P2 Soil Properties

8/24/2020
MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
Soil Properties
Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

IGC-014 MECANICA DE SUELOS APLICADA
Profesor: Diego D. Pérez Ruiz, PhD
Index and Classification Properties of Soil

✓ In general any mass of soil consist of a collection of soil
particles
✓ Soil solid are small grains of different minerals
✓ Void can be filled either with water, air, or filled partly
both water and air
✓Vt = total volume of the soil mass
✓Vs = volume of soil solids
✓Vv = volume of voids
✓Vw = volume of water
✓Va = Volume of air
Source: Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

•300IGG-002 FUNDAMENTOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN
1
8/24/2020
Soil Representation
skeleton of solid particles
voids
Skeleton of solid particles enclosing voids
✓ Voids can contain water and/or air
✓ Soil particles can move by rolling and sliding
✓ The volume of the skeleton can change, due to rearrangement of soil particles,
changing the forces acting between particles
Dry or a partially saturated soil

✓ reduction in volume due to compression is always possible
Shear stress: Resisted only by solid particles – Forces developed at the interparticle
contact.
Normal stress: Resisted by the soil skeleton
Fully saturated soil

✓ reduction in volume, due to compression, is possible only in drain conditions (water
can go out of the skeleton)

300IGC-034 DISEÑO DE FUNDACIONES
Basic Weight-Volume Relationships
(Source: FHWA, Report No. FHWA-SA-02-054, 2002. Shallow Foundations)

2
8/24/2020
Air ra
Water rw
Solids rs


✓ Porosity
✓ Porosity is express as a percentage ranging between o and 100%
✓ Voids ratio
The voids ratio is normally expressed as a decimal. Typical values for sand may range from 0.4
to 1.0. Typical values for clay may vary from 0.3 to 1.5 or more for organic soils

3
8/24/2020

✓ Relative density
✓ Degree of saturation
✓ The degree of saturation indicates what percentage of the total volume of voids contains
water. S = 0 for dry soil and s = 100% for fully saturated soil
✓ Gravimetric water content



IGC-013 MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
4
8/24/2020

✓ Total, wet or moist density r = M t / V
✓ Density of the soil particles rs = Ms / Vs
✓ Density of water rw = Mw / Vw
✓ Dry density = rd = Ms / V
✓ Saturated density = rsat = (Ms + Mw)/ V
✓ Submerged or buoyant density r’ = rsub = rsat – rw ; Va = 0, S = 100%


✓ Total unit weight
✓ Dry unit weight
✓ Unit weight of the solid phase
✓ Specific gravity of the solid
✓ Unit weight of water


10
5
8/24/2020
Source: Das, 2011

11
Soil Characteristics
Table 1. Typical values of Unit Weight of Soil

g g gsat gsat
Soil Type
(lb/ft3) (kN/m3) (lb/ft3) (kN/m3)
Sand, loose and uniform 90 14.14 118 18.54
Sand, dense and uniform 109 17.12 130 20.42
sand, loose and well graded 99 15.55 124 19.48
Sand, dense and well graded 116 18.22 135 21.21
glacial clay, soft 76 11.94 110 17.28
glacial clay, stiff 106 16.65 125 19.64
Source: Lindeburg, 2001

IGC-013 MECANICA DE SUELOS
12
6
8/24/2020
Table 2. Typical Values of Soil Index Properties
Soil Type g g gsub gsub

Sand; clean, uniform, fine or medium 84- 136 13.20 - 21.36 52- 73 8.17 - 11.47
Silt; uniform, inorganic 81- 136 12.72 - 21.36 51- 73 8.01 - 11.47
Silty Sand 88- 142 13.82 - 22.31 54- 79 8.48 - 12.41
Sand; Well-graded 86- 148 13.51 - 23.25 53- 86 8.33 - 13.51
Silty Sand and Gravel 90- 155 14.14 - 24.35 56- 92 8.80 - 14.45
Sandy or Silty Clay 100- 147 15.71 - 23.09 38- 85 5.97 - 13.35
Silty Clay with Gravel; uniform 115- 151 18.07 - 23.72 53- 89 8.33 - 13.98
Well-graded Gravel, Sand, Silt and Clay 125- 156 19.64 - 24.51 62- 94 9.74 - 14.77
Clay 94- 133 14.77 - 20.89 31- 71 4.87 - 11.15
Colloidal Clay 71- 128 11.15 - 20.11 8- 66 1.26 - 10.37
Organic Silt 87- 131 13.67 - 20.58 25- 69 3.93 - 10.84
Organic Clay 81- 125 12.72 - 19.64 18- 62 2.83 - 9.74
The unit submerged weight, gsub, of any saturated soil is the unit weight minus the unit weight of water.
Adapted from: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1986.

