TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface and Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

List of cases

1. Introduction 1-27

1.1. Custodial Deaths - Importance of the problem 1

1.2. Need for the Present study 3

1.3. Objective of the Study 5

1.4. Hypothesis of the Study 6

1.5. Methodology: 7

1.6. Limitations of the study: 8

1.7. Scope of the Study and Selection of Sample 8

1.8. Conceptual Frame Work of the Study 12

1.9. Treatment of the Topic (chapter Wise) 14

Right to Life 17

Right against Self incrimination 18

2. Torture: Historical Perspectives 28-90

2.1. Introduction 28

2.2. Torture: A Legitimate Practice in the Past 32

2.2.1. Introduction 32

2.3. Judicail torture and Roman Canan Law 41

2.4. The Period of Inquisition 47

2.5. The Enlightment and Modern Times 51

2.6. Abolition of Torture 53

2.6.1. Introduction 53

2.6.2. Abolition of Torture in Europe and

Elsewhere 54

2.6.2.1. The Contributions of the revisionist

Historians 57

2.6.2.2. The Contributions of Contemporary legal

Historians 61

2.7. The Return of Torture 65

2.7.1. Emergence of different Manifestations of

Torture 65
 2.7.2. Contemporary Torture 70

2.7.3. Torture by Liberal Democratic Nations 74

2.7.4. Rendition 77

2.8. Torture to Remain or not to Remain 84

2.9. Conclusion 88

3. Terminologies and Definitions of Torture 91-148

3.1. Introduction 91

3.2. The legal Regime against Torture and Inhuman

Treatment 94

3.3. What is "Torture"? 96

3.3.1. Human Rights Committees Pronouncements

on the Definition of Torture 100

3.3.1.1.lntroduction 100

3.3.2. Elements in The Definition of Torture 101

3.3.2.1. The Relative intensity of pain or suffering

inflicted 102

3.3.2.2.The Act and Purpose of Torture 103

3.3.2.3. The Perpetrators 104

 3.3.3. Inter Linked Terms 106

3.3.4. The Definition of Torture in the African

Charter 110

3.3.4.1.lntroduction 110

3.3.4.2.Compliance Regarding Article. 5 of the

African Charter 111

3.4. Torture and other form of Inhuman Treatments 114

3.4.1. Introduction 114

3.4.2. CAT and other Human Rights Instruments 119

3.4.3. Determination of the Threshold of suffering 125

3.4.4. The Term 'other cruel' 128

3.4.5. Inhuman or degrading treatment or

punishment 129

3.4.6. Rape as a form of torture 131

3.4.7. Finding of III - teartments 134

3.4.7.1. Police Custody 134

3.4.7.2. Treatment of Prisoners 135

3.4.7.3.Corporal Punishment 136

 3.4.7.4. The death Penalty and the Treatment of

Persons on Death Row 138

3.4.7.5.Scope and Meaning of 'Official Capacity' 139

3.4.7.6.The Elements 143

3.5. International Humanitarian Law 144

3.6. International Criminal Law 145

3.7. Conclusion 146

4. Techniques and Instruments of Torture 149-209

4.1. Introduction 149

4.2. Types and purpose of Torture 151

4.2.1. Detterent Torture 152

4.2.2. Interrogational Torture 153

4.2.3. Sadistic Torture 154

4.3. Aims of Torture 155

4.3.1. Introduction 155

4.3.2. Victors Pleasure 155

4.3.3. Terror 156

4.3.4. Punishment 157

 4.3.5. Extracting Confessions 158

4.3.6. Intelligence Gathering 159

4.4. Techniques and Instruments of Torture 161

4.5. Modern Instruments and Techniques of Torture 163

4.5.1. Introduction 163

4.5.2. Development of Shocking practices and

Techniques 164

4.5.3. Electirc Shock Device 165

4.5.4. The use of Chemical and Irritants 167

4.5.5. Truth Syrum and other Drugs 169

4.5.6. Liquid, Solid and Stinging powder 171

4.5.7. Animals insects and reptiles as Instruments of

Torture 172

4.5.8. Music and Noice 173

4.5.9. Time as an Instrument of Torture 173

4.5.10. Prison as an instrument of Torture 175

4.6. Expanding methods of Torture and Torture

Equipment 176
 4.6.1. Physical Torture 176

4.6.2. Psychological Torture 178

4.7. Justification for Torture 180

4.8. Pursuit of Torture 187

4.8.1. US Policy invoked by other repressive

governments 193

4.9. Effects of Torture 195

4.10. Commercial Trade in Torture Equipment 197

4.10.1. The display of Torture weapons at Arms

Trade Fairs 201

4.10.2. Private Security Companies and vigilance

Groups 202

4.10.3. Torture Skills 205

4.10.4. Reasons to end Commercial Trade in Torture 206

4.11.Conclusion 207

5. Perpetrators of Torture 210-260

5.1. Introduction 210

5.2. Status of Perpetrators 213

5.3. Becoming a Torturer: Recruiting and Initiation

Rites 216

5.4. Who are Torturers? 219

5.5. Types of Torturers 220

5.5.1. Sadists 220

5.5.2. Zealots 221

5.5.3. Professionals 222

5.6. Why do People undertake to become a Torturers? 222

5.6.1. Trained Torturers 224

5.6.2. Training Culminating in Professionalism 225

5.6.3. Training for Interrogation Torturers 228

5.6.3.1. Reasons for training Interrogation Torturers229

5.6.4. Policeman as most Potent Torturers 230

5.6.5. Training Torturers to de humanize and deter 231

5.6.6. Untrained Torturers 233

5.6.7. Full Fledged Torturers 235

5.6.8. Medical Doctors as Perpetrators 236

 5.6.9. Minimizing the involvement of the Medical

Profession in Torture 239

5.6.10. Judges as Torturers 243

5.6.11. Lawyers as Torturers 246

5.6.12. Individuals as Torturers 249

5.6.13. States and Government as Torturers 251

5.7. Torture as National Policy 252

5.7.1. Reasons why Government condone the

use of Torture 254

5.8. Making Perpetrators Responsible and Accountable256

5.9. Conclusion 259

6. The Responsibility to Prevent and Protect against

Torture 261-318

6.1. Introduction 261

6.2. Why Prevent Torture? 263

6.3. Prevention of Torture 265

6.4. Consideration of models of Torture Prevention 268

6.5. CAT Provisions on Prevention of Torture: An

 Analysis: 278

6.5.1. General Measures against Torture 278

6.5.2. The Prohibition of Torture as absolute and

non-derogable 287

6.5.3. The Prohibition of Torture and ill-treatment in

International Law 292

6.5.4. Prohibition of Superior orders as Justification of

Tortuffi 295

6.5.5. Non- refoulement 300

6.5.6. Alternative approaches to Prevent Torture 302

6.6. Responsibility for Acts and Torture 306

6.6.1. State Responsibility 306

6.6.2. Individual Responsibility 309

6.6.3. Available Forums in which States and Individual

may be held Responsible 310

6.6.4. Corporations obligations to uphold Human

Rights 312
 6.6.5. Inter and Intra Countries responsibility to uphold

Human Rights 314

6.7. Conclusion 315

7. Criminalization of Torture 319-385

7.1. Introduction 319

7.2. What is a Crime? 319

7.3. What are Human Rights? 320

7.3.1. International Human Rights Law 320

7.3.2. Criminal Law and Human Rights Law 322

7.3.3. Crimes and defined in International

Coventions 326

7.3.4. Definitions and punishment under CAT 327

7.4. Domestic Criminal Jurisdiction and Universal

Jurisdiction 336

7.5. Immunity and Torture 343

7.6. Exposition of State Responsibility through the

Teheran Hostage's Case 351

 7.7. Holding Perpetrators Accountable for Crime and

Torture 353

7.8. The Relationship between CAT and other Instruments

of International Criminal Law 356

7.8.1. CAT and the ICC 357

7.8.2. CAT and ICTY/ ICTR 359

7.9. International Criminal Law and the role of Domestic

Courts 361

7.1 O.lmpunity: Meaning and Definition 369

7.10.1. Impunity: An antithesis of Accountability 372

7.10.2. International guidelines for combating impunity373

7.10.3. Guidelines against Impunity 382

7.11. Conclusion 383

8. Right against Torture 386A20

8.1. What Constitutes Torture 388

8.1.1. History of Torture in Various Countries 390

8.1.2. Torture in Europe 394

8.1.3. Judicail Torture in England and France 396

 8.1.4. Torture as Barbaric Punishment in India During

Ancient and Medieval Periods 403

8.1.5. Torture Practices during British India 406

8.2. Reasons and Justifications for Torture 411

8.3. Arguments against Torture and the Abolition of

Torture 415

8.4. The End of Legal Torture 420

9. Custodial Death and Judicial Response in India 421-581

9.1. Introduction 421

9.1.1. Conceptual aspect regarding Custodial Death424

9.2. Constitutional Scheme 426

9.2.1. Death Penalty 431

9.2.2. Torture 433

9.2.3. Arrest and Detention 435

9.2.4. Human Dignity 440

9.2.5. Interrogation 445

9.2.6. Confession 447

9.2.7. Information leading to Discovery 457

 9.2.8. Bail 458

9.2.9. Trail 466

a. Fair Trial 466

b. Remand and Custody 466

c. Speedy Trial 469

9.2.10. Appeal 475

9.2.11. Release on Probation 476

9.2.12. Health and Well Being 477

9.2.13. Wages in Prison 482

9.2.14. Preventive Detention 484

9.3. Custodial Death 486

9.3.1. Worst kind of crime in a civilized society 486

9.3.2. Death in Police Custody Entitled for monetary

compensation under Article 32 and 226 of the

Constitution of India 490

9.3.3. Immunity of State in cases of Custodial

Deaths 496
 9.3.4. Policy atrocities and compensation by Apex

Court 497

9.3.5. Monetary Compensation for Infringement of

fundamental rights 501

9.3.6. Death in Police Custody and Compensation 503

9.3.7. Death in Police Custody 503

9.3.8. Torture and Death in other Departments apart

from police liable compensation 504

9.3.9. Grant of Anticipatory Bail to Police officer

responsible for custodial Death 506

9.3.10. Compliance of non-bail able warrant against

Police personel in case of Custodial Death 507

9.4. Custodial Death and Compensation 508

Custodial death of Kewal Singh

Custodial death of Natrajan Chettinar Rajammal vs.

State of Tamil Nadu

Custodial death of Rajamohan the Government of Tamil

Nadu & Ors vs. Dhanalalakshmi

Custodial death of Rasika/al Jaiswal & Ors VS. B. M.

Jadega & Ors

III Treatment and Torture of Mr. K S Venkatesh and his

Sister Ms. Rukmini

Custodial death of Phomlin Mawlien & Anr VS. State of

Megha/aya & Ors

Torture to Death of Benudhar Daimary

Suicide of Pandian as a result of Harrasment and

Torture

Illegal Detention & Torture of S. Krishnamoorthy and K.

