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Porosity and pore size distribution in recycled concrete

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Magazine of Concrete Research
Porosity and pore size distribution
in recycled concrete
García-González, Rodríguez-Robles, Juan-
Valdés, Morán-del Pozo and Guerra-Romero
Magazine of Concrete Research
http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00218
Paper 1400218
Received 07/07/2014; revised 26/01/2015; accepted 15/05/2015
ICE Publishing: All rights reserved

Porosity and pore size

distribution in recycled concrete
Julia García-González Julia Mª Morán-del Pozo
Agricultural Engineer, Department of Engineering and Agricultural Agricultural Engineer, Department of Engineering and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
Desirée Rodríguez-Robles M. Ignacio Guerra-Romero
Agricultural Engineer, Department of Engineering and Agricultural Agricultural Engineer, Department of Engineering and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
Andrés Juan-Valdés
Agricultural Engineer, Department of Engineering and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain

The reuse of construction and demolition wastes as replacement for natural coarse aggregate in the production
of recycled concrete has been spreading worldwide as a method for recycling waste materials. However, recycled
aggregates are of higher porosity than natural aggregates, which can decrease the mechanical properties and
durability of recycled concrete. The study reported in this paper compared the porosity and pore size distributions
of a control concrete and concretes made with different replacement levels of natural coarse aggregates. The
research intended to relate the influence of the aforementioned aspects on mechanical and durability characteristics
by assessing the compressive strength and the capillary water absorption of each concrete mix. Although there was
a decline in compressive strength, the recycled concretes exceeded the design strength grade of 25 MPa. It was also
found that recycled concrete possessed a higher capillary water absorption, which was more pronounced in the short
term due to the presence of capillary pores but was less significant in the long term as the presence of macropores in
both concrete mixes was very similar.

Introduction the use of mixed recycled aggregates is their high water

The use of recycled aggregates to replace natural aggregates
in the production of concrete has become increasingly wide-
spread. Among other differences, recycled aggregates differ
from natural aggregates due to the large percentage of adhered
mortar, which modifies certain physical and mechanical
properties such as water absorption, density and resistance to
abrasion (Di Maio and Traversa, 2003; Djerbia, 2012; Paine
and Dhir, 2010; Poon et al., 2007; Sánchez-de Juan and
Alaejos-Gutierrez, 2009; Tam et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2011).
Current legislation in countries such as the UK (BSI, 2012),
Hong Kong (HKWB, 2002) and Spain (PCC, 2008) only
allows the use of minor replacement ratios of concrete recycled
aggregates (with over 90% of crushed concrete and natural
stone without mortar). In Spain, the allowed percentage
of recycled concrete aggregate replacement is limited to up to
20% by the Spanish code on structural concrete (EHE-08)
(PCC, 2008) in Annex 15: Recommendations for using
recycled concrete. Nevertheless, the recycled aggregate from con-
crete produced in Spain is minor when compared with mixed
recycled aggregates containing varying proportions of crushed
concrete, stone without attached mortar, ceramics and
masonry, asphalt and other materials of stone origin. In spite
of this, one of the main reasons behind legislation not allowing
absorption.
The Spanish code on structural concrete (PCC, 2008) limits
the maximum value of water absorption for recycled ag-
gregates to 7%. Generally, recycled aggregates from crushed
concrete have a higher value of water absorption than natural
aggregates due to their higher porosity. In the case of recycled
aggregates of ceramic origin, the percentage of water absorp-
tion is even greater: the nature of the aggregate influences the
water absorption value, and ceramic materials have a higher
clay content and a more porous crystalline structure.
Porosity and pore size distribution are parameters that have
a significant impact on both the mechanical properties and
durability characteristics of hardened concrete. Mechanical
properties are the intrinsic strength characteristics that concrete
elements must possess in order to withstand the stresses to
which they are subjected. Durability properties depend on the
inherent characteristics of the concrete, the type of environ-
ment to which is exposed and the concrete placement in con-
struction works (Ramos, 2009). Of these three factors, the
inherent characteristics of concrete are the most prone to be
modified, so control in concrete manufacture is essential to
achieve adequate durability.

