ANALYSIS OF PIPE FLow 587 be time for «round trip of the preneuresmave from Bio A and back ack again is where L is the length of pipe _ and Cis the velocity or ce in the pipe is pAL, and the fa if 11.42) lerity of the pressure w: ave, The mass of liquid i force required to change the velocity by an amount AV is ant une is the excess pressure generated by the valve closure and Ais area of pipe Coen Web Tenvton's second law, the force and the change in momentum per second ranean ii Bilaguat Let At be the time required for the entire mass of liquid to reduee ile selon ity by AV, we then have av Ap. A=pAL ry (11.43) Sy At=LIC, Substituting this value of At, we obtain ap. A=pACAV Ap = pCaV If the valve closure is complete so that the velocity is reduced to zero, the maxi hammer pressure is then given by from which. (AP max = PCV Tt will be seen from Eq, (11.44) that the water hammer pressure is independent of the pe Tength and depends solely upon the acoustic velocity or velocity of sound in the fluid medium and change in the fluid velocity. Example 11.40. Water flows in a pipe of diameter 600 mm having a length of 2200 m at a velocity of 2 m/s. At the end of the pipe, flow is stopped in 20 sec by closing the valve. rise in pressure effected by the valve-closure. Solution. The momentum of flow is reduced to zero by the valve-closure, which ge force causing increase in pressure. Newton's second law of motion rel as under : losure Se eiutites where the valve is clooed ina finite time ¢, which is greater than zero but lees eer eras rerelny han bows cere nt ae main preeere Be rats ea on for intantanecusclouro of valve, Thus itt, < 21/6, the valve sre and the water hammer pressure is given by Eq. (11.45). The time (2L/C) is called as ‘eritical time’, "The time period of a complete cycle is (AL/C), 11.11.5. Slow Closure elonure is defined as the one wherein the time of valve closure is greater than 2L/C. nwhenthepipelength isnot large orthe valve closures not rapid so that the pressure to the valve while it is still being closed. In this caso the maximum pressure riseFLUID MECHANIGg on a rapi of pressure unloading will reach Tapid valve closer because the wave of pressure i ch the valve before osure is completed and this will stop any further increase in pressure. Jf the time of valve closure is many times greater than 2L/C, the compressibility effects are no longer im, 0 portant and the pressure rise can be computed from Eq. (11.43). If the closure time is slightly greater than 2L/C, the water ham an that for ; 588 } the valve cl er pressure Ap may be reduced inthe proportion of 21/c, to yield Ap yi salsa | @Pimae C te 2L svaore( 2) = 2pVLit, (11.46) Example 11.41. A 50 cm diameter and 100 m tong pipeline carrying 0.5 m°/s discharge is fitted with a valve at the downstream end. Caleulate the rise in pressure caused within she Pipe due to valve closure in (i) 1 second (ii) instantaneously. Take sonic velocity as 1430 m/sec Solution. The critical time for valve closure is given by Since the time taken for the valve closure (ie, 1 second) is greater than 4, itis the case of slow valve closure. @ The pressure rise can be computed using Eq, (11.46) esha Ap = 2pVL/t, = 2 x 1000, 40.5 100 4x05 100 x05)? 1 = 51948.1 kg/m? = 51.95 x 10° kg/m? us valve closure, using Eq. (11.45) (BP nas =P CV = 1000, 459 40.5. i ae (0.5 = 871199.3 kg/m? = 371.2 x 10° kegim?, 900 mm diameter steel pipe carries water at the rate of 1.5 m'/s. The pipe Pesadiulus of steel is 2x 1011 N/m? and the bulk modulus of Mm Pressure ifthe valve at the end of 3.5 km long pipe- us of elasticity, 2.15 x 104 the valve closure is