AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER EQUALITY AND FEMINISM IN THE

MOVIE OF "LITTLE WOMEN"

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Presented to :
State Islamic Institute of Kediri
In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement
For The Degree of Sarjana In English Language Education

By :
ARUM PURWANTI
932207017

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH
STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUTE OF KEDIRI
2020
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter shows and explains about background of the research, statement of the
research problem, objective of the research, significance of the research, scope and
limitations of the reserach, and definition of key terms.

A. Background of the Study

Literature is the work of verbal and written creation regarding the author's
intentions which communicated and is referred to as being aesthetics. Literature has
three subjects, they are drama, poetry, and prose. They are 2 konds of prose, fiction
prose and nonfiction prose. Fiction refers to literature created from the imagination.
Mysteries, science fiction, romance, fantasy, crime thrillers are all fiction genres.
Meanwhile, nonfiction refers to literature based on fact, including biography,
business, cooking, health, languages, religion, art, and music, history, etc.
Cuddon (1998:471) stated that literature is a vogue term, which usually
denotes works which belong to the major can depict the characters, events, conflicts
that reflect the real life in sequence of plot. So, novel is a fictional prose narrative of
considerable length and the certain complexity that deal imaginatively with human
experience. However, novels perceive people in society and can depict the
characters, events, conflicts that reflect the real life.1
Beside of poetry, there is also a literary in the form of drama. Drama is
very unique and different from other literary forms. Drama is written and read,
besides that drama is also made to be performed as the final form of the drama. This
implies that is media communication. Dramas usually have a moral message to
communicate to the audience. It uses actors to convey the messages. Drama is like
any other literary form, which is about life. The form of a dramatic composition
designed for performances in the theater, whereas actors take on the role of
characters, perform demonstrated acts, and written conversations. It is designed for
on-stage representation by actors acting out parts of the story's characters, and in
between narrative and shared dialogue. There are many genres of drama such as
comedy, tragedy, tragicomedy, melodrama, and others. Also drama has many social

1
Cuddon, J. (1998). A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher, Ltd. 24
 moral value which tells the issues that developed in the society, this is usefull for
lessons to human being.
Every human being has public participation in any field. Both men and
women have an equal position. However, there are still many people in society who
thinks that men have more privileges as humans than women. The point is men have
the right to control women and become superior. As a result of this influence of
social life, women find it difficult to show their voice in public, they cannot have
their own life. It can be inferred that society has constructed women into
subordinated with men.
Inequality towards women is not recognized or reluctant to realized by the
woman. The concept of inequality to women includes four things, such as
marginalization, stereotypes, subordination, double burden, and violence against
women. Marginalization has the meaning of weak, lack of impression boundaries
and doesn't deserve some support, as the result the role of women is placed in the
second class. Stereotypes relating to discriminatory standardization between men
and women. For example, Based on the view of society that women can only work
in two fields, such as health and education. Subordination is related to lack of or no
recognition of women's work..2 It will becomes a problem that leads to the unfair
treatment and opportunity for women in the society. There are social condition when
man have a right to control women and have more access in public sectors create the
gender jealousy for women. Women think that their roles, which are only dealing
with a child and a household, are constructed by the patriarchal society in which
men have an important role. This jealousy creates awareness in women, so that there
is women‘s movement to gain equal roles in the society.
Based on equal roles in the society, women can starts from the family to
express their opinions related to men‘s decisions and reject their decisions which are
inappropriate to the family from time to time. Women‘s braveness to reject and
express the decisions affects women stereotypes that they cannot be regarded as
obedience and passive. The spirit to gaining equality in social life has the impact that
could be felt today. Women's role in the family cannot be rulled out, also women
are able to parcipate in the society and public area. Not a few women who becomes
leader in their families an even a country.

2
Laely Armiyati, " Perempuan Berjuang, Bukan Menantang: Studi Gerakan Perempuan Indonesia Menuju
Kesetaraan". Berbicara tentang Perempuan, Ghaniya Publisher 2015, hal 2
 The emergence of women's resistance in the Western world is a form of their
disappointment with the view of society that places them in a low position. This is
supported by the existence of a stigma spread through religious dogma that women
are incarnations of Satan to seduce humans. As a result, the Church's attitude places
women much lower than men. Even before, women were not considered to be
meaningful in this the structure of European community life. Aristotle (384-422
B.C.), argued that women are "men who are disabled or have defects (defect male)",
therefore women must be controlled by men because their souls are not complete,
and Thomas Aquinas in his "Summa Theologia" agrees with this statement.
Meanwhile, Imanuel Kant (1724-1804), stated that: "Women have strong feelings
about beauty and elegance and so on, but are less in the cognitive field and cannot
decide moral action".
Little Women is a 2019 American movie directed by Greta Grewig. It is the
film adaptation of the novel written by Louisa May Alcott in 1868. Moreover, in
1868, patriarchal system is still practiced in the society. Little Women talks about
March family who has four daughters with different characteristics, March sisters
named Margaret, Josephine, Elizabeth, and Amy. In the novel of Little Women, we
can find the main function of literary works that is to describe, reflect human life,
while human life itself is always experiencing growth, as well as the equality of
women who will be depicted through the novel Little Women.
Little Women also ilustrated Jo‘s and March sister's efforts to gain equal roles
in their life, especially in the work places and society. There is an interesting aspect
in Jo‘s also March sister efforts. March sister live in small town with their mother
who became lead of her family. The gain to reach equality are not commonly done
in 1868. March sister are brave to fight against values in her society, so that it is an
extraordinary women‘s movement. For years, the struggle toward equal roles
happened when the March sisters wanted to reach their dreams together. It is very
hard because there are many obsctacles that occured when they reach their dream.
B. Identification of The Problem

This research is entitled An Analysis of Feminism and Gender Equality in the

Movie of Little Women. This movie was from a popular novel written by Louisa May
Alcott in 1868. She was an author who always describes the condition of women in
her environment. She criticized patriarchal culture from the women's perspective.
 Many topics can be analyzed in the Little Women movie. This research
focuses on women 's perspective and efforts to gain equal roles in society. Jo March is
a woman who wants to suffer from gender discrimination in public workers and
society. This problem occurs because the patriarchal values have been established by
society. As a consequence, women should act by following accordance with the
values.
Little Women movie has certain topics to be analyzed. First, this movie can
be studied through the feminism theory. The cause of Jo March received patriarchal
treatment in her work area when she wrote to publish a novel, she wants to gain
equality that freeing women from oppressive gender roles. It is also very useful for
analyzing the patriarchal system in March's sisters life. Second, a woman's conception
of herself is a product of other social existence which is largely defined by the kind of
work she does. Because Jo has a tomboyish character thought of herself as a man who
could replace her father while her father went on duty as a war soldier, she worked
hard as a writer in the United Stated far away from her family and helped her mother
earn money and being a breadwinner for their family. Furthermore, it is also useful to
analyze the role of gender because the movie depicts a different view of gender roles
reflected by March's sister.
C. Formulation of Problem
Based on the identification above, this research can be formulated into:
1. What kinds of problems does the movie related to gender equality and feminism?
2. How does women characters reach their dreams in partriarchal society?
3. What are the significant meanings behind struggle to gain equality?
D. Research Objectives
Therefore, the objectives of this research are:
1. To identify the the problems in the movie related to gender equality and feminism.
2. To analyze the struggle of the women character against the patriarchal society.
3. To reveal the significant meanings behind the women's character struggles.
E. Research Significance
The wrtiter hopes this research can give contiburtion to the English literature movie.
This research has two major significance, i.e: practical and theoretical significances.
1. Theoretical Significance
 This research gives comprehensive understanding toward knowledge of English
literature and feminism. It is also useful for understanding and analyzing movie in
the context of using feminism or women's issues.
2. Practical Significance
This result of this research from analysis Little Women movie mostly about a
critique of social work especially on women's problem. It can be used as a
reference for students to analyze literacy work in the form of women's issue.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE OF REVIEW

This chapter will show various theories that can support the fokus of the research. The
background information of drama, feminism, and gender equality is also provided for use as a
tool in conducting the research. There is some information in the form of points in this
chapter.
A. Drama
The word drama comes from the Greek meaning "to act, do or do," and that is
it There are several subtle and varied meanings of "doing," drama as well to start.
Drama is one of the main literary forms. Plays are designed for theatrical formation
because characters are given roles and they must act according to the directions on the
stage. Drama can bring real-life experiences to the audience. Therefore, the drama is
presented in a dialogue. Drama is a unique literary form. Drama shows actors who
play roles according to the characters they got, to be shown to the public in the theater
and film. Then the dialogue is shared with the actors. That expression depends on the
communication between the scriptwriter and the actor. Drama is generally in the form
of theater performance. But nowadays drama is easily transmitted via television in the
form of drama, film, or other. The drama has reflected the life, social, customs, ways,
and habits of life in general of people.
Literature is very difficult to define in any form, including drama. Art critics
try to define drama as a composition in poetry or prose that is intended to depict life
or characters or tell a story that usually involves conflict and emotion through action
and dialogue. and usually designed for theatrical performance. -Webster’s English
Dictionary.
B. Feminism
A major problem in feminist discourse is our inability to come to a consensus
on what feminism is or accept a definition that can serve as a point of unification. So
it does not have a solid basis for it to build theories or engage in meaningful praxis as
a whole. Expressing her frustrations with the absence of clear definitions in a recent
essay, "Towards a Revolutionary Ethics," Carmen Vazquez comments: 
"We can't even agree on what a "Feminist" is, never mind what she would
believe in and how she defines the principles that constitute honor among us.
In key with the American capitalist obsession for individualism and anything
 goes so long as it gets you what you want, feminism in America has come to
mean anything you like, honey. There are as many definitions of Feminism as
there are feminists, some of my sisters say, with a chuckle. I don't think it's
funny."
This statement indicated a growing lack of interest in feminism as a radical
movement. It is a despairing gesture expressive of the belief that solidarity among
women is not possible. It is a sign that the political naivete which has traditionally
characterized woman's lot in male-dominated culture abounds. Meanwhile, feminism
in general is a social movement that aims to uphold gender equality in the social,
economic, and political fields. Baumgardner and Richard (2000; 56) argue that,
"Feminism is a movement that works to achieve certain goals. Those goals are
social and political changes that dictate that one must be engaged with the
government and the law, as well as with social practices and beliefs. And implicit
in this goal is access to sufficient information to enable women to make
responsible choices."
Feminism is a perspective to create radical social change for women to get equal
opportunities in life, equal access to resources and power, and equally safe and
protected from harm. Not only related to gender movements and perspectives but also
a motivation for women to fight for women's rights to challenge and transform social
construction to achieve equality. In a more complex definition, Hooks (2000: 1)
writes
“Feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression….
Clearly states that the movement is not about antimale, but it is clear that the
problem is sexism. To end sexism, we change our minds and hearts, until we let
go of sexist thoughts and actions and replace them with feminist thoughts and
actions."
Most feminists reject the idea of generalizing feminist theory into three basic
types because part of feminism is to counteract the tendency to categorize things.
However, feminism has different goals even though it is the same as protecting
women's rights and achieving equality.
Alison Jaggar's 1977 journal "The Political Philosophy of Women's
Liberation" had a profound impact on the English philosophy of the time. In it, Jaggar
describes three feminist positions represented in the feminist movement of the 1970s:
liberal feminism, classical Marxist feminism, and radical feminism. Within feminism
itself there are 3 basic types, each of which has a general explanation for the purpose,
gender, gender inequality, and a suitable solution.
1. Feminism – Liberal
According to Jaggar 1970, liberal women believe in the basic justice of a
liberal state, but they think that liberal principles have not been applied fairly to
women. Liberal feminists support goals such as paid maternity leave, equal
opportunities for men in education and work, male choice, and consider women's
bodies to belong to women and not to organizations. Liberal Feminists do not
believe that it is patriarchal. They believe in a "Progress" view of gender relations.
This means that they believe that men and women are gradually becoming more
equal over time and this trend will continue.
Liberal Feminists are particularly interested in emphasizing the beneficial
effects that women working with wages have on gender equality - as a result,
women are now much more independent in the past, and women are now the
main breadwinners in 25% of households.
2. Marxist Feminism
According to Jaggar (1970) Marxist feminists believed, along with Engels,
that women's oppression was private property, and that women's oppression
would end only when private property was abolished. Women should be able to
pursue careers freely without a nation and strive to end the exploitation of labor
under capitalism.
From a Marxist Feminist perspective, the traditional nuclear family only
emerged with capitalism, and the traditional role of women as housewives
supports capitalism - so that women are often given dual jobs as housewives as
well as career women. They are more sensitive to the differences between women
who belong to the ruling class and proletarian families. Marxist feminists believe
that there is wide scope for cooperation between working-class women and men
and the two can work together. One of the criticisms of Marxist Feminism is that
the oppression of women in the family predates capitalism and in communist
societies.
3. Radical Feminism
According to Jegger (1970) radical feminist The slogan "private is politics" -
the claim that personal life is structured politically - expresses the radical feminist
belief that "men systematically dominate women in every sphere of life," and thus
 radically (from the Latin root, "roots") change in the male-female relationship is
necessary for the release of the woman.
Against Liberal Feminists, they argue that paid work is not yet 'liberating'.
Instead, women have taken a 'double burden' from paid work and unpaid
domestic work and the family remains patriarchal - men benefit from women's
paid income and their domestic work. Some Radical Feminists go so far as to
argue that women suffer from a 'triple shift' where they have to do paid work,
household chores, and 'emotional work' - expected to take on the emotional
burden of caring for children.
Rosemarie Tong (1998) distinguishes two radical feminist groups:
a) Libertarian-radical feminists believe that eradicating or minimizing gender
injustice.
b) Cultural-radical feminists believe in feminine superiority. According to Tong,
radical feminist culture celebrates characteristics associated with femininity such
as emotions, and is hostile to characteristics associated with masculinity such as
hierarchy.
C. Feminist Film Theory

Feminist film theory has provided the impetus for some of the most exciting
developments in Film Studies since the 1970s. It is almost an orthodoxy of film theory
and has an influence on the ground. The impact is starting to be witnessed in the
filming itself, with a number of avant-gardes and independent and some mainstream a
film that connects theory with practice. Today, however, many believe that the work
of feminism is over. Amid the generalized cultural reaction to feminism since the
1980s, in Film Studies, there has also been a reaction to feminist film theory - as it is
to all film theory - due to its complex language and abstract concepts.
           An American theorist, Kaja Silverman states in his work of the Continental
influence of the British theorist and in particular developed the thought of the French
psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan (1901–1881) aimed at feminism. In his book The
Acoustic Mirror (1988), it begins with a feminist debate that discussing men's and
perspectives by expanding feminist criticism of narrative cinema. On the other hand,
male subjectivity is another form of male subjectivity that exhibits classic 'feminine'
traits. It shows masculinity as a category of representation, unlike femininity.
           Feminism is a movement that has various forms of branches and approaches.
However, in general, feminism seeks to analyze and change privileges. The point of
view of women is the main concern, but the analysis of power relations is often
relevant to other groups who are oppressed and exploited. It means has contrary to a
few perceptions that feminism is not only about women nor is it just 'against' men.
The examples of 'feminist' thinker can be found much earlier (in particular, Mary
Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of the Woman, 1792), in the suffrage
movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as known as the 'First
Wave' of feminism.
           Feminist film theory is a product of 'Second Wave' feminism, which began in
the 1960s. With a slogan
'The personal is political', Second Wave drew attention to the hitherto considered non-
political domain of women's experience and exposed hidden power structures in the
workplace there, including at-home and family, reproduction, language use, fashion,
and appearance.
           The product of feminism is a feminist film theory that emerged in the second
wave that began in the 1960s with a popular slogan called 'personal is political'. The
second wave of feminism focuses on the non-political experience of women and
reveals power structures in the workplace, including home and family, women's
reproduction, language, fashion, and style. In Britain, the second wave of feminism
advocates for reproductive rights and laws to protect women, one of which is the 1975
sex discrimination law which prohibits sexual discrimination in the workplace,
education, and others. Until now, gaining equality for this matter has not been
achieved perfectly in various fields. The result of this second wave of feminists is the
women can work in the business field even though there is still a wage gap between
men and women. In the UK, five years after leaving university, women tend to earn
fifteen percent less than men. Many professional women also find it difficult to get
promoted at work.
           The goal of feminism is to bring a revolution where are hierarchies of power
have been removed. But some feminists also reject the goal of equality. Instead of
giving support, they refused because it represented an attempt to create the same
conditions as men in the existing system. Feminists support women to enter into
politics because intellectual abilities between men and women are the same. Equality
of politics and law alone does not free women from patriarchal oppression. In keeping
 with the slogan 'personal is political', many Second Wave campaigns have centered on
the female body and the issue of feminine appearance.
           Apart from putting women's rights into reproduction and maternal control in
daily life, they also exposed the exploitation of women in advertisements and beauty
pageants. Through these beauty advertisements, beauty standards for women were
created. No longer aimed only at Western women but also for today's global
consumerist market, women in different parts of the world are conditioned to fulfill
the same Western feminine ideals. Increasing the industrial target of men reduce the
problem, but it can more indicate that the trend has been worst since Second Wave
feminists first focused their attention in the 1960s and 1970s.
D. Patriarchal Society
Patriarchy is commonly described as a system of social structures and
practices, in which men govern, oppress and exploit women. The term ‘patriarchy’
originated from the Greek patriarkhēs, which literally means ‘father of a race’ or
3
‘chief of a race.’ Patriarchy therefore means ‘the rule of the father.’ Some authors
trace patriarchy to the Latin words pater (father) and arch (rule), in which case the
term also means ‘the rule of the father.’ 4 However, for Merriam Webster, the term
‘patriarchy’ is broader than this. She defines it as:
"A social organization marked by the supremacy of the father in the clan or
family, the legal dependence of wives and children, and the reckoning of
descent and inheritance in the male line; broadly: control by men of a
disproportionately large share of power."5
According to the conceptual framework developed by Straus (1980),6 there are 8
dimensions that must be considered so that the patriarchal social structure can be
understood.
1. Protecting the authority of men.
In patriarchal societies, men are considered to have an advantage in resources,
and perceived as enjoying superior personal characteristics, as well as skills and
abilities that are supposedly possessed exclusively by men, including intelligence,
wisdom, discretion, knowledge, professional prestige, the ability to make a living,

3
“Patriarchy,” London Feminist Network, online: https://tinyurl.com/y7yzrgzc.
4
Christine Guarneri and Dudley L. Poston Jr., “Patriarchy,” IESS online: https://tinyurl.com/y9djzlcf
5
“Patriarchy,” Merriam Webster Dictionary, https://tinyurl.com/y6wpaenl
6
Straus (1980)
 etc. Men are also expected to be more dominant than women, and above all to
dominate them (Gerber 1995).
2. Compulsive masculinity
Like other patriarchal societies in the world, tends to encourage socialization
and education for compulsive masculinity (Gerber 1995). From a very young age,
boys are educated to preserve their masculinity and are ashamed of behavior that
society perceives to be feminine or childish. As a result, boys begin developing
hostility toward girls and women, and they learn to compulsively hold on to their
masculinity. Their hostility toward women is accompanied by a strong desire to
oppress and humiliate them, to view them as inferiors, and to treat them
aggressively (Walty 1990).
3. Economic constraints and discrimination against women
Women are subject to economic constraints and discrimination, which are
usually imposed on them to a greater degree than men, both within and outside of
the family. The objective status and perception of jobs and jobs open to women
are lower than those available to men. For these and other reasons in many cases,
women are paid less than men who work in the same job. So that women will
depend economically on their partners.
4. Women bear the burden of child rearing
In patriarchal society, women usually, if not always, bear the burden of raising
children. Neither society nor the state assists women in coping with this burden,
providing them with extremely limited financial support and daycare services for
children. The unequal division of occupations, jobs, and tasks in Palestinian
society places the responsibility of child rearing squarely on the woman’s
shoulders. At the same time, society does not offer any financial rewards to
women for taking care of children. In other words, occupational discrimination,
lack of support for childcare and insufficient assistance with childcare – from
formal sources or from the spouse – force women to stay married even if they are
victims of abuse at the hands of their spouses.
5. The single-parent family myth and the negative attitude to divorce
Another cultural norm that maintains women’s submissiveness and inferiority
is reflected in the attitude that children cannot be raised in an appropriate and
healthy way by one parent, and all the more so if the mother raises them alone,
without a father. It is well known that in cases of divorce and in single-parent
 families in general, the children usually live with the mother and not with the
father.
6. Traditional beliefs about the woman’s role as wife and mother
The roles of wife and mother are the most important roles assigned to women
in society, as in other traditional and patriarchal societies in the world. According
to this belief, a woman cannot be “whole, real, and successful” unless she is
married. By contrast, men have the option of choosing how much they want to
invest in the role of husband and father.
7. Negative self-image
The potential risk of developing a negative self-image is the effect of the
patriarchal and sexist structure of society. This threat can originate from society's
pressure on achievement and competitiveness that is more masculinity than
femininity.
8. The patriarchal and masculine orientation in social welfare, health, mental health,
and legal service systems.
The humiliating and accusing treatment women experience when they seek
economic and legal protection, counseling, guidance, support and assistance can
also be linked to it. structure. On the other hand, the lenient and tolerant treatment
usually received by husbands who commit violence deserves attention.
E. Gender Equality
'Gender equality' is an idea that is still being debated. The context of gender
equality is very broad in terms of culture, politics, law, and religion. Equality between
women and men revolves around equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for
