\ΩpsS BtcmKyw

\mSns‚ kºØv

tIc-fk
- ¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v
Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2018
 in¬]-im-eI
- f
- n¬ ]s¶SpØh¿
{]Xo]v IÆ-t¶m-Sv, (dn´.), F®v.Fkv.F.
iin-[-c≥ kn, (dn´.), F®v.Fkv.F.
^mane C.B¿, F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn. Kh. hn & F®v.Fkv.Fkv, Ic-Ipfw
tUm. Pb{io Fkv , F®v . Fkv . Fkv . Sn. Kh. lb¿ sk°- ≠ dn kv I qƒ,
_p[-\q¿, Be-∏pg
_nμp bp, F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn. Un._n.-F®v.F-®v.-F-kv. XI-gn, Be-∏pg

hnZKv[¿
tUm. Aa¿s^‰n¬, tÉv t\mU¬ Hm^o-k¿, Iuam-cm-tcm-Kyw,
Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏v, F≥.-F-®v.-Fw.
tUm. kn.sI. PK-Zo-jv, sU]yq´n Ub-d-IvS¿,
Ub-d-IvS-td‰v Hm^v sl¬Øv k¿Δo-kkv
`mjm hnZ-Kv[≥
aS-hq¿ iin, dn´. F®v.-F-kv.-F.
Nn{X-cN\
B¿´nÃv `mkn

P\-d¬ tImUnt\‰¿
tUm. Fkv. cho-{μ≥ \mb¿
Icn-°pew hn`mKw ta[mhn, Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn

A°m-Za
- nIv tImUnt\‰¿
\njn.sI.F.
dnk¿®v Hm^ok¿, Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
BapJw
kaql kpÿn-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ine-I-fn¬ {][m-\s∏´-XmWv hy‡n
]pe¿Øp∂ Btcm-Ky-io-e-߃. IrXy-amb Adn-hn-eq-sSbpw Ah-t_m-[-
Øn-eq-sSbpw am{Xta \√ ioe-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibp≈q. AXn-\p-th≠ ]cn-
io-e\w Ip´n-°m-eØpXs∂ Bcw-`n-t°-≠XpamWv. kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-
bn¬ Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v ]c-am-h[n CSw \o°nh®Xpw AXp-sIm-
≠m-Wv. F∂m¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-epw ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw am{Xw
HXpßn\n∂p-sIm≠v Cu e£yw ka-{K-ambn ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-°m-\m-hn-√. Adnhv
hn]p-eo-I-cn-°m-\pw hna¿i-\m-flINn¥-bn-eqsS A`n-{]mbw cq]o-I-cn-°m-
\pw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°m\pw ]pXnb
Xe-ap-dbv°p Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mƒ am{Xta ⁄m\w kaql ]ptcm-K-
Xn-bpsS Nme-I-i-‡n-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-I-bp-≈q. AØ-c-samcp Nn¥-bn¬
\n∂mWv Btcm-KysØ ka-{K-ambn I≠p-sIm≠v Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Hcp ]cn-[n-
hsc A[ym-]-I¿°pw DX-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-semcp d^-d≥kv ]pkvXIw Xbm-dm-
°-W-sa∂ Bibw cq]-s∏-´Xpw Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.bneqsS AXp ]q¿Øo-
I-cn-®-Xpw.
GsXmcp hy‡n-bp-sSbpw BtcmKyw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ {][m\ DØ-c-hm-
ZnXzw Abm-fn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv. F∂meXns‚ KpW-^ew A\p-`-hn-°m-
\p≈ Ah-Imiw kaq-l-Øn\pIqSn-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse BtcmKy ]cn-
]m-e-\-Øn¬ hy‡n Im´p∂ Aew-`m-hhpw A{i-≤bpw krjvSn-°p∂ Zpc-
¥-ßfpw kaqlw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cpw. AØ-c-samcp ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂mWv
Cu {KŸw hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv.
"ipNn-Xzhpw Btcm-Kyhpw' F∂ tI{μ{]ta-b-Øn¬ \n∂mWv A[ym-b-ß-
sf√mw cq]-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. a\p-jys‚ ipNnXzt_m[-Øn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn
kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-߃, hnhn[ Ah-bhhyh-ÿ-bp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ ipNnXzioe-߃, Iuam-c-Ønepw K¿`m-h-ÿ-bnepw inip-]-cn-]m-e-\-
Ønepw ]pe¿tØ≠ Pm{K-X, a\ v aen-\-am-°p∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬
\n∂p≈ tamN\w XpSßn apJy-{]-ta-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-sf√mw
Cu sIm®pIrXn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠v.
tIc-f-Ønse A[ym-]-Icpw hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw Cu ]pkvXIw hmbn-°p-sa∂pw
Adn-hns‚ N{I-hmfw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-sa∂pw {]Xym-in-°p-∂p. AXn-eqsS e`n-
°p∂ Du¿Pw tcmKm-Xp-c-X-bn-√mØ kaq-l-kr-jvSn-°mbn {]tbm-Kn-°m≥
Ign- b - s ´- s b∂v Biw- k n- ° p- ∂ p. Adn- h n- s ‚ Cu Ip™p- ] p- k v X Iw
\n߃°mbn A`n-am-\-]q¿hw Xpd∂phbv°p-∂p.
tUm. sP. {]kmZv
Ub-dI- vS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.
D≈-S°w
1. ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃ 7 - 24

2. ]cn-kcw sXm´p XpSßmw 25 - 34

3. ico-ck
- p-ÿn-Xn°v B¥-ck
- a- ÿ
- nXn 35 - 42

4. tcmK-߃°p hnS 43 - 61

5. C{μn-bß
- sf ad-°c- pXv 62 - 72

6. Zl-\Ø
- ns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿI
- ƒ 73 - 87

7. ]cm-{Iaw Ic-fn-t\m-S√ th≠Xv 88 - 93

8. {]P-\\
- m-tcm-Ky-Øns‚ Iuam-c]
- m-Tß
- ƒ 94 - 104

9. amXrXzw k^-ea- m-Im≥ 105 - 116

10. a\- n\pw thWw BtcmKyw 117 - 125

 1 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

‘Rm≥ _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒs°-Xnsc
B‚n_tbm-´nIv I≠p]nSn-®p.
\n߃ B‚n_tbm-´n-°ns\
tXm¬∏n-°m≥ _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf
k÷cm°n.’

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ^vsfanMv Pohn-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \sΩ t\m°n Hcp]t£

Cßs\ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p! ImcWw D≠v. 2017 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ Hcp Ata-cn-
°≥ hr≤ AWp_m[aqew acn-®p. AsXmcp hm¿ØbmtWm F∂mhpw
tNmZyw. hm¿Ø-bm-bXv F¥psIm≠m-sW∂p ]d-bmw. Ata-cn-°bn¬ e`y-
amb B‚n_tbm-´n-°p-I-sf√mw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xn\memWv B kv{Xo acn-®-
Xv. {]tbm-Kn® Ccp-]-Øn-bmdv B‚n_tbm-´n-°p-I-sfbpw {]kvXpX _mIvSo-
cnb AXnPohn-®p. Ah¿°v AWp_m[-tb-‰Xv C¥y-bn¬ \n∂m-sW-∂mWv
Ata-cn° ]d-bp-∂Xv. FhnsS\n∂p kw`-hn-®-Xm-sW-¶nepw {]Xym-LmXw
A\p-`-hn-t°-≠Xp am\-h-cm-in-bm-Wv.
B‚ n_tbm- ´ n- ° p- I sf {]Xn- t cm- [ n- ° m≥ Ign- b p∂ _mIv S o- c n- b - I sf
s]mXpsh kq∏¿_§p-Iƒ F∂mWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. a\p-jy\pw tcmKm-Wp-
°fpw XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-Øn¬ Ah-km\w cq]wsIm≠ kq£va `oI-c≥am-
cmWp kq∏¿_§p-Iƒ. Ahsb∏‰n a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xnt\msSm∏w tcmKm-
Wp-°ƒs°-Xnsc a\p-jy¿ \S-Øp∂ t]mcm-´-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw Adn-tb-
≠-Xp-≠v.
tcmK-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Aam-\pji‡n-I-fpsS A{]oXnsIm≠m-sW∂mWv
BZy-Im-eØp hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v tcmKw Ip‰tam im]tam
 Reference book

Bbn hnizkn°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. X≥aqew tcmKn shdp-°-s∏-´-h\mbn- IW-°m-

°-s∏´pt]m-∂p.

tcmK-ß-fpsS s]cp-a-g-°mew
ImWm-a-d-b-Øn-cp∂v kq£vam-Wp-°ƒ a\p-jys\ \nc-¥cw B{I-an®p
sIm≠n-cp-∂p. hkq-cnbpw £bhpw tπKpw h≥tXmXn¬ a\pjyPoh-s\-Sp-
Øn-´p-≠v. BC 429-426 ImeØp Hc-⁄mX tcmKw {Kokn¬ am{X-ambn e£w
t]cpsS Poh≥ Ih¿∂p. AD H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ 5 e£w t]sc-bmWp tπKv
sIm∂-Xv. A°m-esØ BsI P\kwJy ap∏-Xp-tImSn am{X-am-bn-cp-∂psh∂v
Adn-b-Ww. ]n∂o-sS-{Xtbm L´-ß-fn¬ a\pjyhwi-Øns‚ \ne\n¬∏n\p
Xs∂ `oj-Wn-bmbn tcmK-ß-fpsS h≥ then-tb‰w D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
F∂n´pw a\p-jy≥ F∂ alm-i-‡n-bpsS hwiw A‰p t]mbn-√. am{X-a√
Hmtcm tcmK-sØbpw Iog-S°n sIm≠v Ah≥ AP-ø-\mbn apt∂m´p
t]mIp∂p. a\p- j ys‚ i‡nsb ]co- £ n- ° m≥ {]IrXn ]pXnb
tcmKmWp°ƒ°pw Ah-kcw \¬In. ]∂n-∏-\n, ]£n-∏\n, Nn°p≥ Kp\nb,
kn°msshdkv, Ft_mf sshdkv Aßs\ \o≠p t]mIp-∂p tcmK-ß-fp-
sSbpw tcmK-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw ]´n-I.
tcmK-ß-fpsS kwlm-c-Xm-fihw ˛ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nepw
h¿jw tcmKw _m[n® {]tZiw ac-W-kwJy
1918 ˛ 20 C≥^vfp-h≥k temI-hym-]Iw 7.5 tImSn
1957 ˛ 58 C≥^vfp-h≥k temI-hym-]Iw 20 e£w
1968 ˛ 69 C≥^vfp-h≥k temI-hym-]Iw 10 e£w
1974 hkqcn C¥y 15000
1967 AIDS tImwtKm AkwJyw

{]IrXn ]d-bp-∂p...
Rm≥ a\p-jys\ krjvSn-®Xv Fs∂
sh√p-hn-fn-°m-\mWv. \o h-gn -sX-‰n-b-
t∏mƒ \ns∂ t\¿h-gn-bn-se-Øn-°m-
\mWv Rm≥ Zp¿_-ea - mb HIV °p cq]w
sImSp-Ø-Xv.
HIV

