SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

DHARAN-CHATARA-GAIGHAT-KATARI-SINDHULI HIGHWAY
PROJECT, (115KM)

COMPLETED AT

KALIKA CONSTRUCTION PVT. LTD

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

BIBEK MANDAL (1463163)

SUBHASH MISHRA (1463169)

MAY, 2018

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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 Declaration by the Candidate

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented by me in the six month industrial training
report undertaken at “Improvement / Upgrading of the road Project,( Dharan-chatara-Gaighat-
Katari-Sindhuli-Hetauda,(115km)” in the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree
of B-Tech (Civil Engineering) submitted in the Department of Civil Engineering at ACET, Amritsar
has been carried out by me under the supervision of Ass. Prof. Simarpreet Singh.

Student name:
Bibek Mandal (1463163)
Subhash Mishra (1463169)

VERIFICATION (to be filled up by the Contract Manager)

“I hereby declare that (Mr./Ms/Mrs.) Bibek Mandal & Subhash Mishra has completed the field
training from 15th Dec to 15th June as required and the information provided in the report is true to
my best knowledge”

Signature: ……………………………….

Name of Contract Manager: Er. Anand Kumar Thakur.

Designation: Contract Manager

Date: 11th May, 2018

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my profound gratitude to the Almighty with whose grace and blessings, I have
been able to complete another chapter of my life.

I would like to extend my appreciation to my industrial site Engineer, Er.Idesh Jung Karki & Er.
Sudarshan Singh Sijapati for their advices and patiently guiding me through while I working there
as a trainee. Not forgotten for all the staffs working at Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd. I appreciate for
their entire kindness helping and teaching me when I’m working there. I was very lucky to have
such a helpful colleagues and I never felt left out in any situation.

I am entrusted to undergo my industrial training at Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd for six months
before I can complete my subject course in order to graduate. The motive of this action is to expose
students and let them experience the environment of the real world of working before graduating. It
is also to prepare students to face the real challenge and learn how to find solution when problem
encountered besides completing the course. This exposure not only prepares the students but it is
also a great opportunity to gain knowledge at industry. Besides that, it can prepare students on how
to polish more their soft skill especially on how to communicate with others and learn to do work in
a group. At college students usually communicate with people around their ages but when working
there are differences in ages and this required communication skill.

I am thankful to Dr. Vijay Kumar Banga (Principal, ACET Amritsar) for making arrangements
for the training and supporting with all means during my training period.

I would like to thank Dr. Upain Bhatia (Head, Department of Civil Engineering) for the positive
and co-operative response with time, energy and valuable suggestions he gave me to fulfill the task.

With thanks to all,

Bibek Mandal (1463163)

Subhash Mishra(1463169)

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 ABSTRACT

It is a great pleasure for me to present the following final report on my industrial training otherwise
one seldom gets the chance to go for the industrial training. It outlines the course of my job details
during my training period of 6 Months at Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd. The training report consists
of the “Improvement / Upgrading of the road Project, (Dharan-Chatara-Gaighat-Katari-Sindhuli-
Hetauda) Highway Project, (115km). All in I have tried to provide the best from me in presenting
this volume on my training in a very precise manner. However any suggestions & comments on
this volume will be gratefully accepted.

Project Details

Name: Improvement/ Upgrading of Road Project (Dharan-Chatara-Gaighat-Katari-Sindhuli-

Hetauda)

Client: Government Of Nepal, Ministry Of Physical Infrastructure & Transport- ( Department of

Road)

Contractor: Kalika- Swachhanda-Ranken Joint Venture

Total Length: 115km

Project Cost: 7102 Million ( In Nepali Rupees)

Roadway Designation:

Carriageway: 7m (3.5 for a single Specific Lane)

Shoulder: 4m (2m for a single Specific Lane)

Side Drain: Tick Drain Type-1.10m (As directed by Dept. Of Road for both side Valley)

Right Of Way: 16m

Cross Drainage Structures:

1. Breast Wall

2. Masonary Wall

3. Slab Culvert

4. Single/ Double Cell Pipe Culvert

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Pavement Width:

1. Sub-Base: 200mm

2. Base: 175mm

3. Dense Bituminous Macadam: 60mm

4. Asphalt: 40 mm

During my training period we look forward to learn as much as we could, about the practical
application of the all concepts we had studied in civil Engineering so far. Learning comes from
doing. To learn something new one has to go through practical conditions. The present training is a
outcome of training held at a Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd. We were very much delighted to work
with such an organization. Practically all of we need a platform to explore ourselves. By the mean
we are honoured to have such where there was a right evaluation of our hard labour & together we
got a well co-ordinated as a team & raised the project to the systematic & efficient manner.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Candidate's declaration
2
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 4

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1. 1 INTRODUCTION 8
1.2 MISSION,VISION& CORE VALUES 9

CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT REVIEW

2.1 PROJECT DETAIL 10
2.2 DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES 11

CHAPTER 3 : PROJECT WORK

CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
3.1.1 BREAST WALL 12
3.1.2 MASONARY WALL 13
3.1.3GABION/TOE WALL 14
3.1.4 SLAB CULVERT 15
3.1.5 SINGLE / DOUBLE CELL PIPE CULVERT 20
3.1.6 CATCH-PIT ALONG WITH CHUTE,CUT-OFF & WING WALL 21

PAVEMENT WORK
3.2.1 DETAILS 23

CHAPTER 4 : RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

4.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST 25
4.2 SAND REPLACEMENT TEST 26
4.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 28

CHAPTER 5 : MACHINES & EQUIPMENTS

5.1 EXCAVATOR 31
5.2 TIPPERS 31
5.3 ROLLERS 32
5.4 GRADERS 33
5.5 MOBILE MIXER 34
5.6 BATCHING PLANT 34
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES
CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
Breast Wall 12
Masonary Wall 13
Gabion/ Toe wall 14
Slab Culvert 15
Single/ Double Cell Pipe Culvert 20
Catchpit & Cut-off wall 21
MACHINES & EQUIPMENTS
Excavator 31
Tippers 31
Rollers 32

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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

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 Figure 1: Kalika Corporate office, Kathmandu (Baluwatar)

Kalika Construction is a leading well-known & well established “A” class Construction Company
of Nepal having over 40 years of experience in all types of Construction works. It was founded in
1976 & its parents company. Kalika group has five operating Companies in five business sectors:
Hydropower, Construction, Software out sourcing, International Trading & FM Radio-Media. The
Kalika group is one of Nepal’s largest & most respected business Conglomerates. It is an
independent multi-disciplinary Construction Company in the shape of limited liability with the
Department of industry & Ministry of work & Transport. It has been established with the aim of
providing Construction Work service in the field of Roads, Highways, Bridges, Drainages,
Irrigation, Water Supply, River Training, Hydropower, Electrical Transmission & Distribution
Line, Tunnels, Buildings & Industrial Complex. In short, Kalika Construction is able to offer
Completely Comprehensive Construction Service which covers the Civil Engineering Works
together with Electrical & Hydropower. It is well aware of the varieties of Construction work
required by different department & agencies of Nepal. It normally takes up works independently
with challenge & endeavour to commence, executes, complete & maintain them as specified to the
satisfaction of the esteemed client. Sometimes, it also works as a lead partner & sometimes as a
partner in a Joint Venture. Since the establishment of the Company, it has Successfully Completes
different Contracts Such as Highway, Village, Roads, Canal, Drainage, Structures, Buildings, River
Training, Bridges, Electrical Works etc. Under government of Nepal, national & International
agencies like property services agencies of England, Crown agents & keir International Joint
Venture of England in some projects. we have been awarded the bonus by completing the job with

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quality works before the completion day. These experience include works under pure government
of Nepal finance projects. ADB finance projects & World Bank Finance Projects.

1.2 Mission/ Core-values & Vision

Mission/ Core-values:

With a well-define direction in place, the path to realizing the vision is based on fundamental
diverse, instrumental in achieving goals:

 Excellence in service- meeting & exceeding client expectations.

 Quality Workmanship: endorsing the highest quality standards.
 Product & service Innovation- Developing skills-Ensuring quality through skilled human
capita.
 Incorporating these core values in our daily work, & making them a integral part of our
culture, is a key to our future Success.

Vision:

From being number one construction company in Nepal, Kalika Construction company continue to
excel in construction field through it’s leadership skills. It sets a Benchmark in south East Asia by
diversify from cash contracts to project development. Kalika wants to win & promote various
infrastructure development project through partnership & domestic district holders.

CHAPTER-2

PROJECT REVIEW

2.1 Project Details

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Name: Improvement/ Upgrading of Road Project (Dharan-Chatara-Gaighat-Katari-Sindhuli-
Hetauda)

Client: Government Of Nepal, Ministry Of Physical Infrastructure & Transport- ( Department of

Road)

Contractor: Kalika- Swachhanda-Ranken Joint Ventur

Total Length: 115km

Project Cost: 7102 Million ( In Nepali Rupees)

Roadway Designation:

Carriageway: 7m (3.5 for a single Specific Lane)

Shoulder: 4m (2m for a single Specific Lane)

Side Drain: Tick Drain Type-1.10m (As directed by Dept. Of Road for both side Valley)

Right Of Way: 16m

Cross Drainage Structures:

1. Breast Wall

2. Masonary Wall

3. Slab Culvert

4. Single/ Double Cell Pipe Culvert

Pavement Width:

1. Sub-Base: 200mm

2. Base: 175mm

3. Dense Bituminous Macadam: 60mm

4. Asphalt: 40 mm

2.2 Duties & Responsibilities:

We were appointed on the site as a Trainee Engineer. Our responsibilities include the Supervision
of the work on the site according to architectural & Consultant specification & my major
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responsibilities on the site layout & level of entire works in terms to help worker in there different
work & difficulties, guide them regarding the work & solve the problem occurring on the site. An
engineer plays a very crucial & co-operative role in construction world because it is the only
relation between the architects who design the structure & the site labour that builds it.

During training period, We were involved for the following works

1. Site Engineer (Cross Drainage Structures, Retaining Structures, up to- 8 Km)

2. Surveyor (Detailing, Cross- section within any interval, Level Check for pavement)

3. Designer (Plotting the entire structures Own)

4. Estimation (Advanced Billing & Estimation for Interim Payment Certificate)

AS A TRAINEE OUR ROLE AS FOLLOWS:

1. To ensure make available all equipments before commencement of the activity.

2. Physical Presence during critical activities.

3. To make daily report of the work done at the site for the daily diary.

4. To learn the basic tips & tricks of everyday on-site work & overcoming any obstacles faced
during everyday construction.

5. Use critical thinking to describe basic mechanical operations & implement preventative
maintenance procedures.

6. To demonstrate knowledge, regulations & safety requirements of the Profession.

7. Attain the technical skills & knowledge necessary to earn credentials.

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 CHAPTER-3

CROSS- DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

3.1.1 Breast Wall:

It is a wall to prevent of hill sides under the action of weather & rain water flowing over hill slopes.
It also supports natural Slope.

Figure 2: Breast wall ( Hill Side)

Construction Procedure:
1. Excavation is to be done approx. 1.10m as per Design level, provided by Surveyor.

2. Vibratory Plate Compactor or Monkey jumper is to be used several times for hard Strata & to

overcome settlement in the waterlogged / marshy area.

3. In case of Seepage, stone soling of minimum 15cm thickness is to be done.

4. As per typical drawing & several calculation height is to determined, Base Width=0.5H for

normal area, 0.6H for water-logged area.

5. P.C.C is to be done having thickness 10cm. (M10 Grade-1:3:6

6. Weep Hole is to be provided 15cm from the Drain Top level.

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3.1.2 Masonary Wall:
It is provided to the downward side of the road to retain the earth pressure & provide the stability
against the sliding surface. It is used to support artificial Cutting or slope.

Figure 3: Masonary wall ( Valley Side)

Construction Procedure:
1. Excavation is to be done approx. 1.10m as per Design level, provided by Surveyor.