women and children. It does not mean making them the same, but gender equality
talks about all rights, responsibilities and opportunities regardless of what gender they
are. Gender equality is not only a problem for women but must pay attention to and
fully involve both men and women. (United Nations Agency for Gender Equality and
Women's Empowerment)
Pateman claims in his statement that arguing about gender equality but at the same
time debating the recognition of (women's) differences represents a dilemma:
"In the patriarchal conception of citizenship ', says Pateman,' the choice must
always be made between equality and difference, or between equality and
femininity. On the one hand, demanding" equality "means fighting for equality
with men, which means that women must become (like) men. On the other
 hand, to assert, like some contemporary feminists, that the distinctive
attributes, capacities and activities of women are reassessed and treated as
contributing to citizenship is demands the impossible; such "differences" are
patriarchal citizenship " not included '.
'Gender equality' can refer to norms about femininity and masculinity or to empirical
claims about women and men. Culturally, this idea has become entangled with
symbolic perceptions of gender as dualistic (women and men as different) and
dichotomous (gender relations as hierarchically structured) (Holter 1970; Hirdman
1988; Solheim 1998).
In political philosophy, 'gender equality' has been justified on the basis of
conceptions of various types and concepts of equality. In his analysis of nine male
philosophers, Maud Eduards (1983) summarizes their ideas about women's social
conditions and gender relations as equal or unequal in tabular form and suggests that
their ideas related to their perceptions of gender are fundamentally different.
 BAB III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Type
This research is using qualitative type. According Jackson, Darlene, Dramond
(2007:21-28) qualitative research is defining nature and characteristic of qualitative
research are surveyed in this article which identifies key distintions between method
and methodology. The authors note that qualitative reserach is primarily concerned
understanding human beings' experience in humanistic, interpretive approach. The
function is to investigate answers to question about the evolution of an experience or
phenomenon via observation. Social science specifically attempts to discover new or
different ways of understanding the changingnatire of live social realities.7
Qualitative research defines the nature and characteristics of the qualitative
research surveyed which identifies the main differences between the method and
methodology. Qualitative research is based on human experience in a humanistic and
interpretive approach. It aims to research, investigate answers to an experience or
phenomenon through observation, trying to find new or different ways to solve a
problem in the social reality of life.
This study uses a qualitative descriptive method, it is a research technique that
focuses on grouping data, analyzing, and describing. Bogdan and Taylor (Moleong,
1989: 4) define that qualitative methods as procedures that produce descriptive data in
the form of written or spoken word data from people and observable behavior.
The data collected is in the form of words, pictures, and not numbers. Descriptively,
researchers can characterize the characteristics, characteristics, and descriptions of the
data through data sorting which is carried out at the data sorting stage after being
collected.
The author uses this method because what is being studied is data in the form
of descriptions, so that the author can properly consider that this data is indeed using
qualitative descriptive. This method presents data and relates it to library theory. This
research produces descriptive data in the form of dialogue in the film Little Women
which can be observed and then described in a clear, natural, objective, and factual
manner. By using this method, the author can provide an overview of the
phenomenon of gender equality and feminism contained in the film Little Women