8
 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

CsX√mw ImWp-tºmƒ tcmKm-Wp-°-fmWp kIe tcmK-߃°pw Imc-W-

sa∂p [cn-°-cp-Xv. a\p-jy-cn¬ hym]-I-ambn ]S¿∂p ]nSn-°m≥ km[yX
D≈-Xp-sIm≠v kmw{I-anI tcmK-߃°p IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw Ds≠∂p
Icp-Xn-bm¬ aXn. AXp-sIm-≠mWv tcmK-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ N¿®-bn¬ tcmKm-
Wp-°ƒ°v apJy ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

tcmK-Øns‚ \nKq-V-X-I-fn-te°v
CS-bv°n-Sbv°p tcmK-߃ alm-amcn t]mse s]øp-∂p. a\p-jy¿ Iq´-tØmsS
AXn¬ Hen®p t]mIp-∂p. F¥p sIm≠n-ßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂p F∂-
Xn\pØcw BZn-aI - m-eØv Ht∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q ˛ Hcp P\-Xtbm cmPmthm
sNøp∂ ]m]-Øns‚ in£-bmbn GtXm Aam-\pji‡n tcmKw hnX-
bv°p∂psh∂ hnizmkw am{Xw. hnizm-ksØ Nqj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-
SpØn Ip_p-≤n-Iƒ BNm-c-ß-fpw, ]qPm hn[n-Ifpw, a{¥hmZ-ßfpw hnI-
kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. AXn-s\m∂pw imkv{Xo-b-X-bpsS ]n≥_ew Bh-iy-an-√m-
bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ AXn\p kam-¥-c-ambn imkv{XØns‚ coXn Ah-ew-_n-®p≈ Nne
\o°-ßfpw \S-°p-∂p≠mbn-cp-∂p. _n.kn. 460 ˛ 372 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Pohn-
®n-cp∂ lnt∏m-{Im-‰kv (Atem-∏-Xn-bpsS ]nXmhv) Pehpw ÿehpw
hmbphpw BWv tcmK-Øns‚ Dd-hnSw F∂ ]cnIev]\ apt∂m´p h®p.
kmw{I-anI tcmK-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn F‚-anIv (Endemic), ]ms‚anIv
(Pandemic) F∂o ]Z-߃ \n¿t±-in-®Xpw At±-l-am-Wv.
Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ kmw{I-anI tcmKw ]S¿∂p
]nSn-°p-∂ ÿnXn hnti-j-amWv F∏n-sU-an-Iv, F∂m¬ ]ms‚-anIv, temI
hym]-I-ambn tcmK_m[ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu c≠p ]Z-
ß-fpw C∂p kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. ImcWw CXp-hsc F{Xtbm F∏n-sU-an-°p-
Iƒ°pw ]ms‚-an-°p-Iƒ°pw temIw hnt[-b-ambn°gn-™p.
tcmK-ßsf Ifn®p tXm¬∏n°mw
samss_en¬ ^pSvt_mfpw {In°‰pw Ifn-°p∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬
ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Imcw-kn-s\-tbm, sN n-s\tbm Hm¿Ωn-∏n°p∂
Hcp t_m¿Uv sKbnw BWv. am‰v eotIm°v (Matt Leacock) cq]-I¬∏\
sNbvX Cu Ifn 2007 apX¬ {]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p. a‰p Ifn-I-fn¬ \n∂p
hyXy-kvX-ambn a’c _p≤n°p ]Icw kl-I-cW at\m-`m-h-amWv hnP-
b-Øn-\m-[m-cw. ]s‚-an-°m-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ \mep tcmK-ßsf _p≤n-
sIm≠pw X{¥w sIm≠pw XS-bpI F∂-XmWp Ifn-°m-cpsS e£yw.

9
 Reference book

temI `q]-SØ
- n¬ 48 {][m\ ]´-
Wßsf _‘n- ∏ n- ° p∂
irwJebmWp Ifn- ÿ ew.
c≠p Xc- Ø n- e p≈ Im¿Up-
Ifpw \mep tcmK-ßsf kqNn-
∏n- ° p∂ hyXykv X \nd- Ø n-
ep≈ NXp- c - ° - ´ - I fpw Hcp
Imemfpw BWv Ifn kma-{Kn-
Iƒ. 4 t]¿°p-hsc Htc kabw Ifn-°mw. Pandemic board game F∂p
KqKn-fn¬ Xnc-™m¬ hni-Z-hn-hcw In´pw. tcmK {]Xn-tcm[w e£y-am-°n-
bp≈ {]Nm-c-W-Øn\v Cu Ifn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
tcmK-Im-c-WsØ Ipdn-®p≈ lnt∏m-{Im-‰-kns‚
Dul-Øn\pw imkv{X-Øns‚ ]n≥_ew Ipdhm-
bn-cp-∂p. F.Un c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂
{Ko°p ^nkn-jy-\m-bn-cp∂ Kme≥ AXn-\p-aptº
\ne\n∂n- c p∂ Hcp hnizm- k - Ø n¬ \n∂v
‘anbmkva kn≤m¥w’ (Miasma Theory) hnI-kn-
∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. anbmkva F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw
Aip≤ hmbp F∂m-Wv. tImf-dbpw tπKpw D≠m-
Galen
Ip∂Xv ssPh hkvXp-°ƒ Po¿Wn-°p-tºmƒ han-
°p∂ hnjhmbp-hn¬ \n∂m-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ]cnIev]-\.
{Kokn¬ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√, bqtdm-∏nepw C¥y-bnepw ssN\-bnepw AS°w
temIhym]-I-ambn {]Nmcw t\Snb kn≤m-¥-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. 19˛mw \q‰m-
≠ns‚ a[yw hsc anbmkvahmZw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-´-n-√.
tcmKsØ ipNn-Xz-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n®psh∂-XmWv Kmes‚ ]cn-I-ev]-\sb
{it≤-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. AXns‚ NphSp ]nSn-®mWv ]n∂oSp≈ At\z-j-W߃
\S-∂-Xv.

ip≤nbpw ipNn-Xzhpw ISepw IS-em-Snbpw t]mse

C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn¬, {]tXy-In®v tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp ImeØp ipNnXzØn\v
ip≤n t_m[-hp-ambn´mbn-cp∂p _‘w. ip≤n-bpsS AfhptIm¬ D®\oN-
Xzhpw Nne Ah-ÿ-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. imkv{Xobambn hni-I-e\w sNbvXm¬
AXn\p ipNn-Xz-hp-ambn Hcp _‘-hp-an-√. sXm´pIqSm-bvabpw Abn-Øhpw
ip≤n-tbbpw ipNn-Xz-tØbpw \n¿W-bn-®n-cp∂ B ImeL´w kmaq-lym-cn-
jvT-X-Ifp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. B¿Øhhpw, acWw t]mep≈ Ah-ÿ-Ifpw
Aip≤n-bpsS AS-bm-f-ßfm-bn-´mWp A∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.

10
 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

t\m°tS,
\s√mcp icocw...
tIdn s]mdp°mw.

tlmbv ...
tlmbv...

Hcp hn`mKw P∑\m Xs∂ hrØnbpw ip≤nbpw C√m-Ø-h¿. tcmK-am-sW-

¶ntem Aam-\pji‡n-bpsS tcmj {]I-S-\-hpw. BZy-tØXv Nqj-tWm-]m-
[n-bmbn hnI-kn®p h∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ c≠m-a-tØXv A⁄-X-bn¬ \n∂pw
DS-se-SpØv A‘hnizm-k-ambn thcp-d®p t]mbXm-Wv.
]n¬°m-eØv imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn i‡-am-b-tXmsS tcmK-Im-cWw hy‡-
ambn. A\m-Nm-c-߃ XI¿-sØ-dn-bm≥ \thm-∞m\w Xs∂ th≠n h∂p.
kmaqly am‰w km¿YI-am-h-W-sa-¶n¬ imkv{Xm-h-t_m[w IqSntb Xocq
F∂ ]mT-amWv tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnINcn-{Xhpw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xv.

tPmk^v enÃdpw B‚n-sk-]v‰n°pw

19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kvtImSve‚n¬ k¿P-\m-bn-cp∂p
tPmk^v enÿ. A∂pw tcmK NnIn-’b - psS `mK-
ambn ikv{X{Inb \S∂n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Hm∏-td-
j-\p hnt[-bc- m-Ip-∂h
- c
- n¬ A[n-Ihpw AWp-_m-
[-aqew acn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. A-Xp-t]mse
sNdnb apdn-hp-Iƒ t]mepw ]gpØv tcmKn acn-
°p∂ kw`-h-ßfpw ÿnc-am-bn-cp-∂p.
tPmk^v enÿ

11
 Reference book

F¥mbn Bƒ°q´w
Bsc-¶n-epw...

tIi-th-´s\ Hm∏-td-j\p
sIm≠p t]mΔm! Xncn®p
hcptam∂m¿°-dn-bmw...

ssIIgp-Im≥ ]d-™p, ]t£...

]d-™Xv C·mkv skΩ¬hokv (Ignaz Semmelweis) F∂ lwtK-dn-b≥
tUmIvS¿. kw`hw \S-∂Xp 1847 ˛ ¬. At±lw hnb-∂b - nse Hcp tlmkv]n-
‰-en¬ tPmen sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØmcp amcI tcmKw (Pue
rperal fever) ]nSn-s]´v [mcmfw Ip™p-߃ acn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-
SsØ c≠v sat‰¿Wn‰n hm¿Up-I-fn¬ H∂n¬ {]khw FSp-Øn-cp-∂Xp
tUmIvS¿amcpw at‰-Xn¬ \gvkp-am-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. tUmIvS¿am-cpsS \nb-{¥-
W-Øn-ep≈ hm¿Un-em-bn-cp∂p ac-W-\n-c°v IqSp-X¬. tUmIvS¿am¿
t]mÃvam¿´w \S-Øp-∂-Xmhmw {]iv\ Imc-W-sa∂p skΩ¬hokv Duln-
®p. ihico-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Ft¥m H∂v tUmIvS-dn-eqsS tcmKn-bn-se-Øp-
∂p-≠m-bn-cn°mw. AXm-bn-cp∂p Dulw. t¢mdn≥hm-´¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v ssI
Igp-Im≥ At±lw Ãm^n\p \n¿t±iw sImSp-Øp. XpS¿∂v acW \nc°p
KWy-ambn Ipd-™p. imkv{X-temIw skΩ-¬hokns‚ ssIIgp-I¬
kn≤m¥w AwKo-I-cn-®n-s√-¶nepw enÿ AXp {]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-®p.

Imcy-߃ Aßs\ A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\n-Sbv°mWv

tPmk^v enÿ c£-I-\m-hp-∂-Xv. At±lw C·mkv skΩ¬hokns‚
]cnIev]-\bpw eqbn ]mkvN-dns‚ tcmKmWp kn≤m-¥hpw (Germ theory)
\∂mbn a\- n-em-°n. XpS¿∂v 1867˛¬ Im¿t_m-fnIv BknUv (C∂sØ
^ot\mƒ) D]-tbm-Kn®v ikv{X-{Inbm D]-I-c-W-߃ Igp-In. Im¿t_mfnIv

12
 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

Bkn-Un¬ ap°nb _mt‚Pv D]-tbm-Kn®v Ggp hb- p-Im-cs‚ apdnhv Icn-

®p. Aßs\ BZy-ambn B‚nsk]v‰nIv hnP-b-I-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn® hy‡n-
sb∂ t\´w imkv{X Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Xmfp-I-fn¬ tPmk^v enÃ-dns‚ t]cn¬
Ipdn-°-s∏-´p. AXn-\-t±-lsØ {]m]vX-\m-°n-bXv eqbn- ]m-kvN-dns‚ \nK-
a-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

eqbn ]mkvNdpw tcmKmWphmZhpw

Poh-im-kv{X-Ønepw sshZyimkv{X-Ønepw Ht´sd kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb
{^©v imkv{X-⁄-\m-Wv eqbn ]mkvN¿. 1860
apX¬ 1864 hsc At±lw \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-
ßfm-bn-cp∂p AXp-hsc D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e
hnizm-k-ßsfbpw XInSw adn-®-Xv. Agp-Inb
]Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hnk¿Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw
Pohn-Iƒ Xms\ D≠mIp-sa∂ hnizmkw A°m-
eØp {]_-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. kzXP\\ kn≤m¥w
(Theory of spontaneous generation) F∂-dn-b-
s∏´ Cu A‘hnizmkw Pothm-¬∏-Øn-bpsS eqbn- ]m-kvN¿
Imc-W-am-bn´p IqSn I≠n-cp-∂p. Xs‚ \nc-h[n (27.12.1822 - 28.09.1895)
]co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]mkvN¿ AXns\ X≈n-°-f-™p.
kq£vam-Wp-°-fpsS km∂n[yw a\- n-em-°nb At±lw ]´p-\q¬∏pgp-hn¬
\S-Ønb ]co-£Ww Gsd {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p. ]mkvN¿, Btcm-Ky-
ap≈ ]´p-\q¬∏pgp-°sf tcmKw _m[n-®-h-tbmsSm∏w hf¿Øn. Xs‚ ]cn
Iev]\ t]mse tcmK-an-√m-Ø-hbv°pw tcmKw ]nSn-s]-´p. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈
]e ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv At±lw tcmKmWp kn≤m¥w Bhn-jv-°-
cn-®-Xv.

