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8 - Graphs of Functions
8 - Graphs of Functions
1 x2 1 x3
(d) y ; (e) y 2 ; (f) y .
1 x2 x 1 3 x2
Solution:
(a) y 2 x3 12 x 2 22 x 12
- y 0 2 x3 12 x 2 22 x 12 0 2 x 1 x 2 x 3 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 .
(iv) The graph of the function does not have a vertical asymptote (we look in the domain).
Since lim y x , there is not a horizontal asymptote (If lim y x b or lim y x b , then the
x x x
y x
Since lim , there is not a slant asymptote (If the graph of the function does not have a
x x
y x
horizontal asymptote, we search for a slant asymptote. Its equation is y kx n , where k lim
x x
and n lim f x kx ).
x
3 3
(v) y 6 x 2 24 x 22 6 x 2 x 2 .
3 3
3 3
y 0 x 2 x 2 .
3 3
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3 3
(vi) For x , 2
2 , , one has y 0 , so the function is increasing in those intervals.
3 3
3 3
The function is decreasing for x 2
,2 , since in that interval y 0 .
3 3
(vii) y 12 x 24 12 x 2
3 3 3
Since y 2 4 3 0 and y 2 4 3 0 , it follows that at x 2 , the function
3 3 3
3
y has local maximum and at x 2 , it has a local minimum.
3
(viii) y 0 x 2 and there is a change in the sign as we go through x 2 . So at x 2 , the graph
has a point of inflexion.
For x 2, , y 0 , so the function is concave up and for x , 2 it is concave down (A function
is concave up on the interval I (the graph is above the tangent) if y 0 on that interval. If y 0 then
the function is concave down (the graph is beneath the tangent)).
(ix) graph
1 2 3 4
112
(b) y 2 x 2 x 4
(iii) Zeros:
- y 0 2 x2 x4 0 x2 x2 2 0 x 0 x 2 x 2 .
In this way, besides the origin O 0, 0 , we obtain the points N1 2, 0 , N 2
2, 0 .
(iv) The graph of the function does not have asymptotes. Discussion is similar to the one given in (a).
Remember that, in general, the graph of a polynomial function does not have asymptotes.
(v) y 4 x 4 x3 4 x 1 x 2 4 x 1 x 1 x . y 0 x 1 x 0 x 1 .
(vii) y 4 12 x 2 .
3
(viii) y 0 x points of inflexion. The function y is concave up ( y 0 ) for
3
3 3 3 3
x , and y is concave down ( y 0 ) for x , , .
3 3 3 3
(ix) graph
1.0
0.5
0.5
113
x
(c) y
1 x2
(i) Domain of the function is the set of real numbers D ℝ.
(iv) The graph of the function does not have an vertical asymptote.
1 x2
(v) y . y 0 x 1 x 1 .
1 x 2 2
2 x x 2 3
(vii) y .
1 x
2 3
Since y 1 0 and y 1 0 , it follows that at x 1 , y has a local minimum and at x 1 , the
function y has local maximum.
x , 3 0, 3 .
(ix) graph
0.4
0.2
15 10 5 5 10 15
0.2
0.4
114
1
(d) y
1 x2
(i) Domain of the function is the set D ℝ\{-1, 1}.
(iii) Zeros:
2x
(v) y . y 0 x 0.
1 x 2 2
6 x2 2
(vii) y .
1 x 2 3
y is concave up ( y 0 ) for x 1,1 and y is concave down ( y 0 ) for x , 1 1, .
(ix) graph
3 2 1 1 2 3
115
x2 1
(e) y
x2 1
(i) Domain of the function is the set of real numbers D ℝ.
(iv) The graph of the function does not have an vertical asymptote.
4x
(v) y . y 0 x 0.
x 1
2 2
(vi) y y 0 x 0 and y y 0 x 0 .
4 1 3x 2
(vii) y .
x 1
2 3
3
(viii) y 0 x points of inflexion.
3
3 3 3 3
y is concave up for x , and y is concave down for x , , .
3 3 3 3
(ix) graph
1.0
0.5
5 5
0.5
1.0
116
x3
(f) y
3 x2
(iii) Zeros: y 0 x 0 .
y x
Slant asymptote ( k lim 1; n lim y x kx 0 ): y x .
x x x
x2 9 x2
(v) y . y 0 x 0 x 3.
3 x2
2
(vi) y
y 0 9 x 2 0 x 3, 3 3, 3
3,3 ;
y y 0 x , 3 3, .
6 x 9 x2
(vii) y .
3 x2
3
Since y 3 0, y 3 0, y 0 0 , it follows that the function y has local minimum at x 3 ,
local maximum at x 3 and point of inflexion at x 0 .
(viii) y is concave up for x , 3 0, 3 ; y is concave down for x 3, 0
3, .
(ix) graph
20
10
4 2 2 4
10
20
117
2. Discuss the graph in details (domain, continuity, asymptotes, critical points, local extremes, monotonicity
(increasing or decreasing), concavity).
Solution.
(ii) The function is continuous over the domain, except at x d . At this point the function is discontinuous
since the left limit does not exist.
(iv) At x b, x q the function has local maximums and at x c, x r it has local minimums. More
over, y b y c 0 and y r , y q do not exist. (Remember that in general, the derivative y
does not exist at the sharp peaks). The derivative y does not exist also at x e (In general, the
derivative y does not exist in the corners) and y does not exist at x d (In general, a function is
not differentiable ( y does not exist) at the points at which the function is discontinuous. That is
contrapositive statement of a well known theorem).
(v) The function is increasing for x (a, b) c, d r ,q . In these intervals y 0 . The function is
decreasing for x (b,c) e, r q, p . In these intervals y 0 . For x d, e , y 0 since in this
interval, the graph of the function is a horizontal line ( y k y 0 ).
(vi) At x m , the graph has a point of inflexion and y m =0. The function is concave up for x (m, d)
and in this interval y 0 . The function is concave down for x (a, m) and in this interval y 0 . In the
interval (d, p) , y 0 . The last is obvious since the graph consists of straight lines (For the equation of a
straight line y k x n , y 0 ).
118