ZAID ZAHID

2018-AG-7478
SECTION #P
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUTURE
FAISALABAD

CELL WALL OF BACTERIA

• Peptidoglycan (murein) – rigid structure that lies
just outside the cell plasma membrane – two types
based on Gram stain
• Gram-positive: stain purple; thick peptidoglycan
• Gram-negative: stain pink or red; thin
peptidoglycan and outer membrane
CELL WALL FUNCTION
• Maintains shape of the bacterium – almost all
bacteria have one
• Helps protect cell from osmotic lysis
• Helps protect from toxic materials
• May contribute to pathogen city
Peptidoglycan Structure
• Mesh like polymer of identical subunits
forming long strands – two alternating
sugars
• N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)
• N- acetylmuramic acid – alternating D-
and L- amino acids
.GRAM POSITIVE AND GRAM
NEGATIVE BACTERIA
• Composed primarily of peptidoglycan
 • May also contain echoic acids (negatively
charged) – help maintain cell envelope –
protect from environmental substances –
may bind to host cells
• Some gram-positive bacteria have layer of
proteins on surface of peptidoglycan
Periplasmic Space of Gram + Bacteria
• Lies between plasma membrane and cell
wall and is smaller than that of Gram-
negative bacteria
• Periplasm has relatively few proteins
• Enzymes secreted by Gram-positive
bacteria are called exoenzymes – aid in
degradation of large nutrients
Gram Negative Cell Walls
• More complex than Gram- positive
• Consist of a thin layer of peptidoglycan
surrounded by an outer membrane
 • Outer membrane composed of lipids,
lipoproteins, and lip polysaccharide (LPS)
• No echoic acids

CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA WRT

Metabolisms
Digestion alludes to all the biochemical responses
that happen in a cell or creature. The investigation of
bacterial digestion centers around the synthetic
assorted variety of substrate oxidations and
dissimilation (responses by which substrate particles
are separated), which regularly work in
Microbes to produce vitality. Additionally inside the
extent of bacterial digestion is the investigation of
the take-up and usage of the inorganic or natural
mixes required for development and support of a cell
consistent state (digestion responses). These separate
exergonic (vitality yielding) and endergonic (vitality
requiring) responses are catalyzed inside the living
bacterial cell by coordinated catalyst frameworks,
the final product acting naturally replication of the
cell. The capacity of microbial cells to live, works,
and imitate in a proper substance milieu
(For example, a bacterial culture medium) and the
concoction changes that outcome during this change
establish the extent of bacterial digestion. Thus,
digestion has a vitality producing segment, called
catabolism, and a vitality devouring, biosynthetic
segment, called anabolism. Catabolic responses or
successions produce vitality as ATP, which can be
used in anabolic responses to construct cell material
from supplements in
the earth
Autotrophic
Is an organism able to make its own food.they take
inorganic sulphur compounds and convert them into
organic substances there are two types of autrophs
 Photoautotrophs
 Chemoautotrophs
Heterotrophs
Bacteria that required energy from sunlight but
required organic compounds
Bacterial Conjugation
• J. Lederberg and E. Tatum demonstrated the
transfer of genes between bacteria that depends on –
direct cell to cell contact mediated by the F pilus –
unidirectional DNA transfer from donor to recipient
Bacterial Transformation
• F. Griffith demonstrated transformation
• Uptake of naked DNA by a competent cell
followed by incorporation of the DNA into the
recipient cell’s genome
Transduction
Differentiate generalized transduction from
specialized transduction
Correlate a phage’s life cycle to its capacity to
mediate generalized or specialized transduction
Draw a figure, create a concept map, or construct a
table that distinguishes conjugation, transformation,
and transduction