UNIT 1 Introduction of Anatomy of Physiology

 Anatomy : “anatome”= “to dissect” (cutting up)

 Anatomy: Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

 Physiology: Study of how the body and its parts function

 Father of Anatomy: Herophilus of Chalcedon (circa 300 BC); a Greek

physician

Subdivisions of Anatomy

1. Cadaveric Anatomy; study of dead embalmed (preserved) bodies usually with the
naked eye (macroscopic or gross anatomy).
Done by 2 approaches:
a. Regional Anatomy: study of individual body parts like upper limb, lower limb,
thorax, abdomen, head, neck, brain.
b. Systemic Anatomy: study of structure of the system skeletal, muscular,
nervous, respiratory, digestive, urogenital, endocrine.
2. Living Anatomy: Study of living human beings (I, P, P, A, E, R, E)
3. Developmental Anatomy: Study of structural developments from the time of
fertilization –adulthood. Developmental history = ontology
4. Macroscopic Anatomy (gross anatomy): study of structure which can be seen
with naked eye.
5. Microscopic Anatomy (histology): study of structure by using a microscope
6. Surface Anatomy: Study of deeper parts of body in relation to the skin surface.
7. Radiological Anatomy: Study of anatomy of tissues based on their appearance in
the x-ray films.
8. Clinical Anatomy (applied anatomy): study of structure applied to the diagnosis
and treatment.
9. Pathological Anatomy: Study of abnormal disease or injured structures.
10. Comparative Anatomy: Comparison of homologous structures of different
animals to explain changes in form, structure and function (morphology) of
different parts of human body
11. Experimental Anatomy: Study of factors which influence and determine the form,
structure and function of different parts of body
12. Special Anatomy: study of particular organs or parts
13. Physical Anthropology: comparative study of evolution, variation and
classification through measurement/observation

Subdivisions of Physiology
1. Neurophysiology: study of functions of neurons (nerve cells)
2. Endocrinology: Ductless glands, secretion (hormones) and its functions
3. Renal Physiology: Study of functions of kidney, which removes water and
water soluble waste products
4. Immunology: Study of all aspects of the immune system including its structure
and functions disorders of immune system, blood banking, immunization and
organ transplantation
5. Pathophysiology: changes of normal mechanical, physical and biological,
functions, either caused by a disease or resulting from abnormal syndrome.
6. Histopathology: study of functions of cells and tissue
7. Exercise physiology: Study of changes occurring in body during muscular
exercise
8. Reproductive physiology: Study of male and female reproductive organs.
Fertilization of ovum and sperm, its growth during pregnancy, delivery of baby
9. Respiratory Physiology: study of respiratory airways, lungs, gases exchange
between atmosphere and blood.
10. Cardiac Physiology: study of functions of heart and blood vessels
11. Genetic: study of information present in chromosomes

Positions of the Body

Types of Body Position

1. Anatomical Position: body is erect, eyes looks straight to front, upper limbs
hang by side, palms directed forward, lower limbs parallel toes pointing
forward.
2. Supine Position: anatomical position lying down, face pointing upwards in
horizontal plane
3. Prone Position: Back of body directed upward, face directed downward in
horizontal plane.
4. Lithotomy position: Body is lying in supine with legs up and strapped. Used
during Delivery.
Types of Anatomical Planes

Median/mid-sagittal: plane passing through centre of body, divides into two equal right
and left halves.

Coronal/ Frontal: Plane at right angles to sagittal, which divides body into anterior and
posterior halves.

Transverse/Horizontal: plane at right angel to both sagittal and coronal which divides
body into superior/inferior portions.

Region of the Body:

5 regions

1. Head: cranium and face

2. Neck
3. Trunk: Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
4. Upper Limb: arm, forearm, hand
5. Lower limb, thigh, leg and foot

Body and Joint Movements:

Types of Joint Movements
1. Flexon
2. Extension
3. Adduction
4. Abduction
5.