LABORATORY METHOD

1. Crystallization is used to purify a solid. The process requires a suitable solvent.

A suitable solvent is one which readily dissolves the solid (solute) when the
solvent is hot but not when it is cold.  a substance can be dissolved into an
appropriate solvent. Heat and changes in acidity can help the material dissolve. 

Example : Water can be a crystallization solvent between 0-100oC

2. Decolorization: refers to the process of removing brightly colored organic

impurities from the sample mixture.

Example – small amount of decolorizing carbon (activated charcoal) to the warm

(NOT BOILING) sample solution.

3. Heating : is the amount of energy that is transferred from one system to its
surroundings because of a temperature difference

Example - Ice is added to a glass of water. The water has a higher temperature
then the ice because its molecules are moving faster. This heat energy causes
the ice to melt because the molecules in the ice are moving faster causing it to
change to a liquid.

4. Filtering : Used to remove insoluble solids suspended in solution.

Example –

5. Melting Point Determination:  It is used to help determine the purity of

a solid and to help verify the identity of the compound. Also it is the
temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.

Example – Ice turn into water

6. Extraction is a method for moving a compound from one medium to

another

Example - if you make coffee from coffee beans, you are extracting some
flavourful components of the bean and some caffeine into the water. The
remainder of the beans (grounds) are left behind and discarded.
7. Drying agents are distinguished by their capacity (the amount of water
they can absorb), the rate at which they absorb the water, and their
intensity (or completeness), which is the amount of water left behind in
the solvent at equilibrium.

Example - dry the solution using an appropriate drying agent. Drying

agents are distinguished by their capacity (the amount of water they can
absorb), the rate at which they absorb the water, and their intensity (or
completeness), which is the amount of water left behind in the solvent at
equilibrium.
- Desiccant, silica gel, molecular sieve, aluminum oxide

8. Extraction Solvents Selection of a good extraction solvent is similar to selection

of a recrystallization solvent in several respects.

Example : Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform