Formation of Diff, Equations Diff. Eq. An eq. involving one dependert varieble and ils derivolives vir-l one or more independent variables + is colled o differentiol equotion for exompley iw ge + yCosx = Sinn (ii) Git) (rofaayp = dy iv) ax ot? du , iu jd <6 Ne edge! Differential fq. Ordinary Diff. tq Tarlial Diff: &q- A diff eq: iA which orctinary A diff-eq involving partul derivolives of the cepencient denvotives of clepencte nt Vorioble wel o single indep: varvable wrt yortabe occur, is colled an diff eq Cxomples are (iy, tidy, ii) tndep: vorioble, is collec a ordinory Porlval diff ed Cxompies ove liv). (v) mare thar ond 43 for and Degree ler ihe highest clerivative Me orcler of a diff. eq is the orcler of ial tat occurs iA the eq degree of a aiff-eq. is the degree of the highest order derivative thot Oppeors IA the eq for evampte , : 2 - Si. + (BY = 0 order =2 cegree = 4 gyy\* ayy CO = (BEY orders aegree sa Formation of Difi.Eq Linear eet Pe. eq. Linear Given o relotion Fey Ger, +s en) © —®, we con form the corresponding diff. eq of order A Wis & done by differentioting © a lines and then elimimoting the n-constonts from the eriginol relation ond the n derived relations. Example Form the diff-eq- of y= x10 ——o Son- = . Since eq?@ contains one arbilrory constont ‘o” therefore ailf.® one time ix dy _ oS Ga! which is the diff eq of @ Example Form Sol: the iff. eq. of ye A Singer BCosy —@ Since eq. @ Contains two orbitrary constants A,B . therefore, we will diff © lwo limes6 2 i-e G3 2 Acosx — Bsn ——-@ PY = ~ASINK- BCosx @ ay de from @ Een = -(ASin«+ BCost) oe oy by © ow 7 2 > aty =o is the diff eq- of @ Example Find the diff eq of Y=zoxs bx +e ® Sol- since the eq-@ contains three orbitrary constants therefore , we will differentiote @, three times, t Et iy oy = Ye — oy oy L i-e SS = 20x+b @ A z20 @ =o ® On On de oe 2 4 --. seace ss =o ts the cliff. eq. of @ Linear. Diif. Eq. “A diff-eq- of the shope om ad aM Ba fe a AL + Ouenye fo) —— © is colled ttneor diff eq: of order M (where 400, is the sunct-of *) from eg.@, it is clear thats 1) In each term of t-H's: of © Y¥ (dependent vorioble) or its derivotive must exist while R-H-S ts independent of Y or its deréyotive. 2) Degree of y and its derivative must be one 3) Tere ts mo product of y ond its derivative. Note A diff. which is not linear is colled Non-Linear r example iy feo ple » ax ary 3K (Linear) 2 (33) +2y = 0 (Non-Lineor)wo ‘yw 2 Diff. eq. te Ay i Des o a EXERCISE 944 Classtf. eoch Of the follewing eqs. O5 ordinary 9 h Parttol aff eqs: state the order and degree of eac! ea and delermine whether the eq: is linear or MON-lin. ay du 5 dy 41 4 ~TF2 ec ay a an ot GY TOY = Cosx Ordinory + Linear . Order =3 + Degree =1 Laytyrar=o or yay . ay +y'=0 ordinary + Non-linear. order =4, « Degree = 1 u gu du + ou a+ bh so ee ay oz Portial + Limneor + orderaq . Degree -4 Sue ot . 