tcmKmWpkn≤m¥w (Germ theory)

Nne kq£vam-Wp-°-fmWv tcmKImcn-Iƒ. Ah ]I-cp-∂-Xn-eqsS tcmK-
߃ ]S-cpw. tcmKImcn-Iƒ \ne\n¬°p∂ ]cn-kcw ipNo-I-cn-®m¬
tcmK∏I¿® XS-bmw.
1865˛¬ tcmKmWpkn≤m-¥sØ∏‰n ]mcokv saUn-°¬ A°m-Z-an-bn¬
At±lw {]_‘w Ah-X-cn-∏n-s®-¶nepw Ipd™ ]cn-K-W-\tb e`n-®p-≈q.
A[nIw sshImsX tdm_¿´v tIm®v (Robert Koch) B{¥m-Ivkn\p Imc-W-
amb _mIvSo-cn-bsb th¿Xn--cn-s®-Sp-Øp. eqbn ]mkvN¿ AXv BSn¬ IpØn

13
 Reference book

h®v \S-Ønb ]co-£W - ß

- f
- n-eqsS tcmKImc-Whpw, tcmK∏I¿®bpw, tcmKm-
Wp-°fpw ]cn-k-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw Hcn-°¬ IqSn ÿm]n-®p. aSn®p
\n∂ imkv{X-tem-IsØs°m≠v tcmKmWpkn≤m¥w AwKo-Ic - n-∏n-°m-\p≈
i‡-amb t{]c-W-bmbn AXpamdn.
F∂m¬ anbm-kva hmZ-Øn¬ \n∂v sshZy-temIw ]q¿W-ambpw ap‡-am-
hm≥ ]ns∂bpw h¿j߃ th≠n h∂p. tcmKmWp kn≤m¥w eqbn- ]m-
kvN-dns‚ t]cn-em-Wv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶nepw tcmKmWp-°-sf-°p-dn-®p≈
[mcW AXn\pw F{Xtbm apºp Xs∂ \ne\n∂n-cp-∂p. GsXmcp Is≠-
Ø-en-s‚bpw ]n∂n¬ Hcp hy‡n-°-∏pdw Zo¿L-Im-e-am-bp≈ Kth-j-Whpw
{]b-Xv\hpw Ds≠∂p IqSn Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. imkv{X t\´-ß-sf-√mw Ime-
Øn-s‚bpw, Iq´m-bva-bp-sSbpw D¬∏-∂-am-sW∂p ]d-tb≠n hcp-∂-Xp AXp-
sIm-≠m-Wv.
1865 se tcmKmWp kn≤m¥hpw 1867 ˛ ¬ Xpd∂p In´nb AWp \io-I-c-W-
Øns‚ km[y-X-Ifpw hy‡nipNn-Xzhpw ]cnkcipNn-Xzhpw kmw{I-anI
tcmK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p ap‡n t\Sm≥ A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ [mc-Wbv°p _e-
taIn. Ht´sd B‚n-sk-]v‰n-°p-Ifpw AWp\min-\n-Ifpw (UnkvC≥^-IvS‚ v)
Itºm-f-Øn¬ hcm≥ XpSßn.

B‚nsk]v‰n°pw Unkv-C≥^-IvS‚pw
Cu c≠p cmkhkvXp-°fpw kq£va Pohn-Isf \in-∏n°pIsb∂ e£y-
tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. apdnhv ]gp-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-h-bmWv B‚n-sk-]v‰n-°p-Iƒ. Ie-Iƒ°p tZmj-I-c-a-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v
]m¿iz-^-e-߃ \t∂ Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬ Unkv-C≥^-IvS‚p-Iƒ A[n-
Ihpw Ie-Iƒ°v tZmj-I-c-am-Wv. A°q-´-Øn¬ A]-IScln-X-amb NneXv
B‚n-sk-]v‰n-°mbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°s∏Sp-∂p-≠v.
]cn-k-csØ AWp hnap-‡-am-°m-\p≈ km[yX sXfn-™-tXmsS kmw{I-
anI tcmK-߃s°Xn-sc-bp≈ t]mcm-´-Øn\pw i‡n IqSn. t]mcm-´-Øns‚
Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hnP-b-Øns‚ \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ ]eXpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p.
tcmKm-Wp-°sf ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IS-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv \in-∏n-°pI F∂
X{¥-amWv 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]m-Z-Ønepw Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠ns‚ BZy
]mZ-Ønepw hnPbw I≠-Xv. tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IS-∂m-se¥p
sNøpw? Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ DØ-c-Øn\p th≠n-bmbn ]n∂o-Sp≈ {iaw.

14
 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

^vsfanßpw s]≥kn-en\pw
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy ]mZw hsc _mIvSo-cnb aqe-ap≈ tcmK-߃°p
^e-{]-Z-amb NnIn’bn√m-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bn-cns° 1928˛¬ e≠-\nse
sk‚ vta- c okv tlmkv]n- ‰ - e nse _mIvSo- c n- t bm- f - P n- Ã m- b n- c p∂
s{]m^k¿ AeIvkm-≠¿ ^vsfanßv "s]≥knenbw s\mt´‰w' F∂
]q∏en\v _mIvSocn-b-Isf \in-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-s≠∂p Is≠-Øn.
F∂m¬ s]≥kn-en≥ Hcp Huj-[-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p ]ns∂bpw
h¿j-߃ th≠n h∂p. HmIvkvt^m¿Uv k¿hIem-im-e-bnse "tlmhm¿Uv
^vtfmdn', "GWÃv sNbn≥' F∂o imkv{X-⁄≥amcmWv AXn\v t\XrXzw
\¬In-b-Xv.

Howard Florey Ernst Chain

_tbm-sI-an-Ãp-I-fm-bn-cp∂ t\m¿a¬ lo‰ven-bp-sS-bpw, FtUz¿Uv F{_-

lm-an-t‚-bpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw Hm¿°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. HSp-hn¬ 1941 s^{_p-
hcn 12 \v B¬_¿´v Ae-Ivkm-≠-sd∂ 43 hb- p≈ t]meo-kp-Im-c≥
s]≥kn-ens‚ BZysØ D]-t`m-‡m-hm-bn.
sshZy-imkv{X Ncn-{X-Øn¬ as‰mcp hgn-Øn-cnhv krjvSn-®p-sIm≠v AhnsS
XpS-ßp-∂p, AP-ø-amb B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv bpKw.

F¥mWv B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv?
_mIvSo-cn-b-Isf \in-∏n-°mt\m \n¿ho-cy-am-°mt\m D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
cmkhkvXp-°fmWv B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ.

15
 Reference book

B‚n_tbm-´nIv, Huj-[-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-

°m≥ ]ns∂bpw sshIn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ c≠mw temI alm-bp-≤-Øn¬
acWkwJy F{Xtbm A[n-Iamtbs\. AtX∏‰n Btem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ
B‚n_tbm-´n-°ns‚ ]m¿iz-^-e-߃ X¬°mew ad-°mw.
ChnsS \ymb-ambpw Hcp kwibw tXm∂mw. _mIvSocnb am{X-amtWm
tcmK-Imcn? Hcn-°epw A√. sshdkpw ^wKkpw t{]mt´mtkm-h-Ifpsa√mw
tcmK-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. Ah-bvs°-Xn-scbpw sshZy-imkv{Xw acp-∂pIƒ hnI-
kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.

i{Xp-°ƒ°n-Sb
- nepw an{X-߃
_mIvSo-cn-b-Isf tcmK-Im-cn-Iƒ, i{Xp-°ƒ Fs∂ms° hnfn®v
Bt£-]n-°p-Ibpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS Iq´-
Øn¬ \ap°v KpWw sNøp∂ C\-߃ Ds≠∂p ad-∂p-Iq-Sm. imco-
cn-Im-tcm-Ky-Øn\p D]-Im-cn-If
- mb _mIvSo-cn-bI
- sf s]mXpsh t{]m_-
tbm-´nIvkv (Probiotics) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
AXnsem-∂m-Wv "emIvtSm-_m-kn-e-kv'. B Po\-kn¬s∏Sp∂ 80¬
]cw kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ \ΩpsS an{X-ß-fm-Wv. IpS-en¬ Pohn-°p∂
"emIvtSm-_m-kn-ekv Akn-tUm-^n-ekv' (Lactobacillus acidophilus)
Zl-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂p. AXp-¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ emIvSnIv BknUpw
ssl{U-P≥ s]tdmIv-sskUpw tcmK-Im-cn-I-fmb _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf
\in-∏n-°p-∂p.
"slen-t°m-_m-IvS¿ ss]temdn' (Helicobacter pylori) _mIvSo-cnb
hb-‰nse Aƒk-dn\p Imc-W-am-hp-∂p. AØ-c-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂
{hW-߃ Icn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv _n^n-tUm-_m-IvSo-cnbw ss_^n-
U- Ø n- \ p- ≠ v (Bifidobacterium bifidum). "kv s {S]v t ‰m- t Im- ° kv
sX¿tam-^n-ekv' (Streptococcus thermophilus) hb-dn-f-°-sØbpw
a\w]pc-´-en-s\bpw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂p. "_mkn-ekv Chm-Kp-e≥kv'
(Bacillus evagulans) hb-dn-f° tcmK-߃s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ NnIn-’-
bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ F{X-sb{X _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ ico-
c-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw \ΩpsS tkh-I-cmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Ifpw AWp-\m-in-\n-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ
NsØm-Sp-ßp-∂Xv i{Xp-°ƒs°m∏w an{X-ß-fp-am-sW∂v kuI-cy-
]q¿hw \Ωƒ hnkva-cn-°p-∂p.

16
 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

tcmK-Im-cn-I-fnse ]nSn-In-´m-∏p≈n
ktN-X-\-sa∂pw AtN-X-\-sa∂pw Hcp t]mse hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ kq£va
Pohn-bmWp sshd-kv. Ah-bvs°-Xnsc acp∂p I≠p ]nSn-°pIsb∂Xp
sshZy-im-kv{Xw t\cn´ ISpØ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ cmk-
h-kvXp-hn-s\-Xnsc kzbw LS-\- am‰n c£-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Ignhv sshd-kn\v
{]IrXn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v F{X ISpØ acp-∂n¬ \n∂pw Hgn™p
amdn ]nSn-In´m∏p≈n-bmbn sshdkv sshZyimkv{XsØ I_-fn-∏n®p sIm≠n-
cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ sshd-kn-s\-Xn-scbpw Huj[w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ sshZy-
imkv{Xta-J-ebv°p Ign-™p.
IDU (Idoxuridine), TFT (Trifluorothymidine) F∂o acp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p
sIm≠mbn-cp∂p sshdkvtcmKNnIn’ Bcw-`n-®X - v. Iym≥k-dn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈
acp-s∂∂ \ne-bn¬ 1959˛¬ "{]ptkm^v' (Prusoff) F∂ imkv{X-PvR-\mWp
IDU \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ 1961˛¬ AXp sl¿∏nkv sshd-kn-s\-Xn-scbpw
^e-{]-Z-am-sW∂p Is≠-Øn. A[nIw sshImsX B‚nsshd¬ acp-s∂∂
\ne-bn¬ TFT bpw hnP-b-am-sW∂p sXfn-™p.
B‚nsshd¬ GP‚p-Isf ]e hn[-Øn¬ XcwXncn-°mw.
1. sl¿∏nkv knw]vfIvkv (Herpes simplex) tcmK-Øn-s\-Xnsc D≈-h
hmbnepw ssewKnI `mK-ß-fpsS ]m¿iz-ß-fnepw {hW-߃ D≠m-Ip∂
tcmK-amWv sl¿]nkv knw]vf-Ivkv.
2. C≥^vfp-h≥k-bvs°-Xnsc {]h¿Øn-°p-∂h
3. C‚¿s^tdm¨ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂h
\ΩpsS {]Xn-tcm[hyh-ÿ-bnse tImi-߃ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ cmkhkvXp-
hmWv "C‚¿s^tdm¨'. B¬^m, _o‰m, Kma F∂n-ßs\ aq∂v Xc-Øn-
ep≈ C‚¿s^-tdm-Wp-Iƒ D≠v. sshd-kp-I-sfbpw Iym≥k¿ tImi-ß-
sfbpw \in-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv CXn-\p-≠v. C‚¿s^-tdm¨ Ir{Xn-a-ambpw
\n¿Ωn-°p-∂p≠v.
icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ A√msX D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-I-sf-t]mse
B‚nsshd¬ acp-∂p-Iƒ°pw \nc-h[n ]m¿iz-^-e-߃ D≠v.