7
B. Data and Source of Data
The object of this research is from a movie entitled "Little Women." This
movie discusses four sisters who achieve their dreams in a patriarchal society,
discrimination and stereotypes of women in social life. All words, phrases, sentences,
and paragraphs related to discrimination and stereotypes constitute research data.
The movie is directed by

The data in this study were obtained by watching and analyzing the dialogue
and scenes from the film entitled Litle Women. then taking notes on dialogues and
scenes that could potentially contain feminism and gender equality. Furthermore, the
data obtained is processed and analyzed. The data source will be a study of research
materials. The data source is in the form of DVD or VCD.
C. Research Intrument
According to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 222), “a research instrument is
a tool for researchers to obtain information and compile and analyze information into
a cohesive report. The instrument used was the researcher himself.
According to Lincoln and Guba (in Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 188),
"The best instrument for qualitative naturalistic inquiry is man." Because this research
uses human instruments, Researchers collect, interpret, and analyze data to gain depth
analysis.
D. Technique Data Collection
In this research, there were several steps to collect the data in Little Women:
1. Watching the movie of Little Women. While the movie was going on the writer
took a taking notes of gender equality and feminism, March sisters struggle to
gain their dreamsthat can be analyzed and turned into research question.
2. Identifying scenes and dialogues in the film Little Women that are related to the
feminism and gender equality.
3. Describe and analyze scenes and dialogues in the film Little Women that are
related to the feminism and gender equality.
4. Reading the theories that had been written in chapter two and the others liteatur.
E. Data Analysis Technique
According to Given (2008: 185) there are six steps used in analyzing data:
organizing and preparing data, reading all data, categorizing data, providing
descriptions, linking descriptions and interpreting the meaning of descriptions.
 First, the researcher observed and recorded all the data in the related of the
movei Little Women. Second, read all the data to find the main topic of the data. In
this study, the researcher found that problems related to women's struggles in a
patriarchal society, women's character struggles to achieve equality in roles, and
significant meaning were the main topics. Third, categorizing the data. The author
categorizes between liberal, marxist, and radical feminism contained in the movie. In
this research, women's character struggles are also categorized into four struggles; the
struggle to achieve a dream, the struggle to be a career woman, the struggle for
women to work away from home, the struggle against discrimination in the
workplace. The final step is to make interpretations related to the data that has been
obtained categorized and sorted based on the researcher's understanding of the theory.