2H Te ude uau cy =o oe ay OF Partial + Non-lineor « order = Degree =4 2 % . — Se) = (2244) or (23) - (dy uf Ordinary » Non Lineor + order=2 . Degree = 3 Foren the diff; eq: of which the given Function ts o sot ( Y= x+3e @ | Soh- p y= 1-3e" —_@ O@-s> oy ax SF IK req. aiff. eg.moe (i) ye(taeye™ —— © ay _ gm at Sx = (re) (3E°) + 34 e =n 1-1 = 4 (eeV Oy 3% 2-3 = -y34U+*3Xe by © = oy 3% 7 an. 34 = ave (it) Soi oxrdtIniyl = y+b ® Differenttoting ea-@, we get 4(34 oy @ du Difjerentioting ea-@, we get + oY a yayy_ ay ¥ See (S5) = “ae 2 2 => d3 (ty f dd as ae (& y ae > ydy _g dy ayy 5 Ge? Sat (Bi=e : gy =» -(y-¥) 88, - (ys x oe + bINM + CX+A @ (iv) ys Fone cllf@, we get Y= oe+ te diff@, we get dy dift®, we get FY ood, a a fi aiff-@, we get OY _ oot @-O@ » dy dy ae gp VP yeq: differential eq. of ® © @ @uu dy Bo _ 42 oe ay = 7 ( ers) °) ( x) (gs rt (QQ) (a dyy 2 24x (3, as) * ——e 3 9-O » gy dy = 2b, 6b OT St 3 ya ~26(s5+ 2.) i Yt =2(% ag a ENB) LG / > SS Bae 7 Byte a xiang ( rates, ) , 2 2 exne) S8 = (cetyl = ray ay S ) ) 6+ 2x) ds eo (erm aly ‘ate 4 > ~Qxsy2) gly o + you, (X+ x2 2K 6) dy, + Gram dy, a) ~ > * oxy dy L - 6) ay 30 72 Gtx) dy oe =o 2 (v) Pe Poa agy =o Son i 8 PYF. eq. @ 3bimes. we get. 2X +2y WY | a. +2Fdy _ ; — ox * 29 5 fds so or XY Bog ray ay ie . ® Ity dy +a. i ay wy THY 2g Prey dy gy i aes dy —o yay oy gy dy op 2 ok *2 gg. ax 3 Si oy, gh =o UW Ss ay gy i oy / oe ane G+ f ays? —@ rom @ = (30.2 i (3 ox aut dt) a. . de Putting value! of Ff in eg 9 y We get/ / ia . y 3, ~ dg (3 94. 2. 10 ; (38) be dy (a cy dey soa | 3b =o 3 3. 4 oy . FY ( By Baan a oR +3 dy ) = 3, dy 4 dave y ds ae SS Ab i A, =O 24 (14 (8 ay \-3 aa(d =0 => Wote Remaing examples ond Questions re un- necessary, tnere for 2 are le(t Becouse, we will study them tq chapter 10 Equations fer first eed hi Oni Seprable Eduations A adifferetiel Fg: fF the ye Fon) n= F 4) % whi ch . com be easily inbeg vatedExample dy ax" y Soh . Yty eWay ct) Jtax => 2 3 z cS x +c Sage ec, FS Ave ae Example XSiAY does Oh NCosydy = 6 Soh X Sty dx =m Oey Cosy dy Zo dk ee Coty dy 7 e xdx _ ~ jase = = Scety ay 7 4 [axa eK = Int sing} . 2 EIN = — 1) Semy| ee) 4 = INC £2 IN Ising w 2e, IN Oi) In Ging) = Ine, 2 IN ORD SAY In c. = Gy sy oe Example oy AX 4 Sol.- lany dy = ioe a = J lonyay =5 a =| In \secy] = Inixt+ ec, 7 7 1X1 tal seey} = tne S % a.) leg | i Vax = In [XCosy] = In] = IXcosy} = € Example 7 SY Lax ox Sexy * Yor eng Sor SYN dy eo ay Wed) dye aay => udy « 2XAK Veit “> Judy = ( 2xdx 7 tex? 2 > +. In Lise) ee, ao te eet a = y ' : = t Blix) c)i_o Put xe ay 2, , Oe 2 ea ; 5 Y= In Cex) + gyi (sibs satestied by 4 Keo, ya 2)= Inf ise] +6 = 3y" => ay7-alnfirel = © 2 = tee eRe Fancdoner Sol 8h = (ie 4 ¥C14X) = (14x) City?) =e tp ty 7 Ur oe = afew de ey i 4 Yee _& teay = teat = tody-%-¥ = © AY vayey-xyt xy-2%-2 dk SOlw~ Aye 2 -2x-2+% BH mm 2Xhax-2 Kyra ry AL 44 = ban” | Seen dy 2 eS +t SSinw =o > - Ros = Sinndx 2 ~{ Soa - [somes . 2 -£ = -Cosor+e = + CosK = Cc yk oy (LY +2K+yr2) OK + (2+2x) AY <0 Soli- : => (x Y42) HYD) AK + O2X) BY =o DP (2) K+ AK = = O8+1x) dy pea 1 = dk = - d a puery gr? ow , (and ~~ (9 ° { W42% s Y+2 =4f (xx s Inhual ee x2" = Ein [x2] + Indy+2] = ¢ 4 @ Iniderd? + Inhye2) = Cosecy dk + Secxdy =o — Sole td 4, = ew wd a4 O Fon dn =~ if aty A ae) \ Sin = Conf 7 S|2d ty yy © G8 x) C2) 2 @ -Inta-yy ie AT BX + 6, 9-6 Inja~yi a 2x 3xh oxy 6c, ag In (ay)? = 23x 6x 4c, x6 Poeterse, 7 wy tn geaetoree, zeoxtex ey e .e YUN dx + XE AY So Soh— Flex) ht = ax C4yy oly rede _ _ Oryray x y 2 Len de =~ fenay 2 J Ss fox - ft pay = Inixtax = -Inivinyse = Xd + IN + Intyy ee OXY + In uy! = Coste yy =~ sacy a ee Secx Cosec 9% Cosxde = ~ siny = | Cos dx = ~f sin, 1s ay y dy ydy = SINK « Cosy +e ~7 SINK - Cosy ec 8 Sol > GE ax -- » JER dx +{/ Ge NEB ALY LER dy oo lp SIR dx = ~OUIRG? ely dy = o—_@ 1 First, we evaluate Sx Gey fet aye gt WAX = azz or x= zeiz x trerefore. ee J a Not = zdz fz Cre Yoke 7 «{ ZazLi yf ean a ert ) If lel e'(sinarCosd) = (+ 38 BH) -xve! Son TE Is Mot separable 4 i+ ae xeé o ay . nary) lt aK xe ——oEe a ~ SaGha § S-S sy) | ~afe-4) BS = 5 Inet -§ In tees Hence fq. @® becomes os $lotyl- glade) = 4 Invai- § In eral 9 Intute incgay © late In teats ney » FN > I iy : cl nal pay beet = wg ox (yr) (Gas xe dx = yd Sol xd\@ax = yay 2 xédx = @) ® fedax = (yeas 3 4frx tax - 9 F-[ Foy st thy st bE =-9E%sf 7 Ay ae Ges ae ee -ry@-2eF r2e1 = 267 (9H +e 2(y-N dy = (344% +2) dx Sol:— Yor = -t 2fly- dy = f(ax'+ux+2) dx 19 Jlence fq becornes as, 2 ary = Inidere = 4 Inleecl=x 2x Cosy) dt+ ¥(seey-siny) dy #6 Solem axCosydx «= x (Siny-Secy) 44 o Siny=See¥ gy Cosy =f rwdt = {(ons ~ secy) dy crn = Inv = Jlonydy~ sety dy S2iralxl= IntSecyl— tany+e (3x4 By (ye A) AK -Hy 00s St+e)dy =o yay =2 (944 BV YU) dX = Uys SH4 6) dy ax+8_gy = —t8 dy outs ghd 1 t+8\_ gy af 2ycs a | pe ser 6 yeeyVe KUIS = & Buy FP X22509 - = xp A 5008 os iy: I= > so . ope 24° IHIUY 436 om eeu, a © rad 1B honk Goyy & = BP x>2509 + AP Ks05 g 5 ® @— v4+xur = A+huy ee (M4, f16 = (CK) (24K) 9) x t >4+eUs = Fut Rup FD ¥ UR) & = . Den » Feafza & fe » “2 40 xp xs09 f 2 N9XD = x6 426 on @uryrd waRpe =X LDU xprxe> = fp 7A or— hays = (e+) ax e 1 XP OOK = Fe(ht4 1) CMMARY I UL-e eae LON Ue DU + (he = IKIUL + (24 UY ‘ i (rei ope etey seo uy =f on & PO WAIT Z= Femey tteani Uy z a pafszos 4, 97 exces fir ag te Fo epWe=d D-b> Vous) WAKER Pe R IeeKiUpt Raxjuyz = = (cH) xy PAR bho eer i Pee ee og i CHK THK Ke4x) (2499 i “Se PCT SRR FAkt Kt ax = Ar-K . PEE on eek any eo ~ \ = 40 _ 2M '@UI o=ux yn: roa i z= 176 em'@ a “2 = Uh 35 oy iy. L(EEKIV = exe 40 : @ (rane + (Cex) MB fom Coun mp ree ee) : = 7 eine fermen ( ‘hye = xP 7a Homogeneous Differential Equations Jere Homo. Funct. A function Foxy) is colled hornegerieous function of degree n Fo fa ayy = 2px y) 5 A#O . Example Ly tet finyy = ar : Ys Moy) 8 (xy 8 fOr ayy = WOray) _ ante). » (7332) = A fl4y) O07 (ay)? FOG) y Yence fOr asd = Sfoxy) s fuyy es Homo. Diff. Eq. A differential eq. eo homegenecous function of degree 8 fs sod t0 be Homogeneous if it can be writlen in 2. MiLY)- and NOY) gore degree Example iff. eq: the form M(xXy) dey NOQbY) dy =0 1, ore homogeneous ferctions of the (C-3y?) dx + 2x¥dYy = 0 ——_———-@ there Mixy) eXay NOY) = 2Ky now MOXA) = (ane sayy = Foes) = FMovy). a a a 23 and NOX AY) = WARNOAY) = 2AtY = AGKY) =ANG,Y) Hence MOLY) and NOLY) are homogeneous functions of the some degree. “£4. @ vis the Homogeneous differential Eq. Consider the homogeneous eq. M(x yy AX+ NOY) dy = 0 © Reduce £q@ in the Jorn oY 2 4(4) | —_-@ ox J Let Y= vx then Fa vt xy therefore eq@becomes, v+ 1 av = fw) ° vox +¥dv = fiv) dx > xdv = (J(v-v] dx dv _ AK {W)-v #0 fwy-v @ The Voriobles hove now been separoted ond the eq. @ fsa separable differential eq. and hence DM con be integroted ol once to get the sol. [_dv _ (Ak% ,¢ fiy-v x Finolly we replace Vv by its volue XY Tf fwy-v =o then fy ave 3 eq. c dy + @ will be of the form SH = ¥ or ot on | p oR She ‘ xe x! > J eee eex WE ME Ra A Bur D0\da-y Ia = Iyol= yaar og = z « xe f~ Ixopuy = x = PIM + uy = an + leu es GM Ue (ata RST x a4 we J ae awe cA Amen el x qTA+I = 1p &.- EASA isd > az S"TART “DX & Az =—: UTS AE rA+a xp Az xP Thay 7 PA & Oe SRE TPKE ‘ x . xP AZ xp APA FS xn RR m= ahtey ap K+A * C8) 40%) 9p SP4023q ©-by © —. (A+) hp 5 on © ne ene CP XAR BR y0q O be fo sa fo _ , CFP © BUN sy AF Burpeg © Phew “be snoeust Meer e+ > MOY 53D a>Uayr (R'x) NX = (RK ~ Ax hy AY) Oy =A) G09 ~ = (rx (Ax) Hye (Rx - a Ax) y#B PH ® de Jo S-H-Y fo Cuep Suan ai Xx fg Burp 40 = Bevo fxr xp Ax F- = BY eae AP PX = BOW 80M ay4m aM genf on ba tnovusGow0y © 6) © fys0a1> O = RE OBX-R) + (ch ) 9 = wk . PUB) = AE OR x *BX) Z ® = fip hxe- xp (fe + xy -yos xP “RP be ajdwexsy ajdurexq‘ba SnoaUusbowo0y o= Ap (AK) + Xp(h'G 4X40) o= 194919 tyro © by vsy seus0r0q @b7 + O= to4H"*q +Y%o pT Oo = Kp (2 +H HUF +h'9 HK 9) + Xp (D4N'9+Y'04L'G +X'y) 496 om Ov WA =R OX ag and Usy (9 Sf “ug 7 Taso> ‘so W0f snosusbowoy 07 PerNPe4 eG YOD 7) 4nqG o———____ ‘OWpy YOU S$} OF fp (t2 +Atq + xt) + KP (24+ f'GQ + X10) Us0f 947 fo -by “ULIDY “OUIOF OF ajqONpay (ane 2 WR 2) o“n * o = % + IRR) OI Uy 49 om b+ (ge) x2 14 20 o=%* \O%-1) x2 Lt "306 3M % fa A BuUrs0idey og At \la-lpxo] Up & = AFIA-MU FIHIUL FH) DU, = Wuyi eluy = A-1)U) —h-& ge leUy = ee e ae up = hey =(eyydxs Otry) dy = 0° Solr were MOY) = xy 1 NOGY) = ey, MOMAY) = AX-AY = AGEY) @AMULY) / NOAM) = ALHAY = ALLEYS =A NOG Y) +f » wence M ts homo. eq er Ne first write @ as ay eh c a ad re Aon = = —_ \ = : = ‘KH! ig or 1+ Ye Yo (ey dtviding by x the nume, deno-) ‘fe = * + Bo lel yove + ay xgy Hence eq.