1
Magazine of Concrete Research Porosity and pore size distribution
in recycled concrete
García-González, Rodríguez-Robles, Juan-
Valdés, Morán-del Pozo and Guerra-Romero

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

Author copy for personal use, not for distribution

The porosity of concrete is one of the most important factors Parameter Standard
in order to achieve optimum durability, as it depends on the
porosity of the cement, pores due to the compaction process, Density EN 1097-6 (AENOR, 2006)
entrapped air and the porosity of the aggregate. The use of Water absorption EN 1097-6 (AENOR, 2006)
mixed recycled aggregates in concrete manufacture must thus Particle size EN 933-1 (AENOR, 2012a),
address the porosity problems of recycled aggregate in order to EHE-08 (PCC, 2008)
not adversely affect the durability of the recycled concrete. Fines quantity EHE-08 (PCC, 2008)
Fines quality (sand equivalent) EN 933-8 (AENOR, 2012b)
In the study reported here, both the porosity and the pore size Resistance to fragmentation EN 1097-2 (AENOR, 2010a)
distribution of different concrete mixes were evaluated in order (Los Angeles test)
to compare the effect of partial and total replacement of Shape (flakiness index) EN 933-3 (AENOR, 2012c)
natural coarse aggregate with mixed recycled aggregate on Composition content EN 933-11 (AENOR, 2010b)
compressive strength and capillary water absorption.
Table 2. Characterisation of the aggregates

Materials and methods

Cement
Coarse aggregate
The cement used for this study was Portland CEM III/A Fine
42·5 N/SR, which complies with European standard EN 197-1 aggregate Natural Recycled
(AENOR, 2011), the Spanish standard UNE 80303-1 3
(AENOR, 2013) and the Spanish Royal Decree 956/2008 Apparent density: Mg/m 2·63 2·66 2·59
(MoP, 2008). Table 1 shows the chemical composition and the Density after oven drying: 2·62 2·54 2·00
limit values established in the European legislation. Mg/m3
Saturated surface density: 2·62 2·58 2·23
Mg/m3
Aggregates Water absorption: Mg/m3 0·15 1·73 11·31
The fine aggregate used was natural river sand. Siliceous gravel Granulometric modulus 3·38 7·29 7·67
and mixed recycled aggregate from a construction and demoli- D/d ratio — 3·12 4·00
tion waste management plant in Madrid were respectively used Fines content — — 0·04
as natural and recycled coarse aggregates. Sand equivalent — — 38·10
Los Angeles coefficient — — 40·99
The natural fine and coarse aggregates were tested for some Flakiness index — — 14·75
general parameters. The recycled aggregate was also tested to
verify its suitability for use as partial or total replacement of Table 3. Characterisation results of the aggregates
the natural coarse aggregate in the production of recycled con-
crete, according to the requirements established in European
standard EN 12620:2003+A1 (AENOR, 2009a) and in Figure 2 shows the percentages of each of the identified frac-
Chapter VI of the Spanish code on structural concrete (PCC, tions in the mixed recycled aggregate.
2008). All the parameters tested according to the European
and Spanish standards are listed in Table 2. The properties of Concrete mixtures
the aggregates are shown in Table 3 and Figure 1. Three different concrete mixes of 25 MPa strength grade were
produced – a control concrete (CC) made with natural fine
Due to the importance of the different constituents of recycled and coarse aggregates, a recycled concrete (RC-50) made with
aggregate in terms of the porosity of recycled concrete, 50% mixed recycled aggregate as replacement of the natural
coarse aggregate and a recycled concrete (RC-100) made with
100% mixed recycled aggregate replacement. The concrete
Chemical composition Value Limit mixes were designed according to the method of De la Peña
(Arredondo, 1968), assuming that the aggregates were in an
Clinker (SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO, MgO 54 35–64
air-drying moisture status. Table 4 shows the amounts of
and SO3): wt%
material incorporated into each mixture.
Blast-furnace slag: wt% 41 36–65
Minor components: wt% 5 ≤5
Loss on ignition: wt% 1·5 ≤5 Porosity test
Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was used to determine
Table 1. Chemical composition of the cement the porosity and pore size distribution of 28 d concrete
samples. The tests were conducted using a Micromeritics

