3
CHAPTER
Area and Volume
Man needs measurement for many
tasks. Early records indicate that
man used body parts—such as
his hand and forearm—and his
natural surroundings as measuring
instruments. Later, the ‘imperial
system’ was introduced whereby
the units of length were inches,
feet, yards and miles. Today we
use the metric system, which was
introduced in the 18th century.
The metric system uses the basic
unit of the metre. This is a very
convenient system because all the
units are based on multiples of 10
and, hence, it is easy for conversion
purposes. All of these were studied
in some detail in Year 7.
Introduction
Today many people are
interested in do-it-yourself
projects. Many hardware stores
offer free classes for people to
learn how to tile or carpet their
floors or paint the walls of their
house, as well as many other
interesting tasks. You may wish
to help your dad complete such
a project. In this chapter, we
will learn such things as how to
find the area required to tile or
carpet a floor, or how to calculate
the amount of paint required to
paint the walls of a house, or the
amount of water required to fill a
swimming pool.
In order to do this, we will
need to understand a few
concepts such as:
• area—the amount of surface
covering a closed shape
• volume—the amount of
material of which a solid is
made
• capacity—the amount of space
inside a container that can be
filled with a solid, liquid or gas
• a solid, which occupies space,
has a definite shape and can be
seen and touched.
More information on these
concepts will be dealt with in
detail in this chapter.
76 oxford mathematics for victoria

AREA AND VOLUME WA R M U P

1 Draw each shape and highlight the 4 Calculate the area of each shaded section.
perimeter. a
a b
£xÊV“

ÓÇÊV“

{nʓ“
b
c d £Óʓ“
ÎÈʓ“ £nʓ“

Óxʓ“
2 Calculate the perimeter of each diagram. £Îʓ“
a b
£xʓ“
4 cm 4.3 cm Ónʓ“
d
8.5 cm
Îʓ
c d
£Ê“
£äʓ
35 mm £ÈÊV“

Ӱxʓ
42 mm
nʓ
3 Find the area of the following. 5 Convert the following to the units given
a b in brackets.
9 cm a 10 cm (mm) b 5.5 m (cm)
23 mm
c 1.8 km (m) d 50 mm (cm)
15 cm
48 mm e 420 cm (m) f 2500 m (km)
g 5 cm2 (mm2) h 2.7 cm2 (mm2)
c d
i 12 m2 (cm2) j 11.8 m2 (cm2)
nʓ“ £Óʓ“ ÓÎʓ“ k 5 ha (m2) l 3 km2 (ha)
17 cm
m 600 mm2 (cm2) n 50 500 cm2 (m2)
o 70 000 m2 (ha) p 750 ha (km2)

e f
ÎÊV“

£xʓ
nʓ

£äʓ
 area and volume 77

3A  Special types of quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a figure that has four sides. The lengths of the sides and the size of the
angles in a quadrilateral determine its name.
This flow chart describes the special types of quadrilaterals.

µÕ>`Àˆ>ÌiÀ>

Two opposite
ÌÀ>«iÈՓ sides are
One pair of equal.
opposite sides
are parallel ÀiVÌ>˜}i

All four sides

Two adjacent
are equal.
sides are
equal. õÕ>Ài
ŽˆÌi

All four sides Two opposite

are equal and sides are equal
parallel. and parallel.
À…œ“LÕÃ
«>À>iœ}À>“

Features of these special quadrilaterals

Shape Name Properties
Rectangle • Two opposite sides are equal.
• Diagonals are equal.
• Diagonals bisect (cut equally) each other.
• The angle at each vertex is 90°.

Square • All sides are equal.

• Diagonals are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other at right angles (90°).
• The angle at each vertex is 90°.
• The diagonals bisect each angle at the vertex.
Parallelogram • Two opposite sides are equal and parallel.
• Diagonals are not equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
• Opposite angles are equal.
• Adjacent angles are supplementary (add up to 180°).
78 oxford mathematics for victoria

Shape Name Properties

Rhombus • All four sides are equal and parallel.
• Opposite angles are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other at right angles (90°).
• Diagonals bisect each angle at the vertex.
• Adjacent angles are supplementary.
Kite • Two pairs of adjacent (next to) sides are equal.
• One pair of opposite angles are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other at right angles (90°).
• One diagonal bisects each angle at the vertex.
• It is symmetrical about one diagonal.
Trapezium • One pair of opposite sides are parallel.
• Two non-parallel sides are not equal.
• Diagonals are not equal.
• Diagonals do not bisect each other.
Isosceles • One pair of opposite sides are parallel.
trapezium • Two non-parallel sides are equal.
• Diagonals are not equal.
• Diagonals do not bisect each other.

A diagonal is the line joining two opposite non-consecutive vertices of a polygon.

A polygon is a closed figure made up of many (‘poly’) straight lines. You will learn more
about this later.

Area conversions
In Year 7, we learnt how to convert units in area. Recall the following:

3 100 3 10 000 3 10 000 3 100

km2 ha m2 cm2 mm2

4 100 4 10 000 4 10 000 4 100

Remember
To convert from a larger unit to a smaller unit, you multiply.
To convert from a smaller unit to a larger unit, you divide.

Areas of composite shapes

Composite shapes are made up of more than one regular shape.
To find the area of a composite shape, find the area of each regular shape and add or
subtract them.
 area and volume 79

I N V E S T I G A T I O N  Area of special quadrilaterals

Investigation continued next page

1 Find the area of each triangle. Hence:
a Area of the parallelogram
5 ______ 3 ______ units 2
12 cm

10 cm height
Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm 2

base
b
e The area of a parallelogram can
8 cm be also obtained by the following
method.
5 cm
Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2
…iˆ}…Ì
c

L>Ãi
8 cm

12 cm
width = height
Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2
2 Find the area of the shaded region in
length = base
each parallelogram:
a Area of parallelogram
ÇÊV“ 5 area of rectangle
5 length 3 width 5 base 3 height
£{ÊV“ 4 Find the area of the shaded region.
Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2 a 10 cm
b
ÇÊV“ 7 cm

£{ÊV“ 12 cm
Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2 Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2
c Put both shaded regions together. b 10 cm
The area of the parallelogram
7 cm
5 ______ 1 ______ cm2
d This area can be also obtained as 12 cm
follows. Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2
Area of parallelogram
​ 12 ​(14 3 ____) 1 __
5 __ ​ 12 ​(14 3 ____) cm2
​ 12 ​1 __
5 (14 3 ____) cm2 (since __ ​ 12 ​5 1)
5 ________ cm2
(14 cm is the base and 7 cm is the
height of the parallelogram.)
80 oxford mathematics for victoria

c Put both shaded regions together. (12 cm and 6 cm are the diagonals of
Investigation continued

Area of the trapezium the rhombus.)

5 _______ 1 _______ cm2 Hence:
d Area of the trapezium can be also Area of rhombus
obtained as follows: ​ 12 ​3 _____ 3 _____ units2
5 __
Area of the trapezium ​ 12 ​3 product of ________
5 __
 ​ __12 ​3 12 3 ____ 1 __
5 ​ 12 ​3 ____ 3 7 cm2 Where d1 and d2 `£
`Ó
5 __ ​ 12 ​3 7(____ 1 10) cm2 are the diagonals
of the rhombus.
(12 cm and 10 cm are the parallel
sides and 7 cm is the height of the
8 Find the area of the shaded region.
trapezium.)
a
Hence: {ÊV“
Area of trapezium £{ÊV“
​ 12 ​3 height 3 (_____ 1 _____)
5 __
a
Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2
b
h
£{ÊV“
b {ÊV“
Where a and b are the parallel sides
and h is the height (perpendicular Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2
distance between them). Put both shaded regions together.
5 Find the area of the shaded region. c Area of the kite
a 5 _______ 1 _______ cm2
ÎÊV“ d Area of the kite can be also obtained
ÊV“
£Ó as follows:
Area of the kite
Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2 5 ​ __12 ​3 14 3 ____ 1 __
​ 12 ​3 _____ 3 4 cm2
b ​ 12 ​3 14 (____ 1 ____) cm2
5 __
“
ÓÊV
£ ​ 12 ​3 ___ 3 ___ cm2
5 __

ÎÊV“ (14 cm and 8 cm are the diagonals of

the kite.)
Area of triangle 5 _____________ cm2 Hence:
c Put both shaded regions together. Area of kite
Area of the rhombus ​ 12 ​3 _____ 3 _____units2
5 __
5 _______ 1 _______ cm2
​ 12 ​3 product of ________
5 __
d Area of the rhombus can be also
Where D1 and D2 are the diagonals
obtained as follows.
of the kite.
Area of the rhombus

5 ​ __12 ​3 12 3 ____ 1 __
​ 12 ​3 _____ 3 3 cm2
£ÊV“
​ 12 ​3 12(____ 1 ____) cm2
5 __ ÓÊV“
​ 1 ​3 ___ 3 ___ cm2
5 __
2
 area and volume 81

From the investigation, the area of each special type of quadrilateral can be summarised
as given in the table.

Name Shape Formula for area

1 Rectangle Area of rectangle 5 l 3 w
w
where l is the length and w is the
l width of the rectangle.
2 Square Area of square 5 l 2
l where l is the side of square.

3 Parallelogram Area of parallelogram 5 b 3 h

h where b is the base and h is the height
b of the parallelogram.
4 Rhombus `£ ​ 12 ​3 d1 3 d2
Area of rhombus 5 __
`Ó
where d1 and d2 are the diagonals of
the rhombus.
5 Kite £ Area of kite 5 ​ __12 ​3 D1 3 D2
Ó where D1 and D2 are the diagonals of
the kite.

6 Trapezium a ​ 12 ​3 h(a 1 b)

Area of trapezium 5 __
h where a and b are the parallel sides
and h is the height of the trapezium.
b

Other types of quadrilaterals that you should know exist

are given here.
A concave quadrilateral is one in which one or more
diagonals are outside the quadrilateral.
A convex quadrilateral is one in which all of the diagonals are
inside the quadrilateral. All the special types illustrated above
are convex.
A cyclic quadrilateral has all the vertices on the circumference
of a circle.
82 oxford mathematics for victoria

E X AM P L E S
Exa mple A1
Convert the following.
a 0.576 m2 to cm2 b 600 000 m2 to ha c 350 000 cm2 to m2

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
Use the units of conversion.
Larger 3 smaller
$
Smaller 4 larger
a 0.576 m2 5 0.576 3 10 000 cm2
5 5760 cm2
$ b 600 000 m 5 600 000 4 10 000 ha
2

5 60 ha
c 350 000 cm 5 350 000 4 10 000 m2
2

5 35 m2

Exa mple A2
Find the area of:
a a rectangle with length 12.5 cm and width 5.6 cm

b a square with sides 4.8 cm

c a parallelogram with base 11 cm and height 7 cm.

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
a Area of rectangle Use the formulae.
5l3w a Area of rectangle 5 l 3 w (length 3 width)
b Area of square 5 12.5 3 5.6 cm2 (Use your calculator.)
5l3l 5 70 cm2
c Area of b Area of square 5 l 3 l (side 3 side)
parallelogram 5 4.8 3 4.8 cm2 (Use your calculator.)
5b3h 5 23.04 cm2
c Area of parallelogram 5 b 3 h (base 3 height)
5 11 3 7 cm2
5 77 cm2
 area and volume 83

E X AM P L E S

Examples continued next page

Exa mple A3
a Find the area of a rhombus with diagonals d1 5 7 cm and d2 5 13 cm.

b Find the area of a kite with diagonals D1 5 11 cm and D2 5 6 cm.

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• Area of rhombus a Area of rhombus 5 _​ 12 ​3 product of diagonals
5 _​ 12 ​3 product of 5 _​ 12 ​3 d1 3 d2
diagonals
5 _​ 12 ​3 7 3 13 cm2
• Area of kite
5 _​ 12 ​3 product of 5 45.5 cm2
1
_
diagonals b Area of kite 5 ​ 2 ​3 product of diagonals
5 _​ 12 ​3 D1 3 D2
5 _​ 12 ​3 11 3 6 cm2
5 33 cm2

Exa mple A4
8.5 cm
Find the area of a trapezium with parallel sides 11 cm and
8.5 cm, and with a perpendicular distance between them 6.3 cm

(height) of 6.3 cm. 11 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
Area of trapezium Use the formula.
5 ​ _12 ​3 h(a 1 b), Area of trapezium 5 _​ 12 ​3 h(a 1 b)
where a and b are the 5 _​ 12 ​3 6.3(11 1 8.5) cm2
parallel sides and h is 5 _​ 12 ​3 6.3 3 19.5 cm2 (Use your calculator.)
the height.
5 61.425 cm2
84 oxford mathematics for victoria

Exa mple A5
Examples continued

The area of a parallelogram is 77.5 cm2. If the base is 5.5 cm, find its height.

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
Area of parallelogram Use the formula.
5 b 3 h, Height of parallelogram 5 area 4 base
where b 5 base and ​ 77.5 ​   (Use your calculator.)
5 ____
h 5 height. 5.5
5 14.09 cm (correct to 1 decimal place)
Hence:
​ A ​ 
h 5 __
b

Exa mple A6
Find the area of this shape. All measurements are in millimetres. 9 mm
7 mm

9 mm

13 mm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
a Area of trapezium Use the formulae and add the areas because the shape is made up of a
5 _​ 12 ​3 h(a 1 b) trapezium and a parallelogram.
b Area of parallelogram a Area of trapezium 5 _​ 12 ​3 h(a 1 b)
5b3h
5 ​ _12 ​3 7 (9113) mm2
5 ​ _12 ​3 7 3 22 mm2
5 77 mm2
b Area of parallelogram 5 base 3 height
5 13 3 9 mm2
5 117 mm2
Hence, area of shape 5 (77 1 117) mm2
5 194 mm2
 area and volume 85

Exa mple A7 £xʓ

A backyard is in the shape of a trapezium. There
is a square flowerbed and a triangular vegetable
garden. Aaron wants to sow some lawn seeds Ç°Îʓ ΰxʓ

around the garden. Find the area of the lawn. xʓ

(All measurements are in metres.)
£äʓ

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• Area of square Use the formulae to find the areas of the square and the triangle, and
5l3l add them. Then find the area of the trapezium and subtract the areas
• Area of triangle of the flowerbed and the garden to give the area of the lawn.
5 _​ 12 ​3 b 3 h Area of square 5 l 3 l
5 3.5 3 3.5 m2 (Use your calculator.)
• Area of trapezium
5 12.25 m2
5 _​ 12 ​3 h(a 1 b)
Area of triangle 5 _​ 12 ​3 b 3 h
5 _​ 12 ​3 5 3 3.5 m2
58.75 m2
 Area of square and triangle 5  (12.25 1 8.75) m2
5 21 m2
1
Area of trapezium 5 _​ 2 ​3 h(a 1 b)
5 _​ 12 ​3 7.3(15 1 10) m2
5 _​ 12 ​3 7.3 3 25 m2
5 91.25 m2
 Area of lawn 5 (91.25 2 21) m2
5 70.25 m2

Exercise 3A
1 Convert the following to the units given in brackets.
a 6500 cm2 (m2) b 5 ha (m2) c 0.0037 ha (m2)
d 3 m (mm )
2 2
e 13.7 m (cm )
2 2
f 0.0048 m2 (cm2)
g 30 cm2 (mm2) h 3 m2 (cm2) i 0.007 m2 (mm2)
j 0.09 cm (mm )
2 2
k 50 000 m (ha) 2
l 3 km2 (ha)
m 0.0006 km2 (ha) n 2000 ha (km2) o 8 000 000 m2 (km2)
p 80 000 ha (km2)
86 oxford mathematics for victoria

2 Giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places, find the area of each of the following.
a base 5 7 mm, height 5 5.5 mm b base 5 9 mm, height 5 7.5 mm

h …

L
b

c l 5 11.7 cm, w 5 6 cm d l 5 13.5 mm, w 5 5.7 mm

w
w

l
l

e side 5 7.3 cm f side 5 6.7 mm

g b 5 11 mm, h 5 12 mm h b 5 11.2 mm, h 5 0.73 cm

…
L

h
b

i b 5 7.7 cm, h 5 3.3cm j d1 5 10 mm, d2 5 0.9 cm

… d1

d2

k d1 5 7.8 m, d2 5 320 cm l d1 5 10 mm, d2 5 1.2 cm

d1

d2

d1

d2
 area and volume 87
m d1 5 11.3 mm, d2 5 7.9 mm n d1 5 14 cm, d2 5 16 m

d2
d1
d1

d2

o d1 5 21 cm, d2 5 17 cm p l 5 12.3 mm, w 5 11.7 mm

d1
w
d2
l

3 Find the area of each trapezium. Give your answers to two decimal places.
a 6 cm b 7.8 cm c

5 cm 9 cm
7 cm 4.3 cm
13 cm
11 cm 3.2 cm

d 4 cm e f
£x°Óʓ“
11.3 cm Èʓ“
6 cm
Ç°{ʓ“
3.4 cm
11 cm 10.3 cm

4 For each of the following, give your answer to the nearest integer.
a Find b if the area is 4.5 m2 b Find h if the area is 9.6 m2
and the height is 150 cm. and the base is 320 cm.

£xäÊV“ …
L

c Find a if the area is 680 cm2, the d Find the long diagonal if the area is
height is 17 cm and the base is 46 cm. 380 mm2 and the short diagonal is 19 mm.
>

`Ó

e Find h if area 5 560 mm2, f Find h if area 5 720 cm2 and base 5 32 cm.
a 5 30 mm and b 5 40 mm.
L
…
…

>
88 oxford mathematics for victoria

5 Find the area of composite shape. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
a Îʓ b Ó°{ʓ c
ΰÈÊV“

x°xÊV“
nʓ ™°Îʓ
Ç°Óʓ ££°xʓ

£È°xʓ
x°Èʓ

d {ʓ e f £{ÊV“
Îʓ £{ʓ
ÈÊV“
£Ç°xʓ nÊV“
x°Îʓ
£ÓÊV“

£äʓ

6 Giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places, find the area of:
i the shaded section ii the unshaded section.
a £{ʓ b
Óʓ

£Î°Óʓ
Óʓ
£Çʓ

£x°Çʓ

c Óä°{ʓ d Óxʓ

£xʓ

ÓÓ°Èʓ ÓÓʓ
£Óʓ

Ónʓ

7 Paving tiles measuring 375 mm by 375 mm are used to pave the area shown below.
a Find the area to be paved.
£{°xʓ
b Find the area of one tile.
c How many tiles are required to pave this area? {ʓ
Çʓ
d Find the total cost of paving the area if the tiles Ȱxʓ
cost $32.95 per square metre, other materials such
as sand and crushed rock cost $268 with 10% GST
and labour costs $30 per square metre.
 area and volume 89
8 For her new home, Jacqueline selects ceramic floor tiles measuring 450 mm by 450 mm.
a How many tiles are required to tile three rooms with floors measuring 6 m by 4.5 m?
b If the tiles chosen cost $24.50 per square metre plus 10% GST and labour costs $25
per square metre, find the total cost of laying the tiles.
9 A rectangular lawn is surrounded by a concrete path, which is 1.5 m wide. The lawn
measures 22 m by 28 m.
a Draw a diagram and find the area of the lawn.
b Find the area of the concrete path.

10 A path that is 0.8 m wide is built around two flowerbeds,

as shown in the figure. The two flowerbeds are identical in
shape and size. Find:
a the width of a flowerbed
£xʓ
b the length of a flowerbed
c the area of a flowerbed
d the area of the path. £™Ê“

3B  Circles
A circle is a shape enclosed by a curved line. This curved line is its boundary.
In Year 7, we learnt that the boundary of a closed shape is called its perimeter and the
perimeter of a circle is called the circumference.
We also have learnt the formula for calculating the circumference of a circle.

Circumference of a circle 5 2pr

or
Circumference of a circle 5 pD, since D 5 2r

It would be interesting to know the different features of a circle.

Features of a circle
No. Name of feature Diagram Definition
1 Centre A point in the middle of the circle
equidistant from all points on the
circumference.
The angle at the centre of the circle is
360°.
2 Circumference The boundary line enclosing the circle.
The perimeter of the circle.
90 oxford mathematics for victoria

No. Name of feature Diagram Definition

 3 Radius The line joining the centre of the circle
to any point on the circumference of
the circle.

 4 Diameter A line joining two points on the

circumference and passing through the
centre.

 5 Chord A line joining two points on the

circumference but not passing through
the centre.

 6 Tangent A line touching the circle at one point

and forming an angle of 90° with the
radius.

 7 Major arc Each is a fraction of the whole

Minor arc circumference.

 8 Major sector ¢ A sector is a fraction of the surface of

Minor sector the whole circle. It is bounded by two
radii and an arc. The two radii make an
angle at the centre of the circle.
If θ is the angle at the centre, then a
​  θ    
fraction of the circle 5 ____ ​.
360
 9 Semicircle Half a circle bounded by the diameter
and an arc.

10 Quadrant One quarter of a circle, bounded by

two radii and an arc. It is a sector with
the angle at the centre at 90°.
11 Concentric circles Two or more circles having the same
centre.
 area and volume 91

No. Name of feature Diagram Definition

12 Major segment ¢ A segment is part of a circle bounded
(larger section) by a chord and an arc.

Minor segment
(smaller section)

The length of an arc is a fraction of the whole circumference.

​     ​ 3 2 3 p 3 r
Length of arc 5 ____
360

Area of circles
An area is the amount of surface that covers a closed shape. To find the area of a circle,
complete the following investigation.

I N V E S T I G A T I O N  Area of a sector
What you will need: cardboard, a pair of 5 Attach the halves of the last sector to
compasses, a pencil and a ruler. either end to form a rectangle. Note that
What to do this rectangle is made up of the whole
1 Draw a circle of radius 6 cm on a piece of surface of the circle.
cardboard.
In general, if the radius of the circles is r cm,
2 Cut this circle into eight sectors, as you
then:
would do for a pizza.
• length of the rectangle 5 half of the
3 Cut the last sector into half again.
_________ of the circle 5 p___
• width of the rectangle 5 _______ of the
2 1 b
3 a
circle 5 _____
• area of the rectangle 5 length 3 width
4 7
5 6 • area of the circle 5 ____ 3 ____
5 ________ (units)2
4 Arrange the seven sectors alternately, as From the investigation, the area of the
shown in the diagram. circle 5 pr2 (units)2.
The area of a sector is a fraction of the
a 2 4 6 b
area of the whole circle. Hence:
1 3 5 7

​     ​ 3 p 3 r2
Area of the sector 5 ____
360
92 oxford mathematics for victoria

Construction of 90°
By following these instructions, a right angle (a 90° angle) can be constructed using a ruler
and a pair of compasses.

Draw a line AB that measures 4 cm. A B

Step 1

With A as centre and the radius a little

more than half of AB, draw a semicircle to
Step 2 cut AB at C and AB extended at D. A
B
D C

With C as centre and the radius a little

more than AC, draw an arc above the
semicircle.
Step 3
A
B
D C

With D as centre and using the same

radius, cut this arc at E.
Step 4





Draw a line joining A to E, using a ruler. E

Angle EAB is 90°.
Step 5
A
B
D C

Constructing a tangent to a circle

We know that a tangent touches a circle at one point and the radius makes a right angle with
the tangent at that point.

Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Draw the radius

OA of the circle.
A O
Step 1

With A as centre and radius a little more than

half of OA, draw a semicircle to cut OA at B
and OA extended at C. O
Step 2 C A B
 area and volume 93

With B as centre and radius a little more than

AB, draw an arc above the semicircle.
O
Step 3 C A B

With C as centre and using the same radius, D

cut this arc at D.

Step 4 O
C A B

Draw a line joining A and D. Extend the line. D

Angle DAO is 90° and the line AD is the
tangent at the point A.
Step 5 O
C A B

E X AM P L E S
Exa mple B1
a Find the circumference of a circle with radius 2.5 cm.
b Find the circumference of a circle with diameter 7.3 cm Give your answer correct to 2 decimal
places. (Use p 53.14.)

N e ed
t o k no w
Circumference of a
circle 5 2pr or pD
(since D 5 2r).
Need
to do ★
Use the formulae.
a Circumference 5 2pr
5 2 3 3.14 3 2.5 cm2
5 15.7 cm2
b Circumference 5 pD
5 3.14 3 7.3 cm2
5 22.92 cm2
Examples continued next page

94 oxford mathematics for victoria

Exa mple B2
Examples continued

a Find the radius of a circle with circumference 154 cm2.

b Find the diameter of a circle with circumference 125 mm2.
Give your answers to 2 decimal places. (Use p 5 3.14.)

N ee d Need
t o k n o w to do ★
• C 5 2pr, Use the formulae.
​  C  ​ 
hence r 5 ___ C   ​ 
a Radius 5 ​ ____
2p (2p)
C  ​
• C 5 pD, hence D 5 __
​ p 154
5 ____________
​      ​
(2 3 3.14) cm
5 24.52 cm
C  ​
b Diameter 5 __
​ p

​  125   ​ 
5 ________
3.14 mm
5 31.81 mm

Exa mple B3
a Find the area of the following circles with:
i radius 5 3.6 cm ii diameter 5 9.8 cm

b Find the radius of a circle if the area is 167.33 cm2.

N ee d Need
t o k n o w to do ★
a  i Area of circle 5 pr2 Use the formulae.
a  i Area 5 pr2
ii Radius 5 __ ​ D ​ 
2 __ 5 3.14 3 3.6 3 3.6 cm2
√ 
A  ​ ​ 
b Radius of circle 5 ​ __
​ p 5 40.69 cm2
ii Radius 5 ___​ 9.8 ​ 5
  4.9 cm
2
Area 5 3.14 3 4.9 3 4.9 cm2
5 75.39 cm2
__
b Radius 5 ​ __  
A  ​ ​ 
√______
​ p

√ 
​ 167.33 ​ ​ 
5 ​ ______
3.14
  5 7.3 cm
 
 area and volume 95

Exa mple B4
For the following sectors, determine: a À>`ˆÕÃÊrÊxÊV“ b
270°
  i the fraction of the circle {än
 ii the length of the arc 3 cm

iii the area of the sector.

N ee d Need
t o k n o w to do ★
  i Fraction of a circle Use the formulae.
​     ​ .
5 ____ ​     ​ 
a  i Fraction of circle 5 ____
360 360
 ii The length of an arc is 40
5 ​    ​ 5 __
____ ​ 1  ​
a fraction of the whole 360 9
circumference. ​     ​ 3 2 3 p 3 r
ii Length of arc 5 ____
360
iii The area of a sector is
40
____
a fraction of the area of 5 ​    ​ 3 2 3 3.14 3 5 cm
360
the whole circle.
5 3.49 cm

​     ​ 3 p 3 r2
iii Area of sector 5 ____
360
40
____
5 ​    ​ 3 3.14 3 5 3 5 cm2
360
5 8.72 cm2

b   i Fraction of circle 5 ____​     ​ 

360
5 ​ 270  ​5 ​ __
____ 3 ​ 
360 4
3  ​3 2 3 3.14 3 3 5 14.13 cm
 ii Length of arc 5 ​ __
4
iii Area of sector 5 __ ​ 3 ​ 3 3.14 3 32 5 21.20 cm2
4

Examples continued next page

96 oxford mathematics for victoria

Exa mple B5
Examples continued

For the following shapes, find: a b

ii the perimeter 72°
ii the area. 7 cm
9 cm

15 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• Fraction of a circle a i Find the length of the arc, and add the one radius to the other
​     ​ 
5 ____ three sides of the square.
360
• Length of arc of Length of arc 5 ____ ​     ​3
  23p3r
360
semicircle is ​ 72  ​ 3 2 3 3.14 3 7 cm
5 ____
360
C 5 2pr 4 2 5 pr
5 8.792 cm
• Area of semicircle
2
​ pr ​  
5 ___ Perimeter of shape 5 8.792 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 cm
2
5 36.792 cm ≈ 36.79 cm
ii Find the area of the sector and the area of the square and add
them.
Area of shape 5 ____ ​     ​ 3 p 3 r2 1 l2
360
( 
5 ​ ____
360 )
​ 72  ​ 3 3.14 3 72 1 72  ​cm2
5 30.772 1 49 5 79.772 ≈ 79.77 cm2
b i Find the length of the arc of the semicircle and add it to the
length of the three sides of the rectangle.
Radius of semicircle 5 ___ ​ 15 ​ 5 7.5 cm
2
Length of arc of semicircle 5 pr
5 3.14 3 7.5 cm
5 23.55 cm
Perimeter of shape 5 23.55 1 9 1 15 1 9 5 56.55 cm
ii Find the area of semicircle and area of rectangle and add them.
3.14 3 7.52
Area of shape 5 ​ __________  ​   1 9 3 15
2
5 88.3125 1 135 5 223.125
 223.13 cm2
 area and volume 97

Exa mple B6
Anneka jogs around the inner side of a running track,
whereas Calvin jogs around the outer side of the Óäʓ £xʓ
track. ÓÓʓ
a What distance does Anneka jog?
b What distance does Calvin jog?
c What is the difference between the distances along the two edges of the track?
d Find the area of the track (ie the white area).

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
The circumference of Find the circumference of inner circle and add this result to the inner
inner circle C 5 pD. straight edges. Do the same for the outer circle and straight edges.
Circumference of inner circle C1 5 pD
5 3.14 3 15 m
5 47.1 m
Length of inner edge of track 5 47.1 1 22 1 22 m
a The distance Anneka jogs 5 91.1 m.
Circumference of outer circle, C2 5 3.14 3 20 m
5 62.8 m
Length of outer edge of track 5 62.8 1 22 1 22 m
b The distance Calvin jogs 5106.8 m.
c The difference in the distance along the two edges
5 (106.8 2 91.1) m
5 15.7 m
d To find the area of the track, we need to find the area of the inner
shape and outer shape and subtract the first from the second.
Area of inner shape 5  (3.14 3 7.52 122 3 15) m2
5 176.625 1 330 ≈ 506.63 m2
Area of outer shape 5 (3.14 3 102 122 3 20) m2
5 314 1 440 5 754 m2
 Area of track (white section) 5 754 2 506.63 5 247.37 m2

Exercise 3B
1 Name the marked features of these circles.
a b c
98 oxford mathematics for victoria

d e f

g h i

j k l

2 For the circles illustrated, calculate i the circumference, ii the area. Give your answers
correct to 2 decimal places. (Use p 5 3.14.)
a b c
3.2 cm
8 cm 7.2 m

d e f
6.7 m
Ó£°ÎÊV“ 18.3 cm

3 Using the circumference given, determine:

i the diameter ii the radius.
Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.
a 15 cm b 75 cm c 39 cm
d 11.4 cm e 13.7 cm f 275.7 cm

4 For each of the following sectors, determine:

i what fraction of the circle it represents
ii the length of arc (correct to 2 decimal points where necessary)
i ii the perimeter of the shape (correct to 2 decimal places where necessary)
i v the area of the shape (correct to 2 decimal points where necessary).
a b c
144°
180°

9.4 cm 7.2 cm
3.7 cm
 area and volume 99
d e f
315°
27° 225°
8.45 mm 3.9 cm
11.6 cm

5 For the following areas of circles, determine:

i the radius ii the diameter
Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.
a 100 cm2 b 54 cm2 c 18 cm2
d 256.7 cm
2
e 324 cm2 f 576 cm2

6 For the following composite shapes, calculate:

i the perimeter ii the area
Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places:
a b c

8.5 cm

39
21.4 mm

m
m
9.2 cm
32.6 mm
12 cm

d e f

13 m 72°

18.9 cm 7.7 cm

g h
5.3 cm

72°
cm

8 cm
10

6 cm

5.7 cm
7 Determine the shaded area in each of the following, correct to 2 decimal places.
a b c

4 cm

6m 8m
100 oxford mathematics for victoria

d e f

7.4 cm 4.4 cm

7m

12.6 cm

8 A tyre completes 642 revolutions to travel 1 km.

a Calculate the distance travelled by the tyre in one revolution.
b Calculate the radius of the car’s wheel, correct to the nearest centimetre.

9 A rectangular yard has a swimming pool surrounded by paving.

ÓÓ°xʓ

x°xʓ
*œœ £x°xʓ

££°xʓ

a Determine the area occupied by the swimming pool. Give your answer correct to the
nearest m2. (Use p 5 3.14.)
b Correct to the nearest m2, determine the area to be paved.
c If a paving tile measures 375 3 375 mm, find the number of tiles required to pave the
remaining yard.
d If each tile costs $25.50 and the labour cost of paving is $30 per square metre, find
the total cost of paving. Include 10% GST on both costs.)
10 Two hatboxes have the same base area. One has a rectangular base with a width of
11.5 cm, and the other has a circular base of radius 15.4 cm. Calculate the length of the
rectangular base.
££°Îʓ
11 Flowerbeds are designed inside a rectangular
ΰÓʓ
garden, as shown in the figure. The rest of the
area is covered with lawn. {°Îʓ
a Find the area of all the flowerbeds.
b Find the area of the lawn. £ä°xʓ

12 Semicircles are drawn on each side of right-

angled triangles, as given in the diagram.
ÊV“

Ó{ÊV“
Óx

a Calculate the area of each semicircle.

b In each case, find a relationship between
ÇÊV“
the large semicircle and the two smaller
m

24 cm
c

semicircles.
25

c If quadrants are drawn on the sides, find the relationship 7 cm

between the large quadrant and the two smaller quadrants.

 area and volume 101
13 Construct a tangent at any point on a circle with:
a radius 5.5 cm b radius 7 cm c radius 6.3 cm

Homework
Sheet 3.1

3C  Surface area of solids using nets

A solid is anything that takes up space. Dotted lines are used to give the impression that the
object is three-dimensional—that it has three dimensions: length, width and height.
Examples of solids are shown.

cylinder cone
cube

The flat or curved section of a solid is called the surface or face.

A cube has six faces and each is in the shape of a square.
A cylinder has two flat surfaces in the shape of circles and one curved surface when
opened out has the shape of a rectangle.
A cone has one flat surface in the shape of a circle and one curved surface that when
opened out is in the shape of a sector of a circle.
We will learn more about these solids later.

Types of solids
Polyhedrons
Any solid that is made up of all flat surfaces is called a polyhedron (the plural form is
polyhedra).
Each flat surface is called a face and is in the shape of a polygon
A polygon is a closed shape made up of straight lines. Some examples are the triangle,
the square and the hexagon.  
The corner point in a polyhedron is called the vertex. 
i`}i
The intersection of two flat surfaces is called an edge.


In the diagram, ABEF is a face and A, B, C, etc are vertices (the ÛiÀÌiÝ
plural form of vertex).

v>Vi
Length CG is an edge.

Platonic solids
There are five regular polyhedra that are called Platonic solids. They are named after the
Greek philosopher, Plato. These solids have been known for at least 3000 years.
In a regular polyhedron:
• all faces are congruent (the same size and shape)
• all edges have the same length
• all vertices have the same number of edges meeting at them
• all faces are regular polygons.
102 oxford mathematics for victoria

The five regular polyhedra are described in this chart.

Tetrahedron • 4 triangular faces

• 3 triangular faces meeting at a vertex

Cube • 6 square faces

• 3 square faces meeting at a vertex

Octahedron • 8 triangular faces

• 4 triangular faces meeting at a vertex

Dodecahedron • 12 pentagonal faces

• 3 pentagonal faces meeting at a
vertex

Icosahedron • 20 triangular faces

• 5 triangular faces meeting at a vertex

Prisms
A prism is a solid having two congruent faces, being the rest of the faces are rectangles. The
congruent faces are the same shape as the cross-section. A cross-section is a ‘slice’ of the
solid and is cut parallel to its congruent face.
Both congruent faces are called the base of the prism. The base can be any polygon. The
name of the prism depends on the shape of its base.
If the rest of the faces are rectangles, then the prism is called a right prism.
Shown here are some prisms.

rectangular prism
cylinder cube
hexagonal prism
triangular
prism
 area and volume 103
Some examples of prisms are shown here.
cylinder cuboid or rectangular- cube
based prism

cross-section (slice)
cross-section (slice)
cross-section (slice)

or

triangular-based prism hexagonal-based prism ˆÀÀi}Տ>À‡L>Ãi`Ê«ÀˆÃ“

cross-section (slice) cross-section (slice) VÀœÃÇÃiV̈œ˜Ê­ÃˆVi®

Pyramids
A pyramid is a solid with a base in the shape of a polygon; the rest of the faces are triangles
meeting at a point called the apex or vertex. The cross-sections of a pyramid are the same
shape as the base but are of different sizes. A tapered solid that has its apex above the centre
of the base is called a right pyramid or right cone.
A cone is a solid that has a circular base and a curved surface that tapers to a point called
the apex.

Vœ˜i ÀiVÌ>˜}Տ>À‡L>Ãi` õÕ>Ài‡L>Ãi`Ê«ÞÀ>“ˆ`

«ÞÀ>“ˆ`

VÀœÃÇÃiV̈œ˜Ê­ÃˆVi® VÀœÃÇÃiV̈œ˜Ê­ÃˆVi® VÀœÃÇÃiV̈œ˜Ê­ÃˆVi®

104 oxford mathematics for victoria

The sphere and the hemisphere

Other solids are the sphere and the hemisphere.
A sphere is a solid that has one curved surface. It is like a ball. A cross-section passing
through the centre is a circle. It has many identical cross-sections that pass through its centre.
A hemisphere is half a sphere, much like half an orange. It has one flat surface in the shape of
a circle and one curved surface.

Solid Diagram Cross-sections through the solid

Sphere cross-section 1

cross-section 2
cross-section 1
cross-section 2

Hemisphere
cross-section 1

cross-section 2 cross-section 1
cross-section 2

Surface area using the net of a solid

A net of a solid is a diagram showing all its faces. If a box in the shape of a cube is opened
out and laid flat, it will look like this diagram.

The diagram is the net of the cube. It shows six square faces.
The total surface area or, simply, the surface area, is the sum of the areas of the six
squares. If the side of the cube is 3 cm, then:
Surface area of cube 5  6 3 area of a square
5 6 3 32 5 54 cm2
To find the surface area of a solid using its net:
• draw the net of the solid
• find the area of each face
• add the areas of the faces.
 area and volume 105

E X AM P L E S
a b
Exa mple C1
For each solid:
ii draw the cross-section
ii identify the number of faces.

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• The cross-section is a i ii There are 2 pentagonal faces and 5 rectangular
a slice cut parallel to faces: 7 faces.
the congruent base.
• The number of
b  i ii There are 2 triangular faces and 3 rectangular
faces is the number
faces: 5 faces.
of surfaces that can
be seen.

48 cm2
Exa mple C2
32 cm2
Find the surface area of the rectangular prism, using a net. 96 cm2

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
Surface area is the sum Draw the net.
of the areas of the faces Add the areas of all the faces. 32 cm2
that make up the net.

96 cm2 96 cm2 48 cm2

48 cm2 32 cm2

The surface area of the rectangular prism 

5 2(96) 1 2(48) 12(32) 5 192 1 96 1 64
5 352 cm2
Examples continued next page
106 oxford mathematics for victoria

3 cm
Exa mple C3
Examples continued

Find the surface area of the rectangular prism, using its net.
8 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
The net has two square Draw the net.
faces that are the same Find the area of each face
and four rectangular and add them.
faces that are the same. • Area of square bases
• Area of square 5 l2 5 2(3)2 5 18 cm 8 cm
• Area of rectangle • Area of rectangular
5l3w faces 5 4(8 3 3)
5 96 cm2 3 cm

The surface area of the rectangular prism 5

 2(3)2 1 4(8 3 3)
5 (18 1 96) cm2
5 114 cm2

Exa mple C4
xÊV“
Find the surface area of the triangular prism, using its net.
{ÊV“
£ÓÊV“
ÈÊV“

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
The net of the Draw the net. {ÊV“
triangular prism is made Find the areas of the
up of two triangles two triangles and xÊV“ xÊV“
that are the same and three rectangles and ÈÊV“

two rectangles that are add them.

the same. The third £ÓÊV“ £ÓÊV“
rectangle is different.
 area and volume 107

Exa mple C4 Continued

Need
to do ★
( 
• Area of two triangles 5 2​ _​ 12 ​3 6 3 4  ​5 24 cm2)
• Area of two small rectangles 5 2(5 3 12) 5 120 cm2
• Area of larger rectangle 5 6 3 12 5 72 cm2
(  )
 2​ _​ 12 ​3 6 3 4  ​1 2(5 3 12) 1(6 3 12)
Surface area of the triangular prism 5
5 (24 1 120 1 72) cm2
5 216 cm2

Exa mple C5
Find the total surface area of a rectangular pyramid. 9.54 cm 8.74 cm

6.5 cm
9 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
The net of a rectangular Draw the net.
pyramid is made up of Find the area of each face 9.54 cm
four triangles and one and add them.
rectangle. • Area of two small triangles
( 
5 2​ _​ 12 ​3 6.5 3 8.74  ​ ) 8.74 cm

5 56.81 cm2 6.5 cm

• Area of two larger triangles 9 cm

( 
5 2​ _​ 12 ​3 9 3 9.54  ​ )
5 85.86 cm2
• Area of rectangular base
5 9 3 6.5 5 58.5 cm2
Surface area of the rectangular pyramid
(  ) (  )
5 2​ _​ 12 ​3 6.5 3 8.74  ​1 2​ _​ 12 ​3 9 3 9.54  ​1 (9 3 6.5) cm2
5 (56.81 1 85.86 1 58.5) cm2
5 201.17 cm2
108 oxford mathematics for victoria

Exercise 3C
1 For each solid, find the number of:
i faces ii edges iii vertices
a b c

2 From these diagrams, identify those that are:

i prisms ii pyramids
a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

m n o p

q r s t

3 Sketch a cross-section of each solid parallel to its base.

a b c
 area and volume 109
d e f

g h

4 For each net:

i calculate the surface area
ii draw the shape of the solid formed.
a 25 mm2 b ÓÇ°xÊV“Ó

70 mm2 70 mm2 70 mm2 ÓÓΰ{ÊV“Ó

25 mm2 ÓÇ°xÊV“Ó

c d
each 35.6 cm2
52.5 cm2
90.8 cm2

150.6 cm2
90.8 cm2 90.8 cm2
52.5 cm2
90.8 cm2

e f
28 mm2
each is 19.3 m2

44 77 44 77
mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2

28 mm2

5 For each prism:

i draw the net ii find the surface area.
a b top 108 cm2
36 cm2

side 70 cm2

36 cm2
front 80 cm2
110 oxford mathematics for victoria

c sloping face d È`iÊÓääʓ“Ó Ϝ«ˆ˜}Êv>Vi

350 cm2 ÓÓ{ʓ“Ó

vÀœ˜ÌÊ
bottom 170 cm2 ÇÓʓ“Ó
triangular base 54 cm2 LœÌ̜“Ê£Çxʓ“Ó

e f Ϝ«ˆ˜}Êv>ViÊÎÓʓÓ

49 cm2
sides 112.7 cm2

È`iÊ{nʓÓ

L>ÃiʜvÊVœ“«œÃˆÌi LœÌ̜“ÊxÈʓÓ
Å>«iÊʙnʓÓ

g each face 76 cm2 h 45.8 mm2

150 mm2

92 cm2

6 For each prism:

i draw the net ii find the surface area.
a b

10 cm
4 cm 9 cm
11 cm
12 cm 6 cm

c d
3 cm 4 mm

5.2 cm
8.3 mm
12.5 cm
6.2 mm

e 30 mm f 1.7 m

40 mm
170 m
35 mm
72 mm 153 m
25 mm

g h
25 m 26 cm
24 cm
24 m
32 m 8 cm
7m 10 cm
 area and volume 111
i Ç°ÓÊV“ j £Ó°Óʓ

n°Îʓ
™°ÇÊV“
£{°Îʓ
£Î°ÇÊV“ £Î°{ʓ
££°ÎÊV“

7 For each pyramid:

i draw the net ii find the surface area.
a £{ÊV“
b

£ÓÊV“ £Ó°ÎÊV“

nÊV“ £Î°xÊV“

Ç°ÓÊV“

c d
Ç°nÊV“

£{°Îʓ

™ÊV“

Çʓ
>Ài>ʜvÊL>ÃiÊrÊÇn°ÈʓÓ

8 Find the surface areas of the solids formed by these nets.

a b

nÊV“

£äÊV“

xÊV“

c d
Çʓ

£{°xÊV“
Èʓ

ΰÇÊV“
112 oxford mathematics for victoria

9 For each prism:

i find the area of the front face
ii find the total surface area.
a b ™°Îʓ
ÇÊV“ £Óʓ Ó°{ʓ

™ÊV“ ™°Îʓ
££ÊV“ £Î°xʓ
£nÊV“

ÇÊV“
c xʓ d
Îʓ

x°nʓ
£{ʓ {ÓÊV“
nʓ

e f Ignore the inside surface area of this prism.

£Ó°nÊV“
n°xÊV“
Îʓ
ÓÇ°nÊV“
x°ÓÊV“

10 a A square prism has an area of 348 cm2. The square face has a side of 6 cm. Find the
other dimension.
b How many rectangular boxes measuring 12 cm by 16 cm by 5 cm could be covered,
with no overlapping, with 6 m2 of plastic wrap?

3D  Surface area of solids using

formulae
As seen in the previous section, the surface area of a solid can be obtained by using the net
that makes up the outer surfaces of the solid.
Using this idea, we can obtain formulae to find the surface areas of certain solids.
The surface area of a cube is made up of six identical squares.
If the side of a cube is x cm, then the total surface area of a cube
5 6 3 area of one square.

Total surface area of a cube 5 6x2

 area and volume 113
The surface area of a cuboid or rectangular prism is made up of three pairs of congruent
rectangles; that is, a total of six rectangles.
Consider the rectangular prism and its net. 
The areas of the three pairs of rectangles are: …
l 3 w 5 lw
w 3 h 5 wh Ü Ü
h 3 l 5 hl
 …
…

The surface area of the rectangular prism 5 2lw 1 2wh 1 2hl.

Surface area of a rectangular prism 5 2(lw 1 wh 1 hl)

The cylinder has two congruent circular surfaces and one curved surface. When opened
out, the curved surface forms a rectangle, and its length is the circumference of the circular
base. The width of the rectangle is the height of the cylinder, as seen in the diagrams below.

P
ÊrÊÓÊÊÀ

…iˆ}…ÌʜvÊVޏˆ˜`iÀ]ʅÊrÊÜ

As seen from the net, the curved surface area of the cylinder 5 area of the rectangle 5 lxw
5 2pr 3 h.

Curved surface area of a cylinder 5 2prh

The total surface area of the cylinder is made up of the areas of

Remember
the two circles and the curved surface area. So the total surface
area of the cylinder 5 2prh 1 2pr2. Area of a circle 5 pr2

Total surface area of a cylinder 5 2pr (h 1 r)

It is not possible at this stage to find the formulae for the surface area of every type of solid.
If we need to find the surface area of any other type of solid, we must find the area of all
the surfaces exposed (ie that can be seen) and add them.
114 oxford mathematics for victoria

E X AM P L E S
Exa mple D1
Find the surface area of a cube with sides 4.3 cm.

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
Surface area of a cube Use the formula.
5 6x2. Surface area 5
 6x2
5 6(4.3)2 cm2
5 110.94 cm2

Exa mple D2
Find the total surface area of a rectangular prism with length 7.3 cm,
width 6.2 cm and height 2.5 cm.

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
Surface area of a Use the formula.
rectangular prism Surface area 5
 2(lw 1 wh 1 hl)
5 2(lw 1 wh 1 hl), 5 2(7.3 3 6.2 1 6.2 3 2.5 1 2.5 3 7.3) cm2
5 2(45.26 1 15.5 1 18.25) cm2
5 2 3 79.01 cm2
5 158.02 cm2

7 cm
Exa mple D3
Find the curved surface and the total surface area of a cylinder with
10.5 cm
radius 7 cm and height 10.5 cm. (Use p 5 3.14.) Give your answer
correct to 2 decimal places.

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• The curved surface Use the formulae.
area of a cylinder Curved surface area 5 2prh
5 2prh 5 2 3 3.14 3 7 3 10.5 cm2
• Total surface area 5 461.58 cm2
of a cylinder 5 Total surface area 5
 2pr(h 1 r)
2pr(h 1 r). 5 2 3 3.14 3 7(10.5 1 7) cm2
5 2 3 3.14 3 7 3 17.5 cm2
5769.3 cm2
 area and volume 115

Exa mple D4 5 cm
Find the surface area of the triangular prism illustrated.
3 cm
11 cm
8 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
The triangular prism Find the area of the two triangles and the area of the rectangles and
has two congruent add them.
triangular surfaces ​ b 3 ​
• Area of triangle 5 _____ h 
 
2
and three rectangular
​ 8 3 ​
5 _____ 3 
 5 12 m2
surfaces. 2
• Area of side rectangle 5 l 3 w
5 11 3 5 5 55 m2
To find the surface area • Area of bottom rectangle 5 11 3 8 5 88 m2
of composite shapes, we Total surface area of triangular prism 5 (2 3 1212 3 55 1 88) m2
find and add the areas of 5 (24 1 110 1 88) m2
all the surfaces that can 5 222 m2
be seen.

Exa mple D5 nʓ

̜« Ç°Îʓ
Find the surface area of this composite solid.
`i
̈˜}ÊÈ
Ï>˜
Èʓ
È`i
xʓ vÀœ˜Ì £x°Óʓ

£{ʓ

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
The front face is made Find the area of all the faces and add them.
up of a trapezium and [ 
• Area of trapezium faces 5 2​ _​ 12 ​(a 1 b)h  ​ ]
a rectangle. There are
two such faces. The 5 2​[ ​ 2 ​(14 1 8) 3 6 ]​
1
_

rest of the faces are 5 1(22) 3 6 5 132 m2

rectangles. • Area of front and back rectangles 5 2lw
Examples continued next page

5 2 3 14 3 5 5 140 m2
• Area of two slanting rectangles 5 2 3 15.2 3 7.3 5 221.92 m2
• Area of two side rectangles 5 2 3 15.2 3 5 5 152 m2
• Area of top rectangle 5 8 3 15.2 5 121.6 m2
• Area of bottom rectangle 5 14 3 15.2 5 212.8 m2
Hence, the surface area of the composite solid
5 (132 1 140 1 221.92 1 152 1 121.6 1 212.8) 5 980.32 m2.
116 oxford mathematics for victoria

Exa mple D6
Examples continued

A shed has to be painted with a protective substance to

{°Èʓ
withstand the harsh weather conditions.
Óʓ
a Find the surface area that needs to be painted. The door
ΰÓʓ
need not be painted with this substance. Ӱxʓ
b If the cost of a 5 L can of paint is $57.95 and one can ££°xʓ
covers 6 m2, find the number of cans required to ™äÊV“
ΰx“
complete the job, and the cost of painting the whole
shed.
N e ed
t o k no w Need
to do ★
The surface to be
painted is made up of
two triangles and a
number of rectangles.

Exercise 3D
1 Use the formula to calculate the surface area of each cube.
a b c d

11 cm 0.6 m
15.7 cm 0.45 m

2 Use the formula to calculate the surface area of each rectangular prism. Give your answer
to the nearest square metre.
a b
30 cm
7m

74 cm
6.3 m
100 cm
4.1 m
 area and volume 117
3 Calculate the surface areas of the following triangular pyramids using the appropriate
formula for each face.
a b
26 m 12 cm
10 cm
17 m
32 m 15 cm 18 cm
24 m

c d
42.6 cm
18.5 cm
32 cm
17.3 cm
52.8 cm
28 cm
22.3 cm
14.5 cm

e f
12.7 cm

18 cm
11.3 cm
7.2 cm
42 cm 14.6 cm
28 cm

4 For each cylinder, use the appropriate formulae to find:

i the curved surface area ii the total surface area
Give your answers to the nearest cm . Use p 5 3.14.
2

a ÇÊV“ b c
Ç°nÊV“ ££°ÎÊV“

£nÊV“ È°nÊV“
££°ÇÊV“

d 28.4 m e f 0.75 m

7.5 m 0.32 m 1.25 m

0.32 m

5 Calculate the surface areas of these composite solids.

a b 3m
£xÊV“
1.5 m

£ÓÊV“ £{ÊV“ 2m

£ÎÊV“ 2.5 m
££ÊV“
3.2 m
£äÊV“ ÓxÊV“

Ignore the inside surface area of this solid.
118 oxford mathematics for victoria

c 15 cm d

£Óʓ
9.5 cm

4 cm Ó{ʓ
£{ʓ
5 cm
18.5 cm

6 The walls and ceiling of a bedroom are to be painted.

a Find the surface area of the four walls (excluding
the door and the windows) and the ceiling. The 2.6 m
dimensions of the door are 2.1 m 3 90 cm and
each window is 1.8 m 3 90 cm. Give your answer
to the nearest square metre. 4.8 m

b Calculate the cost of painting if a 3 L can costing

3.2 m
$52.95 covers an area of 7 m2.
7 The diagram shows a tent. Calculate the smallest
amount of fabric required to make this tent if an 3m
2.2 m
extra 6% allowance is required for seams. 3.2 m
2.5 m

8 What is the external surface area of the illustrated cardboard

aluminium foil roll?
{xÊV“
Homework £°xÊV“
Sheet 3.2

3E  Volume of solids

The volume of a solid is the amount of space it occupies, or the amount of material that
makes up the solid. It is measured in cubic units.
In order to understand this concept, we could carry out an investigation.