2. Vibratory Plate Compactor or Monkey jumper is to be used several times for hard Strata & to

overcome settlement in the waterlogged / marshy area.

3. In case of Seepage, stone soling of minimum 15cm thickness is to be done.

4. As per typical drawing & several calculation height is to determined, Base Width=0.5H for

normal area, 0.6H for water-logged area.

5. P.C.C is to be done having thickness 10cm. (M10 Grade-1:3:6)

6.WeepHoleistobeprovided15cmfrotheDrainToplevel.

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3.1.3 Gabion / Toe Wall:

This wall is used where the embankment is unstable & has no founding in a river situation, where a
River mattress might be required. So the flexible river mattress apron is required to prevent from
scour.

Figure 4: Gabion/ Toe wall

Construction Procedure:
1 .Excavation is to be done for the stable soil minimum 60cm down & furthermore height
exceeding more than 5m.

2. Gabion Comes in a wide range of different sizes, 1m, 1.5m & 3m assisted as per typical drawing.

3 .In case Partion of Gabion boxes is assisted & provided with lacing wires.

4. Stones is to be properly chipped so as to look in good structures.

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3.1.4 Slab Culvert:

Culvert is a structure constructed over running water or physical obstruction. The main Purpose of
Constructing culvert structure is to provide passage over the obstruction. Slab Culvert, a type of
culvert, could be three sided or simply a deck slab. It is embedded in the soil on the both sides. The
slab provides a bridge over the distance. Slab culvert can be replaced box culvert if no artificial
flooring is necessary.

Stage 1:

Foundation: The foundation is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the
ground, & transfer load from the structure to the ground.

Figure 5: Slab Culvert (Bed P.C.C for slab Culvert, Span =12m)

Plain cement concrete is also called as Cement Concrete (CC) or binding concrete. It is used for
leveling, bedding for footings, grade slabs, concrete roads etc. P.C.C is used to provide non-porous,
rigid, impervious, firm & level the bed , where earth is soft & yielding. P.C.C can be laid over brick
flat soling or without brick flat soling & gabion too. P.C.C also used as filler like lump concrete,
this is also a mix of Cement, sand & course aggregate mixed with water in a specified proportion.

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Stage 2:

Figure 6: Slab Culvert (Footing provided on both sided)

Footing: It is an important part of foundation Construction. The purpose of footing is to support

the foundation & prevent settling.
Stage 3:

Figure 7 : Dowel Bars of 80 mm@ 300 c/c Spacing, 20 mm from Top for the Proper Abutment Seat

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Dowel Bars: Dowel bars are short steel bars that provide a mechanical connection between slabs
without restricting horizontal joint movement. They increase load transfer efficiency by allowing
the leave slab to assume some of the load before the load.

Main Steel: It is provided at the bottom. It is decided on the basis of diameter of bar & span of slab.

Distribution Steel: It is provided over main bars & in other direction of main bar & placed along
longer span.

Stage 4:

Figure 8: Slab Culvert, Bent-up Bars as per Bar Bending Schedule

Bar Bending Schedule: Is the schedule of Reinforcement bars prepared in advance before cutting &
bending of rebar’s. This schedule contains all details of size, shape & dimension of rebar’s to be
cut.

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Bar Bending Schedule:

Figure 9: Slab Culvert ,Bar Bending Schedule for Bent-up Bars

Stage 5:

Figure 10: Slab Culvert Bed P.C.C Provided at 3% slope along with cut-off wall for flushing-off water

Formwork & Shuttering: Formwork & shuttering is a temporary structure that is erected to support
& contain concrete to the required dimensions & shape till it attains enough strength to become self
Supporting. The formwork is a designed to safely support the combine loads during concreting
without bulging or deflecting.
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De-Shuttering: De-shuttering is the process of removal of the formwork. It can be done after the
concrete has set & attained a strength equal to twice the stress may act on it during the formwork
removal. This duration after which the de- Shuttering can be done is called stripping time.
Construction Procedure:

1. With reference to Design Level, excavation for foundation was done.

2. As per typical drawing, Bed P.C.C of 15cm thickness & similarly 1 st & 2nd footing of stone
masonary with a good paste of mortar was constructed.