17
 Reference book

B‚nsshd¬ acp-∂p-Iƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-߃

Fssk-t¢m-hn¿ (Acyclovir)
{_nhp-Un≥ (Brivudine)
tUmt°m-k-t\mƒ (Docosanol)
Hmk¬‰m-an-hn¿ (Oseltamivir)

^wK-kn-s\-Xnsc
_mIvSo-cn-bbv°p apºpXs∂ Hcp tcmKImcn-bmbn ^wK-kns\ Xncn-®-dn-
s™-¶nepw AXn-s\-Xnsc acp∂p Is≠-Øn-bXv sshIn-bm-Wv. 1949 emWv
BZy-ambn ‘\nÃm-‰n≥’ (Nystatin) F∂ B‚n^wK¬ acp∂v \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. 1969˛¬ Ign-°m\pw ]pc-´m\pw Hcpt]mse D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ "ssU^vfq-
°m≥' (Diflucan) D≠m-°n. C∂v ^wK-kn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ \nc-h[n acp-∂p-
Iƒ e`y-amWv.
DZm: "ssa°-\m-tkmƒ' (Miconazole), "Bwt^m-sS-dn-kn≥' (Amphotericin)
apX-em-bh.

t{]mt´m-tkm-h-Ifpw Iog-Sßn
Nne t{]mt´m-tkm-h-Ifpw tcmK-Im-cn-I-fmWv. t{]mt´mtkmh aqew D≠m-
Ip∂ ae-º\n F{Xtbm a\p-jy-cpsS Poh-s\-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. A{X-tØmfw
amcIw As√-¶n¬ IqSn as‰mcp t{]mt´m-tkm-h-tcm-K-amb hb-dp-I-Snbpw
Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bnse Hcp kPoh {]iv\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bvs°-Xnsc
Huj[w \n¿an-°m≥ Ign-™-tXmsS B KW-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ tcmK-ßfpw
sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn\p Iog-S-ßn. ae-º-\n-s°-Xnsc {]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ "t¢mtdm-
Izn\pw' (Chloroquine) "sat{Smss\Um- t kmfpw' (Metronidazole)
B‚nt{]mt´m-tkm-h¬ acp-∂p-Iƒ°p DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
tcmKm-Wp-°sf ]cn-k-cØp h®pw ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ h®pw \in-∏n-°m≥
Ign-bp∂ i‡-amb Huj-[ß - ƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øt- XmsS kmw{I-anI tcmK-
߃ Hcp ]cn[nhsc sshZy-imkv{X taJ-e-bpsS hcp-Xn-bn-em-bn. F∂m¬
AXn\p kam-¥-c-ambn as‰mcp {]iv\w hf-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ipNnXzw sIm≠v
tcmKm-Wp-°sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°mw F∂v \ap-s°√mw Adn-bmw. F∂m¬ ipNn-
Xz-Øn\p th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmkhkvXp-°sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-s\¥p
sNøpw? Btcm-Ky-ta-Je C∂v t\cn-Sp∂ henb sh√p-hn-fn-I-fn¬ H∂mWnXv.

18
 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

hnfhp Xn∂p∂ then-Iƒ

]cn-k-cØp \n∂pw tcmKm-Wp-°sf \o°w sNøm-\mWp -\-Ωƒ AWp
\min-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ AXn¬ ]eXpw tcmKm-Wp-°-tf-
°mƒ A]-I-S-I-c-am-sW∂p \Ωƒ Adn-bp-∂n-√.
hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp∂ an° AWp-\m-in-\n-Ifpw 99% kq£vam-
Wp-°-tfbpw \in-∏n-°m≥ t]mcp-∂-h-bm-sW∂ Iº-\n-I-fpsS Ah-Imi
hmZw 100% icn-bm-Wv. B Ah-ImihmZ-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv A]-ISw Hfn-
™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
AWp-\m-in-\nIƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂-X√ ]cn-lmcw. {i≤-
tbmsSbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambpw Ah-iy-amb kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-
°m-\mWp ioen-t°-≠-Xv. Hcp Imcyw ad-°-cp-Xv, tkm∏v \n¿tZm-j-Icamb
A-Wp-\m-in-\n-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p ico-c-`m-K-߃ ipNn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\p
tkm∏v Xs∂-bmWv DØ-aw. ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]c-kyØns‚ sIWn-
bn¬s∏´v hocyw IqSnb AWp\min-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ Imcy-an-√.

tcmKm-Wp-°sf ]q¿W-ambpw
C√m-Xm-°m≥ Bt´m-am-‰nIv
ssh∏-tdm! C∂v tcmKm-Wp-°sf
XpS®p \o°pw... \msf am\-h-cm-
insb s]mfn-®-Sp-°pw...

19
 Reference book

A-Wp-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb D]-tbmKw sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ A]-

I-S-߃ c≠m-Wv. Afhp Ipd-™p-t]m-bm¬ tcmKm-Wp-°-fn¬ AXnPoh\
tijn cq]-s∏Spw. D]-tbmKw IqSp-Itbm th≠ hn[w Bhp-Itbm sNbvXn-
s√-¶n¬ AXns‚ Awiw ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IS∂v Kpcp-Xc tcmK-߃°p
Imc-W-amIpw. tcmK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£ t\Sm≥ tcmKm-Wp-°sf \in-∏nt®
aXn-bm-hq. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ Xs∂ tcmK-
߃°p Imc-W-am-bm¬ then hnfhp Xn∂p-∂p-sh∂ ]g-s©m-√mWv A¿Y-
h-Øm-Ip-∂-Xv.

AWp-\m-in-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-sX-ßs\?
A©p Iev]-\-Iƒ
Iev]-\ 1
IrXy-ambn t\¿∏n-°pI.
AWp-\m-in-\n-tbm-sSm∏w \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ \n¿tZi-߃ hmbn®p a\- n-
em-°n-b-Xn\p tijw Afhp IqSm-sXbpw Ipd-bm-sXbpw AXn¬ ]d-™n-
cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse t\¿∏n-°pI.
Iev]-\ 2
GXp {]X-e-amtWm hrØn-bm-t°-≠Xv Ahn-SsØ Agp-°p-Iƒ BZyw
\o°w sNbvXv hrØn-bm-°p-I.
Iev]-\ 3
AWp\min\n t\¿∏n®v kq£n-°-cp-Xv. D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ L´-Øn¬ am{Xta
t\¿∏n-°m-hq.
Iev]\ 4
AWp\min\n D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn\p tijw ]Øp an\n´p hsc {]X-e-Øn¬
Xßn \n¬°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I.
Iev]\ 5
AXn\ptijw sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn®v AWp-\m-in-\n-bpsS Awiw Aev]w
t]mepw Ah-ti-jn°msX IgpIn If-bpI. F∂n´v hrØn-bp≈ XpWn D]-
tbm-Kn®v XpS®v Cu¿∏w \o°w sNøp-I.

]®-°-dn-I-fnse cmkhkvXp-°ƒ
]®-°dn D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmk-h-kvXp-

20
 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

°ƒ ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IS-∂m¬ Btcm-Ky-Øn\p `oj-Wn-bm-Ipw. imizX

]cn-lmcw Ht∂-bp-≈q. Ah-c-h¿°m-h-iy-amb `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ ho´n¬
Xs∂ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p≈ at\m-`mhw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I.
X¬°mew sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ Imcyw ]d-bmw. ]®-°-dn-Iƒ apdn-°p-∂-Xn\p
apºv D∏p sh≈-Øntem, ]pfn sh≈-Øntem10 an\n´p t\cw ap°n hbv°pI.
As√-¶n¬ 10 an.en-‰¿ hn\m-Kncn Hcp en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ tN¿Ø-Xn-\p-tijw
10 an\n´v AXn¬ XmgvØn hbv°pI. ]®-°-dn-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ ]‰n-∏n-
Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ cmkhkvXp-°ƒ \oßn-°n-´pw.
tcmKm-Wp-°-tf-°mƒ tcmK-Im-cn-Iƒ Nne cmk-h-kvXp-°-fm-sW∂p a\- n-
em-bn-t√? AXp am{X-a√ B‚n^wK¬, B‚nt{]mt´m-tkm-h¬, B‚n-ssh-
d¬ acp-∂p-Ifpw, B‚n_tbm-´n-°p-Ifpw A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]m¿iz^e-
߃ krjvSn-°mhp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ ac-W-Øn¬\n∂p c£ t\Sm≥
]m¿iz^e-߃ ad∂v AØcw acp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠n hcp∂p
F∂XmWv bmYm¿Yyw.
F∂m¬ B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp∂ A{i≤ ]m¿iz
^e-߃°∏pdw as‰mcp A]-I-S-I-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bn-te°p a\p-jys\ \bn-
°p-I-bm-Wv.

kq∏¿_§p-Iƒ ˛ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ Hfn-t∏m-cm-fn-Iƒ

_mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒs°-Xnsc sshZy-imkv{Xw Is≠-Ønb kwlm-tcm-]m-[n-
bm-bn-cp-∂t√m B‚n_tbm-´n-°p-I-ƒ. Ah-bpsS Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb D]-
tbmKw aqew B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Isf AXnPohn-°m≥ tijn-bp≈ ]pXnb
C\w _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ cq]w sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bmWp kq∏¿_§p-Iƒ.
Ahsb \ne-hn-ep≈ B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ sIm≠v \in-∏n-°m-\m-hn-√.
temIm-tcmKy kwL-S\ 2017 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ kwlmctijn-bp≈ 12 kq∏¿
_§p-I-fpsS enÃv ]pdØp hn´p. Ah-bvs°-Xnsc ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ^e-{]-
Z- a mb B‚ n- _ - t bm- ´ n- ° p- I ƒ \n¿Ωn- ° m- \ m- h - i y- a mb Kth- j - W - ß ƒ
Du¿PnXs∏Sp-Øm\pw Bh-iy-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
12 kq∏¿_§p-Ifn¬ aqs∂Æw AXy-[nIw kwlm-c-ti-jn-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂pw
BsdÆw AXn¬ Xmsg-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂pw tijn-°p∂ aqs∂Æw A{Xbpw
hcn-s√-∂p-amWv WHO {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kq∏¿_§p-Iƒs°-Xnsc
B‚n_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Kth-j-W-߃ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬
]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂p. ]eXpw hnPb ]mX-bn-em-Wv. A[nIw sshImsX kq∏¿

21
 Reference book

_§p-Ifpw imkv{X-Øn\p ap∂n¬ Iogvs∏-Spw. At∏mgpw {]iv\w Xocp-∂n√.

]pXnb B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂ ]m¿iz-^-e-߃ ]pXnb tcmK-
߃°p≈ hmXn-ep-I-fm-bmtem?

