Adaptive Differential PCM

By
Dr.R.Hemalatha, ASP/ECE

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 Objectives

Adaptive Differential PCM

Adaptive quantization

Adaptive prediction

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 Adaptive Differential PCM
• PCM for speech coding (64 kb/s) requires high channel
bandwidth
• Some applications (secure transmission over radio channel –
low capacity) requires speech coding at low bit rates while
preserving acceptable fidelity (not 64 kb/s PCM but 32, 16, 8
etc)
• It is possible by using special coders that utilize,
• statistical characteristics of speech signals
• properties of hearing

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 Design Objectives

1. Remove redundancies from speech signals

2. Assign available bits to encode non-redundant parts of speech
signal in an efficient way
• Standard PCM is at 64 kb/s – can be reduced to 32, 16, 8 or
even 4 kb/s
• It leads to proportional increase in complexity
• For same speech quality with half the bit rate -
Computational complexity is very high.

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 ADPCM principles
• Allows encoding of speech at 32 kb/s – requires 4 bits per
sample
• Uses adaptive quantization and adaptive prediction
• Adaptive Quantization – uses a time-varying step Δ[n].
The step-size is varied to match the input signal σM2

[n]  ˆ M [n] (3.83)

• φ is a constant; σM[n] estimate of the standard
deviation, this has to be computed continuously.

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 Methods for Implementation
• Two possibilities:
• Adaptive quantization with forward estimation (AQF) –
uses un-quantized samples of the input signal to derive
forward estimates of σM[n]; requires a buffer to store
samples for a certain learning period; incurs delay (~ 16 ms
for speech)
• Adaptive quantization with backward estimation (AQB) –
uses samples of the quantizer output to derive backwards
estimates of σM[n]

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 Adaptive prediction in ADPCM
• The filter coefficients are updated adaptively based on the
variation in the input signal. The adaptation is done in two
ways,
• Adaptive prediction with forward estimation (APF): uses
unquantized samples of the input signal to calculate
prediction coefficients; disadvantages similar to AQF

• Adaptive prediction with backward estimation (APB): uses

samples of the quantizer output and the prediction error to
compute predictor coefficients; logic for adaptive
prediction – algorithm for updating predictor coefficients
(LMS)

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Adaptive quantization with backward
estimation (AQB)

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Adaptive prediction with backward estimation
(APB)

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 Summary

• The concept Adaptive Differential PCM is discussed.

• Adaptive quantization and adaptive prediction (with
forward & backward estimation) procedures are
discussed.

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