3. Height recommended as per site condition was preferred.

4. Dowel Bars of 70mm was inserted, 20mm from the top of deck slab was left for the Proper
adjustment of abutment seat.

5.Bent up bar was bent as per Bar Bending Schedule was followed, properly Placing of Kerb Ring
Bar, Face bar of Slab, Main Bar, Distribution Bar & ties was kept.

6. R.C.C slab casting together with an appropriate binding mixture having initially hardened set-
Up with a standard mix of M 25( 1:1:2) Concrete was laid & left for shuttering.

7. Curing is to be done for generally 21 days & after it gives complete strengthen,formwork &
shuttering was replaced.

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3.1.5 Single/ Double Cell Pipe Culvert:
It is a type of Structure used as Cross-drains for ditch relief & to pass water under a road at natural
drainage & stream crossings. The structure is designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross
over the waterway while allowing adequate passage for the water. Culverts come in many sizes &
shapes including round, elliptical, flat-bottomed, pear-shaped, & box-like constructions. The culvert
type & shape selection is based on a number of factors including requirements for hydraulic
Performance, limitation on upstream water surface elevation, & roadway embankment height.

Figure 11: Double Cell Pipe Culvert with 5m Head wall

Construction Procedure:

1. As per Design level, minimum excavation for foundation should be 2.50m.

Mathematical Calculation:

Minimum Cushion for Pipe: (0.80-0.90

Diameter Of Pipe: 1.1m

Slope: (2-3%), (for 11m road, having 2% slope: 0.22m)

No. Of Hume pipe: (Length of Road/ 2.5)

2. The thickness of P.C.C should be 15cm on which pipe is to be laid.

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3. Again, 25cm of P.C.C should be done in order to get it so adjusted, that due various actions of
vehicles having tonnes of load, it would not be shifted somehow & get leaked damage pavement.

4. Afterwards, it has to be refilled by soil.

3.1.6 Catch-Pit along with Chute, Cut-off & Wing Wall/Guide Wall:

A catch pit is an empty chamber that is installed into a drainage system to prevent silt & debris from
building up & causing blockages.
Waste water flows into the catch pit through an inlet pipe that is always raised above the floor level
of the pit. Any sediment in the wastewater will settle at the bottom of the catch pit over time, where
it can be periodically pumped out & removed from the system. Water flows out of the catch pit
through the lower discharge outlet.

Figure 12: Catch-pit along with Chute

Wing Wall/ Guide Wall:

These walls are constructed on the ground surface to outline the desired slurry trench & guide the
excavation machinery.

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 (

Figure 13: Guide wall/ Wing Wall

Launching Apron:
A Launching apron is a flexible stone cover placed on the bed of the river which settles into the
scouring area as scouring takes place & covers the base & side of the scour hole, preventing it from
developing further. It should be constructed to protect impermeable spurs from scouring.

Figure 14: Launching Apron

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Construction Procedure:
1. As per specified site condition, catch-pit is constructed of various suitable dimension.
2. Guide walls are basically used to guide the water coming through the outlet but should practically
in such a manner to diverse the water flow.
3. Launching apron – The function of launching apron is to overcome the settlement which is
ultimately due to water seeping.

PAVEMENT WORK

3.2.1 Details:

A road has a foundation & super structure. The top of the ground on which the foundation of the
road rests is called sub-grade. After it come sub-base then base course or foundation, then base coat
of intermediate course & in the last wearing course.

A road pavement consists of the following components:

(i) Sub-grade (ii) Sub-base Course

(iii) Base Course (iv) Wearing Course

Sub-grade:

Sub-grade is a layer of natural soil or filled soil prepared to receive the pavement materials over it.

Sub-base Course:

It is a layer of granular material provided in between the sub-grade & the base course in a road
surface. It is provided as an additional layer when the sub-grade is of poor quality. It consists of
broken stones, slag, broken burnt bricks etc. At the sub base course it is desire-able to use small size
aggregates for proper interlocking.

