Spiritual Self
SPIRIT vs SOUL
The soul is the part of us that connects with our
fellow human beings.
The spirit is the part that connects to God and
covers matters like faith, trust, and worship and so on.
Notes:
The spirit is seen as the innermost part of our being.
It is enveloped by our soul, which in turn is enveloped
by our body.
RELIGION
Is an organized system of ideas about the
spiritual sphere or the supernatural along with
associated ceremonial practices by which people try to
interpret and / or influence aspects of the universe
otherwise beyond their control.
DURKHEIM:
Set of beliefs and practices deemed as sacred
and it unites believers as on moral community
Notes:
Durkheim: refers to supernatural
Spirituality and Religion fulfil social and Psychological
needs
Explanation of:
Sufferings and death
Through Practice of Religious Activities (Prayer) -
people may find Comfort, Security and Stability in times
of Sufferings, Loss, and Uncertainties.
These are the sample of the Religions existing in the
World:
But again, there are still other religions that are existing
here in the Philippines and all around the world .
3 Forms of Religion:
ANIMISM - Belief that spiritual beings can have good
and ill effects on people’s lives.
The belief that spirits, apparitions, angels, or
demons inhabit the earth.
TOTEMISM – “punso”. Belief that plants, animals or
objects possess spirit.
THEISM - belief in one or more gods who created the
universe and have supernatural powers to influence and
control people.
2 Kinds of Theism:
Monotheism – only 1 God (Christianity, Islam)
Polytheism – more than one god (native religions,
Hinduism )
BRAHMA – creator of Universe
VISHNA – protector of the Universe
SHIVA – Destroyer of the Universe
Measure of Religiosity
(Gluck)
1. Experiential Religiosity - believer’s emotional
attachment to his religion.
2. Ritualistic Religiosity - frequency of attendance
in one’s religious activities
3. Ideological Religiousty - believers degree of
acceptance and beliefs of the doctrines and
teachings of one’s religion.
4. Consequential religiosity - how a believer
observes and practices the beliefs of his
religion.
5. Intellectual religiously - knowledge about
religion’s historical backgrounds and doctrines.
Notes:
 Religiosity is a comprehensive sociological term
used to refer to the involvement, interest or
participation in numerous aspects of religious activity,
dedication, and belief.
Ex:
EXPERIENTIAL – guilt, devotion, mystery, peace.
RITUALISTIC – Praying, Bible reading, doing some
sacrifices – fasting, pamamanata during holy week,
pilgrimages, Saint feast days…..
IDEOLOGICAL - God, Afterlife, Supernatural
CONSEQUENTIAL – ceremonies (marriage, baptismal,
etc…)
INTELLECTUAL -
members. As such, the ecclesia is the national or state
religion.
Today, it refers to Assembly, Congregation,
Assembly.
DENOMINATION - religious organization that is closely
integrated into the larger society but is not a formal
part of the state.
Religion vs Spirituality
Religion - involves group of people
Spirituality - involves only an individual
Spirituality

Latin Word – “spiritus”

Types of Religious Groups
1. CULT - emerging religious group.
has doctrines, teachings and practices different from
prevailing beliefs and traditions in the society.
2. SECT - when people accept the new religion and the
number of followers increase.
3. CHURCH - highly organized religious group
- 2 Types of CHURCH Organizations -
4. ECCLESIA - Official state religion
5. DENOMINATION - existence of various religious
groups simultaneously
Notes:
Cult – organization that is at great odds with the norms
and values of the larger society.
>  cult today raises negative images of crazy,
violent, small groups of people, it is important to keep
in mind that major world religion
> Another image of cults is that they are
violent. In fact, most are not violent. However, some
cults have committed violence in the recent past. (Aum
Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth) cult in Japan – bombs of
deadly gas that killed 10 )
(Branch Davidian cult engaged in
an armed standoff with federal agents in Waco, Texas.
When the agents attacked its
compound, a fire broke out and killed 80
members of the cult, including 19 children)
- Breath or life force
** Hage, Hopson, Siegel, Payton & DeFanti **
Spirituality generally refers to meaning and
purpose in one’s life.
Search for wholeness and relationship with
transcendent being.
Christians use the term ”spirit” – to describe the HOLY
SPIRIT
Notes: SPIRITUALITY originally developed in EARLY
CHRISTIANITY
Spiritual Self
• inner essence
• the part of the self that connects the person to
the sacred, the supernatural, and the universe
• Inner self who is endowed with peace of mind.
• AGAPE
Notes:
People develop spirituality through interaction,
observation, and imitation.
The family, school, and church play a very
important role in the child’s spiritual development.
AGAPE – selfless love
Spiritual Pride
• The strongest hindrance to gain spirituality

