Formally adopt a socially equitable and integrated land use and
transport planning processes at the national and local levels
• Implement energy efficiency labeling for new vehicles
• Energy and transport systems infrastructures assessed for climate
change risk vulnerability
• Implement program for climate proofing energy and transport
systems infrastructures
Watershed management and reforestation • Complete the profiling of watershed and river basins
• Develop and implement CCA plans for priority watersheds
• Rehabilitate degraded watersheds and river basins
Mangrove conservation and reforestation • Complete the profiling of watershed and river basins
• Develop and implement CCA plans for priority watersheds
• Rehabilitate degraded watersheds and river basins
Solid Waste Management • Intensity waste segregation at source, discard recovery,
composting and recycling
• Regulate the use of single use and toxic packaging materials
• Close down polluting waste treatment and disposal facilities
Adaptation
Enhanced vulnerability and adaptation • Conduct province-level vulnerability and risk assessment.
assessment • Mainstream and implement CCA in the local plans based on
information from the vulnerability and risk assessment
• Develop long term plan for adaptation of highly climate change
vulnerable population and climate refugees.
• Establish network climate change resources in all regions
Integrated ecosystem management • Derive and implement mitigation and adaptation strategies for key
ecosystems.
• Expand the network of protected areas and key biodiversity areas.
• Establish ecosystyem towns or ecotowns in protected areas and
key biodiversity areas.
• Increase knowledge and capacity for integrated ecosystem-
based management at the national, local and national level
Climate responsive agriculture • Enhance site specific knowledge on the vulnerability of agriculture
and fisheries to the impacts of climate change
• Integrate and harmonize CCA in national agriculture and fisheries
policies and plans, including the Philippine Development Plan.
• Scale up implementation of best practices
• Monitor and evaluate implementation of CCA plans in agriculture
• Build capacity of farming and fishing communities on adaptation
371
Water governance and management • Review and streamline water resources management and
institutional structures
• Review and amend the Water Code (PD 1067)
• Review and develop financing plan for water sector climate
change action plan
• Full implement the Clean Water Act and the National Septage and
Sewerage program
• Increase safe water coverage in waterless municipalities and
communities
Climate responsive health sector • Improve sanitation infrastructure
• Integrate climate change training of health personnel and
community workers
• Implement community based public health surveillance system for
climate change sensitive diseases
• Improve system for health emergency preparedness and
response for climate risks.
• Improve system for post disaster health management
Resilient cities • Design gender- fair innovative financing mechanisms as an
bundle of climate change adaptation assistance for ecotown
communities.
• Implement climate-smart ridge to reef sustainability plan for cities
and municipalities
• Implement mixed use, medium to high density integrated land use
transport in developing new urban communities or in expanding
existing ones.
• Implement green building principles in community development
Climate responsive industries • Implement moratorium on polluting and extractive industries in
protected areas, key biodiversity areas and other environmentally
critical areas.
• Establish database on climate smart industries and services.
• Provide a stable enabling [policy for the development and
implementation of climate smart industries and services.
• Enhance public-private partnership climate smart investment
promotion
• Enhance tourism policies and strategies to promote green tourism
• Implement policies that provide incentives to business practices
that incorporate eco- efficiency within their core business
operation
• Develop and improve matching of labor force skills to climate-
smart industry demand
• Develop a system of monitoring and reporting of green job
creation and employment
• Promote market driven demand side management
Climate proofed buildings and infrastructure • Implement climate-proofing of local infrastructures
• Energy and transport systems infrastructures climate proofed
Structural and non-structural CCA measures •

Cross Cutting
Knowledge management • Establish knowledge management on climate change information
for agriculture and fisheries
• Review and modify, as appropriate management processes of
existing water supply systems and users to consider potential
impacts of climate change
• Review and expand the implementation and coverage of water
harvesting technologies
• Develop and implement knowledge management on climate
change
• Develop knowledge products on climate smart best practices
• Develop and implement a training program of GHG emissions
inventory and carbon footprint
• Establish centers of excellence on climate change science at the
372
national and regional level

LGU CCA Capacity Building • Develop the capacity of relevant government agencies on IWRM
and adaptation planning
• Implement training program on wealth accounting on ENRA for
government agencies.
• Review and revise policy on PENR Accounting.
• Increase local and community capacities on CCA
• Improve government systems and infrastructure required for
climate change modeling and climate forecasting
• Develop and implement a capacity building program for
government agencies on climate change
• Implement a national system for monitoring greenhouse gas
emissions
Gender and Development • Conduct gendered vulnerability and risk assessment of water
resources and infrastructures
• Develop gender responsive knowledge products on water and
climate change
• Conduct a nationwide gendered ecosystem vulnerability and risk
assessment
• Develop and implement gendered and accessible climate change
adaptation and mitigation special or customized technical
trainings
Technology Transfer • Implement risk transfer and social protection mechanisms for
agriculture and fishery
• Assist SMEs in developing capacity for eco-efficient production
Research and development • Conduct researches and disseminate knowledge and
technologies on climate change adaptation to reduce vulnerability
of the sector to climate change
• Conduct water supply and demand analysis under various
hydrologic conditions and scenarios
• Increase research and development on renewable energy.
Information, education and communication • Integrate CCA in agriculture and fishery curricula and training
programs.
• Improve and update water resources database and information
system
• Implement IEC nationwide in
• partnership with private sector, academe and CSO.
• Extensive IEC
• program on climate change risk and population management
• Improve enforcement of environmental laws
• Integrate climate change in basic and higher education curricula
• Establish web based network of resource centers
• Implement gendered IEC on climate change adaptation and
mitigation.
• Validate and monitor the implementation of NCCAP
Table ___: Checklist for Evaluating Gaps and Weaknesses in LGU’s PPAs on DRRM
DRRM Phase Strategies and Measures Required LGU Gaps and Weaknesses
Pre disaster
Proper siting of human settlements. New urban towns Mainstream DRRM into existing policies
Prevention or and new settlement areas should be located away from in land use planning (ex. CLUPs and
Avoidance disaster prone zones. researches.
Proper zoning of disaster prone areas. Areas Strict implementation of CLUP and
frequently devastated by floods, volcano eruption, Zoning Ordinances of LGUs. Reduce
landslides, mudslides, rockslides should be zoned as vulnerability through continued and
danger zones and their land uses should be strictly sustained assessments especially in high
regulated. Residents occupying highly vulnerable areas risk areas. This will be dome through
373
should be relocated and resettled. geo-hazard mapping and risk

assessment especially for highly
susceptible communities and areas and
be used as basis for the formulation and
implementation of plans.
Strict monitoring and prohibiting them occupation by Reduce vulnerability through continued
informal settlers of hazard zones. Danger zones and sustained assessments especially in
should be closely guarded to prevent informal settlers high risk areas. This will be done through
from intruding and occupying these areas. geo-hazard mapping and risk
assessment especially fopr highly
Preserving or conserving natural defense. Critical Strict implementation of CLUP and

environment and natural resources should be protected Zoning Ordinances of LGUs.
and conserve because they are natural buffer zones
against natural disasters. Degraded environment further
trigger or aggravate disasters.
Reducing trigger factors and sources contributing to Push for the practice and use of
climate change, landslides and flooding (e.g., climate Integrated Water Resources
change – emission of GHGs; landslides – improper uses Management (IWRB) and prioritize the
and denundation of unstable slopes; flooding – heavy construction of flood management
siltation or obstruction of river channels and built-up of structures in highly vulnerable areas while
river flood plains; drought effects on wetlands and biotic applying DRRM strategies in the planning
components.) and design of flood management
structures.
Improving socio-economic status of vulnerable Strengthen the capacity of communities

communities. Poverty reduction programs should be to respond effectively to climate and other
established and greater opportunities for employment natural and human induced hazards and
should be provided. Resilient, low cost and affordable disasters. This includes the
housing projects for resettled or relocated communities strengthening of civil society basic sector
should be made available. participation and PPPP; encourage
volunteerism and enhance competence of
institutions in social services delivery.
Providing access to insurance or various forms of Unavailability and access to various

risk transfer mechanism. Awareness and access of disaster risk financing and insurance
Mitigation disaster- prone communities to insurance system should schemes for vulnerable groups and/or
be provided. communities.
No mechanisms developed for increasing

risk financing modalities
Establishing emergency operation system. Develop and institutionalize early warning

