2

Li near Diff Eq.

ll
l'l
0jj_ _,_ Cl d ':J
n ··/
• • · .. -i- 0, cJ ':} -1- Do ~ ::: J(X) - - - (D
.
Yl - f ·c;1.;_ n-: -f- I Q-J (
fl O,'/..n

where Oi d co n-s l · or- fun ct. 0

} - X

f ()() i 5 co n 5 l · or f u n ct · oj X

,,
i-5 c.o lf ed Lin eo.r- Diff · £9. of or-d.e..r n

JJ
,,

Li ne ar Diff· £9 ., It -
A di.ff· e.q- is co! /e. d
tt
J .}

er ,,
its d ex i v o -l:. i ve., <Y 1u sL
In .eo ch te r r n on L·H ·S · 'J or

e 1.. i ~ -l R • /-/ . 5. i s in de pe nd en
wh ii e
t of
1 - - -(C . - - ~ - - - - -------.:
i{s de riv ot iv e: '

_
5 _
rd r_
e_ i _
v _
o t _
i _
ve' is olwo':ls on e
:'I J) eg re e oJ "'j " on___
d il_

Th er e 15 no pr od uc t oj ''y" o. nd ils (dcrivol:iv c{'

'Examples

2
/ -- .
4- ., (ll )
~

2 X f}.'J -t- 6 0~ - . Lf
I Jx 2
d_x
I

l
2

( i ii) 2 L-1 ~} 8 :) ·-- ·· Xz

J _<?_~-~ - - {-
d x_ l. -;;_-,t·
2

(i v) 2- X cl_Y -- l.l )(
(J Y - ~, -~ o .
7
(J. )l 2 cJ. i
 I
,,. l

i5 co II e d 1
,t · .

t Li ne ar J)ifr ts• ·
J.. d;:ff e :r'.'- nt w l e.q·
it I i5 r)O .

Non Li ne o. r DifJ- Eq·' if

Examples

(ii ) .

Homo. Linear Di/I Eq.

I -

is co ile d
If J(X.) = 0 in eq- (!) . th en e·q. (fJ
-re,-r-Jtial eq-
llo rn og _e ne ou s ft'ne_o.,,- di ffe
2 2 _,

2X c/..Y2 - Lt X ·Q:lj - 1 Y =
O
e-g
dx cJ_x

Non homo. · Linear Diff Eq. . . . - .. ==:__:::x

th en eq . CD is co .fl ed
If f (t) -t- o in eq- (!)

r d.r'ff er en tio / eq-

No n ho mo ge ne .o us f_ in eo
2

e 9 11 <f:f2 _ x. <!:J + JX!/ ,,, .S,n x.

dx dx

~r [
_)if( Eq. . l[ ~ /1 S[Qm co-ejf
Lzne --~ C0
 I
-4
With ·variable r _, ( i (,,

ij i 2CtS t.
..- , I
Ot one (!)j- 0.-i· is voY "r'ob le tn eq . (i.)
ther , e.q. ® · i5 colf e.dJ lc·n eo. r c/..i ffe., enti ol eq
wdh vo, iob tc co-- e Jfr·u ·cnt s-
2

-dY -2X -cJ.Y + Lj~

2
JX - - o
2
dx clX ·
Examples
2
hoYY 10· line .or- diff · eq·
5 of y - s d y -1· 3~ - o
cJ.t._l cf_'/- with con sl-o nt co- e.f]'

.· J
hom o. lir,e ..or olif f. eci1 •
3 d!:J- -t- X d-Y = 0
. d-x.3 cfx wz'th vor iob le. co- ~ff·
j .

.., xc;_if Y
,) --- - · ·-· 2 )( -cl~
2
._11 1J~ ~· e]\
I -
non - hor no- l.i n ~o. r di.ff· e~q-
. cJX2 . cJ_)i..
·w<tn vor cob le ~o - eff ·
no n- hoYYIO· lin(~ ,0.); diff . e:q ·.
wdh con slo nt c.o - e ff·
 5
r ous_ ,.
r

~e
.f fomoge1 !lf Eq.
lAn ear D
•.M•l ·-- -- ------

araaerisfzc Eq
h
C -.
-- - (~<J C'jf .