Sect - If a sect succeeds in attracting many new Spiritual Aspect

members, it gradually grows, becomes more • Makes us understand that sufferings and trials
bureaucratic, and, ironically, eventually evolves into a makes us become closer to God
denomination.
CHURCH – ex is Roman Catholic
ECLESIA - religious organization that is a formal part of
the state and has most or all of a state’s citizens as its Notes:
Ingratitude
Achievement and success is attributed to oneself only
Does not recognize God
This quotation was proven by Viktor Frankle
POLITICAL SELF
Aristotle – “Man is by nature a Political Animal”
Politics – is an activity relation to power.
Notes:
• POLITICS serves as mechanism by which individuals
develop power and understand proper functioning of a
democratic society as a citizen
• Politics exist in all human societies
CITIZENSHIP
 Most basic identification with the nation.
 Membership of a citizen in a political society
 AKA Nationality
Citizenship becomes a Salient basis for political self.
Salient - noticeable
FILIPINO CITIZENSHIP
DIOKNO:
 Good Citizen: Diligent Tax Payer, Honest voter,
one who
follows traffic rules, etc.
VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ:
 Father of Filipino Psychology
 “KAPWA” – the unity of self and others
 “Pakikipagkapwa – treating the other person as
a fellow human being or kapwa
 POLITICAL SELF and IDENTITY are developed
through SOCIALIZATION
 Through SOCIAL INTERACTION, people learn
the status, duties, rights and power necessary
to interact successfully with other people in the
group or community.
Notes:
As individual meet new people and join new groups,
their political self is influenced and modified by
opinions, comments and suggestions of other people.
From INDIO to FILIPINO
Indio or Indigenta – Malayan natives
“FILIPINO” – referred to the people of Spanish
percentage born in the Philippines (before 1880)
1880 – 1890 – Filipino refer to people from the
Philippines
Notes:
Indio or Indigenta – Malayan native born inhabitants of
the Philippines
- Lowest level in class society
Origins of POLITICAL SELF:
Family
Has a hierarchal structure which require each
member to perform his or her role.
Through the hierarchy of positions – status and
power are ascribed. Each position carries a set of rights,
responsibilities and expectation.
*** It is the Duty of the Parents to educate their
children about basic Values and beliefs. ***
Notes:
Traditionally:
FATHER – most influential member of the family
- Acts as the leader and rules to maintain order
in the family
MOTHER – Coordinates with the father
Eldest Child – Takes the responsibility of the parents
when they are away.
School
The Philippine Constitution recognizes its vital
role in inculcating among the youth the value of
Patriotism and Nationalism.
Their focus of responsibility is in the Formal
education and training of the children.
Theory of Political Participation - Can be defined as
citizen’s actions or activities anchored in politics
Notes:
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY – The person watches the
behaviour of other person (model) then performs the
behaviour in a similar way.
COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY – people interpret the
meaning of politics and decide the action they will
make.
THEORY OF SYMBOLIC REACTION – Based on symbols
and meaning people ascribe to objects, people can
formulate plans of action.
(election, demonstration, rally)
THEORY OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION – Any activity
concerning the government or governance of the state
is an example of political participation.

Church
Helps shape the ideals of the citizenship and
democracy through their Religious teachings, values
and Traditions.

Peers
members are equal in right

Mass Media
may influence an individual’s political values
and beliefs.

Notes:
Peers – there is equal in distribution of power, rights
and privileges among members of the group.

Theories of Political Self:

Social Learning Theory - A person can acquire learning

through OBSERVATION and IMITATION

Cognitive Theory - Suggests that mental activities

(knowledge, ideas) are important determinants of our
behaviour.

Theory of Symbolic Interaction - People give meaning

to symbols and they express these meanings through
language and communication.