13
Table 3. Typical of cohesion of soils
c, as compacted c, saturated
USCS Soil Group
GW - - - -
GP - - - -
GM - - - -
GC - - - -
SW - - - -
SP - - - -
SM 1050 164.9 420 66.0
SM-SC 1050 164.9 300 47.1
SC 1550 243.5 230 36.1
ML 1400 219.9 190 29.8
ML-CL 1350 212.1 460 72.3
CL 1800 282.8 270 42.4
OL - - - -
MH 1500 235.6 420 66.0
CH 2150 337.7 230 36.1
Adapted from: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1986.

14
7
8/24/2020
Typical soils in a Natural State
(Source: Das, 2011)

15
Typical soils in a Natural State
(Source: Das, 2011)

16
8
8/24/2020

“As is true for many disciplines, practice helps; the more problems you
solve, the simpler they become and the more proficient you will become.
Also with practice you soon memorize most of the important definitions
and relationship, thus saving the time of looking up formulas later on”
(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)

17

Example: Compute rd (dry density), e (void ratio), n (porosity), S (degree of
saturation), and rsat (saturated density)
Given:
Total density r = 1.76 Mg/m3 Air ra
Wa ≈ 0
Water content, w = 10%
Water rw
Density of the solids, rs = 2.7 Mg/m3
Source: Holtz and Kovacs, 1981 Ww
Solids rs
Ws

18
9
8/24/2020

Example: Compute rd (dry density), e (void ratio), n (porosity), S (degree of
saturation), and rsat (saturated density)
Given:
Total density r = 1.76 Mg/m3 Air ra
Wa ≈ 0
Water rw
Source: Holtz and Kovacs, 1981 Ww
Solids rs
Ws

19

Example:
Given:
Air ra
Wa ≈ 0
Water rw
Compute: Ww
rd (dry density)
e (void ratio), Solids rs
n (porosity),
Ws
S (degree of saturation)
and rsat (saturated density)

20
10
8/24/2020

Example:
Given:
Air ra
Ma ≈ 0
Water rw
Mw
Solids rs
Ms

21

Example:
Compute:
rd (dry density),e (void ratio), n (porosity),
Air ra
S (degree of saturation) Ma ≈ 0
Water rw
and rsat (saturated density) Mw
Solids rs
Ms

22
11
8/24/2020

Example:
Compute:
rd (dry density),e (void ratio), n (porosity),
S (degree of saturation) Ma ≈ 0
Water rw
and rsat (saturated density) Mw
Solids rs
Ms

23

Example: Compute rd (dry density), e (void ratio), n (porosity), S (degree of saturation),
and rsat (saturated density)
Given:
Total density r = 1.76 Mg/m3

24
12
8/24/2020
Vt = Va + Vw + Vs
Va= Vt - Vw – Vs = 0.247 m3

25

26
13
8/24/2020

Another way to solve the example:
Assume Vs = 1m3
Ms = rs = 2.7 Mg

27

Example:
Express the porosity, n, in terms of void ratio, e, and the void
ratio in terms of the porosity
Assume Vs = 1m3
Vv = e*Vs
Vt = 1 + e
n = Vv / Vt

28
14
8/24/2020

Example:
Express the porosity, n, in terms of void ratio, e, and the void
ratio in terms of the porosity
Assume Vt = 1m3
Vv = n*Vt
Vs = 1 - n
e = Vv / Vs