n -1
e t, dd.'.X:f + q, y = 0

Ct d 'i -/
-,. . . . . + .
-r- n -1 . di.~

Y1 () -1
. ·a l 1 ) 'j + Do'J - 0
⇒ Cfa, ] ) :} ·t- ,,_.., J J : } +
O
-f-

(o.,, .B+
n-1
. . -( - <i1D+ no):/ - 0 - -- - ' --
(D

Jor r n ii, "

=-i 0 . J ) -,..
n -1
-(f) are oJ lhe
l i o n 5 oJ
eq
t o./1 s o l u
W e1u sk,n o w t h o
I
rl 1) (
o f (j) ¢2>
Y=e is o s o l-

Co /f e d
fY J· J)i f f · eq. (j)
Or o u Y: i i i o. n.1 Oj 'l h e

is 5°() /. nr. ( ">(r (T)

' .. M Yl'J l 5
 6

eq •@ i5 o ·
cho.rocte.ri5Uc. eq. oj eq ©
H YY"le..D.r-1:5 lho .i:: in hon ,o. lin eo r d..iff• eq . wit h Con .st-
c.o-e.J{- if we -ne9lect ~ on d. -re pla ce j" ~~ 'm O

the n
1;ve 9e t · its · cho .ro c te 'fz°:i t l·c . eq-

Examples
2

<i) d'J ·_2 cJY - 3:f 0

cJ_x1. clx
l.
-> ,D ~ - 2 D ~ - 3 :J - o
__::; ,{1) 2 -- 7_ _D - 3 ) 'J =: 0 -- -- -- -C D
· -Gh c).r oc. t e ri :5 f ic eq . .of (t) l. S
l
. ., 'l'Y) - 2 l"Y) - 3 - 0
'r
3

(ii) clY, - 2 cf~

--· + cJ. y -=. · o
qi." .c/.1.. 3 c)X
,_ I., J

-'] JJ ':j -2 D ~+ D ~~ o
:::; (:D 4- 2D 3+ D ) tj = o -----(2)
¼ 3
(Y) - 2 tY1 --t- YYl -:: 0

/
 -
HOW TO SOf:VE
Homo Linear Diff Eq.
wic
_, h · con SC. __£Q :f!fL =
·.~---···---.. ··
..

·
Con :s·ic.fr~. .,,. J-lo r'YlO Lin e,O-'f' .Diff- f q · W,·th
· c.o n I
~ i: •
CC · e. lf ·
J

n Y1-1

~
dY
- - d Y o..I cl Y. ,- o.o :1 -== 0
T 0.. - --
l n ,.,_, 1x. n-1 -t- • • • • ..t - . .,.J "/.,
v-
c X C

⇒
n
CL J)
__n
u ;- 0
n-1
D ..Ju -1· • • • •
• -r 0. _J) U
, . J
-f- o e, y - 0
J n-1
n n -1
~ ( ~D -t- an-1 :o + . -,- o.I D + O.o ) ;J - 0
·•
_ _ _ _ _ Cf)
f(D )'j =0
The · cno roc leri :s'L ic.. e.q - of-© is,

'· .
F Cm ) =o •·

We now solv e lhi5 o.lg e./yr Dic. , eq - Q) Jor ((

. rr1
.1..J

Co se~ © · . __ __ __ __ __ _ -- - -- -
. ·.
"-, I When "lR,oots of eq. ~ r,
o-re ~e, ol
,,
jI
Un - Equ..9--I ."ff<,oot;>

(!j) «1 = l'Y) 1 • i5 one roo t of eq- ~

lhe n so/. oj eq- © is I H = c, ;;,x I
@) m" Y"Y1 1 ,m 1 axe two u.n -e9 uol Y-oots of cq. (;J

