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Exam 1 Review Questions - Solution
Exam 1 Review Questions - Solution
Review Questions
1
a. False. For example, x = r cos t, y = r sin t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π and x = r sin t, y = r cos t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
generate the same circle.
b. False. Because et > 0 for all t, this only describes the portion of that line where x > 0.
(x − 1)2
f. True. Note that the given equation can be written as (x − 1)2 + 4y 2 = 4, or + y 2 = 1.
4
2 y = 3 + 2 sin t = 3 + 2(x − 1) = 2x + 1, which implies that y = 2x + 1. This is a line segment starting
at (1, 3) and ending at (2, 5). The curve x = 1 + sin t, y = 3 + 2 sin t, for π/2 ≤ t ≤ π, has the opposite
orientation, starting at (2, 5) and ending at (1, 3).
x 2 y 2
3 Note that + = 1. This represents an ellipse generated counterclockwise.
4 3
4 Note that (x + 3)2 + (y − 6)2 = 1. This is the right half of a circle of radius 1 centered at (−3, 6). It is
generated clockwise.
√
5 x = y 2 , so y = x. This is a segment of a parabola opening to the right, starting at (4, 2) and ending at
(9, 3).
7
a. (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 64 cos2 t + 64 sin2 t = 64. This is the circle centered at (1, 2) with radius 8.
dy cos t 1/2 1
b. =− = −√ = −√ .
dx t=π/3 sin t t=π/3 3/2 3
√
c. Note that the point on the curve corresponding to t = π/3 has coordinates (5, 2 + 4 3) ≈ (5, 8.9).
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8
x2 y2
a. + = sin2 2t + cos2 2t = 1, so this is an ellipse.
16 9
√
dy 6 sin 2t 3 3
b. =− =− .
dx t=π/6 8 cos 2t t=π/6 4
√
c. Note that the point on the curve corresponding to t = π/6 has coordinates (2 3, 3/2) ≈ (3.5, 1.5).
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10
a. x = (−y)2 + 4, or x = y 2 + 4.
b. This is a segment of the upper half of a parabola opening to the right, starting at the point (8,2) and
ending at (4,0).
dy 1 1
c. The slope at (5, 1) is =− = .
dx t=−1 2t t=−1 2
11
a. x2 + (y + 1)2 = 9 cos2 (−t) + 9 sin2 (−t) = 9, so x2 + (y + 1)2 = 9.
b. This is the lower half of a circle of radius 3 centered at (0, −1) which starts at (3, −1) and ends at
(−3, −1).
dy 3 cos(−t)
c. The slope at (0, −4) is =− = 0.
dx t=π/2 3 sin(−t) t=π/2
12
a. y = 16 ln t = 16x.
b. This is a line segment starting at (0,0) and ending at (2,32).
32
c. The slope at (1, 16) is the slope of the line segment, which is = 16.
2
dy dy/dt sin t 1 √
13 = = . At t = π/6, the slope of the tangent line is √ = 2 + 3. So the equation
dx dx/dt 1 − cos t 2− 3
√
√ √ √ π π 3
of the tangent line is y − (1 − 3/2) = (2 + 3)(x − (π/6 − 1/2)), or y = (2 + 3)x + 2 − − .
3 6
√
3 3
At t = 2π/3, the slope of the tangent line is , so the equation of the tangent line is y − =
√
√ 3 2
3 2π 3 x 2π
x− − , or y = √ + 2 − √ .
3 3 2 3 3 3
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16 x = t, y = t3 + 2t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
1
1 1
2t3 2t5
19 The area is (t − t3 )(2t) dt = (2t2 − 2t4 ) dt = − =2−2= 4.
3 5 3 5 15
0 0 0
t
π/2
0 π/2
2 2 sin3 t 2
20 The area is (sin 2t)(− sin t) dt = 2 sin t cos t dt = = .
π/2 0 3 0 3
π/4
21 The volume is 2 2π cos t cos2 t + 4 sin2 2t dt ≈ 9.1.
0
π/3
(2e2t + 3e2t cos 3t)2 + (2e2t cos 3t − 3e2t sin 3t)2 dt
0
√ π/3 √
π/3 √ 13 2t 13 2π/3
= 13e2t dt = e = (e − 1).
0 2 0 2
√
π/4 π/4 √
(−2 sin 2t)2 + (2 − 2 cos 2t)2 dt = 2 2 1 − cos 2t dt
0 0
π/4
√ π/4 π/4 √
=2 2 1 − (1 − 2 sin2 t) dt = 4 sin t dt = −4 cos t = 4 − 2 2.
0 0 0
24
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25 26
y
y 3
x 2
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1 1
2 3 2 1 1 2 3 x
1
3
2
4 3
27 28
29 30
31 32
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36
a. We can write the equation as r sin θ − 6r cos θ = 4, or y − 6x = 4. This is a straight line with slope 6
and y-intercept 4.
