1st Lab Report

‘ Sedimentation’

Water Unit Operations

Group 3

Bejarano Moreno Laura, Burgos Lopez Laura, Camacho Lina

OBJECTIVES

General:

Determining the influence of the water refers to a sedimentation by

temperature with respect to the temperature, the other one refers to
sedimentation rate. coagulated settling for water. Is
important to consider the time of
Specifics: sedimentation, the area of the tank
 Calculate velocity sedimentation and clearly the density of water and
through stokes equation. particles play an important role in
 Evaluate- the sedimentation of a analyzing the rate of sedimentation.
biological floc and one chemist,
Knowing well the expats Between JUSTIFICATION
It is useful to know where is the
These.
method of sedimentation, as well
 Differentiate between zonal
performing the procedure in this unit
sedimentation and sedimentation
operation depends most of the
for coagulated water.
effectiveness of the process water
treatment, both residual and drinking,
NTRODUCTION
it is important to remove all solids and
Once the water is flocculated, the
colloids that has water, so to remove
problem lies in how to separate the
turbidity and using secondary and
solids in a liquid, i.e the coagulated
tertiary meet the standard treatment.
particles, from the medium in which
they are suspended. That’s why, the
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
main aim in this lab exercise was to
observe the influence of the water
Sedimentation does the solids
temperature in sedimentation and to
separation denser than the water, and
prove experimentally the Newton law
those ones who has a rate of falling
and the Stokes equation, for this, we
such that they can arrive to the
made two exercises, one of them
settling tank bottom in an acceptable
economic time. In the following table, This kind of
you are going to find how sedimentation
sedimentation is classified according is given in a
to movement of the settling particles. test tube,
where the
Table 1. How sedimentation is suspension is
left to stand.
classified
 Continuous
Kinds of Description sedimentatio
sedimentatio n: The
n deluded
Free It is produced in suspension is
Sedimentatio suspensions of low feeding
n concentrated solids. continuously
Particles are settling and it is
by the speed of the separated in a
fluid falling. clear liquid
Sedimentatio This one is produced and a second
n by zones in concentrated suspension
suspensions. The with a bigger
settling speed is concentration.
lower than the free
sedimentation.
Sedimentation is
Grift Chambers and
retarded. Within
settler are Sedimentation: In order to separate
developing several the sand of the organic matter
zones, characterized susceptible of putrefaction, avoid
by different sand deposits in the aeration tank,
concentrated solids, clogged pipes, wear dredges on the
that’s why it has a
settler, pumps, and to reduce the
different
sedimentation wear of the mechanic equipment and
speed. Depending electro mechanic; grift chambers after
on how the operation the grids are installed. When is
is performed, needing to pumping the waste water
sedimentation is influent is advisable to locate the
classified in the sump just after the grift chambers.
following types:
When is a rainy season, a big amount
 Intermittent
sedimentatio of this material is dragged, that’s why
n: The total is necessary to design a grift camber
volumetric that considers the efficient manage of
flow of matter the water at that time.
out of the
system is null.
Sedimentation by zones: This
process comprises the following
phases: By first the solid, which is
founded with an initial concentration
x0, it started to settling, stablishing an
interphase 1 between the surface of
the sedimented solids layer and the
clear liquid that is left on the surface
(Zone A). The zone below the
clarified liquid is called interfacial
zone (Zone B). Fig 1. Sedimentation by zones

 The concentration of solids in Discrete particle: During settling, it

this zone is uniform does not alter its size, form and
weight and when it falls freely through
 The settling has the same
a repose liquid, the discrete particle is
matter layer with a constant
accelerated until the frictional
seed Vs.
resistance. Since there, the particle
 The sedimentation speed is
has a uniform speed.
computed from the slope of the
representing of the height of Over a suspended particle on water,
the interphase 1 in front of the initially two forces act: Gravity and
time. flotation.
 When the interphase 1 and the
interfacial zone are stablishing,
an accumulation and a
compaction of the suspended
solids on the bottom of the test
tube, are produced. This is w = Water density
called as the compaction zone
(Zone D). g = Gravitational constant
 In zone D the concentration of
VP = Particle volume
suspended solids is uniform
and the interphase bordering p = Particle density
this zone, interphase 2 moves
upwards on the cylinder with a Forces act in opposite directions and
constant speed V. the particle density is different of the
water, a net force is exerted over the
Zones are plotted in the following particle and this one is accelerated in
image: that direction.

netF =( ρw− ρp ) gVP (1)

Net force is transformed into the sedimentation of discrete spherical
translational force of the particle. particles.

Once the movement starts, appears a v = Final speed of sedimentation

third force, due to the viscous friction, [L/T]
called as ‘Drag force’ computed by:
p = Particle density [M/L3]
v2
F A=C A A p ρ w (2) w = Fluid density [M/L3]
2
g = Gravity acceleration [L/T2]
CA = Drag coefficient
D = Particle diameter [L]
V = Particle speed
CA = Drag coefficient [Dimensionless]
Ap = Cross sectional area of the
particle, perpendicular to the direction For laminar flow, drag coefficient is:
of the movement.
24 μ
Equating equations (1) and (2) we C A=
vD ρ w
have:
µ = Dynamic viscosity (kg/s m)
V2
( ρ w −ρ p ) gVP=C A A p ρw Such that if we replace in the Newton
2
(3) Law, we have:

And making the assumption of g

V= ( ρ p−ρ w ) D 2 (5)
spherical particles we have: 18 μ

Cross sectional area of the particle: That is known as Stokes equation.

π 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ap= D
4
First test: Sedimentation, test
Particle volume: temperature.

π 3 V2 Materials:
VP= D
6 2
- Glass beaker (1000 mL)
Where D is de particle diameter and - Settling column
clearing the particle speed we obtain: - Thermometer
- Stop watch
3 ( ρp−ρw ) D - Hotplate
V 2= g (4)
4 C A ρw
Methodology:
The equation (4) is known as the
Newton Law, which describes the
 Diametro en mm velocidad en mm/s
Particle settling velocity
10 18956,52
diameter(mm) (mm/s)
0,5 47,39
10.0 1.000
0.3 31.5 0,4 30,33
0.4 42 0,6 68,24
0.5 52.5 0,3 17,06
0.6 63 0,8 176,14
0.7 72.25 0,7 134,86
0.8 81.5 0,5 68,81
Sedimentation column is filled with a 0,6 99,08
volume of 4.5 L of cold water, the 10 27522,50
temperature reading, and then 10
samples of sand were measured. As Table1. Experimental Results 1
a particle of sand previously dropped
from the top of the column of
sedimentation and the time it takes to
cross the volume meter mark. The
procedure is repeated with 5 samples. Table2. Theoretical data
With the other 5 samples, the same
% de error
procedure is performed in hot water.
-1795,65217
Second test: Sedimentation for
-50,4485852
coagulated water.
27,7846791
Jar test to obtain flocs and repeat the -29,9875776
above procedure, in cold water as hot
water again taking time becomes. 72,9192547
-143,797924
RESULTS
-65,4726994
Table3. Error rate
1. Results first test
2. Results second test

  COLD WATER (18°c)

  distanc time width mas spe

e (m) (s) (cm) sg) ed
(m/
s)
ARENA 0.6 2,14 0,4 0,43 0,2
GRUESA 7 8
ARENA 0.6 4,53 - 0,17 0,1
FINA 44 3
FLOC 0.6 21,9 - 0,21 0,0
BIOLOGIC 1 8 3
O
FLOC Q. 0.6 35,2   0,06 0,0
GRANDE 6 2 2
FLOC Q 0.6 33,8   0,04 0,0
PEQUEÑO 4 6 2
Table4. Data cold wáter 0.6 m m
Vs= =0.17
3.49 s s