I N V E S T I G A T I O N  Volume of rectangular prisms

1 a Calculate b What will be the volume of the
the volume rectangular prism formed by a
of this layer 1 cm stack of:
of cubes. 5 cm
  i 3 layers?
4 cm
 ii 5 layers?
iii 10 layers?
 area and volume 119

2 This rectangular c
prism is formed
by stacking layers 3 cm
of cubes on top
of one another. ÈÊV“
4 cm
a How many 2 cm

cubic
centimetres {ÊV“
d
ÎÊV“
are there in
the bottom
3 cm
layer?
b How many layers are in the stack?
c What is the volume of this prism?
3 Repeat Question 2 for the rectangular 6 cm 5 cm
prisms given below.
a 4 a Using the results of questions 2 and
3, write in words and symbols a
rule for calculating the volume of a
2 cm rectangular prism.
6 cm b Discuss with other groups and modify
2 cm your rule if you wish to do so.
b

4 cm

5 cm
3 cm

From the investigation above, it is observed that:

Volume of a rectangular prism 5 l 3 w 3 h

where l 5 length of a rectangular prism

w 5 width of a rectangular prism
and h 5 height of a rectangular prism.

Calculating volumes for other solids

In the investigation above, we observed that the first layer is the base of the rectangular
prism. This is also referred to as the cross-section of the prism. We learnt in the last section
that a prism has uniform cross-sections if the slices cut parallel to the base are the same.
120 oxford mathematics for victoria

Hence: Area of base 5 Area of cross-section 5 l 3 w.

So, the volume of a rectangular prism 5 l 3 w 3 h 5 area of base 3 height.
Hence, for any prism that has a uniform cross-section as a base, the general formula to find
its volume is:

Volume of prism 5 area of base 3 height

If a solid has a base that is an irregular shape, the

volume is found by using the general formula for a prism. Note
The area of the base will be supplied. Sometimes the prism might be in a
horizontal position. In such cases the
Formulae to find the volume of prisms height will be its ‘length’, but we still
If the base area is not given, it should be found using the use the word ‘height’ in the formula.
appropriate formula. In the previous section we studied the
area of various regular polygons, which will help us in this section.
Cube
Area of base of a cube of side x 5 x2 (unit)2
Height of cube 5 x (unit)
Hence: Volume of cube 5 area of base 3 height
x
5 x2 3 x 5 x3 x
x
Volume of cube 5 x3

Triangular prism
​ 12 ​3 b 3 h
Area of (base) triangle 5 __
Height of triangular prism 5 H Note
Hence: h and H stand
Volume of triangular prism 5 ​ 12 ​3
_ b3h3H
h for different
H parts of the
Cylinder r
prism.
Area of (base) circle 5 pr2
Height of cylinder 5 h
Hence:
h
Volume of cylinder 5 pr h 2

Other prisms
It is not possible to get formulae for the volumes of all the different types of prisms.
However, it is possible to find volumes by using the general formula for the volume of
a prism.
If the base of the prism is a composite shape, then the area of this base is found by
calculating the area of each regular shape and adding or subtracting them.
 area and volume 121
Volume of tapered solids
Tapered solids are solids with faces that meet at a point. Examples include the cone and the
pyramid.

I N V E S T I G A T I O N   olumes of solids and

V
pyramids
You will need: cardboard, sticky tape and Fill the cone with sand and see how
scissors. many cones of sand it takes to fill the
What to do cylinder.
1 Construct and cut out the nets of the open Construct others of your own and
cube and the open square pyramid below test them.
using the information on the diagrams. 94 mm

The cube and the pyramid have the same open cylinder 20 mm
base and height measurements. Use sticky
tape to make the objects.
Fill the pyramid with sand and see 15 mm

how many pyramids of sand it takes to fill

the cube. open cone
Construct others of your own and test
216°
them.
œ«i˜
VÕLi
20 mm

It is observed that the cube is filled with

three times the amount of sand in the
Óxʓ“ square pyramid and the cylinder is filled
with three times the amount of sand in
open the cone. This is provided that the solids
pyramid with
square have the same base and height.
base Hence: The volume of the tapered solid
5 __​ 13 ​(volume of the prism).

30.6 mm 25 mm Volume of tapered solid 5

​ 13 ​3 area of base 3 height of pyramid
_

2 Construct and cut out the nets of the Hence:

open cylinder and the open cone using
Volume of square pyramid 5 ​ _13 ​x2h
the information on the diagrams. The
cylinder and the cone have the same
circular base and height measurements. Volume of cone 5 _​ 13 ​pr2h
Use sticky tape to make the objects.
122 oxford mathematics for victoria

Composite solids
The volume of a composite solid is found by calculating the volume of each solid contained
in it and then adding or subtracting them.

E X AM P L E S
Exa mple E1
Find the volume of this prism. 7 cm
6 cm
11 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
Volume of a rectangular Use the formula.
prism 5 l 3 w 3 h, Volume of prism 5 l3w3h
where 5 11 3 6 3 7 5 462 cm3
length of prism 5 11 cm
width of prism 5 6 cm
height of prism 5 7 cm.

Exa mple E2
Find the volume of these prisms. The area of each base is given.
a b

12 cm 72 cm2
40 cm2 15 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
a Area of base Use the formula.
5 40 cm2, a Volume of rectangular prism 5
 area of base 3 height
height 5 12 cm 5 40 3 12 5 480 cm3
b Area of base b Volume of pentagonal prism 5 area of base 3 height
5 72 cm2, 5 72 3 15 5 1080 cm3
height 5 15 cm
 area and volume 123

Exa mple E3
Using p 5 3.14, calculate the volume of the following 3.2 cm

prisms:
a b c
11.5 cm
£xÊV“
£ÇÊV“
7 cm
Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• Volume of cube 5 x3 Use the formulae.
• Volume of triangular a Volume of cube 5 x3 5 (7)3 5 343 cm3
prism 5 _​ 12 ​3 b 3 h b Volume of triangular prism 5 _​ 12 ​3 b 3 h 3 H
3H 5 (0.5 3 17 3 10 3 15) cm3
• Volume of cylinder 5 1275 cm3
5 pr2h c Volume of cylinder 5 pr h
2

5 (3.14 3 (3.2)2 3 11.5) cm3

 369.77 cm3

Exa mple E4
Find the volume of the trapezoidal prism. 11 m
17 m

12 m
4m

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• The base is a Use the appropriate formulae.
trapezium with Area of (base) trapezium 5 _​ 12 ​3 h(a 1 b)
parallel sides 5 0.5 3 4(17 1 11) 5 56m2
measuring 17 m [ Volume of trapezoidal prism 5
 area of base 3 height
and 11 m. 5 56 3 12 5 672 m3
• The perpendicular
distance between
them is 4 m.
Examples continued next page

• Height of prism is
12 m.
124 oxford mathematics for victoria

Exa mple E5
Examples continued

5m
Calculate the volume of this prism.

14 m

15 m
11 m

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• The base of the Find the area of the triangle and the rectangle and add them to give
prism is made of the area of the base of the prism.
a rectangle and a Area of base 5 _​ 12 ​bh 1 lw
triangle.
• Height of the prism (  )
5 ​ _​ 21 ​3 11 3 5 1 11 3 14  ​m2
5 15 m. 5 (27.51 154)5 181.5 m 2

[ Volume of prism 5  area of base 3 height

5 181.5 3 155 2722.5 m3
The volume of this solid could also be found by finding the volumes
of the rectangular prism and triangular prism and adding them.

Exa mple E6
A rectangular piece of metal measuring 115 cm by 144 cm is rolled along its longer side to form a hollow
cylinder. Find the volume, correct to 2 decimal places, of the resulting cylinder. (Use p 5 3.14.)

115 cm
115 cm
144 cm

144 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• The width of the ​  C   ​ 
Radius of cylinder 5 ____
(2p)
rectangle is the
circumference of ​  115   ​ 
5 _________ ≈ 18.31 cm
(2 3 3.14)
the base of the [ Volume of cylinder 5  pr2h
cylinder. 5 (3.14 3 18.312 3 144)
• The height of 5 151 589.39 cm3
the cylinder is
the length of the
rectangle.
 area and volume 125

Exa mple E7
£ÓÊV“ £ä°xÊV“
a b
Find the volume of the following solids.

ÇÊV“
{ÊV“

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
Side of square base Use the formulae.
5 4 cm a Volume of square pyramid 5 _​ 13 ​x2h
Height of pyramid
5 12 cm 5 _​ 13 ​3 42 3 12
Radius of circular base 5 64 cm3
of cone 5 7 cm b Volume of cone 5 _​ 13 ​pr2h
Height of cone
5 _​ 13 ​3 3.14 3 72 3 10.5
5 10.5 cm
5 538.51 cm3

Exercise 3E
1 Find the volume of each solid, given the area of the base. Give your answers to 2 decimal
places where necessary.
a b c

42 cm2 10 cm 11 cm ÎÓ°ÇÊV“Ó
54.6 cm2 ™°ÎÊV“

d e f
xÈ°nʓÓ
5m
15 ha £{ʓ
44 m2
10 m

g
Èʓ

£Óʅ>
126 oxford mathematics for victoria

2 Using appropriate formulae, find the volume of each solid. Give your answers correct to
2 decimal places. (Use p 5 3.14.)
a b c
55 mm
12.3 cm
12.5 cm
4 cm
11.6 cm
7.6 cm 9 cm

d e f 9.4 cm

3.5 cm
140 mm 175 mm
24 m
8 cm 30 m
7m

g h ΰÇÊV“ £ÓÊV“
14.6 cm

££Çʓ“
146 mm

3 Find the volume of each solid. Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.
(Use p 5 3.14.)
a b 17 cm
60° 7 cm
18 cm

5 cm
12 cm
6 cm

c d
££°xÊV“
£È°ÇÊV“
n°ÎÊV“
Óä°xÊV“
7.6 cm
17.3 cm

25 mm

e f

7.7 cm

18.6 cm 7.2 cm 140 mm

144 mm
9.6 cm
 area and volume 127
4 Find the volume of each tapered solid. Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.
Use p 5 3.14.
a 12.5 cm b c

£ÓÊV“
11 cm

{ÊV“
7.5 cm ££ÊV“ 3 cm

d e f
7.6 cm
™°ÎÊV“ 6.7 cm

{°ÓÊV“
115 mm 7.4 cm
8.2 cm
nÊV“

5 Find the volume of each composite solid. Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places.
Use p 5 3.14.
a ÎÊV“ b

10.5 cm
ÈÊV“

£nÊV“
8.6 cm

11.6 cm
ÈÊV“

c d 2.5 cm 3.7 cm

8.3 cm
12 cm
4.8 cm

7.5 cm

8.7 cm

6 A cylinder of diameter 180 mm and height 210 mm is melted and cast into rectangular
bars measuring 20 mm 3 30 mm 3 40 mm. How many bars can be produced?
7 A rectangular sheet of cardboard measuring 24 m 3 36 m is rolled on its shorter end to
form a cylinder. Find:
a the radius of the cylinder
b the volume of the cylinder.
128 oxford mathematics for victoria

3F  Capacity
Capacity is the measure of space inside a solid container. The space can be filled with a fluid
(liquid or gas).
Hence, capacity is the volume of fluid that a solid container can
Remember
hold. The unit of capacity depends on the units for volume.
1000 mL 5 1 L
The units for capacity are the millilitre (mL), litre (L), kilolitre (kL)
1000 L 5 1 kL
and megalitre (ML). The basic unit for capacity is the litre.
1000 kL 5 1 ML
For easy conversion, a diagram is given here.

