PHYS 172: Modern Mechanics Spring 2013

No Lecture THUR., Jan 31

EXAM I is next Wed

8:00-9:00 PM –Wed Jan 30, Elliott Hall
Material: Through Section 4.8 in the book.

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Lecture 6 – Ball-Spring Model of Solids, Friction Read 4.1-4.8
 Exam 1 - Wed January 30th, 8:00-9:00 PM Elliott Hall

1.  Absences must be excused in advance by filing an Absentee Report form in

Rm 144 PHYS. (See the course website.) For emergencies, contact Prof.
Peterson by email as soon as possible, peters11@purdue.edu.

2.  Students approved for separate test environments should go to Physics Room
008 at 7:30 pm on January 30th. They should also contact Prof. Peterson for
further instructions. peters11@purdue.edu

3.  You may NOT bring equations sheets, books, etc. It is a closed book exam.
Necessary equations and constants will be provided. DO bring pencils and a
calculator which cannot access the internet. Graphing Calculator is okay.

4.  You must show your Purdue Student ID card when turning in your
completed exam.

5.  The exam covers all assigned material in this course through Section 4.8 in the
book, including labs, recitations, and homework.
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6.  Mostly multiple choice questions + 1 hand graded question
 8:00-10:00 PM -THURS SEP 16, Elliott Hall

Exam 1 – Wednesday January 30, 8:00-9:00 PM Elliott Hall

7.  You will have an assigned seat. Go to CHIP “Seat Assignment”. A seating
chart for Elliott Hall will be in the BBL Exams folder.

8.  Practice Exam + Solution are in BBL in Exams folder:

9. Exam scores will be uploaded to CHIP, BBL.

10. No lecture Thursday, January 31.

11. STUDY HARD AND GOOD LUCK!

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 Can we really predict the future?

BASIC IDEA
We give you the initial positions, velocities, and the interactions.
You predict everything! .... Really Everything?

PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS
Is there free will?
Is there more than we can detect?
Emergence: some laws can only be discovered with 1023 particles.

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
More than 1023 particles in a glass of water. Can't measure them all.
Sensitivity to initial conditions (chaos)
Quantum mechanics: Probabilities determine outcomes
Quantum mechanics: Heisenberg uncertainty principle
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 Model of solid: chemical bonds

radial force (N)!

d
!
F ! linear
0

If atoms don t move too far

away from equilibrium, force
looks like a spring force!

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 A ball-spring model of a solid

Ball-spring model of a solid

To model need to know:

- spring length s
- spring stiffness
- mass of an atom
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Initial conditions for circular motion

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 Length of a bond: diameter of copper atom

density ρ = 8.94 g/cm3:

molecular weight = 63.55 g/mole

NA molecules

1. Number of atoms in one cm3

8.94 g/cm3 atoms atoms

N= ⋅ 6.022 ×1023 = 8.47 ×1022
63.55 g/mole mole cm3

2. Volume per one atom:

3
1 −23 cm
VCu = = 1.18 × 10
8.47 ×1022 atoms/cm3 atom

3. Bond length:
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dCu = 3 1.18 ! 10"23 cm 3 = 2.27 ! 10"8 cm=2.27 ! 10"10 m=2.27 Å
 Ball-Spring Model of a Wire

How is the stiffness of the wire related to the stiffness of one of the short 9
springs (bonds)?
 Two Springs in Series

Spring constant k

Mass M

Each spring must supply an upward force equal to Mg, thus, each stretches10by s
giving a total stretch of 2s, or an effective spring constant of k/2.
 Two Springs in Parallel

Mass M

Each spring provides an upward force of Mg/2, so each stretches s/2, 11

giving an effective spring constant of 2k.
 Stiffness of a Copper Wire
2-meter long Cu wire

8.77 x 109 bonds

in series

Each side = 1 mm
1.92 x 1013 chains in parallel

The stiffness of the wire is much greater than the effective

spring stiffness between atoms due to the much greater 12
number of chains in parallel than bonds in series.
Estimating interatomic spring stiffness
ΔL
strain =
L
tension
F
stress = T
A
stress = Y ! strain
Y - Young s modulus
FT ΔL depends only on material
=Y
A L

Compare:
r
Fspring = ks s
r
Fspring s
A = ks L
rA L
Fspring L s A
= ks ks = Y
A A L L 13
Effective interatomic spring stiffness

A
ks = Y
L

d2
ks = Y
d
Interatomic spring stiffness
ks = Yd
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Limits of applicability of Young s modulus

stress = Y ! strain

FT ΔL
=Y
A L

Aluminum alloy

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Brick on a table: compression
r
FN

r
Mg

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 CLICKER QUESTION #1

Consider a brick at rest on a table top. Choose the correct statement:

The normal force exerted by the table on the brick…
a.  …is mostly the result of stretching of the bonds between atoms near the
surface of the table.
b.  …is mostly the result of compression of atomic bonds near the surface of
the table.
c.  …insures that there is no deformation of the table surface, until the
breaking point is approached.
d.  …does not affect the bonds between atoms in the brick.
 CLICKER QUESTION #2

You hang a 10 kg mass What happens?

from a copper wire, and the
wire stretches by 8 mm. A) Each wire stretches 4 mm
B) Each wire stretches 8 mm
Now you hang the same C) Each wire stretches 16 mm
mass from two copper
wires in parallel, identical
to the first.
 CLICKER QUESTION #3
You hang a 10 kg mass from a What happens?
copper wire, and the wire
stretches by 8 mm. A) The second wire
stretches 4 mm
Now you hang the same mass B) The second wire
from a copper wire, whose stretches 8 mm
cross-sectional area is half as C) The second wire
large (but whose length is the stretches 16 mm
same).
Friction
Exert a force so that the
brick moves to the right
at a constant speed.

What is the net force on

the brick?

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 Friction Doesn t Always
Oppose Motion
Box dropped onto moving
conveyor belt. What happens?

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How is it that a sprinter can accelerate?
 Sliding Friction
•  When one object slides on another, the
component of force exerted by one
object on the other has a component
parallel (or antiparallel) to the motion:
–  ffriction ~ µkFN

µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction

FN is the normal force – the perpendicular

component of the force that is squeezing the two
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objects into each other
 Static Friction
•  What happens when Fapplied < µkFN ?
•  Block does not move due to static
friction
•  In general:
‒  µk < µs

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