\ns∂s°m-s≠m∂pw H∂n\pw sIm≈n-√. ]≠p

R߃ tXmt‰m-Sn-sb¶nepw kq∏¿_-§mbn
]p\¿P-\n®p C\n ImWn®p Xcmw...

kq£vam-Wp-°-fpsS alm-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kq∏¿_§v

icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ \Ωƒ ioen-

®m¬ _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ°v AXnPoh-\-tijn t\Sm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw KWy-
ambn Ipd™p In´pw. AXn\p Xbm-dm-hp-I-sb-∂Xp kaq-l-tØmSp am{X-
a√ Hcmƒ Abm-tfmSp ]pe¿tØ≠ acymZ IqSn-bm-Wv.

22
 ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃

Chsc kq£n-°p-I!
WHO ]pd-Øp-hn´ kq∏¿_§p-I-fpsS ]´nI
1. Acinetobacter baumannii
2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3. Enterobacteriaceae
4. Enterococcus faecium
5. Staphylococus aureus
6. Helicobacter pylori
7. Campylobacter spp.
8. Salmonellae
9. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
10. Streptococcus pneumoniae
11. Haemophilus influenzae
12. Shigella spp.

B‚n_tbm´n°pIƒ Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww?

$ tUmIvS-dpsS \n¿tZi{]Imcw am{Xta B‚n_tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-
Kn-°m-hq.
$ B‚n_tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ Ign®p XpS-ßp-tºmƒ tcmK-Øn\p XmXvIm-enI
ia\w D≠m-tb-°mw. F∂mepw tUmIvS¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ tImgvkv
]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww.
$ B‚n_tbm-´nIv Kpfn-I-Iƒ hngp-ßm≥ sh≈w am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°m-
hq. ]g-®m-tdm, ]mtem D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXns‚ hocyw Ipd-
™p-t]m-sb∂p hcmw.
$ Blm-c-Øn\p apºv, Blm-c-Øn\p tijw F∂p≈ tUmIvSdpsS
\n¿tZiw IrXy-ambpw ]men-°-Ww.
$ IrXy ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ acp∂p Ign-°-Ww. Nne-t∏mƒ Znhkw \mep
t\cw Ign-°m-\m-bn-cn°pw \n¿tZiw. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ 6 aWn-°q-
dns‚ CS-thf IrXy-ambn ]men-°-Ww.

23
 Reference book

$ ÿnc-ambn a‰p acp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ B hnhcw tUmŒ-

tdmSp ]d-b-Ww. Nne acp-∂p-I-fp-ambn B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ {]Xn
{]h¿Øn-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v. AXp a\- n-em°n ]cn-lmcw \n¿tZin-°m≥
tUmIvS¿°p Ign-bpw.
$ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw Hcp L´-Ønepw kzbw NnIn-’bv°p Xp\n-b-cp-Xv.
IrXy-ambn ]men-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´n-√mØ Nne \n¿tZ-i-ß-fmWv CXn-\Iw
kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ \ΩpsS sNe-hn¬ _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fpsS AXn-
Po-h-\-tijn Iq´n Ah-bpsS B{I-a-W-Øn\p Iogvs∏-tS-≠-Xpt≠m?
\mWn-bΩ
- bpw \mep Kpfn-Ibpw
\mWn-b-Ω-bpsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬ AwKkwJy \mem-Wv. Ahsc°qSmsX
aI\pw `mcybpw t]c-°p´nbpw. Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ Ib-dn-bn-´n-s√∂v A`n-am-
\n-°p∂ \mWn-bΩbv°v Hcn-°¬ Ie-ie - mb hb-dn-f°w _m[n-®p. Ah¿
a\- n√ma\-t msS tlmkv]n-‰-en¬ sN∂p. C≥^-Ivj-\m-Wv, 5 Znhkw
B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv Ign-°-W-sa∂ \n¿tZ-i-tØmsS tUmIvS¿ 15 Kpfn-I-
Iƒs°-gpXn. aI≥ acp-∂ns‚ hne tI´v sR´n. XXvImew 4 FÆw hmßn.
HscÆw Ign-®t- ∏mƒ \mWn-bΩ - b
- psS tcmKw KWy-ambn Ipd-™p. F∂m¬
XpS¿®-bmbn a‰p-≈h - scbpw tcmKw _m[n-®p. \mep KpfnI sIm≠v BZyw
Bizmkw In´n-sb-¶nepw A[nIw sshImsX \mep-t]¿°pw Hcp-t]mse
tcmKw aq¿—n-®p. ]ns∂ IpSpw-_k - t- aXw tlmkv]n-‰e
- n-te-°v. hocyw IqSnb
B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv sImt≠ C\n c£-bp≈q F∂ A`n-{]m-b-tØmsS
tUmIvS¿ F√m-h-scbpw AUvan‰v sNbvXp.

ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃
hy‡nipNn-Xzhpw ]cn-kcipNn-Xzhpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v
Hgn®pIqSm≥ Ign-bmØ c≠p LS-I-߃ BWv. F∂m¬ tcmK-Øn¬ \n∂v
c£t\Sm≥ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ HXp-ßp∂ ipNnXzw t]msc-
∂mWp Ime-L´w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tcmKm-Wp-°-tfm-sSm∏w A]-I-S-I-c-
amb cmk-h-kvXp-°-sfbpw ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-tc-≠n-bn-
cn-°p-∂p.
AXp-sIm≠v ipNn-Xz-ioeØn\v \ap°v ]pXn-sbmcp {]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-
N\w \¬Imw.
kz¥w ]cn-k-c-sØbpw ico-c-sØbpw Agp-°pIfn¬ \n∂pw tcmKm-Wp-
°-fn¬ \n∂pw A]-I-S-I-c-amb cmk-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ ioe-߃ imkv{Xo-b-ambn \S-∏m-°m\pX-Ip∂ Pohn-X-co-Xn-
bmWv ipNn-Xzioew.

24
 2 ]cn-kcw sXm´p XpSßmw
aen-\o-I-cn®v aen-\o-I-cn®v almamen-\y-ambn
amdp∂ a\pjy≥

Nn{Xo-I-cWw {i≤n-®t√m? aen-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ {]Xym-LmXw F{X cq£-

am-Wv. At√?
F¥mWv amen\yw?
Cu tNmZy-Øns‚ icn-bmb DØcw ]e-t∏mgpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
Nne hkvXp-°ƒ amen-\y-ß-fpsS KW-Øn¬ ÿnc-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse a‰v
NneXv amen-\y-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. amen\yw F∂Xv Atß-b‰w
shdp-°-s∏-tS≠ ]Zhpw ]Zm¿Y-hp-ambn \Ωƒ ]e-t∏mgpw IW-°m-°p-∂p-
s≠-∂-XmWv ]c-am¿Yw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ amen-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v ]pXnb
Hcp {]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-N\w th≠n-h-cp-∂p.
 Reference book

Bhmkhyh-ÿbvt°m Hcp Pohn-bpsS \ne-\n-¬∏ns\tbm tZmj-Ic

- a
- mbn
_m[n-°p∂ ]Zm¿Y-ßtfm Du¿P-cq-]-ßtfm BWv amen-\yw.
ÿnc-ambn amen-\y-ß-fpsS KW-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ H∂pw Xs∂-bn-s√-∂-
XmWv kXyw. AXp-t]mse amen\yw As√∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ ]Zm¿Yhpw
C√. DZm: Pew ˛ ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂v A[n-I-Pew ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvssk-Uns‚ Imcyw adn-®m-Wv. CO2 Hcp amen-\y-am-bn-
´mWv Ft∏mgpw IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ico-c-Øn\v \n›nX Af-
hn¬ CO2 Bh-iy-ap-≠v. Bkn-Un-t‚bpw t_kn-t‚bpw k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ
]men-°m≥ AXv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ÿnc-amb amen-\y-ßtfm ip≤
]Zm¿Y-ßtfm C√ F∂-XmWv CXn¬ \ns∂ms° hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

amen-\y-an-√mØ IW°v!
amen\yw A\p-\n-anjw Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ AsX{X F∂ IW-°p-Iƒ°v
amen\ykv]¿i-an-√. ip≤-amb Nne IW-°p-Iƒ CXm.
Hmtcm Znh-khpw D≠m-Ip∂ Jc-am-en\yw sa{SnIvSÆn¬ IW-°m-°n-bXv

kwÿm\w/{]tZiw 1999 - 2000 2009 - 2012

Bkmw 285 1146.28
_olm¿ 1819 1670
U¬ln 4000 7384
lcn-bm\ 4232 536.85
I¿Wm-SI 3278 6500
tIcf 1298 8338
alm-cmjv{S 9099 19204
Hdok 655 2239.2
]©m_v 1266 2793.5
cmP-ÿm≥ 1966 5037.3
Xan-gv\mSv 5403 12504
DØ¿{]-tZiv 5960 11585
]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ 4621 12557
C¥y-bn¬ BsI 52125 127485.107

26
 ]cn-kcw sXm´p XpSßmw

Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬, GsXm-s°-bmWv amen-\y-߃ F∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n®v

ap≥hn[n ]mSn-√. Hcp hkvXp amen-\y-ambn amdp∂ kml-N-cy-߃ ]c-am-
h[n eLq-Ic - n-®p-sIm≠pw D≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-ßsf imkv{Xo-ba - mbn kwkvI-
cn®pw am{Xta ]cn-kc - i
- p-Nn-Xzhpw hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ]q¿W-ambpw {]mh¿Øn-
I-am-°m≥ Ign-bp.
amen-\y-߃ Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏ns\ _m[n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
Hcp hy‡n-bpsS ico-c-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-߃, Abm-fpsS hnhn[
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfm¬ ]cn-k-c-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-߃ F∂n-ßs\ amen-
\ysØ Xcw Xncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-
ßsf bYm-k-abw \o°w sNøm≥ Ah-bhhyh-ÿ-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-Iƒ
Xs∂ kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ah-bpsS PmK-cq-I-amb CS-s]-S-en-
eqsS B¥c]cn-ÿnXn amen-\y-c-ln-X-ambn \ne-\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu kwhn-
[m-\Ø- ns‚ ^e-am-bmWv Pohs‚ kpÿn-Xn°v A\p-t]-£W - o-ba- mb B¥-
c-k-a-ÿnXn \ne-\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ ]cn-k-c-Øn-te°v hen-s®-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ amen-\y-߃ hnhn[ cq]-
Øn-emWv Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-sbbpw Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-s\bpw _m[n-°p-
∂-Xv. AØcw amen-\y-ßsf hnhn[ cq]-Øn¬ \n߃ Xcw Xncn-®n-´p-≠m-
hpw. ssPh hnL-S-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂Xpw A√m-Ø-Xpw, Jc-am-en-\y-
ßfpw {Zh-am-en-\y-ßfpw F∂n-ß-s\.
ChnsS AØ-c-samcp h¿Ko-I-c-W-Øn\p apXn-cp-∂n-√. as‰mcp kao-]-\-amWv
kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
1. t\cn´p Poh-hy-h-ÿsb _m[n-°p∂ amen-\y-߃. DZm: hnIn-c-W-߃,
ssPhamen-\y-ß-fnse tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ XpS-ßn-bh.
2. {]{In-b°p hnt[-b-am-b-Xn\p tijw kwlm-ctijn IqSp∂ amen-\y-
߃ DZm: cmk-am-en-\y-߃.

an° ssPh-am-en-\y-ßfpw tcmKm-Wp-°-fp-sStbm tcmK-hm-l-I-cp-sStbm hnf-

\n-e-ß-fmWv. tImf-d, Fen-∏-\n, ssSt^m-bn-Uv, a™-∏nØw XpS-ßnb tcmK-
ß-fpsS AWp-°ƒ ]cn-kc - Ø
- n¬ hen-s®-dn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂tXm Hgp-°n-hn-Sp-∂tXm
Bb ssPh amen-\y-ß-fn-emWp s]cp-Ip-∂-Xv. tcmK-hm-l-Isc kw_-‘n-
®m-sW-¶n¬ Cu®, sImXp-Iv, Fen F∂n-ßs\ ]´nI \ofp-∂p. sImXp-Ip-
Iƒ ap´-bn´p s]cp-Ip-∂-Xn-\mWv Pew D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah tcmKw ]c-
Øp-∂Xv, Hcp tcmKn-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰mcp tcmKn-bn-te°v F∂ coXn-bn-
emWv.