3 1000 3 1000 3 1000

ML kL L mL

4 1000 4 1000 4 1000

Some familiar capacities are given in this table.

Item Estimate of capacity

Medicine glass 25 mL
Cup 250 mL
Milk carton 1L
Petrol tank 65 L
Hotwater system 170 L
50 m swimming pool 1500 kL
Dam 10 ML
Reservoir 1000 ML

Volume conversion
Using the unit of conversion for length, we can find the unit of conversion for volume.
We know that 1 cm 5 10 mm
and 1 cm 3 1 cm 3 1 cm 5 10 mm 3 10 mm 3 10 mm
Hence:

1 cm3 5 1000 mm3

We know that 1 m 5 100 cm

and 1 m 3 1 m 3 1 m 5 100 cm 3 100 cm 3 100 cm
Hence:

1 m3 5 1 000 000 cm3 5 106 cm3

 area and volume 129
A conversion diagram for easy calculation is given here.

3 1 000 000 3 1000

m3 cm3 mm3

4 1 000 000 4 1000

Capacity/volume conversion
If we fill a cube of sides 1 cm with water and pour the water into
1 mL
a measuring cup, it will read as 1 millilitre (1 mL). The volume of
water is the same as the volume of the cube—that is, 1 cm3.
1 cm
Hence:
1 cm3 5 1 mL

3 both sides by 1000, 1000 cm3 5 1000 mL

1000 cm3 5 1 L (since 1000 mL 5 1 L)

3 both sides by 1000, 1000 3 1000 cm3 5 1000 L (1 000 000 cm3 5 1 m3)

1 m3 5 1000 L
or

1 m3 5 1 kL (since 1000 L 5 1 kL)

E X AM P L E S
Exa mple F1
Convert the following.
a 0.045 m3 to cm3 b 2.8 cm3 to mm3 c 7500 mm3 to cm3 d 675 000 cm3 to m3

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
1 m3 5 1 000 000 cm3 Use the conversion diagram.
1 cm3 5 1000 mm3 a 0.045 m3 5 (0.045 3 1 000 000) cm3
Examples continued next page

5 45 000 cm3
b 2.8 cm 5 (2.8 3 1000) mm3
3

5 2800 mm3
c 75 000 mm3 5 (75000 4 1000) cm3
5 7.5 cm3
d 675 000 cm 5 (675 000 4 1 000 000) m3
3

5 0.675 m3
130 oxford mathematics for victoria

Exa mple F2
Examples continued

Convert the following.

a 4600 mL to L b 320 kL to L c 1500 kL to ML d 3.25 L to mL

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
1000 mL 5 1 L Use the conversion diagram.
1000 L 5 1 kL a 4600 mL 5 (4600 4 1000) 5 4.6 L
1000 kL 5 1 ML b 320 kL 5 (320 3 1000) 5 320 000 L
c 1500 kL 5 (1500 4 1000) 5 1.5 ML
d 3.25 L 5 (3.25 3 1000) 5 3250 mL

Exa mple F3
Find the capacity of containers with the following volumes.
a 4000 cm3 b 3.7 m3 c 4570 mm3

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
1 cm3 5 1 mL a 4000 cm3 5 4000 mL 5 (4000 4 1000) 5 4 L
1 m3 5 1000 L b 3.7 m3 5 (3.7 3 1000) 5 3700L 5 3.7 kL
1 m3 5 1 kL c 4570 mm3 5 (4570 4 1000) cm3 5 4.47 cm3
1 cm3 5 1000 mm3 5 4.57 mL

Exa mple F4 6.4 cm 17.5 cm

Find the capacity of the given containers. 32 cm

18 cm
5 cm 17 cm

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• Volume of triangular Use the formulae.
prism 5 _​ 12 ​bhH a Volume of triangular prism 5 _​ 12 ​3 b 3 h 3 H
• Volume of 5 (0.5 3 17.5 3 6.4 3 5) cm3
rectangular prism 5 280 cm3 5 280 mL
5 lwh 5 (280 4 1000) 5 0.280 L
• 1 cm3 5 1 mL b Volume of rectangular prism 5 l 3 w 3 h
• 1 L 5 1000 ML 5 (17 3 18 3 32)5 9792 cm3
5 9792 mL
5 (9792 4 1000)5 9.792 L
 area and volume 131

Exa mple F5 £{ÊV“

a Find the capacity of the cylindrical can.

b If one mug holds 250 mL of liquid, how many mugs must be used to fill the can? £nÊV“
​ 22
(Use p 5 __ 7
  ​.)

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
• Volume of a cylinder Use the formulae.
5 pr2h a Volume of cylindrical can 5 pr2h
• r 5 __
14
​ 2  ​5 7 cm, ( 
​ 22
5 ​ __ 7 )
  ​3 72 3 18  ​5 2772 cm3

• h 5 18 cm  Capacity of can 5 2772 mL 5 2.772 L

• 1 cm3 5 1mL b Number of mugs used 5 (2772 4 250)  11 mugs

Exa mple F6
A fish tank measuring 30 cm by 25 cm by 15 cm is filled £xÊV“
with water to a depth of x cm. If the volume of the water is
ÝÊV“ ÓxÊV“
9 L, find the depth of water in the tank.
ÎäÊV“

N e ed Need
t o k no w to do ★
The volume of the Convert to same units:
rectangular tank to Volume of water in tank 5 9 L 5 9000 mL 5 9000 cm3
a depth of x cm 5 Form an equation to solve for the unknown, x.
volume of water in the Volume of tank 5 volume of water
tank. 30 3 25 3 x 5 9000
750x 5 9000
x 5 9000 4 750 5 12 cm
 Depth of water 5 12 cm

Exercise 3F
1 Convert each of the following to the unit given.
a 5 cm3 5 ________mm3 b 9 000 000 cm3 5 ________m3
c 0.83 cm 5 ________mm
3 3
d 2.86 m3 5 ________kL
e 575 cm3 5 ________L f 683 L 5 ________cm3
g 4 m 5 ________cm 5 ________L
3 3
h 6000 L 5 ________m3 5 ________cm3
i 50 000 cm35 ________m3 5 ________kL j 20.5 kL 5 ________L 5 ________cm3
132 oxford mathematics for victoria

2 For each container, find:

  i the volume in cubic centimetres  ii the capacity in millilitres
iii the capacity in litres.
a b
Çʓ
15 cm

Óxʓ

£xʓ

c d

£ÇÊV“ £ääʓ“

£xÊV“
ΰxÊV“
ÓäÊV“

3 A 24 cm circular cake tin has a depth of 7 cm. Find, in millilitres, the volume of cake
mixture it can hold if it is three-quarters full.
4 A concrete slab measuring 3.5 m by 2.7 m by 1.6 m is to be laid.
a Find the volume of concrete used to lay this slab.
b If the cost of concrete is $180 per cubic metre, find the total cost of laying the slab.

5 A fridge has the following internal dimensions: height 5 125 cm,

width 5 90 cm and depth 5 50 cm. Find the capacity of the fridge
in litres.
6 A swimming pool, as shown in the diagram, has a length of 20 m and a width of 8 m. The
depth is 1.2 m at the shallow end and 2.4 m at the deep end.
a Name the shape of the cross-section of the pool. Óäʓ
b Find the volume of the pool. £°Óʓ nʓ
c Find the capacity of the pool in kilolitres.
d If the pool is filled to a depth of 90 cm, find
Ӱ{ʓ
the volume of water in kilolitres.
7 The volume of the block of wood is the same
as the capacity of the tea light.
4 cm 3.6 cm
a Calculate the volume of the block of wood.
b Hence, find the radius of the tea light.

8 A triangular hollow prism holds a chemical solution to a level of x cm.

x cm
a Find the volume of the chemical solution in terms of x.
b If the volume of the solution is 147 cm3, find the value of x. 7 cm
Homework 10 cm
Sheet 3.3
 area and volume 133

Language
Adjacent Platonic solids
Side-by-side, or next to each other. Solids for which all faces are the same shape
Capacity and size, all edges are equal length, all vertices
The amount of space inside a container that can have the same number of edges meeting, and
be filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). all faces are regular polygons. There are five
Platonic solids—cube, regular tetrahedron, regular
Circumference octahedron, regular dodecahedron, regular
The distance around a circle; the boundary line of icosahedron.
a circle.
Polyhedron
Composite figures (solids) A solid having only faces that are polygons (plane
Shapes that are made up of two or more regular shapes). The term comes from the Greek words
shapes, which can be either plane figures (flat ‘poly’, meaning ‘many’ and ‘hedron’, meaning
surface) or solids. ‘face’. The plural of polyhedron is polyhedra.
Congruent Polygon
Identical in size and shape, able to be exactly A many-sided closed plane figure (eg triangle,
placed one on another. square).
Cross-section Quadrilateral
The flat surface seen when a solid is cut through. It A figure that has four sides. The length of its sides
is a slice cut parallel to the base of the solid. and size of its angles determine its name and
Diagonal of a plane figure shape.
A line segment joining two non-consecutive (not Right prism
side-by-side) vertices in a plane figure. A solid made up of two congruent faces (same
Diagonal of a polyhedron shape and size), each called the base, the rest of
A line segment joining two vertices not on the the faces being rectangles, which are called the
same plane (flat surface). ‘lateral’ faces.
Edge Solid
The line along which two flat surfaces of a solid Any object that occupies space and has three
meet or join. dimensions; the three dimensions are length,
width and height.
Face
A flat (plane) surface in a solid. Sphere
A solid in which every point on its surface is the
Hemisphere
same distance from its centre—it is ball-shaped.
Half a sphere. It is made up of a curved surface
(​ __12 ​ sphere) and a flat surface (circle). Surface area
A sum of the areas of all the flat (plane) surfaces
Line segment
that make up a solid. It is the area of the net of the
A part of a line that has two definite end points.
solid.
Net
Symmetrical
A flat figure or shape that is made up of all the flat
Identical with a reflection about an axis.
surfaces (faces) of a solid so that it could be folded
to form the solid. Vertex
A point in a solid shape where three or more flat
Parallel (lines/planes)
surfaces meet.
Lines or planes that never intersect. They are
equidistant at every point. Volume
The amount of space occupied by a solid. It is also
the amount of material the solid is made of.
134 oxford mathematics for victoria

S K I L L S A N D C ON C E P T S
special quadrilaterals
l The following chart lists the different types of formulae for the area of special quadrilaterals.