Base Course:

Base course is layer of pavement material between surface course & sub base-course.
Generally large size particle like boulders, bricks etc, are used as base course. This course is
considered as the most important component of pavement structure because it has to bear the impact
of traffic transferred through the wearing course.

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Wearing Course:

Wearing course is the topmost layer of the pavement structure. In flexible pavement normally a
bituminous surfacing is used as a wearing course & in rigid pavements the cement concrete acts like
a base course as well as wearing course.

1. Preparation of Sub-grade:

Sub-grade is provided by digging up the sub-soil & the level of the sub-grade is decided by
subtracting the total thickness of the pavement from the finished level of the road pavement.

The sub-grade is thoroughly compacted by rollers weighing 8 tonnes by sprinkling water one night
before. Low spots which develop during rolling must be made up & brought to the grade as
required. In rocky regions the sub-grades are not rolled whereas in region of clay soils, layer to
natural sand or gravel, is provide over sub-grade & is duly packed.

2. Preparation of sub-base:

On a well compacted sub-grade, spread boulders or broken stones, or over burnt bricks in layers &
hence the total width of the sub-base is 20cm. The sub base should be compacted by roller to
provide an even surface.

3. Preparation of base:

On the prepared sub-base or directly on sub-grade, as the case may be, the specified materials of the
base course is spread & proper grade, thickness & cross sections maintained was 17.5cm.

4. Dense Bituminous Macadam:

DBM is a binder course used for roads with more, number of heavy commercial vehicles & a closed
graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent. It provides a good quality smooth
surface & improved skid resistance.

5. Asphalt:

Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black & highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form Of
Petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product,& is classed as a pitch.

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Before the 20th century, the term Asphaltum was used. The terms “asphalt” & bitumen are often
used interchangeably

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 CHAPTER-4

RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 Sieve Analysis Test:

A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil
engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called ‘’gradation’’) of a granular
material. The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs
in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic granular materials
including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal, and soil, a wide range of
manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact
method. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most common.

PROCEDURE:

1. A gradation test is performed on a sample of aggregate in a laboratory. A typical sieve

analysis involves a nested column of sieves with wire mesh cloth.

2. A representative weighed sample is poured into the top sieve which has the largest screen
openings. Each lower sieve in the column has smaller openings than the one above. At the
base is a round pan, called the receiver.
3. The column is typically placed in a mechanical shaker. The shaker shakes the column,
usually
for some fixed amount of time. After the shaking is complete the material on each sieve is
weighed. The weight of the sample of each sieve is then divided by the total weight to give a
percentage retained on each sieve.
4. The size of the average particle on each sieve is then analysed to get a cut-off point or
specific size range, which is then captured on a screen.
5. The results of this test are used to describe the properties of the aggregate and to see if it is
appropriate for various civil engineering purposes such as selecting the appropriate aggregate
for concrete mixes and asphalt mixes as well as sizing of water production well screens.

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RESULT:
Observation Sheet for Fine Aggregate:

Is sieve Size Weight of Fine Percent Cummulative Percent

Aggregate (g) Retained Percent Retained Passing
Determined No.
I II
Avg.
10mm 0 2.5 2.5 0.25 0.25 99.75
4.75mm 10 12 11 1.1 1.35 98.65
2.36mm 38 30 34 3.4 4.75 95.25
1.18mm 314 322 318 31.8 36.55 63.45
600mm 212 188 200 20 56.55 43.45
300mm 272 290 281 28.1 84.65 15.35
150mm 160 102 106 10.6 94.65 5.35
75mm 20 26 23 2.3 96.95 3.05
Pan

Discussion:
Hence, the obtained values is now to be compared with permissible values referring to an
Indian standard codes ( IS: 383), classifying the different Zone. Here, as conforming zone-
II.
4.2 Compressive Strength Test:
Concrete compression test is done to know the concrete compressive strength. It is one of
two well known as concrete test.
PROCEDURE:
1. Representative samples of concrete shall be taken and used for casting cubes 15 cm*15
cm* 15 cm or cylindrical specimens of 15 cm diameter *30 cm long.
2. The concrete shall be filled into the moulds in layers approximately 5 cm deep. It would be
distributed evenly and compacted either by vibration or by hand tamping. After the top layer
has been compacted, the surface of concrete shall be finished level with the top of the mould
using a trowel; and covered with a glass plate to prevent evaporation.
3. The specimen shall be stored at site for 24+1/2 h under damp matting or sack. After that,
the samples shall be stored in clean water at 27+20C; until the time of test. The ends of all
cylindrical specimens that are not plane within 0.05 mm shall be capped.

