Assignment

Assignment No: 2
Student Id: 12264
Submitted By: Ammad Nadeem.
Program: S.E
Submitted To: Khalid khan.
Course Name: Pakistan Study
What is Ideology and what are the grounds of
Pakistan Ideology?

Meaning of Ideology:

The word ideology is composed of two Greek words. Ideo means “idea” and
logos means “Study of”.

So, it literally means the science of the study of ideas. The term ideology is a
complex phenomenon in the study social science on which a great deal of
controversy exsists among scholars on its meaning and definitions.

Definition Of Ideology:

Every individual life has a specific purpose in the attainment of which has
intellect, knowledge and experiences guide him like wise, every nation has a
pre-determind objective of its collective national life. To achieve that,
individuals of that national life endeavor collective wisdom is called the
ideology of that nation.

Meaning of the ideology of Pakistan:

Before the creation of Pakistan, the national objective of the muslim of south
asia was the creation a muslim state where they could live freely. The
collective thinking that guided the muslim in this aim was that the muslim
were a separate nation from hindus and they should have seprate homeland.
This national objective behind the fulfillment of this objective is called the
ideology of Pakistan.

Elements of ideology of Pakistan:

There are five elements of the ideological foundation of Pakistan.

• Islam.
• Two Nation Theory.
• Territory.
• Democratic System.
• Urdu Language

The elements that form an ideology is are called its sources. Many play
their role in the formation of ideologies including religious and moral
values, culture, civilization and social customs of every nation are different
therefore, their ideologies are also different from each other and unique.
Ideology creates unity among the member of a nation and guides the
nation in the right direction to attain the national objectives. Ideology is the
name of the social and economical aspirations. The national objectives in
the attainment of which ideology helps a nation are as under.
Unity:
Ideology plays the most important role in keeping the members of society
or nation united because when the ideas of individuals in a society are
homogenized an exemplary union is established among them and the
differences are minimized.
Ideology guides legislation:
Ideology guides the nations in formulating their constitution and other
state laws ideological nations face no problem in legislation because they
have in front of them the basic guiding principles already present in the
form if ideology.
Values of a nation:
Ideology guards the culture, civilization social and religious values of a
nation ideological nations remain immune from negative internal and
external influences and wrong inclinations.
Solution of problems:
Ideology creates the ability among nations to face difficult conditions and
resolve their problems ideological nations never lose courage even in the
most difficult situation and seek solution of their problems in the light of
ideology.
Shapes the national identity:
 Ideology plays an important role in shaping the national identity and
character and makes a nation distinguished from others.
Purposeful life:
Ideology motivates a nation to lead a purposeful life.
Knowledge and Spirtiuality:
Ideology guides a nation towards knowledge and shows them along with
material development, the path of spirtuiality and humanitarianism.
Conclusion:
The ideology acts as a backbone for the structure of a nation and without it
there would be no concept of a nation. It brings stability and homogeneity
in its nation. Ideology make individuals able to follow a joint line of action.

2. PARTITION OF BENGAL 1905

Introduction:
The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal was announced on 19 July 1905 by
the Viceroy of India, Curzon. The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and
separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western
areas. The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated Bengal's business and rural
life complained that the division would make them a minority in a province
that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa.
The partition of Bengal was the most important event during the rule of Lord
Curzon. It was carried out mainly for the convenience of administration.
Bengal in those days was the biggest province of India extending over 1, 89,
000 square miles with a population of 80 million. It was comprising of Bengal,
Behar and Orissa and was under the central of one lieutenant Governor. After
Lord Curzon took charge as Governor General of India the discussion over the
Partition began due to the following issues:
1. Vastness of Province: The Province was spread over the area of 1, 89, 000
square miles with the population of 80 million, which was too vast to be
managed by one lieutenant Governor. He could not make a tour for the whole
province due to its vastness once in his tenure.
2. Limited Sources of Communication: The sources of communication in the
provinces were limited due to rivers and forests. The law and order condition
of the provinces was also worst due to insufficient police and in-efficient
management. Therefore, the need of partition of province was felt severally.
3. Difference of Language: There was also the difference of Languages and
civilization of the natives of West Bengal and East Bengal. The Condition
demanded for the division of Provinces.
4. Need of the time: The division of Bengal was the need of the time to
develop trade in East Bengal and to promote the Port of Chittagong, which
could be done only by division of the Provinces.
5. High rate of crimes.
6. No progress in Eastern Districts
Partition: The Partition of Bengal was thus calculated to restore efficiency in
the Government and administration on one hand and encouraged local
initiatives for progress and development on the other. Lord Curzon partitioned
Bengal and formed two new provinces of manageable size – East and West
Bengal. The Dacca was capital of East Bengal constituted a majority Muslim
Province, while West Bengal with the capital of Calcutta become the Hindu
Majority provinces.
East Bengal contained a population of eighteen million Muslims and twelve
million Hindus.
Whereas West Bengal had a population fifty four million of which 42 million
where Hindus and thus was the Hindu majority province.
Muslims’ Response:
It received a favorable response from the Muslims. It was thought that it would
bring the emancipation of Muslims socially and economically. The Muslims
welcomed the Partition of Bengal for the following reasons:
1. In the majority province of East Bengal the Muslims would be free from
Hindu dominance in economic field. They would get opportunities of
services and advancement of agriculture.
 2. The city of Dacca, where the Muslims were in majority was the centre of
Muslim culture. In Dacca Muslims had a great chance of success for
social and cultural advancement than in Calcutta.
3. The Partition could result in political uplift and securing jobs and
representation in Government institutions.
4. The partition of Bengal relieved the Muslims from competing with
Hindus, who were more advanced in every field of life.
5. Widened The Muslim Prosperity;
6. The possibility of Mulim economic uplift grew brighter. It was hoped that
they would get rid of the hindus exploitation

Hindus Response:
The Hindus did not accept it, as it dealt a telling blow to their monopolies and
exclusive hold on economic, social, Political life of the whole of Bengal. They
called it as a deliberate attempt by British Government
1. The Partition of Bengal had brightened the possibility of betterment of
Muslims; while the Hindu landlords, capitalists and traders wanted status
quo and to continue the exploitation of the Muslims.
2. Hindu lawyers also reacted to the partition of Bengal because they thought
that the new province would have its separate courts and thus their
practice would be affected.
3. Hindu press was not different from that of Hindu advocates. Hindus had
their monopoly over almost whole of the province press. They were afraid
that new newspapers would be established which would decrease their
income naturally.
4. The Hindus launched Swadeshi Movement whose sole purpose was to
boycott of British goods. Western clothes were thrown onto bonefires.
5. The partition evoked fierce protest in west Bengal, especially in Calcutta
and gave a new fillip to Indian nationalism.
6. Henceforth, the Indian national congress was destined to become the
main platform of the Indian nationalist movement. The leadership of the
Indian National Congress viewed the partition as an attempt to 'divide and
rule'
Annulment of the Partition:
When Lord Hardinage assumed charge as Governor General of India Hindus
again became active and sent a representation to him for the annulment of
partition of Bengal. He recommended the same to the British Prime Minister for
Indian Affairs. On the occasion of the visiting His Majesty George V to Indo-
Pakistan and holding of Darbar at Delhi on 12th December 1911 the partition of
Bengal was cancelled.
• The united Bengal was placed under a Governor and Assam was placed
under a Chief Commissioner. This decision was shattering blow to Muslims.
It left them sullen and disillusioned. Their anger and indignation had
widespread repercussions. The Muslims leaders and intelligentsia
condemned the decision as betrayal of worst kind.
• Consequences of Partition movement: In December 1911 announced the
revocation of the Partition of Bengal and of certain changes in the
administration of India.
• The Government of India should have its seat at Delhi instead of Calcutta by
shifting the capital to the site of past Muslim glory.
• The politically conscious Muslims felt that the Congress had supported a
Hindu agitation against the creation of a Muslim majority province.
It reinforced their belief that their interests were not safe in the hands of the
Congress.

3. Fourteen Points of Jinnah

The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a
constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-
governing India. In 1928, an All Parties Conference was convened to solve the
constitutional problems for Muslims. A committee was set up under Moti Lal
Nehru. That committee prepared a report which is known as "Nehru Report".
This report demanded "Dominion Status" for India. Separate electorates were
refused and the reservation of seats for the Muslims of Bengal and Punjab was
rejected. In this report, not a single demand of the Muslims was upheld. Since
Nehru Report was the last word from Hindus therefore Mr. Jinnah was
authorized to draft in concise terms the basis of any future constitution that
was to be devised for India Jinnah's aim was to get rights for Muslims. He,
therefore, gave his 14 points. These points covered all of the interests of the
Muslims at a heated time and in this Jinnah stated that it was the "parting of
ways" and that he did not want and would not have anything to do with the
Indian National Congress in the future. The League leaders motivated Jinnah
to revive the Muslim League and give it direction. As a result, these points
became the demands of the Muslims and greatly influenced the Muslims'
thinking for the next two decades until the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.

Background:

The report was given in a meeting of the council of the All India Muslim
League on 9 March 1929. The Nehru Report was criticized by Muslim
leaders Aga Khan and Muhammad Shafi. They considered it as a death
warrant because it recommended joint electoral rolls for Hindus and Muslims.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah left for England in May 1928 and returned after six
months. In March 1929, the Muslim League session was held at Delhi under the
presidency of Jinnah. In his address to his delegates, he consolidated Muslim
viewpoints under fourteen items and these fourteen points became Jinnah's
14 points.

Jinnah's fourteen points:

The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the residuary
powers vested in the provinces.

2: A uniform measure of autonomy shall be guaranteed to all provinces.

3: All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted
on the definite principle of adequate and effective representation of
minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a
minority or even equality.
4: In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one
third.

5: Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by separate

electorates: provided that it shall be open to any community, at any time, to
abandon its separate electorate in favor of joint electorate.

6: Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in
any way affect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP provinces.

7: Full religious liberty shall be guaranteed to all communities.

8: No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislature if three fourths of the

members of any community in that body oppose the bill.
9: Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.

10: Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and Balochistan on the same
footings as in the other provinces.

11: Muslims should be given an adequate share in all services, having due
regard to the requirement of efficiency.

12: The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of
Muslim culture, education, language, religion and personal laws, as well as for
Muslim charitable institutions.

13: One-third representation shall be given to Muslims in both central and

provincial cabinets.

14: No change shall be made in the constitution without the consent of the
provinces.