Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bio Final Reminders
Bio Final Reminders
1. Meiosis
-Significance: to form haploid gametes so that the chromosome number of
offspring can be restored to diploid, offspring are genetically different from
parents, contributed to variation
2. Mitosis
-Significance: keeping constant number of chromosomes in the daughter cells,
offspring are genetically identical to parents, keeping desirable trait
-Natural occurrence: growth& repair of tissues, asexual reproduction in
flowering plants (i.e. vegetative propagation) & bacteria
-Application: cloning in plants and animals
1. Simple Human Genetics/ Plant Genetics {DSE 18 P1-6, DSE 17 P1-10, DSE 15
P1-4(a)(b), DSE 12 P1-8(b), CE 02-3(c), CE 03-2(a)}
(a) The concept of ‘Dominance’ vs ‘Recessive’
(b) Mendel’s Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment
(c) Multiple alleles : ABO Blood Groups
2. Sex Determination-Karyotyping (Photomicrograph) {DSE 18 P1-5, DSE 13
P1-4(b)}
3. Sex-linked Genes {DSE 16 P1-10, DSE 13 P1-4(b), DSE PP P1-9(b), AL 99
PIIA-3(c)}
E.g. Red-green colour blindness, Haemophilia, G6PD deficiency
4. Discontinuous vs. continuous variation {AL 00 PIB-10, CE 01-3(a)}
(a) Discontinuous variation: results of interaction of many genes
(b) Influenced by environment
(c) Drawing bar charts/histogram
5. Distinguish the following pairs of terms-
(a) gene vs allele
(b) phenotype vs genotype
(c) heterozygous vs homozygous
(d)homologous vs homozygous
Evolution (★★)
Transpiration (★★★★★)
1. Support in Plant
{DSE 15 P1-9, DSE 14 P1-4, DSE 12 P1-3, CE 01-3(c)}
2. Support in animals
{DSE 17 P1-1, DSE 13 P1-2, CE 98-2(c)}
3. Neuromuscular junction {DSE 15 P1-5, AL 04 PIA-6}
2. Food requirements
(a) The concept of balance diet {CE 06-5, CE 07-9(b)}
-total energy intake>>total energy output ->> obesity/gain weight
-total energy intake<<total energy output ->> lose weight
(b) Energy value of different types of food/Carbohydrates as an immediate
source of energy {AL 02 PIIA-3(a)(I), AL 10 PIIB-5(c)}
(c) General functions of different types of food {DSE 14 P1-11}
(d) Long term health problem brought about by excessive intake of fat, sugar
or sodium in food {AL 99 PIIC-9}
(e) Food test {Benedict’s test, DCPIP test, Ph test for the presence of fatty
acids}
(f) Calorimeter
1. Mammalian Heart
{AL 01 PIIA-1(d), AL 03 PIIB-4(c), AL 04 PIIB-6(a), AL 09 PIIB-4(c)}
{CE 97-2(c), CE 03-4(b)}
(a) Role of coronary arteries and veins (blockage of coronary arteries leads to
heart attack)
(b) Role of tricuspid valves, bicuspid valves & semi-lunar valves (prevents
backflow of blood)
(c) The changes in the heart rate and stroke volume during exercise & its
significance
(d) Trained person vs untrained person (at rest & during exercise)
2. A flowchart to show the flow of blood from small intestine through liver to
lungs (small intestine->hepatic portal vein->liver->hepatic vein->vena
cava->heart->pulmonary artery->lung)
3. (a) Composition of blood in pulmonary arteries vs pulmonary veins (OR
umbilical artery vs. umbilical vein) {blood in pulmonary artery has a higher
CO2 and lower O2 content than pulmonary vein}
(b) Comparison of the cross-section of an artery & a vein (artery has a thicker
wall than vein) {DSE 15 P1-11, CE 04-3(c)}
(c) Structural adaptations of blood capillaries on the exchange of materials
Reproduction (★★★★+)
Sensitivity (★★)
Homeostasis (★★★)
Disease (★★★)
2. Food requirements
(a) The concept of balance diet {CE 06-5, CE 07-9(b)}
-total energy intake>>total energy output ->> obesity/gain weight
-total energy intake<<total energy output ->> lose weight
(b) Energy value of different types of food/Carbohydrates as an immediate
source of energy {AL 02 PIIA-3(a)(I), AL 10 PIIB-5(c)}
(c) General functions of different types of food {DSE 14 P1-11}
(d) Long term health problem brought about by excessive intake of fat, sugar
or sodium in food {AL 99 PIIC-9}
(e) Food test {Benedict’s test, DCPIP test, Ph test for the presence of fatty
acids}
(f) Calorimeter
1. Mammalian Heart
{AL 01 PIIA-1(d), AL 03 PIIB-4(c), AL 04 PIIB-6(a), AL 09 PIIB-4(c)}
{CE 97-2(c), CE 03-4(b)}
(a) Role of coronary arteries and veins (blockage of coronary arteries leads to
heart attack)
(b) Role of tricuspid valves, bicuspid valves & semi-lunar valves (prevents
backflow of blood)
(c) The changes in the heart rate and stroke volume during exercise & its
significance
(d) Trained person vs untrained person (at rest & during exercise)
2. A flowchart to show the flow of blood from small intestine through liver to
lungs (small intestine->hepatic portal vein->liver->hepatic vein->vena
cava->heart->pulmonary artery->lung)
3. (a) Composition of blood in pulmonary arteries vs pulmonary veins (OR
umbilical artery vs. umbilical vein) {blood in pulmonary artery has a higher
CO2 and lower O2 content than pulmonary vein}
(b) Comparison of the cross-section of an artery & a vein (artery has a thicker
wall than vein) {DSE 15 P1-11, CE 04-3(c)}
(c) Structural adaptations of blood capillaries on the exchange of materials
Reproduction (★★★★+)
Sensitivity (★★★★)
Homeostasis (★★★★★)
Ecosystems (★★★★★)
Disease (★★★★+)