Emergency action systems should be in place. (e.g. system information sharing and
SOPs) to safeguard populations from hazards brought communication systems between LGUs,
about by physical events. communities and national government
Properly enforcing building codes and fire codes. Mainstream DRR into existing policies . (
Existing building regulations and requirements should be PD 1096 or National Building Code, Fire
properly enforced. Code)It should strictly enforced.
Strictly enforcing environmental laws and regulations Advocacy for the implementation of the
to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change. building code and use of green
Monitor compliance to environmental laws and technology
regulations by developers and residents. Conduct inventory, vulnerability and risk
assessments for critical facilities and
infrastructures’
Develop guidelines on the redesign, retro-
374
fitting or operational modification of

infrastructures
Issuing local ordinances on safety of communities. Local zoning ordinances should be strictly
Local ordinances establishing measures for communities enforced.
to stay away from disaster risk areas and adopt
prescribed safety measures should be issued and strictly
enforced.
Providing appropriate engineering interventions or Area regulation in all zones shall conform
structural measures. Physical structures/ infrastructures with the minimum requirements of the
like dams, levees, flood control and drainage, river bank existing codes such as PD 957, BP 220,
and road bank stabilization structures (e.g. rip-rap) should PD 1096, Fire code, Sanitation Code,
be constructed and properly maintained. Plumbing Code, Structural Code and
other relevant guidelines promulgated by
the national agencies concerned.
Developing and building climate change resilient Strengthen the implementation of or

architecture designs such as green buildings and water- reform existing laws on land use and
proofed housing, and using climate change resistant related laws such as building code for
construction materials in vulnerable areas. disaster resilient industry and services
sector.
Develop and implement the appropriate

standards in the construction of housing
units.
Explore the use of indigenous and

recyclable materials that are environment
friendly to reduce costs and incorporate
DRR concepts in building health facilities.
Design and construction of disaster

resilient school buildings and classrooms.
Preparedness Forecasting and planning for disaster risk Monitoring , forecasting and hazard
management. Establishing local weather forecasting warning should be enhanced.
stations to support emergency planning and operations.
Disaster risk management plan and contingency plan Absence of DRM enhanced CLUP in
should be formulated and implemented. DRM plans and LGUs.
programs should be mainstreamed into local planning and
decision-making processes (e.g. CLUP and CDPs) Raise public awareness of DRR and
mitigating the impacts of natural disasters
through the formulation abnd
implementation of a communication plan
for DRR.
Community Organizing. Communities serving as Institutionalize DRRM in various sectors

planning and response teams during pre-disaster and and increase local government and
disaster phases should be organized and mobilized community participation in DRRM
during disaster events. activities.
Training on disaster risk management. Local DRM Conduct of extensive IEC campaigns for
teams should be trained on planning, program increased public awareness of DRR and
implementation, monitoring, early warning and alert enhancement of disaster preparedness
systems. through multi stakeholders coordination.
Developing early warning system involves mapping or Reduce vulnerability through continued
routed and safe ground s for evacuation, installation of and sustained assessments especially in
alarm systems in strategic locations. high risk areas. This will be done through
geo-hazard mapping and risk
375

Conducting drills and exercises. Simulation drills and Conduct of trainings and simulation
exercises for safe evacuation due to fire, flooding, exercises on disaster preparedness and
typhoon, earthquake, tsunami, storm surge and volcanic response
eruption should be conducted periodically.
Stockpiling of food and other emergency needs. Food Stockpiling and prepositioning of
medicines and other paraphernalia and equipment (e.g. resources
inflatables boats, fire extinguisher, chainsaw, ropes, etcs.)
should be stockpiled for use during emergency situations.
Providing evacuation conveyance and protective Identification of standard-based relief