~fl) . tn = m,, m,, l'YlJ ore thr ee u.n - equ .ol roo b' of eq . ,2:
'
t

{ h c r1 so I. oJ- eq •(f) i5 LI = C n,e·~+ mi~ ml~7\

e + e.
-- -- -- -- -- ,~
J I . cl C3
 8
__ .
, f q uo l
, ._,~ ~~
}R o.o ts

® m -= - ni 1 , m , '
two eq ua l f"O O! .5 of eq . q)

th en :Sol• of eq · ® [.j
I ~ -:- (C, -t- ·C2 X)
m,x
e \
th-re..e e..qu.o I ro ot s oJ ·e
9 ·@

th en sol• oJ eq.(f) ij \ :1 = cc, --j- Ci x + CJ x, ) ex \

C os eQ ) ·

\1 When ~ oo ls of . ~q-@ o.,re CorYipleJ<

,,

U n - E9u.o./ IRvoots

[h en sol. of eq-© . \ .'.:I

= ( c,·u ,, bx, ~ cl Si n bJ<) e\ >- L

m =- o.± ib , ct i· d
. • .
~he n so [ 6f eg -© :J-=
(c1-C
.___ _os_bx
_+c:1_
.S_
inb_
0
:t)e+
I,
_ t_
_ C3
.
.
><..

ex
_
_ [osd
_ x_
+ C_
4
~indx.) e. I

Eq uq l ]Roots

~ m = o. -t .ib , o. ti b

he n Sol- of l:' 9·(D

- (
12_ ::: \ - _ · - - - -00
(C.,-t c~ ~:Cos bx + ( CJ +c sx
) S'. n bx) e \
 11
E-_) (AMPLE'c I
''
-·---·- ---
s~,:- Cho Yo c t er i j I:. 1·c
( Dl.·1·

eq - of
~ D -I· J

m
)

l.!.I
u
.J
=
i's .J
0

YY')2.+r'Y1+3YY 1 --f- 3 a:. 0

.

::=:O
-> VY) ( YYl + I "\/ ·/· 3 (r'YJ -,-1)

(r'Yl t- 1)(VY1 + 3) =- 0

--:-, r'Yi t" / = 0 Or'" r'Y'l+3 = 0

=7 YYl-= -1,-3

Let r'Yl, = -I

..
lS ,

· ~ - -X -:n<.
.
'J = c, c .,. c2 e .
*EXAlvfPL£ (i; - - ---cl'
s~1
ch o. r-octen s tic eq. oJ CD Is '
l'"Yl J _ 5 rn 2. + 7 rn -· 3
(~
~.· Since eq. @ " .5o l:isf ied b'.1
... (rn-1)(m-1) (rn-3) =- o
-5 7
- 4-
-]
J

rY) = 1,/ ,J -Li 3 lo

I - 3
Let _ _._____
. - ~--T-·.- ··•··
~ -
\ _.
the.ri itJ/· of 2 Cf - (i) is,
m, '){ m1 ·<

✓
C, e -t- (C 2 + CJx) e
.. tA~~
FXAMPLE G' (
J
n:......D+.n- ,)~
2
=:: o

Cho n :.tc l· c Y .-' ~1 1·c C'Cf · oJ (J) LS ,

. -- --- - -
 I
a
·-•-·-rr~· 1D

7.
=1 rn-1 == o or- rn-1- I = o
yY') 0 y-
I .

) YY) - /, O:t.i

Let Yr), = I Ct.:tib = O!.i

hen 5o/. of eq- CD is,

m,x C:.l..
':} = CJ e + (C z Co 5 b X -t- C 3 _5 i Y) b )(_} e
=) '::J
...,_ .

EXAMPLE G I
-----®
Wh_e.,.e
, u ( ) =2,
:12 J ( 2) :::
u o
Svl:-
choroct-e-rislic eq. o{ (j) is,
2
rr, · + Yn - /2 = 0

2 .
yY) - 3 «> + 4 r'Y) - /2 == 0

.
(n-)-3) (n-1-t- 4)
,
=o ·

:.:) (Y) = 3 ' - L(

Let. n,, =: J , m2. = - 4

then · .so/. of eq. (l) [5 J

m,x n12X.
lJ = C1e -t- C2€ -
-4X
-:=:.r :J =
1X
Cle_ + C2 e ---0
/Condi l-ion .5 -l

:/(2)::: 2 i-e pul x::;2, ~=-2 in eq - (V

6 -8
we get 2 = c,e + c2.e Ci)

.D 'ff e'l'c. nt iolr·Y79 eq · (:V

I .J}( -yX,
i-e y == J c,e - 4r.1e - --- - ·- - - - - -
( 71
\ ~--/
~

I
r I
i- f:. ptxt
x -=- 2, :J
=O ·, £r1 eq• Q)
~(2.) 0
-8 (H1
JC , e
6 _ 4c
2 e
We 9el ., 0 :=
-B
- 6 - - 7 C2 e
-J(i ) -1- (ii) /