Pa/ani Vs. The State of Tamilnadu and Ors

Illegal detention and torture of Mohd Ayoub Dar [Abdul

Rehman Dar Vs. State and OrsJ

Torture of Congress leader Prafull Thaker

Extrajudicial killing of Thangjam Binoy Singh

Rape of Elangbam Ongbi Ahanjaobi

Illegal detention of Rambahadur Chetri, Deependra

Limbu and Tarabahadur Gurung

/lIe gal detention of Keshav Kumar

Custodial death of Munder Singh

Custodial death of Natarajan Chettiar

Award of compensation to five appe/lants by High Court

of Punjab and Haryana

Orissa High Court orders Rs 300,000 compensation to

widow of custodial death victim

Madras High Court orders Rs 200,000 compensation to

a widow of custodial death victim

Award of Rs. 800,000 compensation by Madras High

Court to a widow of custodial death victim

Gujarat High Court awards compensation to widow of

custodial death victim in Gujarat

Compensation awarded by Orissa High Court to aged

parents of custodial death victim in Orissa

Interim compensation awarded to the father of custodial

death victim in Punjab

 Allahabad High Court orders Rs. 500,000 to family of

custodial death victim

9.5. Conclusion 577

10.Custodial Death: Response of National Human

Rights Commission 582-765

10.1.lntroduction 582

10.2.Establishing standards and goal for Human Rights

Institution 586

10.3. Human Rights Commission in different countires - an

overview 593

10.4. Establishment of National Human Rights

Commission 601

10.5A Brief History of Commission 602

10.5. B. Activites during 1991-93 606

10.5. C. Need for setting up of the NHRC 612

10.6.0bjectives of the Protection of Human Rights

Act, 1993 620

10.7.Structure of National Human Rights Commission 620

10.7.1. Constiution of National Human Rights

Commission 620

10.7.2. Appointment chairperson and other

Members 622

10.7.3.Resignation and Removal of Chairperson and

Members 623

10.7.4. Term of office of Chairperson and Members 624

10.7.5. Member to act as Chairperson or to discharge

his functions in certain circumstances 625

10.7.6. Terms and conditions of service of Chairperson

and Members 626

10.7.7. Vacancies, etc., not to invalidate the proceedings

of the Commission 626

10.7.8. Procedure to be regulated by the Commission627

10.7.9. Officers and other staff of the Commission 627

10.7.1 O.Functions of the Commission 628

10.7.11. Power relating to inquiries 630

10.7.12.lnvestigation 633
 10.7.13. Statement made by persons to the

Commission 634

10.7.14. Persons likely to be prejudicially affected to be

heard 635

10.7.15. Inquiry into complaints 636

10.7.16. Steps during and after inquiry 637

10.7.17. Procedure with respect to armed forces638

10.7.18. Annual and special reports of the

Commission 639

10.8. A. State Human Rights Commission. 640

10.8. B. Human Rights Courts 642

10.9 Custodial Death and The National Human Rights

Commission 643

10.9.1 Award of compensation by the NHRC 645

10.9.1.1 Police Custody 645

Alleged custodial death of Shri Shanskhem

Kharsaiot followed by death of two persons in

police firing in Meghalaya

Alleged custodial death of Madan Lal in Delhi

Alleged custodial death of Shri Chandrasekharan