shelters. Transportation facilities during evacuation shelter and sites
should be made available and evacuation centers with Provision of tents and other temporary
adequate facilities should be provided. shelter facilities
Conducting hazard assessment and mapping. Hazard Reduce vulnerability through continued
assessment and mapping of disaster prone areas and and sustained assessments especially in
proper dissemination of textual and spatial information for high risk areas. This will be done through
planning and action programming should be conducted. geo-hazard mapping and risk
implementation of the plan.
Conducting public information and awareness. Public Raise public awareness of DRR and
information and awareness on DRM should be conducted formulate and implement a
and participation of local communities in DRM programs communication plan for DRR.
and activities should be advocated.
Undertaking communications and early warning Strengthen the role of the security sector
activities. Monitoring early warning and alert systems in emergency relief and rescue
involving reliable and effective means of communications operations to maintain public order and
should be undertaken. safety during calamities.
Enhance mechanisms to improve alert
warning and monitoring before and during
disasters.
Disaster Establishing and operating incident command system. Activation of the incident command
response system at the local level.
Issue public advisories in accordance
with protocols developed
Providing health services and temporary shelter with Medical consultation and nutritional
adequate facilities. assessment
Providing relief goods ( food, water, medicines and other Activation of relief distribution centers
material needs of affected families.
Undertaking search and rescue operations Develop and implement a system for
search and rescue, retrieval and proper
disposal with concerned agencies.
Assessing damages and analyzing needs of affected Develop a mechanism to expedite

communities. immediate financing for the rehabilitation
of flood management structures.
i http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/
ii
Catalino R. de la Cruz, Department of Agriculture, BAR Digest
376
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
Sincere appreciation and gratitude are particularly extended to the following:
National Economic and Development Authority
Asian Development Bank
European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO)
United Nations Development Programme
Ms. Ma. Lourdes Miado, Ms. Ma. Leah Letrero and Mr. Manuel Dionio of NEDA, Region VI
Dr. Jacob S. Tio, Mr. Erik Punongbayan and Engr. Renan Ma. T. Tanhueco
Dr. Candido A. Cabrido, Jr.,and the UP School of Urban and Regional Planning and staff of
UP Planning and Development Research Foundation
Ms. Jessica Dator- Bercilla of Ateneo School of Government
Mines and GeoSciences Bureau Region VI, PHILVOLCS, PAGASA
Partners in the Provinces of Antique, Aklan, Capiz , Negros Occidental and Guimaras
For the inputs and concepts of the plan, for technical inputs and logistic support, active participation in technical
discussions, workshops, writeshops, mapshops and consultations
All other contributors and supporters, who in one way or another, contributed to the completion of the document.
The Planning and Management Division

Provincial Planning and Development Office
Province of Iloilo
October 2014
Province of Iloilo, Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014-2020
A cronyms
A&D Alienable & Disposable IPH Iloilo Provincial Hospital
AFMA Agriculture and Fisheries IT Information Technology
Modernization Act ITES IT-enable Service
APGR Annual Population Growth Rate JICA Japan International Cooperation
ATO Air Transportation Office Agency
BPOC Barangay Peace and Order LDIP Local Development Investment
Council Plan
BPO Business Processing LGU Local Government Unit
Outsourcing LPRAP Local Poverty Reduction Action
CCA Climate Change Adaptation Plan
CDAP Community Direct Assistance LEP Land Evaluation Party
Program LMS Land Management Survey
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan MAP Mineral Action Plan
CSWDP Comprehensive Social Welfare MC Memorandum Circular
Development Program MIGEDC Metro Iloilo Guimaras Economic
DepEd Department of Education Development Council
DENR Department of Environment & MBN Minimum Basic Needs
Natural Resources MDG Millennium Development Goals
DILG Department of Interior and MHO Municipal Health Officer
Local Government MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau
DOH Department of Health MIWD Metro Iloilo Water District
DOT Department of Tourism MPOC Municipal Peace and Order
DOTC Department of Transportation Council
and Communication MRF Material Recovery Facility
DPWH Department of Public Works NAMRIA National Mapping and
and Highways Resources Information
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction Authority
DSWD Department of Social Welfare NSCB National Statistical
and Development Coordination Board
DTI Department of Trade and NEDA National Economic
Industry Development Authority
EMB Environmental Management NGA National Government Agency
Bureau NGC National Grid Corporation
EPIRA Electric Power Industry Reform NGO Non-Governmental
Act Organization
FIES Family Income and Expenditure NIA National Irrigation
Survey Administration
GRDP Gross Regional Domestic NIPAS National Integrated Protected
Product Areas System
HH Household Head NPAAAD Network if Protected Areas for
HLURB Housing Land Use and Agriculture and Agro-Industrial
Regulatory Board Development
HUDCC Housing Urban Development NPC National Power Corporation
Coordinating Council NSO National Statistics Office
ICT Information and PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric,
Communication Technology Geophysical, & Astronomical
ICODE Iloilo Caucus of Development Services Administration
IFPC Iloilo Fishing Port Complex PDC Provincial Development
ILECO Iloilo Electric Cooperative Council
IPG Iloilo Provincial Government
Province of Iloilo, Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, CY 2014-2020
PDEA Philippine Drug Enforcement PPAs Programs, Projects Activities

