Exam 1 Review Quetions

Review Questions
1

a. False. For example, x = r cos t, y = r sin t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π and x = r sin t, y = r cos t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
generate the same circle.

b. False. Because et > 0 for all t, this only describes the portion of that line where x > 0.

c. True. They both describe the point

√ whose√ cartesian coordinates are (3 cos(−3π/4), 3 sin(−3π/4)) =
(−3 cos(π/4), −3 sin(π/4)) = (−3/ 2, −3/ 2).

d. False. The given integral counts the inner loop twice.

e. True. This follows because the equation 0 − x2 /4 = 1 has no real solutions.

(x − 1)2
f. True. Note that the given equation can be written as (x − 1)2 + 4y 2 = 4, or + y 2 = 1.
4
2 y = 3 + 2 sin t = 3 + 2(x − 1) = 2x + 1, which implies that y = 2x + 1. This is a line segment starting
at (1, 3) and ending at (2, 5). The curve x = 1 + sin t, y = 3 + 2 sin t, for π/2 ≤ t ≤ π, has the opposite
orientation, starting at (2, 5) and ending at (1, 3).

 x 2  y 2
3 Note that + = 1. This represents an ellipse generated counterclockwise.
4 3
4 Note that (x + 3)2 + (y − 6)2 = 1. This is the right half of a circle of radius 1 centered at (−3, 6). It is
generated clockwise.
√
5 x = y 2 , so y = x. This is a segment of a parabola opening to the right, starting at (4, 2) and ending at
(9, 3).

6 1 + cot2 t = csc2 t, so 1 − x = y − 1, so y = 2 − x. This is a line segment starting at (−1, 3) and ending at

(0, 2).

7
a. (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 64 cos2 t + 64 sin2 t = 64. This is the circle centered at (1, 2) with radius 8.
 
dy  cos t  1/2 1
b. =− = −√ = −√ .
dx t=π/3 sin t t=π/3 3/2 3
√
c. Note that the point on the curve corresponding to t = π/3 has coordinates (5, 2 + 4 3) ≈ (5, 8.9).














    









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8
x2 y2
a. + = sin2 2t + cos2 2t = 1, so this is an ellipse.
16 9
  √
dy  6 sin 2t  3 3
b. =− =− .
dx t=π/6 8 cos 2t t=π/6 4
√
c. Note that the point on the curve corresponding to t = π/6 has coordinates (2 3, 3/2) ≈ (3.5, 1.5).

 



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9 Let y = t, then x = 5(t − 1)(t − 2) sin t.



  

10
a. x = (−y)2 + 4, or x = y 2 + 4.
b. This is a segment of the upper half of a parabola opening to the right, starting at the point (8,2) and
ending at (4,0).
 
dy  1  1
c. The slope at (5, 1) is  =−  = .
dx t=−1 2t t=−1 2
11
a. x2 + (y + 1)2 = 9 cos2 (−t) + 9 sin2 (−t) = 9, so x2 + (y + 1)2 = 9.
b. This is the lower half of a circle of radius 3 centered at (0, −1) which starts at (3, −1) and ends at
(−3, −1).
 
dy  3 cos(−t) 
c. The slope at (0, −4) is =− = 0.
dx t=π/2 3 sin(−t) t=π/2
12
a. y = 16 ln t = 16x.
b. This is a line segment starting at (0,0) and ending at (2,32).
32
c. The slope at (1, 16) is the slope of the line segment, which is = 16.
2
dy dy/dt sin t 1 √
13 = = . At t = π/6, the slope of the tangent line is √ = 2 + 3. So the equation
dx dx/dt 1 − cos t 2− 3  √ 
√ √ √ π π 3
of the tangent line is y − (1 − 3/2) = (2 + 3)(x − (π/6 − 1/2)), or y = (2 + 3)x + 2 − − .
3 6
√
3 3
At t = 2π/3, the slope of the tangent line is , so the equation of the tangent line is y − =
√   √  3 2
3 2π 3 x 2π
x− − , or y = √ + 2 − √ .
3 3 2 3 3 3

14 Let y = t, and x = t3 + t + 1, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

15 From P to Q, we use (x(t), y(t)) = tQ + (1 − t)P = (t, t) + (t − 1, 0) = (2t − 1, t). So x(t) = 2t − 1,
y(t) = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
From Q to P , we use (x(t), y(t)) = tP + (1 − t)Q = (−t, 0) + (1 − t, 1 − t) = (1 − 2t, 1 − t), for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Thus x(t) = 1 − 2t, y(t) = 1 − t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

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16 x = t, y = t3 + 2t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

17 x = 3 sin t, y = 3 cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

18 x = 3 cos t, y = 2 sin t, −π/2 ≤ t ≤ π/2.