29

Example:
Compute rd (dry density) and degree of saturation,S, Given:
e = 0.62
w = 15%
rs = 2.65 Mg/m3
In addition, compute w (water content) and rsat (saturated density) for S = 100%.
(S = degree of saturation)
Solution:
Assuming Vs = 1 m3
This make Vv = e = 0.62 m3
Vt = 1 + e = 1.62 m3
Ms = rsVs and rd = Ms / Vt

30
15
8/24/2020
Air ra
Ma ≈ 0
Water rw
Mw
Solids rs
Ms
31
Ma ≈ 0
Water rw
Mw
Solids rs
Ms
32
16
8/24/2020

Example:
rd = rsVs/ Vt = rs / (1+e) = 1.636Mg / m3
r = 1.88 Mg/m3
W(s = 100%) = 23.4%
rsat = 2.019 Mg/m3

33
(Source: FHWA, Report No. FHWA-SA-02-054, 2002. Shallow Foundations)

34
17
8/24/2020
(Source: Das, 2011)

35
Example
Calculate the moisture content, moist unit weight, dry unit weight, void ratio,
porosity, and degree of saturation (Gs = 2.7)
(Source: Das, 2010)

36
18
8/24/2020
Example
Calculate the moisture content, moist unit weight, dry unit weight, void ratio,
porosity, and degree of saturation (Gs = 2.7)
(Source: Das, 2010)

37
Example
Una muestra de suelo, en condiciones naturales, tiene una masa de
272.17kg y un volumen de 0.145m3. Después de secar completamente, la
masa de la muestra es 236.49kg. Si la relación de vacíos es de 0.6, calcule
la gravedad específica del suelo, el peso unitario del suelo seco, el peso
unitario del suelo húmedo, la humedad, la porosidad, el grado de saturación,
y el volumen de aire. Cual debe ser el valor de la densidad y humedad si el
suelo estuviese completamente saturado

38
19
8/24/2020
Example
Suelo humedo no alterado

gw = 9.81 kN/m3
Peso del material húmedo,
2.67 kN
W= 272.2 kg
Volumen total, V = 0.145 m3
Peso seco, Ws = 2.32 kN 236.5 kg
relación de vacios = 0.6
Humedad = 15.09%
Ww = 0.35 kN
Vw = 0.0357 m3

39
Example
Vs = 0.0906 m3
Va = 0.0187
Vv = 0.0544
g= 18.414
gs = 25.6
Gs = 2.6096
gd = 16
gd = 16
n= 0.375
n= 0.375
S= 66%

40
20
8/24/2020
References
✓ Das, B. M. (2010). Principles of geotechnical engineering. Canada: Cengage Learning.
✓ Das, B. M. (2011). Principles of foundation engineering. Stamford: Cengage Learning.
✓ Holtz, R. D., & Kovacs, W. D. (1981). An introduction to geotechnical engineering.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
✓ Knappett, J. A., & Craig, R. F. (2012). Craig’s soil mechanics. London: Spon Press.
✓ Pérez Ruiz, D. D. (2009). A refined true triaxial apparatus for testing unsaturated soils
under suction-controlled stress paths . Arlington: ProQuest.

41
21

P2 Soil Properties

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

P2 Soil Properties

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8/24/2020

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Index and Classification Properties of Soil

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Dry or a partially saturated soil

Fully saturated soil

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

(Source: FHWA, Report No. FHWA-SA-02-054, 2002. Shallow Foundations)

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Source: Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

✓ Porosity is express as a percentage ranging between o and 100%

Source: Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

✓ Gravimetric water content

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Source: Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

✓ Density of the soil particles rs = Ms / Vs

✓ Saturated density = rsat = (Ms + Mw)/ V

✓ Submerged or buoyant density r’ = rsub = rsat – rw ; Va = 0, S = 100%

Source: Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

✓ Dry unit weight

✓ Unit weight of the solid phase

✓ Specific gravity of the solid

✓ Unit weight of water

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Source: Das, 2011

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Table 1. Typical values of Unit Weight of Soil

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Soil Type g g gsub gsub

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Adapted from: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1986.

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Typical soils in a Natural State

(Source: Das, 2011)

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Typical soils in a Natural State

(Source: Das, 2011)

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Source: Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships

Facultad de Ingeniería – Ingeniería Civil

Basic Weight-Volume Relationships