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3 Differentiation
3 Differentiation
3 Differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION
Fig 2.1
y
The gradient of this line is:
x
( We could have chosen any pair of points on the straight line for P and Q and by similar triangles this ratio
would have worked out to the same value, so the conclusion is that The gradient of a straight line is constant
throughout its length)
y
The value of the gradient is denoted by the symbol m. Therefore: m .
x
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Consider the function f(x) illustrated in Fig. 2.2.1
Fig 2.2.1
A segment of the curve y f x , AB, between x x0 and x x0 x is shown. The
derivative of y f x at x x0 is defined as:
dy f x0 x f x0
lim
dx x 0 x
Note that when ∆x is very small, the curve AB is almost identical to the straight line AB and
f x0 x f x0
that as ∆x →0, the two become identical. We saw that is the gradient of
x
the line AB. As ∆x →0 the line AB becomes parallel to the curve y = f(x) at x x0 . Then we
call AB the tangent line to the curve. Thus
dy
gradient of the tangent to the curve y = f(x).
dx
The gradient of a curve at point P is equal to the gradient of the tangent to the curve at P.
(f 2.2.2)
65
-The quantities dx and dy are called differentials
dy
- - derivative of y with respect to x
dx
- The process of finding the derivative- differentiation (because it involves manipulating
differences in coordinate values)
(i) y c , a constant.
dy f x x f x
lim
dx x 0 x
cc
lim
x 0 x
0.
(ii) y x
dy f x x f x
lim
dx x 0 x
lim
x x x
x 0 x
x
lim
x 0 x
1.
(iii) y x 2
dy f x x f x
lim
dx x 0 x
x x x2
2
lim
x 0 x
2 xx x
2
lim
x 0 x
lim 2 x x
x 0
2 x.
66
(iv) y x 3
dy f x x f x
lim
dx x 0 x
x x x3
3
lim
x 0 x
3 x 2 x 3 x x x
2 3
lim
x 0 x
x 0
lim 3 x 3 x x x
2 2
3x 2 .
1
(v) y
x
dy f x x f x
lim
dx x 0 x
1 1 1
lim
x 0 x x x
x
1 x x x
lim
x 0 x x x x
1 x
lim
x 0 x x x x
1
lim
x 0 x x x
1
2.
x
(vii) y a x , a 0
dy f x x f x
lim
dx x 0 x
x x
a ax
lim
x 0 x
a x 1
a x lim
x 0 x
a ln a.
x
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(viii) y ln x .
There’s a trick for this one, because we know that the logarithm is the inverse of an
exponential. We use
dy 1
.
dx dx
dy
dx dy 1
From x e y , one has e y x . So, .
dy dx x
The same trick can be used to differentiate all inverse functions.
(ix) y sin x
dy f x x f x
lim
dx x 0 x
sin x x sin x
lim
x 0 x
sin x cos x cos x sin x sin x
lim
x 0 x
cos x 1 sin x
lim sinx cos x
x 0
x x
2sin 2 x / 2 sin x
lim sinx cos x
x 0
x x
x sinx sin x / 2 2 sin x
lim cos x
x 0 2 x / 2 x
cos x.
In this way, using some well known limits, we can obtain the derivatives of all basic
functions.
Standard derivatives
dy dy
1. y c 0 2. y x n nx n 1
dx dx
dy dy
3. y sin x cos x 4. y cos x sin x
dx dx
dy dy
5. y tan x sec2 x 6. y cot x cos ec 2 x
dx dx
dy dy
7. y ex ex 8. y ax a x ln a
dx dx
dy 1 dy 1
9. y ln x 10. y log a x
dx x dx x ln a
dy dy
11. y sinh x cosh x 12. y cosh x sinh x
dx dx
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-To differentiate a polynomial, we differentiate each term in turn
d n y d d n 1 y
- n n 1 ( Derivatives of higher order )
dx dx dx
-Rules of derivatives:
dy dv du
(a) of product y uv, u v
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
u dy
(b) of a quotient y , dx 2 dx
v dx v
If F is a function of x, then:
dy dF dy dF
1. y F n nF n 1 2. y aF n anF n 1
dx dx dx dx
dy dF dy dF
3. y sin F cos F 4. y cos F sin F
dx dx dx dx
dy dF dy dF
5. y tan F sec2 F 6. y e F eF
dx dx dx dx
dy dF dy 1 dF
7. y a F a F ln a 8. y ln F
dx dx dx F dx
………………………………… …………………………………..