Agency PPDO Provincial Planning and
PDPFP Provincial Development and Development Office
Physical Framework Plan PPFP Provincial Physical Framework
PECO Panay Electric Company Plan
PEF Peace Equity Foundation PRO Police Regional Office
PESO Public Employment Service PSB Provincial School Board
Office PSWDO Provincial Social welfare
PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Development Office
Volcanology & Seismology RA Republic Act
PHO Provincial Health Office
PLDT Philippine Long Distance
Telephone
PNP Philippine National Police
PO People’s Organization
Planning and Management Division
Provincial Planning and Development Office
3rd Floor, Iloilo Provincial Capitol Bldg.
Bonifacio Drive, Iloilo City
Telephone Nos. (033) 335-18-85; (033) 335-18-84
Telefax No. (033) 335-80-08

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Province of Iloilo

DRR and CCA Enhanced

B iennially, we at the Iloilo Provincial Government come

The PDPFP is an overall development planning document which serves as

ARTHUR D. DEFENSOR, SR.

The Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate

The production and distribution of this document to interested stakeholders

The Planning Environment

Population and Settlements

Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change on Forestry and

Transportation, Access and Circulation

Income, Employment, Service Access and Poverty

Land use and Physical Framework

Over-all Physical Framework

Development Issues, Goals, Objectives/ Targets, Strategies and

Population Exposure, Location, Land Use and Physical Assets

Climate Change 279

Projected Climate Change and potential Long Term Future Threats

DRRM and CCA Capacity Assessment 371

Concentration: Total Family Income by Household Head

Specialization : Total Family Income by Household Head

Framework of orders of impacts of Climate Change on NCCAP

Vulnerability: Health Vulnerability to Typhoid 333

Checklist for Evaluating Gaps and weaknesses in LGUs PPA

Agriculture Exposed to Earthquake Induced landslide 148

Forestry Sector Adaptive Capacity to Flood 313

The Executive Summary

The Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP) is a 6-

The Provincial Development Investment Program (PDIP) is a six-year support

In response to the challenge of sufficiently capacitating local governments and

The Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Enhanced

United Nations Development Program and the European Commission Humanitarian

For the Province of Iloilo, the Development Vision is towards “A

progressive, peaceful, ecologically-balanced, resilient, safe

Location, Land Area and Political Subdivision

tsunamis. Such exposure makes the country always vulnerable to disasters

Hazards affecting the province are hydrometeorological and geologic

The province of Iloilo is affected by the various earthquake generators.

Population and Settlements

Iloilo City, a highly urbanized city, has a population density of 7,477

In terms of urbanization, Pavia has the highest urbanization level of 96.25

Municipalities with most population that are located or exposed in highly

In terms of population, the most susceptible to storm surge is the municipality of

Usually earthquake induced landslide occurs in municipalities with mountain

The built up areas in the municipalities of Tubungan, Lambunao, and Bingawan

In terms of percentage, the built up areas in the municipalities of Dumangas, Leganes,

A total of 151,020.80 hectares or 32 percent of the province has a slope of 0-3

The coastline of the province is approximately 451.83 kilometers. There are 19

In areas/regions where rainfall is projected to decrease, there will be water stress

Iloilo province is rich in metallic and non-metallic resources. Manganese could

For non-metallic minerals, there is a potential supply of white clay in Leon,

Changes in rainfall regimes and patterns resulting to increase/decrease in water

Iloilo’s economy is essentially anchored on two major sectors, agriculture and

Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Higher temperature

Transportation, Access and Circulation

For internal circulation, the provincial roads provide inter-district connections.

The provincial roads in the municipalities of Dumangas, Leganes, Maasin, Oton,

Provincial roads are also affectd by ground shakinf, earthquake induced

Income, Employment, Service Access and Poverty

Looking at the historical trends from 2000 to 2006, average employment

The DPWH-JICA Iloilo Flood Control Project (package 1) is already functional.

Land Use and Physical Framework

Given the existing situation, a physical framework is derived to integrate the