Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ECE 282 - Lec 1
ECE 282 - Lec 1
healthguide.howstuffworks.com/glucose-test-picture.htm
o-dianisidine
adameducation.com www.davita-shop.co.uk/ecg-instruments.html
today24news.com
Example 3: Medical Imaging
MRI
www.k-state.edu
www.magnet.fsu.edu
Example 4: Therapy Device
Laser Eye Surgery
• Laser-Assisted In Situ
Keratomileusis (LASIK)
– LASIK is used for treating
astigmatism,
nearsightedness and
farsightedness. It involves
cutting a flap from the outer
and middle layers of the
cornea and then the use of
an excimer laser to reshape
tissue under this flap. This
procedure usually takes
about one minute per eye.
www.eyeclinicpc.com
Molecular Diagnostics
• Detect Molecular Biomarkers: DNA, RNA,
Protein, Metabolites
• Example: quantitative polymerase chain reaction
(qPCR)
– Exponentially amplify the number of specific nucleic
acids in a sample, use fluorescence to quantify the
amount
– Used in 2009 H1N1 pandemic for new virus strain
identification
• Highly specific and sensitive
DNA Sequencing
• Read the species’ genome letter by
letter
– Personalized Medicine
– Identify new pathogens: virus,
bacterium, fungi…
• Next generation sequencing
machines
– Single molecule
– High parallelism
– Low cost: $1000/human genome
• Challenge: interpreting the data
www.nanoporetech.com
faster, cheaper,
Smaller
lower power,
easier to use
Miniaturization
Fluidics
Microchannels,
Pipette Valves & Pumps Microfluidic Circuit
faster, cheaper,
Smaller
lower power,
easier to use
new functionalities
Small Sample Volume
• Single Cell Studies (m, sub-nanoliter)
C. Merten, EMBL
Pacific Bioscience
Automation and Parallelism
Factory-scale Robotics
7mm
7mm
P2
P1
20m
Break
Generalized Medical
Instrumentation System
Page 36
Measurands
• Measurands:
– A physical quantity, property, or condition that the system
measures.
– It may be internal (blood pressure).
– It may be on body surface (ECG).
– It may emanate from body (IR radiation).
– It may be derived from a tissue sample removed from the body.
• Measurands can be grouped into:
– Biopotentials
– Pressure
– Flow
– Dimensions
– Displacements
– Electrical, acoustical or other impedance
– Temperature
– Chemical concentrations
– Optical absorptance, scattering, spectrum, refractive index…
Medical Parameters
Page 10
Medical Signal: Example
from Wikipedia
False Results
• Example: Infectious Disease
Accuracy and Precision
• Accuracy:
– How close the mean of a group of repeated measurements is to the true
value.
– May be expressed in either absolute or fractional units.
• Precision:
– How tightly a group of repeated measurements cluster together,
independent of the accuracy.
– Sometimes called reproducibility or repeatability.
– May be expressed in either absolute or fractional units or as a Signal-To-
Noise ratio.
Accuracy and Precision
Statistics
Standard Deviation &
Standard Error
p-Value
• A measure of probability that a difference
between groups during an experiment
happened by chance. For example, a p-value
of .01 (p = .01) means there is a 1 in 100
chance the result occurred by chance.
• Statistical significance – p-value < 0.05
• Student’s t-test
– Small samples: calculated mean and
standard deviation may deviate from ‘real’
– The t-test assesses whether two sets of
data are really different?
Correlation Coefficient
• Coefficient of Variation: standardizes the
variation.
• Correlation Coefficient:
– A measure of the degree to which two variables
are linearly related
– Ranges from -1 to 1
Reproducibility and Resolution
Noise, Interference and
Modifying Inputs
Example: ECG Measurements
Page 13 Textbook
Techniques to Reduce Interfering and
Modifying Inputs
Negative Feedback
Signal Sampling
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8498993.stm