27
 Reference book

AXp-t]mse t\cn´v Poh\p `oj-Wn-bm-Ip∂ amen-\y-ß-fmWv hnIn-c-W-

߃. hnIn-c-W-߃ P\n-XI LS-\-bn¬ Xs∂ am‰w hcp-Øp∂p. CØ-c-
Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ D¬∏-cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ Iym≥k¿, P∑sshI-ey-߃ XpS-
ßnb Zpc-h-ÿ-Iƒ°p Imc-W-am-Ipw.
c≠p apJ-߃ D≈ Hcp amen-\y-amWv πmÃnIv. Ah t\cn´pw A√m-sXbpw
Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\p `oj-Wn-bm-Ip-∂p. IS-en-te°v πmÃnIv hen-s®-dn-bp-
∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn h¿jw tXmdpw e£-I-W-°n\p IS¬∏-£n-I-fmWv Nmhp-
∂-Xv. IS¬, Hcp Ip∏-sØm-´n-bmbn amdn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. th≠m-Ø-
sX√mw IS-en-te°v hen-s®-dn-bp-tºmƒ Ahn-sSbpw AXn-k-¶o¿W-amb
Hcp Poh-hy-hÿ \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂ bmYm¿Yy-amWv \mw ad-°p-∂-Xv.
t\cn´v Zpc¥w hnXbv-°p∂ ]e amen-\y-ßfpw hnhn[ {]{In-b-Iƒ°p hnt[-
b-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn ]pXnb cmk-am-en-\y-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p.

amen-\y-kw-kvI-cWw as‰mcp aen-\o-I-c-Wtam?

amen-\y-ß-fpsS XcwXncn-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw
Ht´sd ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n߃ CXn-\Iw G¿s∏-´n-´p-≠m-Ipw.
F∂m¬ C∂p A\p-h¿Øn®phcp∂ ]e kwkvI-cW coXn-Ifpw amen-\y-
ß-fpsS LS-\-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp∂X√msX Ah-bpsS amen\y kz`m-hsØ
]q¿W-ambpw am‰p-∂n-√.
]p\xNw{I-a-Ww (Re-cycling), Itºm-Ãnw-Kv, aen-\-P-e-kw-kvI-c-Ww, IØn-
°¬, em‚ v^n¬ XpS-ßnb kwkvI-cW coXn-Iƒ C∂p -km-[m-c-W-am-Wv.
CXn¬ IØn-°¬ Hgn-®p-≈-hsb√mw Hcp hn[w kpc-£n-X-am-sW-∂mWv
IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kq£va hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-cn-√mØ t\cmbn
Ah-sbbpw IW-°m-°m-\m-hn-√. Nne bmYm¿Yy-߃ CXm.
$ ]p\xNw{I-a-W-Øn¬ hnj-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS km∂n-[yw.
$ Itºm-Ãnw-Kns‚ ^e-ambn Hm¿Km-\nIv UÃp-Iƒ (_mIvSo-cn-bI
- f
- p-sSbpw
^wK-kp-I-fp-sSbpw kvt]mdp-Iƒ)
$ aen-\-P-e-kw-kvI-cW ^e-ambn ITn-\-tem-l-߃, Zp¿K-‘w, tcmKm-
Wp-°ƒ.
$ IØn-°¬ aqew \nc-h[n hnj-hm-X-I-߃ (Utbm-Ivkn≥ HscÆw
am{Xw)

28
 ]cn-kcw sXm´p XpSßmw

$ em‚ v ^n√ns‚ ^e-ambn Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw, lcnXKrl hmX-I-߃,

tcmK-hm-l-I-cpsS h¿[\hv.
amen-\y-ßsf Dd-hn-S-Øn¬ kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw h≥tXm-Xn¬ tiJ-
cn®v hnhn[ {]{In-b-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-am°p∂Xp-sIm≠v kmº-ØnIs®ehp
IqSp-sa-∂-√msX e£yw ]q¿W-ambpw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.
PohnX\ne-hmcw Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v D]-t`mK\nc°v IqSpw. D]-t`m-K-\n-
c°v IqSn-bm¬ amen-\y-ßf
- psS Afhpw IqSpw. amen-\y-߃ ssPhtam AssP-
htam BImw. c≠m-bmepw AXv hy‡n°pw ]cn-k-c-Øn\pw Hcp t]mse
tZmj-am-Wv.
A]-I-S-I-c-amb amen-\y-߃
amen-\y-ß-fpsS Dd-hnSw
1. hyh-kmbw cmk- h - k vXp- ° ƒ, ITn- \ - t em- l - ß ƒ,
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv thÃv apX-em-bh

2. Irjn IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, If-\m-in-\n-Iƒ apX-em-bh

3. et_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv thÃv,

hnIn-c-W-߃, ITn-\-tem-l-߃ apX-em-bh

4. Bip-]{Xn ico-c-`m-K-߃, XpWn, ]™n, _mt‚Pv,

hnIn-c-W-߃ apX-em-bh

5. hoSv ssPh-am-en-\yw, N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ, B‚n-sk-

]v‰n-°p-Iƒ, hm¿Wn-jv, _m‰-dn, kn.F-^v.-
F¬, s]bn‚ v, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv thÃv apX-
em-bh
AXp-sIm≠v amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W-Øn¬ am{X-a√ amen-\y-߃ krjvSn-°p-
∂-Xnepw Iptd-°qSn imkv{Xo-b-amb kao-]\w ]pXnb Xe-apd kzmb-Ø-am-
°ntb Xocq.

Bhmkhyh-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v ico-c-Øn-te°v
tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°n-S-bn-emWv \Ωƒ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ \ap-°v F-t∏mgpw
tcmK-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂n-√. tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ hnhn[ cmk-h-kvXp-

29
 Reference book

°sf°qSn Iq´n-t®¿Ømepw {]kvXm-h\ sX‰m-Ip-∂n-√. A{Xbv°v i‡-

amWv \ΩpsS {]Xn-tcm[hyh-ÿ. {]Xn-tcm[hyh-ÿ-bnse hnhn[ LS-I-
ß-fmb Xz°v, ico-c-{k-h-߃, ico-c-{Z-h-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v \n߃
CXn-\Iw ]Tn®p Ign-™n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.
{]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v c≠p-X-e-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.
1. s]mXp-hmb B{I-a-W-coXn: ico-c-Øn-\-IØv IS-°p∂ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ
GXm-bmepw AXns\ \in-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv Hcp coXn. IÆp\o¿,
Dan-\o¿ XpS-ßnb icoc{kh-ßfpw, ho߬ {]Xn-I-cWw (Inflammatory
response), ^mtKm-ssk-t‰m-knkv XpS-ßnb {]{In-b-Ifpw B KW-Øn¬
s]Sp-∂p.
2. Hmtcm tcmKm-Wp-hn-s\bpw {]tXyIw I≠p-sIm-≠p≈ B{I-aW - c
- oXn:
tizXc‡m-Wp-°fnse enwt^m-ssk-‰p-I-fmWv Cu t]m¿ap-JsØ \bn-
°p- ∂ - X v . Hmtcm- b n\w tcmKm- W p- h n- s \bpw a\-   n- e m°n AXns\
XI¿°m≥ t]mcp∂ hn[w IrXy-amb B‚nt_mUn \n¿Ωn-®p-sIm-
≠mWv enwt^m- s sk‰v B{I- a - W - c oXn Bkq- { XWw sNøp- ∂ - X v .
B‚nt_mUn tcmKm-Wp-I-sftbm Ah D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hnj-h-kvXp-
°-sftbm \n¿ho-cy-am-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS tcmK-hn-ap‡n km[y-am°p-∂p.
B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ t\cn´v IpØn-ht®m Ahsb \n¿Ωn-°m≥ c‡sØ t{]cn-
∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvXp-sIm≠v ico-csØ {]Xn-tcm[ k÷-am-°m≥ Ignbpw
hn[w Ir{Xna {]Xn-tcm[ am¿K-ßfpw a\p-jy≥ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.
{]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m\w ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂n-SØv Imcy-£-a-amb NnIn’m ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ {]mh¿Øn-I-am°n tcmKsØ AXn-Po-hn-°m\pw Ign-bpw. Aßs\
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tcmK-\n¿am¿P\ am¿K-߃ BtcmKyw kwc-£n-°m≥
\ne-hn-ep-≠v.

30
 ]cn-kcw sXm´p XpSßmw

tImitk\
Poh≥ FhnsS F∂ tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcw tImi-Øn¬ F∂m-Wv. hnhn[-
Xcw tImi-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\ß - fpw tNcp-tºm-gmWv Poh≥ F∂ A¤pXw
bmYm¿Yy-am-Ip-∂X
- v. i{Xp-°f
- n¬ \n∂v cmPysØ F∂ t]mse icocsØ
kwc-£n-°p∂ tImi-tk-\-bnse AwK-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

enwt^m-ssk‰v 35 - 40% ˛ B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ

D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂p

tamtWm-ssk‰v 1 - 3% ˛ _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf
hngpßn \in-∏n-°p∂p

t_tkm-^n¬ 0.5% ˛ ho߬ {]Xn-I-cWw

\yqt{Sm-^n¬ 60 - 70% ˛ _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf

hngpßn \in-∏n-°p-
∂p.

Cukvt\m-^n¬ 1 - 5% ˛ Ae¿Pn
{]{In-b-bn¬ ]¶v

31
 Reference book

ITn\teml-ßtfmSv arZp-k-ao-]\w th≠!

B[p-\nI Pohn-X-co-Xn-Iƒ ITn-\-tem-l-ß-fp-ambn IqSp-X¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ Ah-
kcw Hcp-°p-∂p. AXv A{X \√-X√ F∂mWv Btcm-Ky-ta-Jebnse
hnZKv[¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv. Ah¿ ImUvan-bw, sa¿°p-dn, seUv, B¿k-\nIv F∂o
teml-ßsf kq£n-°Ww F∂ ap∂-dn-bn∏v Xcp-∂p. ho≠pw Nm¿Pv sNbvXv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \n°¬˛ImUvanbw _m‰-dn-bnse Hcp {][m\ LS-I-am-Wv
ImUvanbw. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hnhn[ D]-t`mK hkvXp-°-fn-eqsS
ImUvanbw ]pdw-X-≈p-∂-Xns‚ Afhv IqSn. ImUvanbw D¬∏-∂-߃
]p\xNw{I-aW km[yXbn√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ a‰v amen-\y-ß-tfm-sSm∏w aÆn¬
Ipan™p IqSp-∂p. AhnsS \n∂v sh≈w, hmbp F∂n-h-bn-eqsS a\pjy
ico-c-Øn¬ IS-°p-∂p. knK-c‰v hen-°p-∂-h¿°v ImUvanbw t_mW- mbpw
e`n-°pw. Kpcp-Xc
- a
- mb hr°-tcm-Kß
- ƒ°pw Aÿn-tcm-Kß - ƒ°pw ImUvanbw
Imc-W-am-Imw.
Blm-c-Øn-eqsS {]tXy-In-®v, a’y-Øn-eqsS D≈n¬ IS-°p∂ as‰mcp ITn-
\-tem-l-amWv sa¿°p-dn. IS¬a-en-\o-I-c-W-amWv Imc-Ww. X∑qew aossY¬
sa¿°pdn a’y-ß-fpsS ico-c-Øn-seØn tcmKw hnX-bv°p-∂p. K¿`-ÿ-in-
ip-hn\p sshI-eyw, \mUo-tcm-K-߃ XpS-ßn-bh sa¿°pdn aqew D≠m-
Imw.
hmbp-hn-eq-sSbpw Blm-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw D≈n¬ IS-°p∂ teml-amWv seUv.
Xz°v tcmK-ß-fpw, \mUo XI-cm-dp-Ifpw izmk-tImi tcmK-ßfpw seUn-
eqsS D≠m-Imw. Blm-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw Pe-Øn-eq-sSbpw D≈nseØp∂ hnj-
tem-l-am-Wv B¿k-\n-Iv. Iym≥k¿ AS-°-ap≈ tcmK-߃ B¿k-\nIv hgn
D≠mImw. hmbp-hn-eqsS D≈n¬ IS-∂m¬ izmk-tIm-im¿_p-ZØ - n\pw km[y-
X-bp-≠v.
ITn-\-tem-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂v a\-∏q¿hw AIew ]men-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ AXv
kz¥w ico-c-tØmSv sNøp∂ Hcp \√ Imcy-am-bn-cn-°pw.