10
37 If we let r = 1 + cos t, then x = r cos t and y = r sin t. The curve r = 1 + cos t is a cardioid.
38 We have r cos θ = r2 sin2 θ, so r = cot θ csc θ. The whole parabola is described by 0 < θ < π.
39 If x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, then (r cos θ − 4)2 + r2 sin2 θ = 16, so r2 cos2 θ − 8r cos θ + 16 + r2 sin2 θ = 16,
so r2 = 8r cos θ, and thus r = 8 cos θ. The complete circle can be described by −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.
40
√
√ is at the origin for θ = ±π/3, and because tan π/3 =
b. The curve 3, the tangent lines have the equations
y = ± 3x.
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c.
y
6
10 8 6 4 2 2 x
2
4
6
41
a. The curve intersects the origin at θ = π/2, and there is a vertical tangent at (0, π/2).
dy − cos θ sin θ + (1 − sin θ) cos θ cos θ(1 − 2 sin θ) cos θ(1 − 2 sin θ)
= = = .
dx − cos2 θ − (1 − sin θ) sin θ sin2 θ − cos2 θ − sin θ 2 sin2 θ − sin θ − 1
There are horizontal tangents when sin θ = 1/2, which occurs for θ = π/6, 5π/6, and when cos θ = 0
(but not sin θ = 1) which occurs at θ = 3π/2. So the horizontal tangents are at (1/2, π/6), ((1/2, 5π/6),
and (2, 3π/2). There are vertical tangents when 2 sin2 θ − sin θ − 1 = (2 sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0, or
θ = 7π/6 and θ = 11π/6. The vertical tangents are thus at (3/2, 7π/6), (3/2, 11π/6), and (0, π/2), as
well as the aforementioned (0, π/2).
b. This is undefined.
c.
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√
√ 3 π 11π 13π 23π π 11π 13π 23π
42 3 = 2 cos 2θ, so cos 2θ = , so 2θ = , , , . Thus θ = , , , . The
√ π √ 11π √ 13π √ 23π
2 6 6 6 6 12 12 12 12
4 intersection points are 3, , 3, , 3, , 3, . Using symmetry, we see that
12 12 12
12
√ 5π √ 7π √ 17π √ 19π
there are also intersection points at 3, , 3, , 3, , 3,
12 12 12 12
√ √ π 9π 17π π 9π 17π
43 cos 3t = sin 3t, so for t = 0, tan 3t = 1, so 3t = , , . So t = , , . The curves
4 4 4 12 12 12
π 1 3π 1 17π 1
intersect at ,√
4
, ,√
4
, ,√ . Also, they intersect at (0, 0).
12 2 4 2 12 4 2
π/4
π/4
1
9 π/4
9 sin 8θ 9π
44 The area is given by 9 sin2 4θ dθ = (1 − cos 8θ) dθ = θ− = .
2 4 4 8 16
0 0 0
45 The area is
3π/2 3π/2
1
2 (1 + 2 sin t)2 dt = (1 + 4 sin t + 4 sin2 t) dt
7π/6 2 7π/6
3π/2
3π/2
= (1 + 4 sin t + 2 − 2 cos 2t) dt = (3t − 4 cos t − sin 2t)
7π/6 7π/4
√ √
9π 7π √ 3 3 3
= −0−0 − +2 3− =π− .
2 2 2 2
π/6 π/6
1 π 1
47 2 = 4 cos 2θ, so cos 2θ = , so θ = ± . The area is 4 (4 cos 2θ − 2) dθ = 4 (2 cos 2θ − 1) dθ =
√ 2 6 0 2 0
π/6
3 π √ 2π
4(sin 2θ − θ) =4 − =2 3− .
0 2 6 3
√
√ 2 π 3π
48 2 + sin θ = 3 sin θ, so sin θ = , so θ = , . The area is given by
2 4 4
2 π/2
3 1 √
π −2 9 sin2 θ − ( 2 + sin θ)2 dθ.
2 π/4 2
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√ √ √
Note that 9 sin2 θ − ( 2 + sin θ)2 = −2−2 2 sin θ +8 sin2 θ = 2−2 2 sin θ −4 cos 2θ. So our area becomes
9π
π/2 √ 9π √ π/2
+ (4 cos 2θ + 2 2 sin θ − 2) dθ = + 2 sin 2θ − 2 2 cos θ − 2θ
4 π/4 4 π/4
9π π
= + (0 − 0 − π) − 2 − 2 −
4 2
7π
= .
4
π/2
π/2
1
π/2
49 The area is given by 2 (1 + cos θ)2 − (1 − cos θ)2 dθ = 4 cos θ dθ = 4 sin θ = 4..
0 2 0 0
50
a.
y
4
3
4
2π 2π
51 L = (3 − 6 cos θ)2 + (6 sin θ)2 dθ = 3 5 − 4 cos(θ) dθ ≈ 40.09.
0 0
2π 2π √
52 L = (3 + 2 cos θ)2 + (−2 sin θ)2 dθ = 13 + 12 cos θ dθ ≈ 21.01.
0 0
53
√
a. This represents a hyperbola with a = 1 and b = 2.
√
b. The vertices are (±1, 0), the foci are (±c, 0) where c2 = a2 + b2 = 3, so they are (± 3, 0). The
±a2 ±1
directrices are x = =√ .
c 3
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c √ (1, 0) (1, 0)
c. The eccentricity is e = = 3. 3 2 1 1 2 3 x
a
(兹3, 0) (兹3, 0)
2
1 4 1
x x
d. 兹3 兹3
54
1 1 1 1
b. We can write y 2 = x = 4 · x, so (p, 0) = ( , 0) is the focus, and the directrix is x = − . The
16 64 64 64
vertex is (0, 0).
y
0.2
0.1
( 641 , 0)
c. e = 1, because that is the case for all parabo- 0.1 (0, 0) 0.2 0.3 0.4 x
las.
0.1
0.2
1
x 64
d.
.
55
y2 x2
a. This can be written as − = 1. It is a hyperbola with a = 4 and b = 2.
16 4
√
b. The vertices are (0, ±4). The foci are (0, ±c) where c2 = a2 + b2 = 16 + 4 = 20, so they are (0, ± 20).
±a2 ±16 ±8
The directrices are y = =√ =√ .
c 20 5
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8
(0, 兹20)
6
4 (0, 4)
8
2
y
兹5
√ √
c 20 5
c. The eccentricity is e = = = . 4 2 2 4 x
a 4 2 2 8
y
兹5
4 (0, 4)
6
(0, 兹20)
8
d.
.
56
a. This represents an ellipse with a = 5 and b = 2.
√
b. The vertices are (0, ±5). The foci are (0, ±c) where c2 = a2 − b2 = 25 − 4 = 21, so they are (0, ± 21).
±a2 ±25
The directrices are y = =√ .
c 21
y 25
y
6 兹21
(0, 5)
4
(0, 兹21)
2
√ (2, 0) (2, 0)
c 21 3 2 1 x
c. The eccentricity is e = = . 1 2 3
a 5 2
(0, 兹21)
4
(0, 5)
6 25
y
d. 兹21
.
57
x2 y2 √
a. This can be written as + = 1, so it is an ellipse with a = 2 and b = 2.
4 2
√
b. The vertices are (±2, 0). The foci are (±c, 0) where c2 = a2 − b2 = 4 − 2 = 2, so they are (± 2, 0).
±a2 ±4 √
The directrices are x = = √ = ±2 2.
c 2
x 2兹2 y x 2兹2
2
(2, 0)
1 (2, 0)
√ (兹2, 0) (兹2, 0)
c 2
c. The eccentricity is e = = . 3 2 1 1 2 3 x
a 2 1
2
3
d.
.
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x 2y dy 2
− · = 0, so at the given point,
8 9 dx
dy 15 2 4 6 8 10 x
= − . The equation of the tangent 2
dx 16
58 15 20
line is therefore y + 4 = − x− , or 4
16 3
6
15 9
y =− x+ . 8
16 4
y
4
2
dy
2y = −12, so at the point in question,
dx 8 6 4 2 2 x
dy 2
59 = 3/2. So the equation of the tangent
dx 4
3 4 3
line is y + 4 = x+ , or y = x − 2. 6
2 3 2
8
10
60
a. Recall that cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ, so r2 cos(2θ) = 1 becomes r2 (cos2 θ − sin2 θ) = x2 − y 2 = 1. The
curve is a hyperbola.
√
b. With a = b = 1, we have c2 = 2, so the vertices are (±1, 0) and the foci are (± 2, 0). The directrices
a2 1 c √
are x = ± = ± √ . The eccentricity is e = = 2.
c 2 a
1
x x
1
兹2 y 兹2
(兹2, 0) (兹2, 0)
c. It does not have the form as in Theorem 11.4 4 4 x
(1, 0) (1, 0)
because it does not have a focus at the origin.
1
2
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y2
(0, 1)
1
6 4 2
(0, 0) 2 x
61 The eccentricity is 1, and the directrix is y = 1
3
4
5
y
10
8
5 10
x 2
3
x 2
1 20 4
63 The eccentricity is , and the directrices are x = 4 and x = − . The vertices are ( , 0) and (−4, 0)
2 3 3
8
and the foci are (0, 0) and (− , 0).
3
20
x3 y x4
(4, 0) ( 83 , 0) (0, 0) ( 43 , 0)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 x
1
2
2
64 The eccentricity is . The vertices are (10/7, 0) and (−10/3, 0), so the center is (−20/21, 0). The foci
5
145
are (0, 0) and (−40/21, 0). The directrices are x = − and x = 5.
21
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145
x 21 y x5
1
2
4
(0, 4)