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EVAPORATION

APV prides itself in being able to offer many types of evaporation technology and systems developed to accommodate various product characteristics, the percent of
concentration required and regional energy costs. Featured in this web site are many of APV's evaporators, however, please contact us to discuss your individual
needs.

If you would like to request a full color copy of APV's handbook on evaporation, please call us at 315-252-7037 or fill in a request through our information request
page. The following will provide a brief summary of some of the equipment offered:

TYPES OF EVAPORATORS

Batch Pan: Currently used in making jams and jellies

but mostly outdated by more efficient means of
evaporation. A batch pan evaporator is one of the
oldest methods of concentrating.
 Natural Circulation: This method of evaporation employs a tube
bundle within the batch pan or a shell and tube heater outside the
main vessel. The most common application for this type of
evaporator is as a reboiler at the base of a distillation column.

Rising Film Tubular: Dating back to the early 1900s,

this equipment uses a vertical tube with steam
condensing on its outside surface. Liquid on the
inside of the tube is brought to a boil, with the vapor
generated forming a core in the center of the tube.
As the fluid moves up the tube, more vapor is
formed resulting in a higher central core veocity that
forces the remaining liquid to the tube wall.
 Falling Film Tubular: Similar to the rising film unit, this unit has
several advantages. First, because the vapor is working in the same
direction as gravity, these units are more efficient. Second, to
establish a well-developed film, the rising film unit requires a driving
film force, typically a temperature difference of at least 25 degrees
across the heating surface whereas the falling film evaporator is not
limited by this permitting many more multipl effect stages of
evaporation. Therefore, with this technology, it is feasible to have as
many as ten effects in a process.

Rising/Falling Film Tubular: The rising/falling film

evaporator has the advantages of the ease of
distribution of liquids found in the rising film
evaporator with a lower head room requirement. The
tube bundle is approximately half the height of either
a rising or a falling film evaporator, and the
vapor/liquid separator is positioned at the bottom of
the calandria.
 Forced Circulation: The forced circulation evaporator was developed
for processing liquors which are susceptible to scaling or crystallizing.
Liquid is circulated at a high rate through the heat exchanger, boiling
being prevented within the unit by virtue of a hydrostatic head
maintained above the top tube plate. As the liquid enters the
separator where the absolute pressure is slightly less than in the
tube bundle, the liquid flashes to form a vapor.

The main applications are in the concentration of inversely soluble

materials, crystallizing duties and in the concentration of thermally
degradable materials which result in the deposition of solids.

Plate Equivalents of Tubular Evaporators: Plate type

evaporators were initially developed by APV in 1957
to provide an alternative to tubular systems to meet
the growing challenges of the process industries. The
plate evaporator offers full accessibility to the heat
transfer surface. It also provides flexible capacity
merely by adding more plate units, shorter product
residence time resulting in a quality concentrate, a
more compact design with low headroom
requirements and low installation cost.

 
 

DISTILLATION

Distillation, sometimes referred to as fractionation or rectification, is a process whereby two or more liquids are separated. The process utilizes the varying
differences in vapor pressures to produce the separation.

Perhaps the oldest distillation application is in the concentration of ethyl alcohol. This process for manufacture of beverages dates back to the 12th century. By the
16th century, distillation was being used in the manufacture of vinegar, perfumes, oils and other products.

APV has conducting business in the field of distillation since 1929. Today, APV mainly concentrates its efforts in the area of solvent recovery, waste water stripping,
chemical production and specialized systems such as high vacuum systems for oils.

APPLICATIONS

Many plants, such as pharmaceutical, printing, explosives, electronic and chemical, generate
waste solvents that must be either shipped away for disposal or recovered.

A number of separation technologies can be used for solvent recovery depending on the
composition of the waste. If the solvent has only to be recovered from a solid, then the
recovery can be performed by evaporation. If the solvent is in an air or gas stream, then the
solvent can be recovered by refrigeration and/or by carbon adsorption. When solvents are
mixed and need to be recovered and purified, the process becomes quite complicated. The
most important technique for this recovery is distillation.

For solvent recovery, batch distillation is still the most common technique used for the
purification of solvents. Although in the process industries, most distillations are continuous,
batch systems are preferred for the distillation of small quantitites of solvents.