{]Xn-tcm[hyh-ÿbpw cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw
\ΩpsS icocw kzbw \n¿an-°p-∂tXm {]IrXym Xs∂ D≠m-Ip∂tXm
a\p-jy-\n¿anX t{kmX-kp-I-fn¬ \n∂v D≠m-Ip-∂tXm Bb hnj-h-kvXp-
°-fmWv tSmIvkn-\p-Iƒ. Ahsb√mw tImi-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn
_m[n-°p∂p. ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IS-°p∂ Nne tcmKm-Wp-°-fpw tSmIvkn-
\p-Iƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ a‰v cmk-h-kvXp-
°-fpsS km∂n-[yhpw IqSn hcp-∂p-≠v. IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, sh≈-Ønse a‰v

32
 ]cn-kcw sXm´p XpSßmw

cmkhkvXp-°ƒ acp-∂p-Iƒ XpSßn Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw \ΩpsS ]cn-k-

cØv Bdm-bn-c-tØmfw ]pXnb tSmIvkn-\p-Iƒ Iq´nt®¿°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v
F∂mWv IW-°v. _mly-]c - n-kc
- Ø
- n¬ tSmIvkn-\p-Iƒ Ipan™v IqSp-tºmƒ
kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXv B¥-c-]-cn-k-c-Øn-te°pw {]th-in-°pw. CXv Btcm-
KysØ ]e-X-c-Øn¬ _m[n-°pw.
s]t{Sm-fnbw cmk-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂v cq]-s∏-Sp∂ tSmIvkn-\p-Iƒ, Cukv{S-
P≥ tlm¿tam-Wns\ A\p-I-cn-°p-Ibpw tlm¿tam¨ Ak-¥p-en-Xm-h-
ÿbv°v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tlm¿tam¨ Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ {]Xn-
tcm[ tijnsb Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øpw.
ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IS-°p∂ tSmIvkn-\p-Isf \n¿ho-cy-am-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w
\n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xv Ic-fm-Wv. tSmIvkns‚ Afhv c‡-Øn¬ IqSp-tºmƒ Ic-
fns‚ tPmen-`m-chpw IqSp∂p. AXv Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmK-߃°v Imc-W-am-
Imw. Hcp km[m-cW a\p-jy≥ GXm≠v Ac-°n-tem-{Km-tamfw hnj-h-kvXp-
°ƒ ]e-cq-]-Øn-embn Hcp h¿jw sIm≠v D≈n-te-s°-Sp-°p∂p F∂mWv
IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. h¿jw{]Xn aq∂v e£-tØmfw ]pXnb cmk-h-
kvXp-°ƒ ]e t{kmX-kp-I-fn-eqsS A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp∂p
F∂mWv A¥m-cmjv{S sIan-°¬ skmssk‰n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
CsX√mw Ic-fns\ am{X-a√ {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\sØ BsIØs∂-bmWv
A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-∂-Xv.
{]Xn-tcm-[-tIm-i-ß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv "sskt‰mssI\p-
I- f m- W v ' (Cytokine). "C‚- ¿ s^- t dmWpw' (Interferons) "C‚¿eq- ° n\pw'
(Interleukins) sskt‰mssI\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. tSmIvkn-\p-Iƒ ico-c-Øn-
\p-≈n¬ h®v hnL-Sn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn kzX{¥ dmUn-°ep-Iƒ D≠m-
Ip-∂p. kzX-{¥-dm-Un-°ep-Iƒ sskt‰m-ssI\ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\sØ XS- -
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. X∑qew {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-Ønse Bib hn\n-ab am¿K-
߃ inYn-e-am-Ip-Ibpw {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn XInSw adn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
AXp- t ]m- s e- X - s ∂ B[p- \ nI `£- W - i o- e - ß fpw ]e- X - c - Ø n- e p- ≈
cmkhkvXp-°ƒ D≈n¬ IS-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Ahbpw tSmIvkn-
\p-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂p. {]nk¿th-‰o-hp-Ifpw Nmb-ßfpw cpNn h¿[n-∏n-°m≥
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmk-h-kvXp-°-fp-sams° Cu KW-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p. tcmKm-
Wp-°sft∏mse Xs∂ cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw Btcm-KysØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn
_m[n-°p∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv
tcmKm-Wp-°sf Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n´pw Iym≥k¿ t]mep≈ alm-tcm-
K-߃s°Xn-sc-bp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ a\p-jy-\n-t∏mgpw ]I®v \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

33
 Reference book

C\n F¥p sNøWw?

]c-am-h[n tcmKm-Wp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw hnj-I-c-amb cmk-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw
ico-csØ kwc-£n-°m≥ Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw _m[y-X-bp-≠v. AXv \nd-th-‰p-
∂-Xn-\p-th≠n hy‡n Pohn-Xhpw IpSpw-_P- o-hn-Xhpw imkv{Xo-ba
- mbn Bkq-
{XWw sNtø-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\mbn Fs¥ms° sNøm-\mhpw F∂v
\mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kzbw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Nne
kqN-\-Iƒ am{X-amWv ChnsS \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.
$ I¿i-\a
- mb hy‡nipNn-Xz-Øn-eqsS tcmKm-Wp-°f
- n¬ \n∂v ico-csØ
kwc-£n-°p-I.
$ Ign-°p∂ `£-Whpw IpSn-°p∂ sh≈hpw AWp-hn-ap-‡-am-sW∂v
Dd∏v hcp-Øp-I.
$ A\m-h-iy-amb cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ AS-ßnb ]m\o-b-߃ h¿Pn-°pI.
$ `£Ww Btcm-Ky-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmsW∂v Dd®v hniz-kn-®p-sIm≠,v
cpNn-°p-th≠n ^mÃv ^pUp-Iƒ°v ASn-a-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
$ ho´nse Irjn Hcp ioe-am-°p-I.
$ Jc-am-en-\y-߃ Iq´n-bn´v IØn®v A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cWw krjvSn-
°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
$ amen-\y-߃ Ae-k-ambn hen-s®-dn-bmsX t{kmX- n¬ Xs∂ Xcw
Xncn®v A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°p-I.
$ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv amen-\y-ßsf {]tXyIw kw`-cn®v ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v tIm´w
X´msX DNn- X - a mb coXn- b n¬ ]p\xcq]- t bm- K - s ∏SpØp- I tbm
]p\xNw{I-aWw \S-Øp-Itbm sNøp-I.
$ amen-\y-ßf- psS kz`m-hØ
- n-\\- p-kc
- n®v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W- Ø
- n-\mbn
4 Rs (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ioe-am-°p-
I.
""F√m a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw Bh-iy-߃ ]q¿Øo-Ic
- n-°m≥ `qan°v Ignbpw
F∂m¬ Hcm-fpsSbpw AXym-{Klw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Bhn-√.''
alm-flm-Km‘n
efn-X-amb Pohn-Xhpw D∂-X-amb Nn¥bpw alm-flPn \sΩ ]Tn-∏n® ]mT-
ß-fmWv. Ime-L-´-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Nne am‰-߃ A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-¶nepw
ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn hy‡n-Po-hn-X-sØbpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-sØbpw {]Ir-
Xn°v CW-ßp∂ Xc-Øn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ `mc-Xo-b\v Km‘n-am¿Kw Xs∂-
bmWv ]mT-am-tI-≠-Xv.
34
3 ico-ck
- p-ÿn-Xn°v B¥-ck
- a- ÿ
- nXn
a\p-jy-\-S-°-ap≈ GsXmcp Pohn-sbbpw {i≤n-®m¬ Hcp Imcyw a\- n-em-
Ipw. Pohn-I-fpsS icocw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Poh-\n-√mØ hkvXp-°ƒ
sIm≠m- W v . Im¿_¨, ssl{U- P ≥, HmIv k n- P ≥ XpS- ß nb aqe- I -
߃s°m∂pw Poh-\n-√. Ah IqSn-t®¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Im¿t_m-ssl-t{U‰v
ssPh-I-Wn-I-bmsW-¶nepw APo-h-am-Wv. AØ-c-Øn¬ AkwJyw AssPh
X∑m-{X-Iƒ Nne hyh-ÿI - ƒ°-\p-kc- n®v IqSn-t®-cp-Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-tºm-gmWv Poh≥ F∂ A¤pXw bmYm¿Yy-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Poh-I-Wn-I-I-
fn¬ \n∂v Pohnbpw Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Pohn-K-Whpw Pohnkap-Zm-bhpw hnI-
kn-®p. Aßs\ hnhn[ Pohn-Ifpw Bhm-k-ßfpw sIm≠v `qan kpμ-cn-bm-
bn. Poh≥ bmZr-›n-I-ambn DS-se-SpØpsh∂ hmZ-Øn-\mWv kzoIm-cyX
IqSp-X¬. Poh≥ Fßs\ tImSn-°-W-°n\p h¿j-ß-fmbn \ne-\n¿Ø-s∏-
Sp∂p F∂mWv tNmZy-sa-¶n¬ Pohnbpw ]cn-k-chpw XΩn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂
Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb k¥p-e-\-Øn-eqsS F∂ DØ-c-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw F-Øp-
∂Xv.
_mly ]cn-k-c-Øn¬ \n∂v GXp ]Zm¿Yw ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ {]th-in-
®mepw AXnse LS-I-߃ c‡-Øn-eqsS Snjyq-{Z-h-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cpw.
Snjyq-{Z-h-Øn¬ \n∂v AXp tImi-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IS-°pw. AhnsS hnhn[
Poh¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p. XXv^-e-ambn tImi-Øn-\p-≈n¬ cq]-
s∏-Sp∂ amen-\y-߃ ]pd-¥≈
- s
- ∏-Sp-∂Xpw Snjyq-{Z-hØ
- nte-°m-Wv. AhnsS
\n∂v c‡w hgn hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-ß-fn-eqsS ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ahn-sS-
bmWv B¥c]cn-ÿn-Xnbv°p {]m[m\yw Gdp-∂-Xv. tImi-hp-ambn sImSp-
°¬ hm߬ kpKaamh-W-sa-¶n¬ Snjyq-{Z-h-Øns‚ LS\ Gsd-°psd
kpÿn-c-am-h-Ww. Aßs\ B¥-c-]-cn-ÿn-Xn°v am‰-an-√msX \ne-\n¿Øp-
∂-Xn-s\-bmWv B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn (Homeostasis)F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ¢mUv
_¿WmUv BWv B¥ckaÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v BZy-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-®-Xv.
_mly-]-cn-kcw
c‡w Snjyq-{Zhw tImi-߃
]Zm¿Y-I-Wn-I-Iƒ

amen-\y-߃
 Reference book

B¥cka-ÿnXn ]men-°m-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w ico-c-

Øn-\p-≠v. hnhn[ hyh-ÿ-I-fn-eqsS AXp Imcy-£-a-
ambn \S-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. B¥c]cn-ÿn-Xn icn-
bmbn ]men-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Poh≥ kpc-£n-X-am-bn-
cn-°pw. ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ {]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬
cmk-L-S-I-ßsf IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-∂-dn-bm-
a-t√m. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ _mly-]-cn-k-cØp \n∂pw
ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n-te°v IS-°p∂ hnj-h-kvXp-°-sf√mw
B¥cka- ÿ nXn]me- \ - Ø n\v sh√p- h n- f n- b m- I pw. Claude Bernard
AØcw Ht´sd hnj-h-kvXp-°ƒ \Ωƒ Adn-™p-w Adn-bm-sXbpw D≈n-
te-s°-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. AsX√mw B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xnsb XInSw adn-°m\pw ico-
csØ tcmK-{K-kvX-am-°m\pw t]mcp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

