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00-General Nusselt Number Correlations List
00-General Nusselt Number Correlations List
40,000-
V
D
400,000
Nu D 0.027 Re0D.805 Pr1/ 3 Pr 0.7
6,000-
Nu L 0.304 Re0D.59 Pr1/ 3
V
D gas flow
60,000
Freely Falling Liquid Drops
V 5,000-
D
60,000
Nu D 0.158 Re0D.66 Pr1/ 3 gas flow Average Nusselt Number
V
D
5,200-
Nu D 0.164 Re0D.638 Pr1/ 3 gas flow Nu D 2 0.6 Re1D/ 2 Pr1/ 3
20,400
Note: All fluid properties are evaluated
20,400-
V
D
105,000
Nu D 0.039 Re0D.78 Pr1/ 3 gas flow at T∞ for the falling drop correlation.
4,500-
Nu D 0.150 Re0D.638 Pr1/ 3
V
D gas flow
90,700
Tube banks and packed beds have characteristics of both internal and external flow. The flow is internal in that the fluid
flows inside the tube bank/packed bed, exhibits exponential temperature profiles of the mean temperature, and has heat
transfer governed by a log mean temperature difference. The flow is external in that it flows over tubes/packed bed
particles and that the characteristic dimension in the Reynolds number is based on tube/particle diameter.
hm 2 / 3
jM Sc
V
External Free Convection Correlations (Average, Isothermal)
Vertical Plate, Vertical Cylinder, Top Side of Inclined Cold Plate, Bottom Side of Inclined Hot Plate
1 0.492 / Pr
slightly more accurate for
9 / 16
Top Surface of Inclined Cold Plate /
Bottom Surface of Inclined Hot Plate: laminar flow.
• Replace g with g cos q in RaL
• Valid for 0 q 60
Horizontal Plate
Curved Shapes
Alternative Correlation
2
Long
0.387 Ra1D/ 6
for Long Horizontal
Nu D 0.60 8 / 27
Ra D 1012 Cylinder:
Horizontal
1 0.559 / Pr
9 / 16
Cylinder
The Morgan correlation
(9.33) may also be used.
Local Nu at x = L
isoflux
C
1/ 2
gqs" S 4 qs" S Ts , L T
(qs” known C2 Ra S* Nu S , L
T
Nu S , L * 1 2/5 Ts , L T k
k 2
on one or
Ra S S / L Ra S S / L
*
both plates)
1 H L 2 L w
0.29
Pr 103 Pr 105 Alternative Correlation for Vertical
Nu L 0.18 Ra L
Pr 0.2 Ra L Pr
Rectangular Cavity:
103 Eq. (9.53) covers a wide range of aspect
0.2 Pr
ratios but is more restrictive on Ra and Pr
0.28 1/ 4
2 H L 10
Pr H Horizontal Cavity Heated From Below
Nu L 0.22 Ra L Pr 105
Pr 0.2 L
103 Ra L 1010 Average Nusselt Number Restrictions
l (Tsat Ts ) D
1/ 4
g ( l v ) C=0.729 for horizontal
"
qmax Ch fg v hfg h fg 0.68c p,l (Tsat Ts ) tubes.
v2
Evaluate liquid and vapor properties at Tsat .
Laminar Film Condensation, Vertical Tier of N Tubes:
C =0.149 for large horizontal plates.
C=0.131 for large horizontal cylinders, spheres, Average heat transfer coefficient of each tube: Eq. (10.49).
and many large finite heated surfaces.
Inner Surface of Horizontal Tube
Film Boiling
1/ 4 Average Nusselt Number Restrictions
hconvD g ( l v )hfg D 3
Nu D C
v kv (Ts Tsat )
1/ 4
kv l g ( l v )hfg kl3
hD 0.555 v u m ,v D
l (Tsat Ts ) D 35,000
hfg h fg 0.80c p,v (Ts Tsat ) v i
hfg h fg 0.375c p,l (Tsat Ts )
Evaluate vapor properties at Tf = (Tsat + Ts ) / 2 .
Evaluate l and hfg at Tsat .
v u m ,v D
Eq. (10.51) 35,000
v i
C =0.67 for spheres. C=0.62 for horizontal cylinders.
Radiation should be considered for Ts > 300°C
See Eqs. (10.9)-(10.11)
Dropwise Condensation
Correlations for Flow Boiling: Average Nusselt Number Restrictions
External forced convection boiling: (10.12)-(10.14) hdc 51,104 2044Tsat C 22C Tsat 100C
Two-phase flow: (10.15)-(10.16)
hdc 255,510 Tsat 100C