2
Magazine of Concrete Research Porosity and pore size distribution
in recycled concrete
García-González, Rodríguez-Robles, Juan-
Valdés, Morán-del Pozo and Guerra-Romero

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

Author copy for personal use, not for distribution

Natural coarse aggregate Recycled coarse aggregate

100

90

80

70
Percentage passing: %

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0·01 0·10 1 10 100
Sieve size: mm

Figure 1. Particle size distribution curves of natural and recycled

coarse aggregates

0·75% 3·64%
0·44% CC RC-50 RC-100

Water: kg/m3 215 215 215

Water/cement ratio 0·55 0·55 0·55
Cement: kg/m3 390·91 390·91 390·91
Sand: kg/m3 650·49 715·89 762·56
17·51%
Gravel: kg/m3 1030·71 446·97 0
Recycled aggregate: kg/m3 0 446·97 769·28

Table 4. Components used in the concrete mixtures

44·11%
33·56%

AutoPore IV 9500 porosimeter, which operates in the pressure

range 0·0034–227·5270 MPa over a pore diameter range of
Ceramics 0·006–175 μm. This instrument is based on the concept that
(brick, tiles, etc.) the pressure required to intrude mercury into the pores of a
sample is inversely proportional to the size of the pores.

Unbound aggregates (natural aggregates without cement mortar attached)

Compressive strength test
Concrete and mortar (natural aggregates with cement mortar attached)
In order to assess the influence of concrete porosity on its
Asphalt
mechanical properties, compressive strength testing was carried
Glass
out according to EN 12390-3 (AENOR, 2009b).
Gypsum

Figure 2. Composition of the mixed recycled aggregate according Capillary water absorption test
to EN 933-11 (AENOR, 2010b) With the aim of assessing the influence of porosity on concrete
durability, a capillary water absorption test was conducted.

3
Magazine of Concrete Research Porosity and pore size distribution
in recycled concrete
García-González, Rodríguez-Robles, Juan-
Valdés, Morán-del Pozo and Guerra-Romero

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

Author copy for personal use, not for distribution

Evaluation of this parameter was carried out on 100100  phenomenon also depends on the composition of the recycled
50 mm prismatic specimens according to Spanish standard aggregate (very heterogeneous when dealing with mixed
UNE 83982 (AENOR, 2008). Water uptake was measured recycled aggregates) and the size of pores and their distri-
by weighing the specimens at fixed time intervals (Figure 3). bution. In this study, the concrete with 100% replacement (RC-
100) showed a total porosity lower than that of the concrete
with 50% substitution (RC-50). It is worth noting that
Results and discussion although mixed recycled aggregate has a total porosity greater
Concrete porosity than that of natural aggregate, the pore size and distribution
have a lesser impact on the mechanical properties and dura-
Recycled aggregates show higher porosity than natural aggre-
bility of concrete than when recycled concrete aggregates are
gates, meaning that recycled concretes have a higher porosity
used as the replacement.
when recycled aggregates rather than natural aggregates are
used in the concrete manufacture. Several studies have shown
Kou et al. (2011) studied the influence of recycled aggregates
that a higher porosity of components used in the manufacture
on concrete porosity, and concluded that normal aggregate
of concrete results in poorer performance with regard to com-
concrete and recycled aggregate concrete made with two differ-
pressive strength, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, resistance
ent sources of recycled aggregates had similar values of poros-
to freeze–thaw cycles and so on (Angulo et al., 2010; Gökçe
ity at 28 d of curing. The porosity after 5 years of water curing
and Şimşek, 2013; Li and Aubertin, 2003; Tam et al., 2007).
was essayed, and significant differences in porosity were
However, when studying the different mechanical properties of
observed: the concrete made with 100% crushed concrete ag-
concrete that can be influenced by the porosity of the material,
gregate had the lowest porosity, and the porosity was reduced
it is not sufficient to analyse the total porosity: other aspects
such as the size of the pores and their distribution must also be
taken into account