hnj-h-kvXp-°-fpsS (Toxins) Dd-hn-S-߃

$ `£Ww
$ ]m\o-b-߃
$ Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ
$ elcn hkvXp-°ƒ
$ kuμcyh¿[I hkvXp-°ƒ
$ hmbp
$ acp-∂p-Iƒ
$ hnIn-c-W-߃
Cu Hmtcm Dd-hn-Shpw B[p-\nI Pohn-X-co-Xn-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v amdn-s°m-≠n-
cn-°p-∂p. Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hni-I-e\w sNbvXm¬ am‰-ß-
fn¬ \s√mcp ]¶pw KpW-I-c-a-s√∂p ImWmw. Ac-\q-‰m-≠n-\p-≈nse {]h-
WX ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ ico-cØ- n-\p-≈n¬ IS-°p∂ hnj-hk- vXp-°f- psS \nc°v
`bm-\-Iamw-hn[w h¿[n-®ncn°p-∂p-sh-∂mWp IW-°p-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xv. ico-c-Ønse hnjhkvXp-°-fpsS Af-hns\ imkv{X `mj-bn¬
tSmIvknIv temUv (Toxic Load) F∂p ]dbpw.
tSmIvknIv temUv IqSp-tºmƒ B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw
_m[n-°pw. B¥cka-ÿn-Xn°p hcp∂ am‰w tImi-Øn-\p-≈nse D]m-]-
Nb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf XInSw adn-°pw. tSmIvkn≥ cmk-h-kvXp-°-fm-bXn-

36
 ico-c-kp-ÿn-Xn°v B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn

\m¬ AXp {ItaW Btcm-KysØ Im¿∂p Xn∂v HSp-hn¬ alm-tcm-Kß

- ƒ°-
Sn-a-bm-°pw.
tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ h-kvXp-°fpw tSmIvkn-\p-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn-
°m-dp-≠v. AØcw tSmIvkn-\p-Iƒ aqew s]s´∂p tcmK-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p.
AØcw tcmK-߃ an°Xpw NnIn-’n®p t`Z-am-°m≥ C∂v sshZy-im-kv{X-
Øn\p Ign-bpw.

kzX{¥ dmUn-°-ep-Iƒ-˛-B-[p-\nIPohn-X-Øns‚ kw`m-h\

ico-c-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS BsI XpI-bmWv D]m-]-N-
bw (Metabolism). Cu cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw AXy¥w k¶o¿W-am-Wv.
D]m-]-N-b-Øns‚ ^e-ambn ico-c-Øn¬ KpW-I-c-am-bXpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb
Ht´sd ]Zm¿Y- ß ƒ D≠m- I p- ∂ p. ico- c - Ø n\v Bh- i y- a n- √ m- Ø Xpw
A[nIambp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-amb ]Zm¿Y-ßsf s]mXpsh D]m-]-Nb amen-\y-
߃ (Metabolic Wastes) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Ahsb bYm-k-abw ]pd-¥-≈n-
s°m-≠mWp B¥cka-ÿnXn ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
D]m-]-Nb{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn D≠m-Ip∂ Hcp {]tXyIXcw B‰-
Ønt\m B‰-ß-fpsS Iq´-Ønt\m BWv imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ kzX{¥ dmUn-
°-ep-Iƒ (Free radicals) F∂p t]cn-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bn¬ an°Xpw ico-c-
Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hnj-h-kvXp-°-fm-bn-´mWv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. Ah tImi-
߃°v \miw D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\p aptº Nne tlm¿tam-Wp-Ifpw F≥ssk-
ap-I-fp-ambn {]h¿Øn®v \n¿tZmj-I-c-amb ]Zm¿Y-ß-fmbn am‰-s∏-Spw.
Aßs\bmbm¬ B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xn°p `oj-Wn-bm-In√.
F∂m¬ B[p-\nI PohnX coXn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ a\p-jy-\n¬ {^odm-
Un-°e - p-Iƒ Ipan™p IqSp-Ib
- m-Wv. _mly ]cn-kc
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂v D-≈n-te°p
IS-°p∂ hnj-h-kvXp-°ƒ {^odm-Un-°-ep-I-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\v Imc-W-
am-Ip-∂XpsIm≠mWnßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. {^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ c‡-Øn-
eqsS Snjyq-{Z-h-Ønepw AhnsS \n∂p tImi-ß-fn-te°pw IS-°p-∂p.

{^odm-Un-°-ep-I-fpsS kwlm-c-Xm-WvUhw
Ht´sd A]-I-S-ß-fmWv {^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Ah sImgp-∏p
tImi-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. tamiw sImf-kvt{Sm-fmb F¬.-Un.-F-√ns\
(LDL - Low density lipids) HmIvko-I-cn®v HmIvkn-ssUkvUv F¬.-Un.-F¬
D≠m-°p-∂p. Ah lrZ-b-[-a-\n-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ H´n-∏n-Sn®v πmIv (Plaque) D≠m-
°p-∂p. X≥aqew lrZ-bm-Lm-X-Øn-\p≈ km[yX h¿[n-°p-∂p.

37
 Reference book

{^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ Un.-F≥.F bpsS LS-\-bn¬ hyXn-bm\w D≠m-°p-∂p.

Un.-F≥.F BWv tImi-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-
°p-∂-Xv. Ahbv°p kw`-hn-°p∂ LS-\m-am-‰-Øns‚ kz`mhw A\p-k-cn®v
hyXykvX tcmKm-h-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. Iym≥k¿ A°q-´-Øn¬s∏Sp∂
Hcp amcItcmK-am-bn-´mWp IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. {^odm-Un-°-ep-Ifpw
Iym≥kdpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w shfn-hm-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ht´sd Kth-j-W-^-e-
߃ ]pdØp h∂n-´p-≠v.
{^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ tImi-߃°p-≈n¬ \S-°p∂ t{]m´o≥ \n¿Ωm-WsØ
XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v tImi-ß-fp-tSbpw Ie-I-fp-tSbpw \n¿Ωm-
Whpw ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-Whpw icnbmbn \S-°p-∂n-√. AIme hm¿[Iyw BWv
X≥aqew kw`-hn-°p∂ ]m¿iz-^-ew.
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[tijn Ipd-bv°p-∂p. tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ AXn-thKw \ΩpsS
{]Xn-tcm[ hyh-ÿsb Iogvs∏Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-ÿ kzX{¥ dmUn-°-ep-
Iƒ Xpd∂p sImSp-°p-∂p. Aßs\ ]tcm-£-ambn kmw{I-anI tcmK-
߃°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.
{^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ IqSp-tºmƒ HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv Ipd-bp-∂p. AXv B¥c
]cn-ÿn-Xnsb IqSp-X¬ Aæ-a-b-am-°p-∂p. AæX IqSp-tºmƒ {^odm-Un-°-
ep-Iƒ D≠m-Im-\p≈ km[y-Xbpw IqSp-∂p. Aßs\ Ah Ipan-™p IqSpI-
bpw lrt{Zm-K-߃, kvt{Sm°v, k‘n-tcm-K-߃ F∂n-hbv°p Imc-W-am-Ip-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
tImi-Øn-\p-≈nse Du¿P-\n-eb
- a
- mWv ssat‰m-tIm¨{Unb. Ahbv°v \miw
D≠m-°m≥ {^odmUn-°-ep-Iƒ°p Ign-bpw. X≥aqew Du¿tPm-¬∏m-Z\w Ipd-
bpw. CXv Xe-t®mdv Dƒs∏sS ico-c-Ønse F√m Ah-b-h-߃°pw £oWw
D≠m-°p-∂p. ico-cØ - ns‚ £oWm-hÿ IqSp-X¬ {^odm-Un-°e - p-Iƒ D≠m-
Im≥ ImcWamIp-∂p. CXpw ico-cØ - n\pw tZmj-Ic- a
- m-hp∂ as‰mcp irwJem
{]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv.
{^odm-Un-°e
- p-Iƒ aqe-ap≈ \mi-߃ IqSp-Xe
- mbn {]I-Sa
- m-Ip-∂Xp HmIvkn-
P≥ IqSp-X-embn Bh-iy-ap≈ Ie-I-fntem Ah-b-h-ß-fntem BWv. DZm:
IÆv, Xe-t®m-dv, Icƒ, lrZ-bw, c‡w, izmk-tImiw apX-em-b-h. {]mb-am-
b-h-cn¬ I≠p hcp∂ Xnan-c-Øn\p (Cataract) ]n∂nepw Cu hnj-h-kvXp-
hm-sW-∂mWv Kth-jW ^e-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
B¥-c-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ {^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ IqSn-°-gn-™m¬ tImi-kvX-c-
Øn\p \miw kw`-hn-°p∂p. X≥aqew tImi-߃ XΩn-ep≈ Bib hn\n-
ab kwhn-[m\w Xmdp-am-dm-Ip-∂p. AhnsS XpS-ßp∂p A]-IS- ß
- f
- psS tLmj-
bm-{X.

38
 ico-c-kp-ÿn-Xn°v B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn

B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xnbpw {^odm-Un-°-ep-Ifpw
B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xn°p tZmjw hcmsX {^odm-Un-°-ep-Isf C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈
kwhn-[m\w ico-c-Øn-ep-≠v. Hcp Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-\p-th≠n B{K-ln-°p∂ B‰-
amWp {^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ. Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wns\ \¬In Ah-bpsS kwlm-c-ti-
jnsb C√m-Xm-°p∂ ]Zm¿Y-ß-
fmWv B‚nHmIvkn-U‚p-Iƒ. Nne AS-®m-t£-]n-°c- pXv!
hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ, [mXp-°ƒ, tlm¿tam-
{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ H∂pw \qdp-i-X-am\w
Wp-Iƒ, F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ XpS-ßn-
\√Xpw NoØ- b p- a n- √ . Cu XXzw
bh C°q- ´ - Ø n¬s∏Sp- ∂ p. DZm:
{^odm-Un-°e - p-Iƒ°pw _m[-Ia - m-Wv.
hn‰m-an≥ C, kn, _o‰m-I-tcm-´n≥,
Ah ico-c-Øn\v Atß-b‰w tZmj-
saetSmWn≥ apX- e m- b h. Nne
I-c-am-sW-∂-Xn¬ c≠-`n-{]m-b-an-√.
B‚nHmIvkn-U‚p-Iƒ ico-c-Øn¬
F∂m¬ Nn-eXv Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬
Xmt\ D≠m-Ip-∂-h-bm-Wv. a‰p-Nn-
D]-Im-cn-I-fm-hm-dp-≠v. F¥p-ambpw
eXv \mw Ign-°p∂ ]®-°d - n-Iƒ, ]g-
tbmPn-°m-\p≈ Ah-bpsS {]h-W-
߃, F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ico-c-Øn-se-
Xsb Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ icocw
Øpw. HmIvko-I-cWw XS-bm≥ Ign-
Xs∂ {]tbm- P - \ - s ∏- S p- Ø m- d p- ≠ v .
hp≈ hkvXp-°-fm-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ tcmKm-Wp-°sf
Ahsb B‚ nHmIv k n- U ‚p- I ƒ
\in-∏n-°m≥ \ΩpsS ico-cØ - n-ep≈
F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
{^odm-Un-°ep-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
{^odm-Un-°e - p-Iƒ°p Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ Øp-∂p. CXn¬ a‰p NneXv F≥ssk-
e`n-®m¬ tImi-Øn\p \miw D≠m- ap-If - psS \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\pw klm-bn-
Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Ah °p-∂p. CØ-cØ - n¬ Nne KpW-߃
]n≥Xncn-bpw. B‚nHmIvkn-U‚p-Iƒ Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ D