Find the slope of the tangent line to the given polar curve at the

point specified by the value of .

1. r 苷 3 cos ,  苷 兾3

2. Sketch the graph of r 苷 2 sin  by first converting it to a

Cartesian equation.

Find the area of the region that lies inside the first curve and outside
the second curve.
3
3. r 苷 1 ⫺ cos ␪ , r 苷2
1. Using Equation 3 with r = 3 cos θ, we have

dy dy/dθ (dr/dθ) (sin θ) + r cos θ

= =
dx dx/dθ (dr/dθ) (cos θ) − r sin θ

cos 2θ
=−
sin 2θ
1 π
= − cot 2θ = √
3
when θ = 3
Another Solution: r = 3 cos θ ⇒
x = r cos θ = 3 cos2 θ, y = r sin θ = 3 sin θ cos θ ⇒
dy dy/dθ −3 sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ
= =
dx dx/dθ −6 cos θ sin θ
cos 2θ
= = − cot 2θ = √13 when θ = π3
− sin 2θ

2. r = −2 sin θ ⇔ r2 = −2r sin θ (since the possibility

r = 0 is covered by the equation r = −2 sin θ) ⇔
x2 + y 2 = −2y ⇔ x2 + y 2 + 2y + 1 = 1 ⇔
2 2
x + (y + 1) = 1.

3.

1 − cos θ = 32 ⇒ cos θ = − 12 or 4π
3
⇒
π 1 2
3 2
A = 2 2π/3 2 (1 − cos θ) − 2 dθ
π
5 
= 2π/3 − 4 − 2 cos θ + cos2 θ dθ
 π π
= − 54 θ − 2 sin θ 2π/3 + 12 2π/3 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
5
√  π
= − 12 π + 3 + 12 θ + 12 sin 2θ 2π/3
5
√ √ √
= − 12 π + 3 + 16 π + 83 = 9 8 3 − 14 π