0.6 m m
  HOT WATER (30°c) Vs= =0.11
5.25 s s
  distanc time width mas sp
e (m) (s) (cm) s (g) ee
d 0.2 m m
(m/ Vs= =0.02
s)
11.83 s s
ARENA 0.6 3,49 0,5 0,081 0,1
GRUESA 7 0.6 m m
ARENA 0.6 5,25   0,174 0,1 Vs= =0.03
FINA 1 23.85 s s
FLOC 0.2 11,8   0,218 0,0
BIOLOGIC 3 2
O 0.6 m m
Vs= =0.02
FLOC Q. 0.6 23,8   0,062 0,0 25.26 s s
GRANDE 5 3
FLOC Q 0.6 25,2   0,046 0,0
PEQUEÑO 6 2  Calculation of critical speed
Table5. Data hot wáter design with safety factor 1.7.

Vs
V cd =
1.7
CALCULATING SEDIMENTATION
RATE 1. Cold water
h 0.28 m/s m
Vs= V cd = =0.16
t1 1.7 s

m
0.13
1. Cold water V cd = s m
=0.08
1.7 s
0.6 m m
Vs= =0.28
2.14 s s m
0.03
V cd = s m
0.6 m m =0.018
Vs= =0.13 1.7 s
4.53 s s
m
0.6 m m 0.02
Vs= =0.03 V cd = s m
21.91 s s =0.012
1.7 s
0.6 m m m
Vs= =0.02 0.02
35.26 s s V cd = s m
=0.012
0.6 m m 1.7 s
Vs= =0.02
33.84 s s 2. Hot water

m
2. Hot water 0.17
V cd = s m
=0.1
1.7 s
 m • Both the hot water and the cold, a
0.11
V cd = s m reduction in the sedimentation rate is
=0.065
1.7 s evidenced, as time increases,
independent of distance, as is
m
0.02 involved also the size and density of
V cd = s m
=0.012 the particles to settle, thus clearly
1.7 s
more dense particles tend to fall
m fastest and are the first, while those
0.03
V cd = s m with smaller density and are
=0.018
1.7 s influenced by a vertical drive force
thus speed-time relationship is
m
0.02 inversely proportional.
V cd = s m
=0.012
1.7 s • Both fine sand and gravel, is
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS observed in the two temperatures of
water, having a higher settling
When the particle is in repose by the velocity.
beginning, as the particle is
increasing its speed, the frictional • For the various flocs, greatly
force increase too and the influences the time, since it is greater
acceleration decreases. than the time in which the types of
sand fall, is also observed that all the
In the cold water, we saw that if the particles are less mass to have both
diameter of the particle was small, its in the hot water as in the cold water.
speed will be small too, in hot water
happens almost the same, but it is CONCLUSIONS
supposed that were there is more Hot water makes a higher
viscosity, the sedimentation speed will sedimentation speed and a higher
be more than if the viscosity were low, viscosity and a lower water density.
however looking at the data table, we So if water is hot, is going to be a
see that there is just a change when higher viscosity than in cold water that
the temperature is low or high, so, if allows the sedimentation speed
we have a cold water, viscosity is becomes faster.
going to be lower that if we have a hot
water. clearly in the results shown that the
relationship between the time and
So when we have cold water, sedimentation rate is inversely
viscosity is less than if we have hot proportional because when the
water, and sedimentation speed is particles have a density and size, they
going to be higher in hot water than in tend to settle at the tank inlet
cold water. experiencing a small friction force;
while smaller particles with a mass
(compared to large particles),
sedimented at the end of the tank,
they exert a greater force poor vertical
drive, thereby determining the
importance of the dimensions of the
tank which is longer than width to
ensure that most of the particles have
enough time to settle.

Literature
Montoya, G. V. Tratamientos primarios.

Rojas, J. R. (1995). Acuipurificacion, diseño de sistemas de purificacion de aguas.

Bogota: Escuela Colombiana de Ingenieria.

-Arboleda J Teoría y práctica de la

purificación del agua Tercera edición,
Tomo 1 Universidad de Minnesota Ed
Mc Graw Hill

ANNEXES
 Safety sheet coagulant
 Questionnaire
 Photographic record