   1
1 1
2t3 2t5 
19 The area is (t − t3 )(2t) dt = (2t2 − 2t4 ) dt = −  =2−2= 4.
3 5  3 5 15
0 0 0
t

  π/2
0 π/2
2 2 sin3 t  2
20 The area is (sin 2t)(− sin t) dt = 2 sin t cos t dt = = .
π/2 0 3 0 3

 π/4

21 The volume is 2 2π cos t cos2 t + 4 sin2 2t dt ≈ 9.1.

0

22 The arc length is

 π/3

(2e2t + 3e2t cos 3t)2 + (2e2t cos 3t − 3e2t sin 3t)2 dt

0
 √ π/3 √
π/3 √ 13 2t  13 2π/3
= 13e2t dt = e  = (e − 1).
0 2 0 2

23 The arc length is


√ 
π/4 π/4 √
(−2 sin 2t)2 + (2 − 2 cos 2t)2 dt = 2 2 1 − cos 2t dt
0 0
π/4
√  π/4   π/4  √
=2 2 1 − (1 − 2 sin2 t) dt = 4 sin t dt = −4 cos t = 4 − 2 2.
0 0 0

24

 

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25 26
y

y 3

x 2
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

1 1

2 3 2 1 1 2 3 x
1
3
2

4 3

27 28

29 30

31 32

33 Liz should choose the cardioid, which is r = 1 − sin θ.

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34 Jake should send r2 = cos 2θ.

35 Letting x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, and r2 = x2 + y 2 , we have x2 + y 2 + 2y − 6x = 0, which√can be written

as x2 − 6x + 9 + y 2 + 2y + 1 = 10, or (x − 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 10, so this is a circle of radius 10 centered at
(3, −1).

36

a. We can write the equation as r sin θ − 6r cos θ = 4, or y − 6x = 4. This is a straight line with slope 6
and y-intercept 4.

10

uq c. Note that sin θ − 6 cos θ = 0 for θ = tan−1 (6). The

4 whole curve can be generated for tan−1 (6) − π <
u  0, p, 2p θ < tan−1 (6) + π.
2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 x

b.
.

37 If we let r = 1 + cos t, then x = r cos t and y = r sin t. The curve r = 1 + cos t is a cardioid.

38 We have r cos θ = r2 sin2 θ, so r = cot θ csc θ. The whole parabola is described by 0 < θ < π.

39 If x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, then (r cos θ − 4)2 + r2 sin2 θ = 16, so r2 cos2 θ − 8r cos θ + 16 + r2 sin2 θ = 16,
so r2 = 8r cos θ, and thus r = 8 cos θ. The complete circle can be described by −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.

40

dy dy/dθ 6 sin θ · sin θ + (3 − 6 cos θ) cos θ 6 − 12 cos2 θ + 3 cos θ

a. = = = .
dx dx/dθ 6 sin θ cos θ − (3 − 6 cos θ) sin θ 12 sin θ cos θ − 3 sin θ
√
1 2 1 1 33
This is 0 when cos θ − cos θ − = 0, which (by the quadratic formula) occurs where cos θ = ± ,
4 2 8 8
so for θ ≈ 0.568, 2.206, 4.078, and 5.715.

The denominator is 0 when sin θ = 0 and when 12 cos θ − 3 = 0, or θ = ± cos−1 (1/4).

√
√ is at the origin for θ = ±π/3, and because tan π/3 =
b. The curve 3, the tangent lines have the equations
y = ± 3x.

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c.

y
6

10 8 6 4 2 2 x

2

4

6

41

a. The curve intersects the origin at θ = π/2, and there is a vertical tangent at (0, π/2).

dy − cos θ sin θ + (1 − sin θ) cos θ cos θ(1 − 2 sin θ) cos θ(1 − 2 sin θ)
= = = .
dx − cos2 θ − (1 − sin θ) sin θ sin2 θ − cos2 θ − sin θ 2 sin2 θ − sin θ − 1

There are horizontal tangents when sin θ = 1/2, which occurs for θ = π/6, 5π/6, and when cos θ = 0
(but not sin θ = 1) which occurs at θ = 3π/2. So the horizontal tangents are at (1/2, π/6), ((1/2, 5π/6),
and (2, 3π/2). There are vertical tangents when 2 sin2 θ − sin θ − 1 = (2 sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0, or
θ = 7π/6 and θ = 11π/6. The vertical tangents are thus at (3/2, 7π/6), (3/2, 11π/6), and (0, π/2), as
well as the aforementioned (0, π/2).

b. This is undefined.

c.

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√
√ 3 π 11π 13π 23π π 11π 13π 23π
42 3 = 2 cos 2θ, so cos 2θ = , so 2θ = , , , . Thus θ = , , , . The
√ π  √ 11π √ 13π √ 23π
2 6 6 6 6 12 12 12 12
4 intersection points are 3, , 3, , 3, , 3, . Using symmetry, we see that
12  12  12
 12

√ 5π √ 7π √ 17π √ 19π
there are also intersection points at 3, , 3, , 3, , 3,
12 12 12 12

√ √ π 9π 17π π 9π 17π
43 cos 3t = sin 3t, so for t = 0, tan 3t = 1, so 3t = , , . So t = , , . The curves
   4 4 4 12 12 12
π 1 3π 1 17π 1
intersect at ,√
4
, ,√
4
, ,√ . Also, they intersect at (0, 0).
12 2 4 2 12 4 2

   π/4
π/4
1 9 π/4
9 sin 8θ  9π
44 The area is given by 9 sin2 4θ dθ = (1 − cos 8θ) dθ = θ−  = .
2 4 4 8  16
0 0 0

45 The area is
 3π/2  3π/2
1
2 (1 + 2 sin t)2 dt = (1 + 4 sin t + 4 sin2 t) dt
7π/6 2 7π/6
 3π/2
3π/2 
= (1 + 4 sin t + 2 − 2 cos 2t) dt = (3t − 4 cos t − sin 2t)
7π/6 7π/4
  √  √
9π 7π √ 3 3 3
= −0−0 − +2 3− =π− .
2 2 2 2

The curves intersect at θ = ±π/2. By sym- 2

metry, the area is twice the area outside

1
the circle and inside the limaçon between 0

1 π/2
and π/2. We have A = 2 · ((2 + x
46 2 0 2 1 1 2 3
 π/2 1
cos θ)2 − 22 ) dθ = (4 cos θ + cos2 θ) dθ =
0
 π/2 2
1  π
4 sin θ + (cos θ sin θ + θ)  =4+ .
2 0 4
.

 π/6  π/6
1 π 1
47 2 = 4 cos 2θ, so cos 2θ = , so θ = ± . The area is 4 (4 cos 2θ − 2) dθ = 4 (2 cos 2θ − 1) dθ =
√ 2  6 0 2 0
π/6
 3 π √ 2π
4(sin 2θ − θ) =4 − =2 3− .
0 2 6 3

√
√ 2 π 3π
48 2 + sin θ = 3 sin θ, so sin θ = , so θ = , . The area is given by
2 4 4
 2  π/2  
3 1 √
π −2 9 sin2 θ − ( 2 + sin θ)2 dθ.
2 π/4 2

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 √ √ √
Note that 9 sin2 θ − ( 2 + sin θ)2 = −2−2 2 sin θ +8 sin2 θ = 2−2 2 sin θ −4 cos 2θ. So our area becomes

9π
 π/2 √ 9π  √  π/2
+ (4 cos 2θ + 2 2 sin θ − 2) dθ = + 2 sin 2θ − 2 2 cos θ − 2θ 
4 π/4 4 π/4
9π  π
= + (0 − 0 − π) − 2 − 2 −
4 2
7π
= .
4

  π/2
π/2
1 π/2 
49 The area is given by 2 (1 + cos θ)2 − (1 − cos θ)2 dθ = 4 cos θ dθ = 4 sin θ = 4..
0 2 0 0

50

a.
y
4

b. Note that 2 − 4 cos θ = 1 for θ = cos−1 (1/4) ≈

2

1 1.32, and 2 − 4 cos θ = −1 for θ = cos−1 (3/4) ≈

0.73. The points of intersection (in polar form) are
6 5 4 3 2 1 x
1
1
approximately (1, 1.32), (1, 2π − 1.32) ≈ (1, 4.96),
(−1, 0.73), and (−1, 2π − 0.73) ≈ (−1, 5.56).
2

3

4

There are 4 intersection points.

 2π
 2π

51 L = (3 − 6 cos θ)2 + (6 sin θ)2 dθ = 3 5 − 4 cos(θ) dθ ≈ 40.09.

0 0



2π 2π √
52 L = (3 + 2 cos θ)2 + (−2 sin θ)2 dθ = 13 + 12 cos θ dθ ≈ 21.01.
0 0

53

√
a. This represents a hyperbola with a = 1 and b = 2.

√
b. The vertices are (±1, 0), the foci are (±c, 0) where c2 = a2 + b2 = 3, so they are (± 3, 0). The
±a2 ±1
directrices are x = =√ .
c 3

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c √ (1, 0) (1, 0)
c. The eccentricity is e = = 3. 3 2 1 1 2 3 x
a
(兹3, 0) (兹3, 0)
2

1 4 1
x x
d. 兹3 兹3

54

a. This represents a parabola.