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4. Just prior to testing, the cylindrical specimen shall be capped with Sulphur mixture
comprising 3 parts sulphur to 1 part of inert filler such as fire clay. Specimen shall be tested
immediately on removal from water and while they are still in wet condition.
5 .The bearing surface of the testing specimen shall be wiped clean and any loose material
removed from the surface. In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the machine
in such a manner that the load cube as cast, that is, not to the top and bottom.
1 .Align the axis of the specimen with the steel plates, do not use any packing.
2. The load shall be applied slowly without shock and increased continuously at a rate of
approximately 140 kg/sq. Cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increased load
breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to the
specimen shall then be recorded and any unusual features noted at the time of failure brought
out in the report.

CALCULATION

Compressive strength is calculate using the following formula

Compressive strength (kg/cm2)= Wf / Ap

Where,

WF (In kg)= Maximum applied load just before load,

AP= Plan area of cube mould, (mm2)

RESULT:
1. Six cube is to be casted thoroughly with a mixed proportion of M 20 grade i.e- 1:1.5:3.
Three cubes for the 1st 7days & remaining other for the 28 days.
2. Cubes should be filled tightely with the vibratory machines, such that no voids would
hamper it without acting as an reducing agents.
3. It should be poured in water bath at a temperature 0f (27plus/ minus 2)degree of 90 celsius.
4. Compressive strength should be surface dry conditions.
5. Maximum Load at which specimen: Compressive Load/ Cross- sectional area

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DISCUSSION:
Area= 15*15= 225cm2
Compressive Load= 80*1000 =80000 N
Hence, Calculating the average value is to be 420 kg/cm2

4.3 Sand Replacement Test:

APPARATUS:

1. Sand pouring cylinder

2. Calibrating can

3. Metal tray with a central hole

4. Dry sand (passing through 600 micron sieve)

5. Balance
6 .Moisture content bins
7. Glass plate
8. Metal tray

9. Scraper tool
THEORY:
Determination of field density of Cohensionless soil is not possible by core cutter method,
because it is not possible to obtain a core sample. In such situation, the sand replacement
methods is employed to determine the unit weight. In sand replacement method, a small
cylindrical pit is excavated and the weight of the soil excavated from the pit is excavated and
the weight of the soil excavated from the pit is measured. Sand whose density is known is
filled into the pit. By measuring the weight of the sand required to fill the pit and knowing its
density the volume of pit is calculated. Knowing the weight of soil excavated from the pit and
the volume of pit, the density of soil is calculated. Therefore, in this pit, the density of soil is
calculated.

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PROCEDURE:

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL DENSITY

1. Clean and level the ground surface where the field density is to be determined.

2 . Place the tray with a central hole over the portion of the soil to be tested.

3. Excavate a pit into the ground, through the hole in the plate, approximately 12 cm deep
(same as the height of the calibrating can). The hole in the tray will guide the diameter of
the pit to be made in the ground.
4. Collect the excavated soil into the tray and weigh the soil (W).
5. Determine the moisture content of the excavated soil.
6. Place the SPC, with sand having the latest weight of w1, over the pit so that the base
of the cylinder covers the pit concentrically.
7. Open the silt of the SPC and allow the sand to run into the pit freely, till there is no downward
movement of sand level in the SPC and then close the silt.
8. Find the weight of the SPC with the remaining sand (w4).