= '!
~-~ £Jl 1 -
6
Lj ( i') -dii) => 8 ::= 7 c, e ·

7
~~
-e
.- 1

in eq• @
PuHin9

\Ve get 5 -6
e e jX 6
+ -::;
e8 e-~X
7

JX--6 6 _1,><. ➔ - B

~ e -,- -:; e
J / ~ -2') . -4(X - 2j
= B/..
. I e + 617
. e.
/
EXA1UP LE ·(i/ J
... . - Whe r e ~(O)=I'
=- 0
/
~(C>) =
--
0
---- ®

SLi I:--
c.heiY-oc te ri st 1·c_ eq . of (1) is ,

- YY)
l
+. 4 t'Y) + 5' -;:::. 0

YYl = -4 :! J/6~20.. _ _2 ± i
'2.

Let a1:ib - -2t_i

lh en so/. of eq- (l) is,

( :C(
:J - (c, Cos bx + c 1. 5 in b x) e
r. C -
e-2x ------- Q)
(
'1 - l,.c, osx -t- C2.. Sin x)

I Condi f:
j L _.:,___ _c'Of"1j
_ ___.
.l '\
.1 :J (o) =
en eq (£)
\VC 9c.t' ,
 12

D7Je-ren-l:£n9 eq - (2)
- 2)( - lX . 1 . ) - - - (j)
'j =
1
(c, C,osx-r C2.S inx)· (-2)e . + e (-c,S inx.+ -Ci wsx
t-e
::,co)= 0
i-e put x===o, :/= o tn eg-Q)

we get, 0 = (c, + 0) (- 2) --t- ( 0 -;- C, 2)

J Ci = 2 \

Pu tlin 9 volu e5 of c,, C2 t'n eq · a)

-2X
we. get , J = (Cosx. + 2sc·n x; e

EX AM PL E ~
..3 .l .
(.D - 31) + Lf) ~ = O
//
/
~(O )= -4
Wher-e !J (O) :::: I . J(O) = 8

S1:JI :- -3 0 LJ
-I
cho.-ro.cte'f'·cstic. eq- of (l) i.:i, -I Lj -LI

3 2 _ _ _ (i) Lj 'I 0
YY) -JY"Y )-t- 4 = 0

5i:_ n.ce eq•·(2) ·is 5ot-z•sjie d b~ -I

2
( Y'Yl -t- I ) (-)""'r) - 4 rn + ~ ) -= O
2.
Y'Yl t- I = 0 or- YY7 -l./rn + 1-l =0
. =r-

Of (r'Yl -2 )2. = 0 =-) YT) =2, 'l

7
YY') - -I

r'"Yl - -1)2 ,l

Let Y"Yl1 = -/ YYlz = 2,2

' m,x m2x
.5ol · of eq· (j) {5' :J -:::; c..,e + (C1,-t-C3~)e
- ,( 2X
(J)
> :J = c,e + (C 2 +- C3X )e

/ Co ndi tio~
::}(O )= _I i-e. put X = u, tj =I zn eq - @

we. I set I = C, + C 2
we. 9 e.
l

/ I
_t_l ( 0 ) - 8 i- {':. pu l: )( = 0 J 'j -== 8 in eq. (?]J
We_ 9e_t (ii',

JJiJJerenl::iof:ing eq.@
We 9et, # -x ~x 2~
:J -· C. I e + 4 e ( C 2 + C.3 )( J -t- L( L3 e,_
// //
...y 'O)
\, - -· 4 z-e.. put X = O; tj - -Lf

1ve 9et -4 - c, ;- 1-1 c 2 ·t- q C3 ________ CEi1

'tie now Solve eqs. (i) J (ii),, clii) as,,

- 1-1 (ii) -,.(iii') v>

$ !ii 1
r;;/"'_

\l' \. ,. . .
(

( DJ_ 11. ·o' 1· .D •· 6 ) ':I ""

0
-----· -·· ffj
·--

. l .c e c.J . o J (i) is ,
ch o r oc lc.rl :5 t

J 2 rY1 -t- 6 =o -
yY') - 1,
.,
vY1 +

eg. 0 i5 . 50.tisf t'ed by -I

5ince
2 6) - 0
( vY, ~ 1) ( m - 5 m .,. -
2. '
,,-v'I -J rY) + 6'I =0
-7 ( r'n ,t- I ) ( y-Y) .. . -? r I '

m-21J ~ 0
(r-n-r I) [ y:y, ( m-2J -J (
=0
(rYl-tl) ( m-2J ( rY1-]J

YY) =- -1,2)3

Let
sol · of eq- G) i5 .