-Logarithmic differentiation
For more than two functions in any argument top or bottom, the derivative is best found by
logarithmic differentiation. It all depends on the basic fact that:
d
ln x 1 or d ln F 1 dF
dx x dx F dx
69
-Derivative of implicit function
If a function y is completely defined in terms of x, then y is called an explicit function of x
(Example: y x 2 4 x 2 )
When the relationship between x and y is more involved, it may not be possible (or desirable)
to separate y completely on the LHS. Then y is called an implicit function of x
(Example: xy sin x 2 )
To find derivative of a implicit function means an extension of the routine ‘function of a
function’.
70
1.Determine the gradients of the straight lines joining:
a) P 3, 8 and Q 5, 9 c) P 4, 6 and Q 5, 2
b) P 2, 5 and Q 5, 5 d) P 3, 5 and Q 7, 3
Solution:
Fig 2.3
y the change in the y-values 9 8 1
x the change in the x-values 5 3 2
y 1
m 0,5 (the sloping line rises vertically from left to right by 0,5 unit for every 1
x 2
unit horizontally)
3 Series1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Fig 2.4
71
c) P 4, 6 and Q 5, 2
4
y 2 6 4; x 5 4 9; m
9
4
(the sloping line falls down vertically from left to right by unit for every 1 unit
9
horizontally, Fig 2.5 )
Fig 2.5
d) P 3, 5 and Q 7, 3
8
y 3 5 8; x 7 3 10; m 0,8
10
dy dy
2. Determine an expression for in each of the following cases and find the value of at
dx dx
the stated value of x :
a) y 7 x 5 3x 4 x 2 1 x 2
b) y 6 x 3 7 x 2 4 x 5 x 1
Solution:
dy dy
a) 35x 4 12x 3 2 x . At x 2, 652
dx dx
dy dy
b) 18x 2 14 x 4 . At x 1, 36
dx dx
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dy
3. Differentiate (Determine ) the following with respect to x :
dx
b
a) y x 3 b) y 4ax 5 c) y 4 d) y 23 x
x
5 3
x 2x 1 1 1
e) y 3x 2 5 x 1 f) y x g) y 2 3
5 3 x x x
h) y x 2 1x 1 i) y ln x 2 5 x sin x j) y e x 1
x 5
dy 1
i) y ln x 2 5 x sin x 2 5 x ln 5 cos x
dx x
dy
j) y e x x 5 1 e x 5x 4
dx
k) y 3 x 6 x
dy d
dx dx
3 x 6 x 1 2 3 3 x 3 2
l) y x 2 x 3x 2 sin x
73
2 x 1 x 2 sin x x 2 x 3 2 x cos x
dy
dx
2 x3 x 2 2 x sin x sin x 2 x 3 2 x 2 6 x x 2 cos x x cos x 3cos x
4 x3 3x 2 6 x sin x 2 x sin x 3cos x x cos x x 2 cos x
dy
m) y x sin x sin x x cos x
dx
n) y e x x 2 2 x 2
e x x 2 2 x 2 e x 2 x 2 x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x 2 xe x 2e x x 2 e x
dy
dx
q) y x cos x
dx dx
x cos x
dy d 1 2 cos x
x sin x
2 x
r) y x 2 1x 1x 3 1
2 x x 1x 3 1 x 2 1x 3 1 3x 2 x 2 1 x 1... …….
dy
dx
x 1
s) y
x 1
Applying the quotient rule we find that:
dy x 1 x 1 2
dx x 1 2
x 12
1 x x2
t) y
1 x x2
dy
1 2 x 1 x x 2 1 x x 2 1 2 x
1 x x
2
dx 2
1 2 x x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x3 1 x x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x3 4 x 2
1 x x 1 x x
2 2
2 2
cos x tan x
u) y
x2 x
dx dx
x cos x x 1 2 tan x 2 x 3 cos x x 2 sin x x 3 2 tan x x 1 2 sec2 x
dy d 2 1
2
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1 cos x
v) y
ln x 1 2 sin x
dy 1 x sin x 1 2sin x 2 cos x sin x 2sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x
2
1
2
1 2sin x 1 2sin x
2 2
dx ln x x ln 2 x
1 sin x 2
x ln x 1 2sin x 2
2
x
w) y x ln x x 2 sin x
sin x cos x
dy sin x cos x x cos x sin x 1
ln x x 2 x sin x x 2 cos x
sin x cos x x
2
dx
sin x cos x x sin x x cos x