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

1. Weight of the excavated from the pit W (g)

2. Weight of sand + SPC, before pouring, W1 (g)
3 .Weight of SPC after filling the hole and conical portion, W4 (g)
4. Weight of sand in the pit
WP = (W1-W4-W2) (g)
5. Volume of sand required to fill the pit
VP= WP/Y sand (cm3)
6. Wet unit weight of the soil
Y wet = W/VP (g/cm3)
7. Dry unit weight of the soil
Y dry= Y wet/(1+m) (g/cm3) (where m is the moisture content of soil)

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RESULT:
Observation sheet prepared on the site:
Weight of calibrating Container=436g
1. Weight of wet soil, Wwg=2000g
2. Weight of cylinder+ sand (before pouring), w1g=7476 (In g)
3. Weight of cylinder+ sand (after pouring),W4g = 5596 ( In g)
4. Weight of sand in hole, Wb= W1g- W4g- wt of calibrating container
= 1444g
5. Volume of hole, Vh = Wb/Ys
= 1009.8cm3
6. Bulk Density, ub = ww/wb^us
= 1.98g/cm3
7. Water Content= 13.62
8. Dry Density, ud= ub/1+u
CONCLUSION:
The average of dry density value is to be taken is 1.76g/cm3

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 CHAPTER-5

MACHINES & EQUIPMENTS

5.1 Machines:

Excavator:

Also known as front end loader, bucket loader, scoop loader or shovel, the front loader is a type of
tractor that is normally wheeled and uses a wide square tilting bucket on the end of move-able arms
to lift and move materials around. The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or
permanently mounted on the vehicle. Often times, the bucket can be replaced with others devices or
tools such as hydraulically operated bucket.

Figure 15: Excavator

5.2 Hydra:
It is used to move heavy objects from one place to another on the site. It has boom on front
provided with pulley arrangement which can pick heavy objects.

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 Figure 16: Hydra

5.3 Roller: A road roller (sometimes called a roller compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type
engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads &
foundations. Similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.

Figure 17: Roller

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5.4 Grader:
A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader or a motor grader is a construction machine
with a long blade used to create a flat surface during the grading process. The rough grading is
performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as scrapers and bull-dozers.

Figure 18: Grader

5.5 Concrete Mixer:

A concrete mixer (often mistakenly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously
combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form a concrete. A typical
concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable
concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the
worker sample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing
concrete by hand. This is usually done in a wheel barrow; however, several companies have
recently begun to sell modified tarps for this purpose.

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 Figure 19: Concrete Mixer

5.5 Batching Plant:

A concrete plant also known as batching plant is a device that combines various ingredients to form
concrete. Some of these inputs are sand, water, aggregates, fly ash cement etc. In this all the
ingredients are combined except water. This mix is then discharged into the truck known as transit
mix truck.

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 CONCLUSION
The entire period of industrial training has a good practical exposure of construction work. It has
undoubtedly exposed me to the various construction challenges & intricacies that are both
foreseeable & unforeseeable during the course of a project. It is always difficult to grasp things in
the first go but with the methodical learning implemented by the organisation for the incoming
interns has favoured the common understanding & cleared many obscure concepts & practicalities.
It has provide an avenue to apply one’s analytical, management & social skills in the work allotted.
At the same time the needs of the contemporary construction industry & challenges ahead could be
learned. Involvement with experienced minds of the industry helped us explore new ideas & an
understanding of every major & minor aspect of a project. In addition to these, assignments such as
Quantity calculation, Resource planning & tracking activities has enlightened me with a holistic
comprehension of what parameters should be accommodated in schedule to help achieve a quasi-
realistic work plan.

To summarize, the training program has provided great oppurtunities to deploy in the practical
scenarios encountered during the training session. Exposure to various departments such as
Execution, planning, safety, Quality & costing has helped develop a broad variation of
accommodation the cumulative impact of all these in decision- making & most importantly in
scheduling. No doubt, the knowledge imbibed in this illustrious period of internship will be helpful
in the time ahead.

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 REFERENCES
 info@kalikagroup.com
 A textbook For Drainage Structure- Er. Om prakash Giri
 Indian Standard Code (IS: 386)
 Indian Standard Code (IS: 456-2000)

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