J 2.
----©
~
(1)-t])+l)rl)':J =0

5f)/: --

r
'I

choroc teri5f. ic. eq- of ..(i) is J

J l
r-n + YYl + YYl + I - 0
2
1 rn ( YYl + , ') + (m ,- ; : = o
1

='l m +I = o o v- 2
Y'YH- I -::::- O

=1 yYJ - - / or rY1' =
.
r. l
-'l YY)-:::: -/, o±.i

/_e,t m, = -I
o. :t: l. b. = o t i.
5o/. of eq- (f) is
LI rn,x
J = . c,e + fc C b
1
l 2 OS · x+CJSt'r,bx)e0.)..
-)(
':J -==: C 1 e_ + c r
2 1L,05X t- C,1 Jinx
 I 19
(D ~- 5 D\· 6 .D\-L/ D - 8) 'J - 0

S()1 :-
c.ho. .-· acter z'.1 l·r"c eq· 0}

4 J
Y"Y)-5YYl+ 6 r-n\ 4 YI) - 8 = o - - - - --- ~
Sine e. eq. @ z·s sotr'sf 1'e.d. -I -5 C· L, - 8
-I 6 -(:i 8
b 'j -_ I

, l?) ~) ( Yn -1- 1) ( ,
. .J
n - 6m
l
-t 12 m - 8) == o
-6 ,~---sf·
or

2 -6 12 -&
2 -8 8
2 ~4~
J-1e n c e_ m -=== .. 1 , 2., 2) "2. 2 -4
2 -·0 0

io/. of eq. (l) is, 2

0

tf:, :J = ~
c,e
-x
·:-(C2-t-CJX+f~x)e_
2. 2)(. .
. :v'\;
✓ 4 J
)

y.._/"-'-
. () '\

11 ( 1) ~ 4 D - 7 D + 2 2J) -.1- 2 i./ ) :j

2 / ' .
=o
s~,:-
chcxroc-1:erijf.ic eq. of ©
4 J 2.
>'Y) - 4 '1"YI - 1 -/Y"I + 2 2 yY') . +- 24 ::; 0

.Si.,ce eq. !l) is .sotis_fied b<j ~I

-I I -4 -, 22 2~

'-'Y) ,IJ ( m 3-5°r'Y1 -2n")+2q)

1
,'
4
:=: 0 - I 5 2 -2L{

⇒ m-t-1 == o -5 -2 2 ~

m '='"'- -I 3 ?..
or · ¥Y'! - 5"m - 2 't'Y') -,- 2 L'f =. o
---- -- (JJ
 r 1uu11s, w e gt:. l
(1)
y (0) = 1 = Cl + C2
(2~
y'(O) = -8 =- c 1 + 2c 2 + c 3
y " (O) =- 4 (3
= c 1 + 4c 2 + 4c
3
•.,Jyin g (2) by - 4 an d add ing
to (3), we have
28 a 5c , - 4c2
ad din g to ( 4), we ge t

.i2 or c 1 = 32 .
9
[11,refore, c 2 = 1- 32 = - 923 and c3 = 6 .
9 9
(11e required solution is
32
_ 2.x (:- 23 6 \
y = 9 ex +e \- 9- + 9X J

= t (32 e--x - 23 e2x + 6xelx).