Shown below is a batch distillation system. To the right, above, is a photo of a modular
distillation system which is assembled and piped in house and then shipped to the site where it is finally installed. This all encompassing system design provides an
ecnomical solution to larger skids that are field welded and erected.
There are many applications for distillation in the flavor industry. In particular, the separation of high boiling point oils is a key process in the purification of the
flavor products. Typical components would be benzaldehyde, linalool, d-limonene, cinnamaldehyde and many other types of oils. These distillation systems are
ususally small batch columns which operate at high vacuum and high temperatures.

If you find that VOC's and other contaminants are produced in your manufacturing process, you could be an excellent candidate for a distillation system from
APV. One of the most effective and flexible techniques for the removal of volatile organic compounds from waste water, is to strip out the compounds using steam
in a distillation column. While this has been a well known technique for many decades, in recent years it has been developed for the removal of VOCs to extremely
low concentrations.

For additional information and for a list of APV's top distillation customers, please call us. We will gladly put together a package of information including references
for your review. Go to our information request page and complete the form or just pick up the telephone. We look forward to hearing from you.

 
 DRYING

Throughout the food, dairy, chemical and process industries, there are various requirements for thermal drying. Some involved the removal of water or other
volatiles from pasty materials such as pigments, clays, synthetic rubbers and fine chemicals. Others involve the drying of solutions or liquid suspensions such as
whey, milk and coffee.

The following will provide a brief synopsis of the types of dryers available through APV. Your specific application should be discussed with an applications engineer:

Three types of heat transfer are used in industrial drying. These are convection, conduction and radiation. The majority of dryers employ forced convection
with the exception of the rotary dryer and film dryer which heat product through conduction. These, by the nature of their design, however, limit the amount of
material capable of being dried and therefore, produce only moderate production runs.

Radiant or "infra-red" heating, is often used for drying large surface areas such as surface coatings. This type of drying is limited to the line of sight between the
heat source and the surface plane.

With forced convection equipment, indirect heating frequently employs a condensing vapor such as steam in an extended surface tubular heat exchanger or in a
steam jacket where conduction is the method of heat transfer.
This dryer selection chart will give you a rough idea of the type of dryer that may be
selected for your application. APV has a test facility to test your product and they also
have years of experience with products either similar or exactly like yours. Let APV use
their experience in assisting you. Call us at 315-252-7037 to learn more or request
additional information through our information request page.

 
 Shown, left, is a table from APV's dryer booklet. The booklet
provides information on the available drying technologies and
discusses the technologies in great detail. Because there is so
much information in this booklet, we are asking you to
request a copy if you are interested. We will gladly mail you a
full sampling of APV's dryer, evaporation, and distillation
literature.

Call us or email us with your request.

 S T E A M

STRIPPING
With the increase in awareness of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and how they effect our environment, APV has responded by offering a technology that
effectively recovers VOCs from processes and allows for their reuse. In fact, the EPA considers steam stripping the best available control technology available.

Steam stripping, from an cost viewpoint, makes good economic sense. Operation of a steam stripping system is relatively simple and does not require highly trained
supervision. The typical APV stripping system fits easily into crowded plant sites - requires only about 150 square feet of plot plan space as compared to the
thousands of square feet required for a biotreatment plant handling the same duty. And there are no additional hazardous materials to buy, use or make whereas
ozonation requires ozone generation and biotreatment generally involves the purchase and consumption of ammonia and phosphoric acids.

What can be steam stripped using APV's technology:

 All common chlorinated solvents

 all light aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene
 Alcohols: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and others
 Ketones: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, others
 Miscellaneous solvents including dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, oxygen and nitrogen compounds
 Hydrocarbons such as hexane, mineral oils

What cannot be steam stripped:

 Phenol (except in special cases)
 Low volatility, highly water soluble compounds such as acetic acid
 Glycols, ethylene or propylene
 Glycerine
 Ionic compounds such as sulfonated organics
 Inorganic compounds (except in free gaseous dissolved form, such as ammonia and carbon dioxide)

Numerous Applicaitons
The APV VOC steam stripping system currently is being used by many chemical and pharmaceutical processors for the removal and recovery of a variety of organic
compounds while simultaneously complying with all anti-pollution mandates.
Contact us to learn more about how APV can assist you in becoming environmentally compliant by steam stripping your VOCs. In the technical services laboratory, a
wide range of scientific investigative disciplines relative to distillation technology are being conducted. Coupled with distillation columns that are capable of operating
under full vacuum at up to 600 degrees, we are confident we can assist you in examining and engineering a system to meet your requirements. Please see our
information request page to contact us and request additional literature.