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Gynandromorphism
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What links here A gynandromorph is an organism that contains both male and female characteristics. The
Related changes term comes from the Greek γυνή (gynē), female, ἀνήρ (anēr), male, and μορφή (morphē),
Upload file form, and is used mainly in the field of entomology. Notable gynandromorphic organisms are
Special pages Fully female spider (Drassodes
butterflies, moths and other insects, wherein both types of body part can be distinguished saccatus) with left male pedipalp, an
Permanent link
physically due to sexual dimorphism. example of mosaic
Page information gynandromorphism
Wikidata item Contents [hide]
Cite this page
1 Occurrence in other genera

In other projects 2 Pattern of distribution of male and female tissues in a single organism
3 Causes
Wikimedia Commons
4 As a research tool
Print/export 5 In popular culture
Create a book 6 See also
Download as PDF 7 References
Printable version Heteropteryx dilatata
8 External links
gynandromorph
Languages

Deutsch Occurrence in other genera [ edit ]

Español
Gynandromorphism has been observed in numerous animal species, including crustaceans,
‫فارسی‬
such as lobsters and crabs, and many species of bird.[1][2][3][4][5] A clear example in birds
Français
involves the zebra finch. These birds have lateralised brain structures in the face of a common
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
steroid signal, providing strong evidence for a non-hormonal primary sex mechanism regulating
Português brain differentiation.[6]
Русский Gynandromorph of the small
Türkçe Pattern of distribution of male and female tissues in a single white, Pieris rapae.

8 more organism [ edit ]

Edit links
A gynandromorph can have bilateral asymmetry—one side female and one side male.[7] Alternatively, the distribution of male and
female tissue can be more haphazard. Bilateral gynandromorphy arises very early in development, typically when the organism has
between 8 and 64 cells.[8] Later stages produce a more random pattern.[citation needed]

Normal female of Mosaic gynandromorph Normal male of Papilio

Papilio androgeus of Papilio androgeus androgeus

Causes [ edit ]

The cause of this phenomenon is typically, but not always, an event in mitosis during early development. While the organism contains
only a few cells, one of the dividing cells does not split its sex chromosomes typically. This leads to one of the two cells having sex
chromosomes that cause male development and the other cell having chromosomes that cause female development. For example,
an XY cell undergoing mitosis duplicates its chromosomes, becoming XXYY. Usually this cell would divide into two XY cells, but in
rare occasions the cell may divide into an X cell and an XYY cell. If this happens early in development, then a large portion of the
cells are X and a large portion are XYY. Since X and XYY dictate different sexes, the organism has tissue that is female and tissue
that is male.[9]

A developmental network theory of how gynandromorphs develop from a single cell based on internetwork links between parental
allelic chromosomes is given in.[10] The major types of gynandromorphs, bilateral, polar and oblique are computationally modeled.
Many other possible gynandromorph combinations are computationally modeled, including predicted morphologies yet to be
discovered. The article relates gynandromorph developmental control networks to how species may form. The models are based on a
computational model of bilateral symmetry.[11]

As a research tool [ edit ]

Gynandromorphs occasionally afford a powerful tool in genetic, developmental, and behavioral analyses. In Drosophila melanogaster,
for instance, they provided evidence that male courtship behavior originates in the brain,[12] that males can distinguish conspecific
females from males by the scent or some other characteristic of the posterior, dorsal, integument of females,[13][14] that the germ cells
originate in the posterior-most region of the blastoderm,[15] and that somatic components of the gonads originate in the mesodermal
region of the fourth and fifth abdominal segment.[16]

In popular culture [ edit ]

In his autobiography, Speak, Memory, the writer and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov describes a gynandromorph butterfly, male on
one side, female on the other, that he caught as a youth on his family's Russian estate.[17] In Kim Stanley Robinson's novel 2312,
some people choose to turn themselves into functional gynandromorphs. For example, the main protagonist, Swan Er Hong, is a
gynandromorph. She was born a female, identifies herself as one, and mothered children. But she also fathered children, after
acquiring male reproductive organs.

See also [ edit ]

Androgyny
Chimerism
Gynomorph
Hermaphrodite
Intersex

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Chen, Xuqi; Agate, Robert J.; Itoh, Yuichiro; Arnold, Arthur P.
(2005). "Sexually dimorphic expression of trkB, a Z-linked gene, in
early posthatch zebra finch brain" . Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. 102 (21): 7730–5.
Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.7730C .
doi:10.1073/pnas.0408350102 . PMC 1140405 .
PMID 15894627 . Lay summary – Scientific American (March 25,
2003).
2. ^ Gouldian finch Erythrura gouldiae Gynandromorph
2006-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ Powderhill Banding Fall 2004 Archived 2006-12-31 at the
Wayback Machine
4. ^ A Gender-bender Colored Cardinal, by Tim Wall, Discovery News,
31 May 2011 [1]
5. ^ "Half-cock chicken mystery solved" . BBC News. 11 March 2010.
6. ^ Arnold, Arthur P. (2004). "Sex chromosomes and brain gender".
Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (9): 701–8. doi:10.1038/nrn1494 .
PMID 15322528 .
7. ^ Ian Sample, science correspondent (12 July 2011). "Half male, half
female butterfly steals the show at Natural History Museum" .
London: The Guardian. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
10. ^ Werner, Eric (2012). "A Developmental Network Theory of
Gynandromorphs, Sexual Dimorphism and Species Formation".
arXiv:1212.5439 .
11. ^ Werner, Eric (2012). "The Origin, Evolution and Development of
Bilateral Symmetry in Multicellular Organisms". arXiv:1207.3289 .
12. ^ Hotta, Y, and Benzer, S. (1972). "Mapping of Behaviour in
Drosophila mosaics". Nature. 240 (5383): 527–535.
Bibcode:1972Natur.240..527H . doi:10.1038/240527a0 .
Archived PMID 4568399 .
13. ^ Nissani, M. (1975). "A new behavioral bioassay for an analysis of
sexual attraction and pheromones in insects". Journal of
Experimental Zoology. 192 (2): 271–5.
doi:10.1002/jez.1401920217 . PMID 805823 .
14. ^ Hotta, Y., Benzer, S. (1976). "Courtship in Drosophila mosaics:
sex-specific foci for sequential action patterns" . Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A. 73 (11): 4154–4158. Bibcode:1976PNAS...73.4154H .
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.11.4154 . PMC 431365 . PMID 825859 .
15. ^ Nissani, Moti (1977). "Cell lineage analysis of germ cells of
Drosophila melanogaster". Nature. 265 (5596): 729–731.
Bibcode:1977Natur.265..729N . doi:10.1038/265729a0 .
PMID 404558 .

8. ^ Malmquist, David (June 15, 2005). "Rare crab may hold genetic
secrets" . Virginia Institute of Marine Science.
9. ^ Adams, James K. "Gynandromorphs" . Department of Natural
Sciences, Dalton State College.
16. ^ Szabad, Janos, and Nothiger, Rolf (1992). "Gynandromorphs of
Drosophila suggest one common primordium for the somatic cells of
the female and male gonads in the region of abdominal segments 4
and 5" (PDF). Development. 115: 527–533.
17. ^ Nabokov, Vladimir (1967). Speak, Memory. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf. p. 97.

External links [ edit ]

"Stunning Dual-Sex Animals " at Live Science Wikimedia Commons has

media related to
Gynandromorphs.

Categories: Insect physiology Sexual dimorphism Biology of gender

This page was last edited on 4 December 2019, at 05:31 (UTC).

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