E X E R C IS E 10 .1
;0ive: ·
(9D2 - 12D + 4) y = 0
l.
t•
.(15D 2 + 50!)·; + 12) y = 0
J. (D3 - 4D 2 + ·o + 6) y = 0
,. (D3 + D 2 + D + 1) y = 0
;, (D 3- 6D 2+ 12 D -8 )y =
0
;, . (D3 -6 D 2 +3D + lO)y = 0
r, (D3 - 27) y = 0
\, . (4D4 - 4D 3 - 3D2 + 4D - 1) )'
= 0
), (D4+2D3-2D2-6D+5)y = 0
lO. (D4 -5D3 + 6.02. + 4 D - 8) y =
0
ll. (D4 - 4D3 - 7D2 + 22D + 24) y =
0
12, (D4 + 4) y = 0
 HOW TO SOLVE
Non-horn Lin. Diff Eq
with constant Co-efl
ou :5 Ii n e. c -- :::J_ iff er e n ' io
Co,'15 id.rJe,., th e Y"Jon- ho -n o9 e. ne
2
n-1
d':j_ + c,.. '/-
d!i + o., dx °= -~( , :-
~ -t •• • ,r D.
eq. on d'!_n + an-1 d..
d.. l- ' z d.{ 2. o ,
. dx
t1 n- /
D (.J • • ·f· 0.. D~
2

T 0. .D Ju -t
D.
oJ
u ::::.
f ()c
. J
Q
n
D Ju -{- D.
n- t J
-,.. • •
2 ,

f(
tJr

flr ( an £ + ~, £/r • . . , ~ 1J-r o, D -~ Clo ) } "" !

{)r
F (D ): J = (x) f
We no w solve eq . ([)
Q 5,
J)

© hr st l'f 1 we fi n d th e
,,

C or np /e m er do r ·~:I J:
.;, ,c tt·on

of eq• (,;) is
oj :·J9

.n ct io ri ( (· F)
The co n- y: ,/e m er ,to r': J fu
en o'. 1s
e co rr es po nc l. ir ;9 ho rn o9
ob to .i ne d by .50/ving th
,., de Y'" .·) {e d. by ~rC
ec1 °f (1) i- e f( D ) 11 :, 0 0. ri d
 I
I < ,
':}p o. nd . i-s gi ve n 6~
L8 - - ~-(~
J/1? ~ -
de ,,...,o t ed b~ f( D ) J • I

of eq• (j) is d.enof.ecJ. by ':}

D 1he g e n e w l so/.
j . .Y ·= ':Jc+ Yp
o n d is g iv e n b'

ds far Fin ding P 1

Shorr Mecho . - - ·' 1

F;..D)fix) ,
or de r to ji nd . P .I l:-e to e. vo lu ot e
In
rr
d: / or-e
J
u. se d if . Cx.) f i 5 on e. of
th e sh o rt M et ho
the fo ll ow in g f!:Jpe.5
ax
.'i) f =e (X )

f.i) f == j} n ox
(><)
er- C o5 ax

Y1

!ii ) f (X) = >(

· ,1 )
·at . x.
ax u = e, Si no x) (0 5o x,
:v ) f (><) - e -u { wher-e

Y")
n or "!l · Coso.x
V) j( x) - >( • Jf r1 0- x

1 ox 1 ox

F(D) e = F<o) e

If F(Ct ) = 0
 -·1
then
i o.i. i eo.x
ai. '(a),
_ !_ e - X ~(])) e -- ·)(-F- --
f(D) - f

If
then
. L 1 ea}( //
i OX
c
e whe~e F (Q )
2
OX
e
= )( f(,,D ) · = )(
f{o) -=-.<-

1 .
F(D)
:__ _ _ _ ~ - - --= = c: :: :: = =
__
©
~ EXAMPLE e-)( .,. e2,( - · · - - - · "-
· (J) J+ 1 ) y _ 1 .,.

. ·,
J S'",... '. .• -
C · F of eq. ® ·

homo. eq - (f) is ,
c. o rr es fo n d in 9
· -@
____
(D;. I ) !Jc = o .

- o f (l) is ;
cho.-rocteris-1:-ic eq
J
.r -n + l -= =- 0
• 2.
+ 1 )( >"'n + 1 - m ) -= o
⇒ {m
⇒
-n 1+ l :::: 0 or m -
2
YY l -.•· L =0
r--
1
/ - 4 _ _Y,., ± l
/ :t·\- - - L
:::> Y'Y ) - -I or rrJ :::: - ·)
....

... n, - - I,

+ l. Fi/ _
Let Q _+ z· L
u
::: i~
✓2 - · _, 2
.
a.x..

5o/. oJ eq- {]) is m, ><.

