ANALYSIS OF PIPE FLOW 587 ‘The time for a round trip of the pressure wave from B to A and back again is 2L EG (11.42) where Lis the length of pipe and Cis the velocity or celerity of the pressure wave. The mass of liquid in the pipe is pAL, and the foree required to change the velocity by an amount AV is dpA, rahara ap is the excess pressure generated by the valve closure and A is area of pipe cross-section. From Newton's second law, the force and the change in momentum per second caused by it must be equal. Let At be the time required for the entire mass of liquid to reduce its velocity by AV, we then have : dp .A=paL Se (1.48) but At =L/C, substituting this value of At, we obtain dp. A= pACaV from which ‘Ap = pCaV (11.44) irthe valve closure a compléte so'thiat the Veloiity is reduced to zero, the maximum water hammer pressure is then given by (AP max = PCV (11.45) Tt will be seen from Eq. (11.44) that the water hammer pressure is. independent of the pipe or velocity of sound in the fluid medium and ” Jength and depends solely upon the acoustic velocity change in the fluid velocity. Example 11.40. Water flows in a pipe of diameter 600 mm having a length of 2200 m at a velocity of 2 m/s. At the end of the pipe, flow is stopped in 20 sec by closing the valve. Determine the rise in pressure effected by the valve-closure. Ive-closure, which generates 2 ‘Solution. The momentum of flow is reduced to zero by the val ve, Newton's second law of motion relates these two by Eq. (11.42) force causing increase in press as under : nd? ‘at = pp 2Y = 1000 Dg al ap =p Sr % 2200 x 35 (ke/m®) ae or 2.x 10° Nim? 9810 2 ied) = B20 5 2200 x 35 (Nim) = 11.114. Rapid Closure {tis physically impossible for a valve to bo closed instantaneously and, therefore, we shall consider the real ease where the valve in closed ina finite time , whichis greater than zero but less consider yom the actual pressure recordings, it has boon observed that the maximum pressure can otapid closure is the same as for instantaneous closure of valvo. Thus if¢ < BLO, the valv Fe on a nd the water hammor rossureis given by Bq, (11.45). The time (2L/C) i des ‘exitical time’. The time period ofa comploto cycle is (4L/C), is called 28 1.11.5, Slow Closure ‘Tho slow clonure is defined as the one wherein the ti 10 time a ‘Tike will happen when the pipe length isnot largo or aA ae petreck to tho valve whl [Ee ail bolig heed, Ta thiceee ah eee In this enso the maximum pressure rise588 FLUID MECHANIeg eth be less than that fora Tapid valve closer because the wave of pressure unloading will reach the Valve before the valve closure is completed and this will stop any further increase in pressure, Tf the time of valve closure is many times greater than 2L/C, the compressibility effeats are ip longer important and the pressure rise can be computed from Ea. (11.43). If the closure time ig lightly greater than 2L/C, the water hammer pressure Ap may be reduced in the proportion of 2L/Cr, 0 yield dp 2b 1 @maz~ Cte 2b svaore( 2) = 2pVLit, (11.46) Example 11.41. A 50 cm diameter and 100 m long pipeline carrying 0.5 m/s discharge is fitted with a valve at the downstream end. Calculate the rise in pressure caused within the pipe dus to valve closure in (i) 1 second (ii) instantaneously. Take sonic velocity as 1430 m/sec. Solution. The critical time for valve closure is given by 2x100 cc * "1430 Since the time taken for the valve closure (ie. 1 second) is greater than t, it is the case of slow valve closure, i @ The pressure rise can be computed using Eq. (11.46) 1000 4x0.5 100 = 2pVL/t, = 2x 1000, 4x0.5 , 100 eet SAB “TBR 1 = 51948.1 kg/m? = 51.95 x 10° kg/m? Gi) For instantaneous valve closure, using Bq. (11.45) = 0.1398 sec. 1000 4x05 (OP max = P CV = 2°? x 1430 x 4X05 9.81 nse = 871199.3 kg/m? = $71.2 x 109 kg/m?, Example 11.42. A 900 mm diameter steel pipe carries water at the rate of 1.5 m*/s. The pipe ; wall has 2 cies of oat The elastic modulus of steel is 2 x 10" N/m? and the bulk modulus of water is 2.1 x 10°N/m?. Determine the increase in pressure j the 5 km long pipe- fine ip ieid AG coe Pressure ifthe valve at the end of 3. ng, : Solution. The combined modulus of elasticity, K=-—£____ 215x104 eee 1490, 21x 108 tEn 1 exit “+ Velocity of pressure wave C= "VE 1x10? _ a 1000 = 1049 m/s oe The time required for thé pressure wave to travel from the valve to the inlet and back to the - valve is ie BL _ 2x 3600 '='G = 1999 = 6.67 seconde, ‘Since the time of valve closure ¢, = 3.6 seconds is loss than 6.67 soconds, the valve closure is