ln x 1 2 x sin x x 2 cos x
sin x cos x
2
dy
4. Differentiate (Determine ) the following with respect to x :
dx
a) y a bx b) y ax 2 bx c
n
c) y sin 2 x
3
d) y 2 ln 5 x e) y e x f) y e x 2 x 3
2
g) y e sin x h) y a tan x i) y e 2 ln x
k) y lnx 3 x 2 x 1
x
j) y ln l) y sin n x
a
a
m) y a sin n) y cos x o) y cos 2 x
x
p) y tanln x q) y lntan x r) y lnln x
Solution:
a) y a bx
3
Put u a bx y u 3
3u 2 b 3ba bx
dy dy du dy
2
Since the chain rule , it follows that
dx du dx dx
b) y ax 2 bx c
n
Put u ax 2 bx c y u n
n u n 1 2ax b n2ax b ax 2 bx c
dy dy du n 1
dx du dx
c) y sin 2 x
Put u sin x y u 2
dy dy du
2u cos x 2 sin x cos x sin 2 x
dx du dx
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d) y 2 ln 5 x
Put u ln x y 2u 5
dy dy du 1 10 ln 4 x
10u 4
dx du dx x x
e) y e x
Put u x y e u
e u 1 e x
dy dy du
dx du dx
f) y e x 2 x 3
2
Put u x 2 2 x 3 y e u
e u 2 x 2 2 x 2 e x 2 x 3
dy dy du
2
dx du dx
g) y e sin x
Put u sin x y e u
dy dy du
e u cos x cos x e sin x
dx du dx
h) y a tan x
Put u tan x y a u
dy dy du
a u ln a sec2 x ln a a tan x sec2 x
dx du dx
i) y e 2 ln x
dy
y e 2 ln x e ln x x 2 2x
2
dx
x
j) y ln
a
x
Put u y ln u
a
dy dy du 1 1 1 1
dx du dx u a x x
a
a
k) y lnx 3 x 2 x 1
Put u x 3 x 2 x 1 y ln u
3x 2 2 x 1
3x 2 2 x 1 3
dy dy du 1
dx du dx u x x2 x 1
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l) y sin n x
Put u sin x y u n
dy dy du
n u n 1 cos x n sin n 1 cos x
dx du dx
a
m) y a sin
x
a
Put u y a sin u
x
dy dy du a a 2 cosa x
a cosu 2
dx du dx x x2
n) y cos x
Put u x y cos u
sin u
dy dy du 1 sin x
dx du dx 2 x 2 x
o) y cos 2 x
Put u 2 x y cos u
sin u 2 2 sin 2 x
dy dy du
dx du dx
p) y tanln x
Put u ln x y tan u
dy dy du 1 sec2 ln x
sec2 u
dx du dx x x
q) y lntan x
Put u tan x y ln u
dy dy du 1 sec2 x
sec x
2
dx du dx u tan x
r) y lnln x
Put u ln x y ln u
dy dy du 1 1 1
dx du dx u x x ln x
77
dy
5. Differentiate (Determine ) the following with respect to x :
dx
1 x x2
a) y b) y x 1 x 2 c) y ln
1 x 1 x2
1 x
f) y e x sin x cos x
x
d) y ln e) y
1 x 1 x 2
x
e e
x
x
g) y h) y x 2 2 x tan ln sin x
e x e x 1 x2
Solution:
1 x
a) y
1 x
1 x
Put u y u
1 x
dy dy du 1 1 x 11 x 1 x 2 1 1
dx du dx 2 u 1 x 2
2 1 x 1 x
2
1 x 1 x
3
1 x 1 x 3
b) y x 1 x 2
dy
1 x2 x
d
1 x2 1 x2 x
x
1 x 2 x 2 1 2x 2
dx dx 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
dz dz du 1 x x
( z 1 x 2 ; Put u 1 x 2 z u ; 2x )
dx du dx 2 u u 1 x2
x2
c) y ln
1 x2
x2
Put u y ln u
1 x2
dy dy du 1 2 x1 x 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2x 2
dx du dx u 1 x 2 2
x 2
1 x 2 x1 x 2
2
1 x
d) y ln
1 x
1 x
Put u ; v u y ln v
1 x
dy dy dv du 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 x
dx dv du dx v 2 u 1 x 2
u u 1 x2
2
u 1 x
2 2
1 x 1 x 2 1 x 2
1
1 x 3 1 x
78
x
e) y
1 x2
1 x 2 x
x
1 x2 x2
dy 1 x2 1 x2 1
dx 1 x2 1 x2 1 x 2 3
f) y e x sin x cos x
e x sin x cos x e x cos x sin x 2e x cos x
dy
dx
e x ex
g) y
e x e x
dy
2
e x ex e x ex
2
e 2x
2e x e x e 2 x e 2 x 2e x e x e 2 x 4
dx e x
e
x 2
e x
e x 2
e x
ex 2
h) y x 2 2 x tan
x
ln sin x
1 x2
1 x2 x
x
dy 1 1 x2 1 1
dx
2 x 2 x x 2 2 x ln 2
cos2 x / 1 x 2
1 x 2
sin x
cos x
2 x
1 1 cot x
x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x ln 2
cos2 x / 1 x 2 1 x 1 x
2 2
2 x
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