+ ( C i Cos bX·/- C:,
;;,- > ·- I, X) e
!J = c, e
1
kx
-x
!J = c, e •
0 L_ \ t',·,
+ C2 [0 5 ./, / X t- J · '
/2
-f;j, X ) ,:·.•
/ 2 1 '-·

P. I of eq . (f)
- ·· = = = = ===

I -x 2X
.'-Jp = F(])) .f (X) = 3 - - ( 1 - ,. .e + e
I )
J) -1- I
No~v

-
J) -H
]
I
---- - -
(
I·/ ·
-:{
p .,.
I
C
2x.
)
' •• • ••
--- I
- y - ( I) i· -
J) Jr /
I
_ e +·
-)(

J) -,. I
 32 ·
I ox. / -X I 2X
= - J-
.D + I
e+ x -
JD
2
e1- ~
2 i· I
e .
I o~ I _)( I i><
::::: - 3-
0 -t· I
e-t- x -.-
J ( ··
1
I) ·
e+ -9 e
-)(
+ ½X e + t9 e_ 2.(

-X 2X
fie.nee . :Jp - 1 -1- ~ x e + 19 e·
~(e.Jore 9enerol Sol• oj e.q. (D . is, , ·

f (-U) * ,)

If
then
I . i
F(-o.) t 0

F c- o.)
/ 2
D-J -= o

then·
1
Sr.no.><=)( l f
11 Si no. ·'I.. == X l

f(.D 2 ) . f(D 1 )
t('

.5'irn i/o.d lj for Cos at"

EXAMPLE 2 .
( D - 5 D -t 6 ) y -= S z· 17 3 t

corre.spo 1din9 homo- eq-

1

01 ® is 7
 ch or o. c le ri sU c · eq ·
of (j) ; 5 1

r-n -
2
5 m -1- 6 ==- 0

⇒ YY )2 -2 rY I-J Y" 'Y

l +6 ::: 0

⇒ rY i ( rY J - 2) - J
( ff l - 7.) =0
·.:.-:. c
-=> (rn -2 ) ( YT' -·, -J )

Le t yY ), =2) >0 'l 2 =J

f1'71 )( 1")'12 ><.

of eq - Q) is ) Ye ::: c, e -j- C2 e
Sol• • 2X . .J>{

⇒ !:le = c, e -,. c2 e

p. I of eq . (i)
I
I
-. - -- -S z .· n Jx
':Jp = f( D ) j( X ) - 2
.D -5 iJ -t -6
lvbw ,
< . /.. 5. z° r,J X
I
- ~ - -.-..JiY1:3>( = .
-
.]) -- 5 JJ -t 6
2 ' · (- J 2 ) - 5 D + 6
I
=--- S in .J ><
-J -5 D

-I
= - - - 5inJX
5D -t-J
1 <· .
-· - (S D - J >·
_,, [Y 7J )( ·
(5 D~ J) (5 D- tJ ')

I
5i nJ X
- -{ 5. D -J )' -·- -:- ;--
25 D- -9

5
:::: -( 5 D -J )· I
25" (- J l) -9 ir, J >{

. -I .) fr l J X
-. - (S J) -J )
23 4
 34
:=: 2;4 (5 D )iflJ) ( -·J sl··nJx)
s,·n J><)
2~;_~~( 5'-· J Co5 Ji -
-== J

- ~ ( 5 Cos 3x -5inJ ><)

2 4

~heref o-re 9ene -rol sol · of ·eq. (J) is J

!J == · 'le+- Y;,

::::'? J = ~, e~ C2tt· + -;8 '{5Cos. J)'.-·sz·r--u'i-}

'

@ Arro n9e the. terrn 5 fr7 f(D) . in 05ce ndir- 19 powe.~ o]- 1)

~ - f;,,-st te.tr n in f (])) h toke n out . con 1«io n

1~ • Rois e F(D) to (-1) th powe.r
. -I
2) Ex pon d [f(D )] bH bino mia l seri es accord£,,-- c to
'h
the. d.egi·ee of X.