Name Shape Formula for area

Rectangle Area of rectangle 5 l 3 w
w where l is the length and w is the
width of the rectangle.
l

Square Area of square 5 l2

l where l is the side of the square.
l

Parallelogram Area of parallelogram 5 b 3 h

h where b is the base and h is the
height of the parallelogram.
b

Rhombus ​ 12 ​3 d1 3 d2
Area of rhombus 5 __
`£
`Ó where d1 and d2 are the diagonals of
the rhombus.

Kite £
​ 12 ​3 D1 3 D2
Area of kite 5 __
Ó where D1 and D2 are the diagonals of
the kite.

Trapezium a ​ 12 ​3 h(a 1 b)

Area of trapezium 5 __
h where a and b are the parallel sides
and h is the height of the trapezium
b (the distance between the parallel
lines).

area conversion

3 100 3 10 000 3 10 000 3 100

km2 ha m 2 cm2 mm2

4 100 4 10 000 4 10 000 4 100

l To convert from a larger unit to a smaller unit, you multiply.

l To convert from a smaller unit to a larger unit, you divide.

 area and volume 135

Skills and concepts continued next page

areas of composite shapes
l Composite shapes are made up of more than one regular shape.
To find the area of a composite shape, find the area of each regular shape and then add or subtract them.
circles

Name of feature Definition

Centre A point in the middle of the circle equidistant from all points on
the circumference.
The angle at the centre of the circle is 360°.
Circumference The boundary line enclosing the circle.
The perimeter of the circle.
Radius The line joining the centre of the circle to any point on the
circumference of the circle.
Diameter A line joining two points on the circumference and passing
through the centre.
Chord A line joining two points on the circumference but not passing
through the centre.
Tangent A line touching the circle at one point and forming an angle of
90° with the radius.
Major arc Each is a fraction of the whole circumference.
Minor arc
Major sector A sector is a fraction of the surface of the whole circle. It is
Minor sector bounded by two radii and an arc. The two radii make an angle at
the centre of the circle.
If  is the angle at the centre, then:
​      
fraction of the circle 5 ____ ​.
360
Semicircle Half a circle bounded by the diameter and an arc.
Quadrant One quarter of a circle, bounded by two radii and an arc. It is a
sector with the angle at the centre at 90°.
Concentric circles Two or more circles having the same centre.
Major segment A segment is part of a circle bounded by a chord and an arc.
Minor segment

l The length of an arc of a circle is a fraction of l The area of a sector of a circle is a fraction of
the whole circumference. the area of the whole circle.
​     ​ 3 2 3 p 3 r
Length of an arc 5 ___ ​     ​ 3 p 3 r2
Area of a sector 5 ___
360 360
Area of a circle 5 pr2 (units)2
136 oxford mathematics for victoria

Skills and concepts continued

prisms capacity
l A prism is a solid having two congruent faces, l Capacity is the measure of space inside a solid
the rest of the faces being rectangles. container. The space can be filled with a fluid
The congruent faces are the same shape as the (liquid or gas).
cross-section. Hence, capacity is the volume of fluid that a
A cross-section is a ‘slice’ of the solid and is solid container can hold. The unit of capacity
cut parallel to its congruent face or base. depends on the units for volume.
One of the congruent faces is called the base l The units for capacity are the millilitre (mL), litre
of the prism. The base of the prism can be any (L), kilolitre (kL) and megalitre (ML). The basic
polygon. The name of the prism depends on the unit for capacity is the litre.
shape of its base. 1000 mL 5 1 L
l A net of a solid is a diagram showing all its faces. 1000 L 5 1 kL
To find the surface area of a solid using its 1000 kL 5 1 ML
net:
capacity/volume conversion
1 draw the net of the solid
2 find the area of each face 3 1000 3 1000 3 1000
3 add the area of all the faces.
l The total surface area of a cube 5 6x2. ML kL L mL
l The surface area of a rectangular prism
5 2(lw 1 wh 1 hl).
4 1000 4 1000 4 1000
l The curved surface area of a cylinder 5 2prh.
l The volume of a rectangular prism 5 l 3 w 3 h.
l The general formula to find the volume of a 3 1 000 000 3 1000
rectangular prism is:
Volume of prism 5 area of base 3 height m3 cm3 mm3
If a solid has a base that is an irregular shape,
the volume is found by using the general formula 4 1 000 000 4 1000
for a prism. The area of the base will be given.
l The volume of a cube 5 x3. 1 cm3 5 1 mL
l The volume of a triangular prism 5 _​ 12 ​3 b 3 h 1 m3 5 1000 L
3 H. 1 m3 5 1 kL (since 1000 L 5 1 kL)
l The volume of a cylinder 5 pr2h.
tapered solids: pyramid and cone
l The volume of a tapered solid
5 _​ 13 ​(volume of the prism)
5 _​ 13 ​3 area of base 3 height of pyramid
l Volume of square pyramid 5 _​ 13 ​x2h
l The volume of a cone 5 _​ 13 ​pr2h.
 area and volume 137

Chapter review
28 cm
1 Complete the following conversions. a
a 3.8 cm2 5 _______mm2 32 cm
8 cm
b 158 000 mm2 5 _______cm2
c 2.5 m2 5 _______cm2
12 cm
d 40 000 cm2 5 _______m2
e 80 ha 5 _______km2 b c
11 cm
f 4.8 ha 5 _______m 2
25 cm
g 400 mm3 5 _______cm3
h 3800 cm3 5 _______m3
i 2.8 cm3 5 _______mm3
j 1.6 m3 5 _______cm3
Area of square
k 750 mL 5 _______L 25 cm
5 121 cm2
l 2.7 kL 5 _______L 18 cm
d 11 cm
m 3 000 000 cm3 5 ______m3 5 _____kL
n 400 L 5 _______m3 5 _______cm3
29 cm
2 Calculate the area of each shape. Give
your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
a
4 Find the area of each composite shape.
75 cm a
20 cm
82 cm 24.8 cm

b 80 cm 22 cm

115 cm 17.4 cm

140 cm b
c
29.7 cm
11.5 cm

145 cm 15.5 cm
210 cm
18 cm
c
7 cm
d
8 cm
22.6 m 12 cm

45.5 m 6 cm
3 Find the area of the shaded section for
21.9 cm
d
each of the following shapes. Give your
4.8 cm
answer correct to 2 decimal places.
(Use p 5 3.14.)
7.6 cm
138 oxford mathematics for victoria

5 Using p 5 3.14 and giving your answer d

correct to 2 decimal places, calculate for {È°ÎÊV“Ó

each shape:
i the perimeter ii the area.
nÈ°È nÈ°È nÈ°È nÈ°È nÈ°È
a £Óʓ b
V“Ó V“Ó V“Ó V“Ó V“Ó

£Èʓ 35 cm
ʓ
Óä

42 cm
c d
7 For each solid:
75°  i draw the net
9 cm 18 cm ii find the surface area.
24.6 cm
a b
32 cm

6 For each net: 9 cm

7.5 cm
 i name the solid you would get from it.
ii find its surface area. 5.2 cm 21 cm
8.6 cm 12 cm
a
36 cm2
c d
7.5 cm
10 m
60 cm2 60 cm2
120 cm2 12.5 m
11.8 cm
11.2 m
14.3 m

b 8 Using p 5 3.14, find the surface area

81 cm2
of each solid using the appropriate
formulae. Give your answer correct to
108 cm2 108 cm2 108 cm2 108 cm2
2 decimal places.
a b
81 cm2 6 cm
21 cm
18 cm
14 cm
c
17 cm
75 cm2 75 cm2
c d
60 cm2
75 cm2 7 cm
ÓäÊV“ 6 cm
ÎxÊV“
8 cm
 area and volume 139
9 Find the volume of each solid, given the e
area of its base. {°xʓ
a b

x°xÊV“
ÊrÊ{™°ÇÊV“Ó ΰ{ʓ

ÊrÊ£ÓÇ°xÊV“Ó

£{ÊV“
Îʓ
c d
f

x°xÊV“
A = 156.6 m2 A = 22.5 m2
4.9 m
14.3 m £äÊV“
ÈÊV“

11 A cylindrical container with base radius

10 Using p 5 3.14 and the appropriate 1.5 m contains water to a level of 90 cm.
formulae, and giving your answers If 60 L of water is added, find the new
correct to 2 decimal places, find for level of the water in the container.
each solid: 12 A conical glass vase holds 375 mL of
 i the volume liquid when full. If the radius of its base is
ii the capacity in litres. 4.5 cm, find the height of the vase.
a
13 A driveway, as shown, is to be concreted.
Èʓ The cost of concrete is $180 per cubic
£Çʓ metre. How
£Óʓ much will it cost £°nʓ
ÓÇän
£{ʓ to concrete the
Ӱ{ʓ
b
driveway, which is
1.8 m wide, to a
depth of 15 cm?
£ÇÊV“
Σ°xÊV“
£™°nÊV“ 14 A swimming pool is designed as illustrated.
a Calculate the capacity of the pool in
c kilolitres.
ÎÇ°xÊV“
b If it costs $0.15 per cubic metre per
fortnight to clean the pool, what will it
cost per year?
ÓxÊV“
c If water is filled to 80 cm below the
d top of the pool, how many kilolitres
È°ÎÊV“ are required to completely fill it?
£x°ÓÊV“
xxʓ

Ó°Îʓ
Ç°ÈÊV“ Îäʓ
{°™ÊV“ £°nʓ
££°xÊV“ £nʓ
140 oxford mathematics for victoria

15 A large puddle of rainwater has a surface

area of 0.06 ha and is 30 cm deep. Find
the volume of water (in kilolitres) in the
puddle.
16 A garden is in the shape of a trapezium,
as shown. Flowerbeds are prepared and
the rest of the garden is filled with red
gum mulch.
™°xʓ

{°xʓ

x°xʓ

™äÊV“

£°Óʓ

a How many cubic metres of mulch is

required if it is spread to a height of
15 cm?
b If mulch costs $45 per cubic metre
and 10% GST is charged per cubic
metre, find the cost of mulch
required.