1 1 1 1
b. We can write y 2 = x = 4 · x, so (p, 0) = ( , 0) is the focus, and the directrix is x = − . The
16 64 64 64
vertex is (0, 0).

y
0.2

0.1

( 641 , 0)
c. e = 1, because that is the case for all parabo- 0.1 (0, 0) 0.2 0.3 0.4 x
las.
0.1

0.2
1
x   64
d.
.

55

y2 x2
a. This can be written as − = 1. It is a hyperbola with a = 4 and b = 2.
16 4

√
b. The vertices are (0, ±4). The foci are (0, ±c) where c2 = a2 + b2 = 16 + 4 = 20, so they are (0, ± 20).
±a2 ±16 ±8
The directrices are y = =√ =√ .
c 20 5

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8
(0, 兹20)
6

4 (0, 4)
8
2
y
兹5
√ √
c 20 5
c. The eccentricity is e = = = . 4 2 2 4 x
a 4 2 2 8
y
兹5
4 (0, 4)

6
(0, 兹20)
8
d.
.
56
a. This represents an ellipse with a = 5 and b = 2.
√
b. The vertices are (0, ±5). The foci are (0, ±c) where c2 = a2 − b2 = 25 − 4 = 21, so they are (0, ± 21).
±a2 ±25
The directrices are y = =√ .
c 21
y 25
y
6 兹21
(0, 5)
4
(0, 兹21)
2
√ (2, 0) (2, 0)
c 21 3 2 1 x
c. The eccentricity is e = = . 1 2 3
a 5 2
(0, 兹21)
4
(0, 5)
6 25
y
d. 兹21
.
57
x2 y2 √
a. This can be written as + = 1, so it is an ellipse with a = 2 and b = 2.
4 2
√
b. The vertices are (±2, 0). The foci are (±c, 0) where c2 = a2 − b2 = 4 − 2 = 2, so they are (± 2, 0).
±a2 ±4 √
The directrices are x = = √ = ±2 2.
c 2
x  2兹2 y x  2兹2

2
(2, 0)
1 (2, 0)
√ (兹2, 0) (兹2, 0)
c 2
c. The eccentricity is e = = . 3 2 1 1 2 3 x
a 2 1

2

3
d.
.

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x 2y dy 2
− · = 0, so at the given point,
8 9 dx
dy 15 2 4 6 8 10 x
= − . The equation of the tangent 2
dx 16 
58 15 20
line is therefore y + 4 = − x− , or 4
16 3
6
15 9
y =− x+ . 8
16 4

y
4

2
dy
2y = −12, so at the point in question,
dx 8 6 4 2 2 x
dy 2
59 = 3/2. So the equation of the tangent
dx  4
3 4 3
line is y + 4 = x+ , or y = x − 2. 6
2 3 2
8

10

60

a. Recall that cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ, so r2 cos(2θ) = 1 becomes r2 (cos2 θ − sin2 θ) = x2 − y 2 = 1. The
curve is a hyperbola.

√
b. With a = b = 1, we have c2 = 2, so the vertices are (±1, 0) and the foci are (± 2, 0). The directrices
a2 1 c √
are x = ± = ± √ . The eccentricity is e = = 2.
c 2 a

1
x x
1
兹2 y 兹2

(兹2, 0) (兹2, 0)
c. It does not have the form as in Theorem 11.4 4 4 x
(1, 0) (1, 0)
because it does not have a focus at the origin.
1

2

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y2

(0, 1)
1

6 4 2
(0, 0) 2 x
61 The eccentricity is 1, and the directrix is y = 1

2. The vertex is (0, 1) and the focus is (0, 0). 2

3

4

5

y
10

The eccentricity is 2, and the directrices are 2

3 5 (3, 0) (1, 0)
62 x = − and x = − . The vertices are 8 (4, 0) 2 (0, 0) x
2 2 2
4
(−1, 0) and (−3, 0) and the foci are (0, 0) and
4
(−4, 0).
6

8

5 10
x  2
3
x  2

1 20 4
63 The eccentricity is , and the directrices are x = 4 and x = − . The vertices are ( , 0) and (−4, 0)
2 3 3
8
and the foci are (0, 0) and (− , 0).
3

20
x3 y x4

(4, 0) ( 83 , 0) (0, 0) ( 43 , 0)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 x
1

2

2
64 The eccentricity is . The vertices are (10/7, 0) and (−10/3, 0), so the center is (−20/21, 0). The foci
5
145
are (0, 0) and (−40/21, 0). The directrices are x = − and x = 5.
21

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145
x   21 y x5

(103 , 0) (4021, 0) (0, 0) (107 , 0)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 x

1

2

4
(0, 4)

Because the center is halfway between the 2

(0, 2)
vertices, it is (0, 0). We must have a = 2 y1