':XAMPLE . (lf- w+ ')!:/ = 2x3- Jx'+ l/x t :5" . _ _ _·· ;{)

C· F of eq-·©

Cnr- r-esp ondi n9 hom o. eq. of (j_') i5'

. J
(D- 2D+ l):J == o -- -c t·
•, · /'

J~
mJ- 2r'Yl + I ·,;::::.
0 '

A tS soci.sf ied by
eq • ~ . . . I 0

:. 'Y 0 { YY1 - I ) (
2 r'Yl, -: IJ ::::.
r'Y) -f-
0
'-:::) • ··1

i-1--=-1
1. I 0
-> (YY-;-1 ) =0 -r,: + y-n - l ,-=:••

-l:t.{04
or
2

m =
-I t.H
⇒
2

.. m = I ,
-/ :t {5
2
-1 -r .f5
Let- · ·yY)'1 = 1 Y'Yl3 -
2 2
m, >< m2 X mJ .'
:5ol• oj. eq.•@ is, ..,,lf =-: ¥: i e + cl e + cJ e

P · I of e9- C~
.
.
::Jp .~ I
f(D)
f (X) . - . I
--- - - ( 2X-
3 . 2
3X- t lfX+ S )
DJ_2 D-t l
Now,

~ [ I -t ( 21)-.1..'• i 3) . + ( 2 D_-J) 'l Jl + ( 2 D - .I:·1 )'l ] ( 2 XJ- ~ '". · 1

1

J · l J J 2
(
::: I t 2 D -1) -r 4 .D ·t- 8 .D ) ( 2 '/.. - ~ )(. + 4 X .,· 5)

(
-::: / + 2 J) -t- l-1 J) 2. + 7 D 3 'J ( 2 X J - 3 1' .i + Li X ·r 5 \/
J 2
(
==. 2 X - J X ·t- 4 X)-t 2 ( 6 ){ 2__ 6 X ·/- ~ ·) + .· _1 ( 12 -✓, 6)-r -:(I:
_

:r
--· 2. X ·t-
9 X.-t
2
- lJO)( -t-7J

/-len c.e, Jp =- 2X~- 9X 2+ L/OX +7J

 ,

15 '
, ._..,f 5o l · of eq •· \.!:
ff'I
, r.e.J.:::re
t ne , -r-
9e,,., .,e

(X.)I. 1 l)
j CO(

F (D ) e · ll - e . r CJJ-ro)
2X .
e CosJ>< - -
EX /1 M P L E ·rJ)~+ 1f- Lf]) -
4 ) !J

.S1>I:-
c.• F oj ~q- _®
rn o - eq . o f (i) is ;J

C dr -r es po nd z" 09 ho
2.
---Q)
J
.D-:-- 4-D - Lf ) 'Jc: =-
(.lJ -t 0

c h o ro c te ri s tz "c
e9. oj -~ i5 ;

. rn-1-
J 2 .
r- n -4 m -4 =o
• 2
=> Yr 7_ ( >'71 + /) - 4 ( YY.] -t- I ) -=: 0

2 .
. .
) , (Y i1 i· I) ( Y n -4
) :::.:. 0

-2 ') o
(Yrl-,- 1 ) ( m i· "2) C>""r;
=-.:~
->

io l• o j c q (}) /s ·, ·

,. ;;>< + C2 e
-2)(_
T C e
2.,{

t . 1 · \_: J
 37

f. J of eq .(i)

2 )(

fcx) - - ·- - -
1 e Co s J x
' 'C

/'{D)
l•Jc.:. '.\I '
1 ,~

2: ( 2X
e(1)-,- -(D- -Lt C- ·- -1.f LOSJX
f e (,,05 JX
- 2/ r -r2)~- D
·2
·1 ~
.Ji'-t- J) ~ .4 1) - I-(
2X 1
== e J 2
D + 7.D -,-12 D
1.
2X
- . e --9D 7-
- - - · · C.aj_;x
·(-·9) ·1- I 21)
-t-

2X 1
== e Cos3x
J D _;__63
....
. 2) ( 1
- e· ( . )
3 D-21
C o s .J x

2X 3
- e .(1) + 2 I ) • J(D. 1-t- .:' 11~ D ---:_J)
( ' - ( .C t·, ><

1
2¥
•(D+21) · - - 9- · - Cc.sJx.
= e J (- - L,•4I) .
2~
f' o s J .,>,
·_ - J_xe/S_O l-f]J-,.· ") /)
1 L G ·