@ becomes, 3 vexdy — Yo { at” a il dy ei y= = Jol 1 * oe I+V 3 itv? Tey = 1H, gy = dk eve x PX = ( gk -( 4% dy Sb =~ fA = Inlx] = -((-- v JAX] f TH * a) dy = - {4-4 ( avoy, tev? 2) eye ep = - tanv- i In (ev')4¢ ¥ e tami a acuta nae, —_T 28 XERCISE_9:3 (ye zxu) dX 4 Vd = 0 Soh Here, Mays vray, NOY =e MOxAY) = AY) 200) OY) © 8Cve any) = PMO) NOX AY) = Gs Wt = APN OCY) vience @ is homo: eq we first write @ os ay gens ‘dx x __ Os? (0 ® let yeve s dy L y y ays ve ay Hence Eq-@ becomes ” 2 vex ay = -W"42V) > DY we nyt x oH v-3V > =gv = ge vae3yv x = (ot = -(ov_ = j X i v(v+3) eA+ Bo lw Vove3) Yo ve or 1 = AWrt+ BY — - ti Pul v=o in lid, we get Ax }329 Replocing V by HK, we get Pot vei so indi we get Bs -% “ 2 ade ee Bote IV XT = -LoA() ~ § ln Ct Sa) + voveay Ve) = IN 1d + tal) 4 4 In edly = a(t = (JY -( oY K+ d In@yty=c (is §$r - (stay = IAI + ton) + la [egt |* = c = Iatvi- 4; latyr 3] 2 In y+ oA) + lapieytilytiee Hence @ becomes, = Injyy = Slatin Salyers a ey bork) + 4 In(esyt) = c = 4in[talr (V=3y8) dx + 2KY ch . sel yen FF ey & atin = Inlts + 30 1 clearly @ is homo. => lala = in besal + Inet we first wrile © os = tolx? = In |esilel ay. att : on = Wl - |wsile yy 3a) @ Replacing v by Ye, we get 2(%) y ~ Ino= Vel Leh y=v%e * Bd ve 3 2 Ge riee eae) ane e 2 a= [geal el avi vex gt SO 4 (t+ ay) dx-2xy dy =0 i ® = ydte wei iy avty-2v? sl at 2 av Clearly @ is homo. eq > yo vir We first wile © as at Sy 2 gd. Xe 2 BWdva gt a rey % ye / t+ 0K) = fivdy _ (dx. ~ amy TT @ v=] 5 x ) IAlveil = Inixt+ ¢, Let YsvxA xp oo z pee D+IMY = % Vo} Ms xp encey on 5 A 6 RA Burzoiday 1; ‘SPWOIqQ E bs Douay HIM Uy om au03 i xp xp Xp etl | APX*A™ REE XN=K yoy a | | ! 1 xp % - the ' _@—— ater Tm im %P ik Pe vst = Bx ReRxt +x ~ Ap n v 7 ‘80 O Bum an qeaf weasel om e+ wd 5 Kjs03/ 5 ‘seu093q @-be 299) . los ) WExthe ey xneg y 9 = RP A-WWLF +fte +x) oo fp : > ' ap M)+%A+1 AP hol = hax © A) + x = =P : balers! eRe ae iP "98 om Hh fq A ary : so OD PUM am pal xo) = nt & ‘ . MOY $3 O Rlsoa9 feo] p= ey uy S PIU + Peep = Ep @—___ “as 4hUy = au OF BRK HOCK +AX +>) xf pele gp} > npat 's & _ hel = XP = spit & At - Aw . weer Teeaater = ‘S@yia22q @ ba dws ofAIS 380 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDg R Replacing z by 2x + y, it reduces to 3x—2(2n+y)—In|1-2e-yl = & i -x-2y-Inlax+y-1] = % or Inl2x+y-1l+x+2y ~ 6, Where ¢_ is the required solution. x EXERCISE 9,3 Solve (Problems 1-10): Al @-y) de + x+y) dy 2. OP + xy) de +x? dy ( - 3y) de + 2xy dy 0 0 0 3x cos (y/x) dy = [2x sin Ox) + 3y cos (y/x)] dx 5. @tay+yVyd-e2dy = 9 Ydytxdr = Ver +y? de dy _ dy ~ 3x " as a = 3 ‘ va(t)o-b(4)- Je \o, GP EF) ary Shay a0 10. CEFF + NERF) de (RTF ESF yt Solve the initial value problems (Problems 11-14): ! nu. @ ee a, O + VER) ae —xay 20, y()=0 13. (2x ~ Sy) d+ (4x ~y) dy x9, y(l)=4 s 14, (Bx? + Oxy + 5y’ ”) dx ~ (6 + Ary) dy =0, y (2) =- 6