in Pondicherry

Alleged death of Korra Satya Rao, a tribal, in

Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, as a

result of police mistreatment

Custodial death of Abdul Gafar Khan in Goa

Custodial death of Shri Bundoo in Uttar

Pradesh

Death in police custody of Shri Udayan in

Kerala

Custodial death of Atal Bihari Mishra - Uttar

Pradesh

Death of Punjabhai Somabhai Thakor due to

Police beating: Gujarat

Death of an accused in Police custody due to

beating

Suicide in Police Lock-Up: Kolar, Karnataka

Negligence of Public Authorities: Death of witness

in police station: Gujarat

Death of Gothandam in Police Custody:

Pondicherry

Illegal Detention, Torture and Death of Shah

Mohammed in Police Custody and Negligence on

the Part of Doctors for not Conducting a Thorough

Post Mortem: Madhya Pradesh

Torture in Police Custody Results in the Death of

Kartik Mehto : Bihar

Negligence on the Part of Police Leads to the

Killing of Mahendra Pal Singh: Uttar Pradesh.

Custodial death of Mohammad Irshad Khan: Delhi

Custodial death of Ram Kishore - complaint by

Uttar Pradesh Parjapati Samaj Vikas Parishad

Death of Shishu Rebe due to torture in police

custody: Arunachal Pradesh

Death in custody of former Sarpanch of Gogon

Village, Chuhur Singh due to negligence: Punjab

Death of Bujhai in police custody due to torture:

Uttar Pradesh

Death of Radhey Shyam in police custody due to

torture: Rajasthan

Death of Karan Singh in police custody due to

violence: Madhya Pradesh

Death of Surendra in police: Kerala

Death of Zakir in Police Custody at Pushp Vihar

Police Station, New Delhi

Death of Madan Bhilala in Police Custody at

Balawar Police Station, Distt. Khargaon: Madhya

Pradesh

Death of Chhigga in the Police Custody at P. S.

Sirsi, District Guna: Madhya Pradesh

Death of Sher Mohammad in Police custody by

torture: u.P.
Death of Sh. Kantosh Prahlad Jadhav, in Police

Custody by torture: Latur, Maharashtra

Custodial death of Haji Mohd. Nabuji Tentwala in police

custody in Ahmedabad

10.9.1.2. Judicial Custody

Custodial death of Asit Kumar Chaturvedi : Uttar

Pradesh

Death of Jaggannath Paoji Ingule, failure on the part of

the Medical Officer to diagnose at an appropriate time:

Maharashtra

Negligence on the Part of Jail Authorities Leads to the

Death of an Inmate: Bihar

Death of Sanjay Sitaram Mhasker due to custodial

violence: Maharashtra

Death of Dhirender Singh in Jail: Uttar Pradesh

Death of Sibu - delay in the provision of timely medical

aid: Kerala
 Custodial death of under-trial prisoner, Harjinder alias

Jinda, due to negligence: Uttar Pradesh

Murder of Manak Ram and grievous injuries to his son

in jail: Rajasthan

Death of Sanjay Sharma in District Jail, Mathura: Uttar

Pradesh

Death of an Under-trial Prisoner, Tachi Kaki: Arunachal

Pradesh

Death of Bhaiya La" in judicial Custody in Uttar

Pradesh

Death of Kolumbus in judical custody in UP

Death of Smt. Basanti Devi in judicial custody in Bihar

Death of Chander Prakash in Judicial Custody -

10.10 Conclusion764

11. Conclusion and Recommendations 766-781

11.1. Conclusions 766

11.2. Recommendations 772

11.2.1. Final Recommendations 780