The results obtained on concrete samples after 28 d of curing CC RC-50 RC-100

are shown in Table 5, and Figure 4 shows the relationship be- Total intrusion volume: ml/g 0·0504 0·0701 0·0593
tween cumulative mercury intrusion and pore size distribution. Total pore area: m2/g 5·958 9·515 4·912
Median pore diameter 0·0581 0·0422 0·1459
As shown in Figure 4 and Table 5, the recycled concretes (volume): μm
(RC-50 and RC-100) have a higher total porosity than the Median pore diameter (area): μm 0·0158 0·0157 0·0173
control concrete (CC), due to the presence of the recycled Apparent density: g/ml 2·4743 2·3530 2·4543
coarse aggregate. However, total porosity decreases with Porosity: % 11·0920 14·1654 12·7097
increasing degree of substitution, which is to say that an
increased content of recycled aggregate in the concrete does Table 5. Results of MIP test
not necessarily entail an increase in porosity, as this

Figure 3. Capillary water absorption test

4
Magazine of Concrete Research Porosity and pore size distribution
in recycled concrete
García-González, Rodríguez-Robles, Juan-
Valdés, Morán-del Pozo and Guerra-Romero

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

Author copy for personal use, not for distribution

0·08

0·07

0·06
Cumulative mercury intrusion: ml/g

0·05

0·04

0·03

CC
0·02 RC-50
RC-100

0·01

0
1000 100 10 1 0·1 0·01 0·001
Pore size diameter: µm

Figure 4. Pore size distribution of CC, RC-50 and RC-100

specimens

by 45% between 28 d and 5 years. Medina et al. (2012) evalu- 45 Compressive strength Porosity 16
ated the effect of substituting 15%, 20% and 25% of natural 40 14
coarse aggregate with recycled ceramic coarse aggregate and
Compressive strength: MPa

35 12
concluded that total porosity values increased with an increase
30

Porosity: %
in ceramic replacement ratio. Furthermore, Medina et al. 10
25
studied pore sizes and observed that the inclusion of ceramic 8
aggregate resulted in refinement of the pore system, increasing 20
6
the volume of capillary pores and decreasing the volume of 15
macropores. 10 4

This effect was also noticeable in the samples tested in the
current study. As can be seen in Figure 4, the cumulative intru-
sion of mercury into pores of diameter greater than 1 μm was
not significantly different for the three concretes, but the quan-
tity of pores of smaller size was greater in the recycled con-
cretes than in the control. Nonetheless, the quantity of pores
of size less than 0·1 μm (mesopores and micropores) has been
shown to have no negative effect on the mechanical and dura-
bility properties of concrete (Gómez-Soberón, 2002; Kumar
and Bhattacharjee, 2003).
Compressive strength test
Figure 5 shows the relationship between concrete total porosity
and maximum compressive strength achieved (38·46 MPa
in CC, 36·02 MPa in RC-50 and 31·13 MPa in RC-100).
Comparing CC and RC-50, the results obtained concur with
the findings reported by Yudenfreund et al. (1972), Auskern
and Horn, (1973) and Popovics (1981), as expected: compared
5 2
0 0
CC RC-50 RC-100
Figure 5. Relationship between concrete porosity and
compressive strength
with CC, RC-50 showed an increase of up to 27% in total por-
osity and only a 6% decline in compressive strength. However,
comparing RC-100 with CC, the compressive strength
decreased by 19% while the total porosity was 14% greater.
Kou et al. (2011) demonstrated that from 28 d to 5 years, the
increases in compressive and splitting tensile strengths for the
recycled aggregate concretes were more than in normal aggre-
gate concrete and, after 5 years of water curing, the recycled
aggregate concretes had lower compressive strength but higher
splitting tensile strength than the normal aggregate concrete.

