ON LINE CLASS

ON
SAFETY IN PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Mr. Praveen Badodia

Assistant Professor
IPS Academy Indore
Institute of Engineering and Science
Dept. of Fire Tech. and Safety Engg.
 UNIT- 02

Lecture No.

Storage Tank
Storage tanks
 Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids,
compressed gases (gas tank; or in U.S.A "pressure vessel",
which is not typically labeled or regulated as a storage
tank) or mediums used for the short- or long-term storage
of heat or cold.

 The term can be used for reservoirs (artificial lakes and

ponds), and for manufactured containers.

 The usage of the word tank for reservoirs is uncommon

in American English but is moderately common in British
English. In other countries, the term tends to refer only to
artificial containers.
 Storage tanks are available in many shapes: vertical
and horizontal cylindrical; open top and closed top;
flat bottom, cone bottom, slope bottom and dish
bottom. Large tanks tend to be vertical cylindrical, or
to have rounded corners transition from vertical side
wall to bottom profile, to easier

 withstand hydraulic hydrostatically induced pressure

of contained liquid. Most container tanks for handling
liquids during transportation are designed to handle
varying degrees of pressure.
Storage tank: Spherical gas tank
Cylindrical fuel storage tank with fixed roof
and internal floating roof
Horizontal, cylindrical shell, elliptical
heads carbon steel pressure vessel
Tanker truck
Special features
 Since most liquids can spill, evaporate, or seep through
even the smallest opening, special consideration must be
made for their safe and secure handling. This usually
involves building a bunding, or containment dike, around
the tank, so that any leakage may be safely contained.

 Some storage tanks need a floating roof in addition to or in

lieu of the fixed roof and structure. This floating roof rises
and falls with the liquid level inside the tank, thereby
decreasing the vapor space above the liquid level.

 Floating roofs are considered a safety requirement as well

as a pollution prevention measure for many industries
including petroleum refining.
 In the United States, metal tanks in contact with soil and
containing petroleum products must be protected
from corrosion to prevent escape of the product into the
environment.

 The most effective and common corrosion control

techniques for steel in contact with soil is cathodic
protection. Outside the United States and at some
locations in the United States, elevated tank support
foundations with a sand bitumen mix finish are often used.

 These type of foundations keep the tank bottom plates free

from water, hence prevent corrosion.
Refineries
 Tanks for a particular fluid are chosen according to
the flash-point of that substance. Generally in refineries
and especially for liquid fuels, there are fixed roof tanks,
and floating roof tanks.
 Fixed roof tanks are meant for liquids with very high flash
points, (e.g. fuel oil, water, bitumen etc.) Cone roofs, dome
roofs and umbrella roofs are usual. These are insulated to
prevent the clogging of certain materials, where in the heat
is provided by steam coils within the tanks. Dome roof
tanks are meant for tanks having slightly higher storage
pressure than that of atmosphere (e.g. slop oil).

 Floating roof tanks are broadly divided into external

floating roof tanks (usually called floating roof tanks: FR
Tanks) and internal floating roof types (IFR Tanks).
 IFR tanks are used for liquids with low flash-points (e.g.,
ATF, MS. gasoline, ethanol). These tanks are nothing but
cone roof tanks with a floating roof inside which travels up
and down along with the liquid level.

 This floating roof traps the vapor from low flash-point

fuels. Floating roofs are supported with legs or cables on
which they rest. FR tanks do not have a fixed roof (it is
open in the top) and has a floating roof only.

 Medium flash point liquids such as naphtha, kerosene,

diesel, and crude oil are stored in these tanks.

 One of the common types found in mining areas is the

open roof type tank, usually to store ore slurries. These are
the easiest storage tanks to build.
Various Basic Types of API 650 Atmospheric
Storage Tank Designs

Steel External Floating Roof (EFR) Fixed Aluminum Dome Roof with IFR

Fixed Steel Cone Fixed Steel Cone Roof Fixed Aluminum or Steel
Roof with IFR (no IFR) Dome Roof (no IFR)
External Floating Roof Tank (EFRT), pontoon type
Wind and solar radiation drive emissions
Cone Roof Tank (CRT)
Steel cone roof tank with light weight
internal floating roof (IFRT)
Tank emissions, filling loss
Tank emissions, possible reductions
Tank emissions, possible reductions,
vapour recovery, treatment and balancing
External floating roof tanks are part of the focus
in reducing emissions
Tank emissions, possible reductions, tank
configuration
More and more terminals will
start to look like this!
Thank you

Praveen Badodia
mob. 7987063798