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Spring 2013 PHYS 172: Modern Mechanics: Reminders
Spring 2013 PHYS 172: Modern Mechanics: Reminders
Spring 2013 PHYS 172: Modern Mechanics: Reminders
Reminders:
1. If you have not already done so, please register your
iClicker on CHIP a.s.a.p
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Lecture 4 – Physical Models, Fundamental Interactions Read 2.7–2.8, 3.1-3.4
Today
• Poor Monkey
• Reciprocity (Equal and Opposite Forces)
• Example: Colliding Students
• Four Fundamental Forces
• Gravity… Lots of Gravity
2
Shoot the monkey
Clicker question:
The hunter aims and shoots.
As the bullet leaves the rifle the monkey sees the flash,
releases the branch, and drops down in free fall.
Where should the hunter aim to hit the monkey?
A) Below the monkey
B) At the monkey
C) Above the monkey
(ignore air resistance)
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Reciprocity: Newton s 3d law
!
Fspring on mass
Force magnitudes are the same
! Directions are opposite
Fmass on spring They act on different objects
! !
! ! Fspring on mass = ! Fmass on spring
!p = Fnet !t
Reciprocity (Newton s 3rd law):
Spherical cow
Ideal model: ignore factors that have no significant effect on the outcome
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Example: colliding students
Mary and John are late for class and run into each other head-on.
Q: Estimate the force that one student exerts on the other during collision
Mary John
!
Simplest model:
F floor ,N
!
F !
Spherical Mary Fair Spherical John
!
F floor ,P
!
FEarth
!x !x !x
= !t = !t = Δt = 0.02 s
vavg
!t vavg (v + v ) / 2
i f
What about a
Spring Force?
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Newton s Great Insight:
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Force of Gravity
!
r2 m2
� m1 m2
Fon 2 by 1 = −G r̂2−1
! ! ! |�r2−1 | 2
r2!1 " r2 ! r1
!
r1
r̂2−1
−11 N· m2
m1 G = 6.7 × 10
kg 2
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Force of Gravity
Depends on
Product of Masses
m1 m2
F�on 2 by 1 = −G 2
r̂2−1
|�r2−1 |
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Features of gravitational force
! m2 m1
Fgrav on 2by1 = ! G " 2 rˆ2!1
r2!1
gravity is always attractive
! m2 m1 ! m2 m1
Fgrav on 2by1 = ! G " 2 rˆ2!1 Fgrav on 2by1 = ! G " 2 rˆ2!1
r2!1 r2!1
Point object: idealized object which has no size, all mass is in one point
If distance between the two objects is >> than their size, can model the objects
as point-masses
A
B ! mm
Fgrav on 2 by1 = !G ! 2 21 r̂2!1
r2!1
! mm
Fgrav on 2 by1 = !G ! 2 21 r̂2!1
r2!1
R A) 3200 N
B) 1600 N
C) 800 N
D) 400 N
E) 200 N
!
(1" 10 m ) + ( 2.5 " 10 m ) + ( !2 " 10 m )
2 2 2
2. Distance r2!1 = = 3.35 " 1011 m
11 11 11
!
r2!1 1,2.5,!2 " 1011 m
3. Unit vector: r̂2!1 = ! = = 0.299,0.746,!0.597
r2!1 3.35 " 10 m
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! m2 m1
F
3. Force: grav on 2 by1 = !G ! 2 2!1 r̂ = !7.16 " 10 21
0.299,0.746,-0.597 N
r2!1
!
Fgrav on planet bystar = 7.16 ! 1021 -0.299,-0.746,0.597 N 18 18
magnitude direction
Gravitational force on a planet
G = 6.7 x 10-11 N•m/kg2
! star planet
mm
Fgrav on 2 by1 = !G ! 2 21 r̂2!1 m1 = 4 ! 10 kg
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m2 = 3! 1024 kg
r2!1 ! !
r1 = 2,1,1.5 ! 1011 m r2 = 3,3.5,"0.5 ! 1011 m
!
Fgrav on planet bystar = 7.16 ! 1021 -0.299,-0.746,0.597 N
r
r2−1
Checking results:
1. Diagram
2. Order of magnitude
3. Units
4. Unit vector
Clicker question:
What is the gravitational force exerted by the planet on the star?
A) The same
!
B) Fgrav on star by planet = 7.16 ! 10 0.299,0.746,-0.597 N
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!
C) Fgrav on star by planet = !7.16 " 10 0.299,0.746,-0.597 N
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Gravitational force near the Earth s surface
! MEm
m
Fgrav on m by M = !G 2
r̂
E
RE
RE ~ The same for all objects on surface
! !
Fgrav on m by M = gm
E
! ME
Gravitational g = !G 2
r̂
field
RE
The magnitude: g = 9.8 N/kg = 9.8 m/s2
ME = 5.976 ×1024 kg
RE = 6.37 ×106 m
Fg = mg
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What We Did Today
• Poor Monkey
• Reciprocity (Equal and Opposite Forces)
• Example: Colliding Students
• Four Fundamental Forces
• Gravity… Lots of Gravity
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