5
Magazine of Concrete Research
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Author copy for personal use, not for distribution
Pacheco-Torgal and Jalali (2011) achieved compressive
strength increases in recycled concretes by using recycled
coarse aggregates with water absorption values of 6%, addres-
sing possible cement hydration problems by pre-saturation of
the aggregates.
Even though the compressive strength of the recycled concretes
declined in comparison with the control, achieving the
designed 25 MPa strength grade was not a problem for either
of the recycled concretes.
Capillary water absorption in hardened concrete
The water uptake values reported in Figure 6 are average
values calculated from the results obtained from three speci-
mens of the same concrete mix, according to UNE 83982. The
capillary water absorption was higher in the recycled concretes
than the control throughout the entire essay, but was more
significant in the first 24 h. This finding was expected as the
porosity study (Figure 4) showed a greater quantity of pores
larger than 0·1 μm in diameter in the recycled concretes than
in the control, and these pores play a major role in the capil-
lary water absorption test. Kanellopoulos et al. (2014) demon-
strated that properties such as liquid capillary absorption,
porosity and rapid chloride permeability are increased as the
percentage of natural aggregate replacement is increased, and
they concluded that this effect is more evident when higher
percentages of recycled aggregates of large sizes are used in the
mixtures. Gómez-Soberón (2002) presented an experimental
300 000
250 000
200 000
Water uptake: g/m2
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
0 2000
Figure 6. Capillary water absorption of the concretes
6
Porosity and pore size distribution
in recycled concrete
García-González, Rodríguez-Robles, Juan-
Valdés, Morán-del Pozo and Guerra-Romero
analysis of recycled concrete samples with replacement of
natural aggregate by recycled aggregate originating from con-
crete, and concluded that the absorption of the recycled con-
crete increased proportionally with recycled concrete aggregate
content while the density decreased slightly. Water porosity,
like absorption, increases proportionally with recycled concrete
aggregate content. However, the velocity of the water uptake
decreased over time, and after 24 h the water absorption/time
curve displays a lower slope, so the negative effect of the
greater capillary water absorption lessens with time.
Figure 4 shows the distribution and pore size for each concrete
batch. Both CC and RC-50 showed similar patterns, although
RC-50 exhibited an appreciable increase in micropore content,
whereby the growth model of capillary water absorption gain
was similar but with higher values for recycled concrete.
RC-100 presented a higher mesopore volume than the other
two concretes, which translates into a greater capillary water
absorption in the initial hours of the test. However, as the
value of micropore content of this sample was in between that
of the CC and RC-50 concretes, the superior capillary water
gain tendency in the first 6 h was slowed, even to the point of
showing a capillary water gain similar to that of CC at the end
of the test.
Conclusions
Although the total porosity of the recycled concretes was
found to be higher than that of the control concrete, this
CC
RC-50
RC-100
4000 6000 8000 10 000 12 000
Time: min
Magazine of Concrete Research
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parameter was significantly higher in the fraction of pores of
diameter smaller than 0·1 μm. Therefore, the mechanical and
durability properties of the concrete were not negatively
affected.
An increase in recycled aggregate replacement does not necess-
arily entail an increase in the total porosity of the resulting
recycled concrete. When mixed recycled aggregates from con-
struction and demolition wastes are used, total porosity may
even decrease with increasing substitution percentage.
As expected, there was an inverse relationship between mixed
recycled aggregate content and the compressive strength of the
produced recycled concretes. However, an increase in replace-
ment percentage did not result in proportional increases in the
total porosity of the recycled concrete.
Capillary water absorption was higher in the recycled concretes
than in the control concrete. This is due to the greater presence
of pores of size greater than 0·1 μm, which are primarily
responsible for capillary water absorption. Nevertheless, con-
crete batches with higher recycled aggregate contents may
exhibit better capillary water absorption behaviour due to the
influence of the size of the pores and their distribution.
In conclusion, although mixed recycled aggregates have high
values of water absorption, meaning that recycled concretes
have higher total porosities than conventional concretes, mixed
recycled aggregates are a suitable option in recycled aggregate
concrete manufacture, and no significant mechanical or dura-
bility issues were found related to their use.
Acknowledgements
This article was made possible by a university teacher training
grant (FPU AP2010-0613) and research staff training grant
(FPI BES-2011-047159) awarded to Julia García-González,
associated with project BIA2010-21194-C03-02. The authors
would like to acknowledge the contribution of mixed recycled
aggregate samples from the TEC-REC S.L. construction and
demolition waste treatment plant.
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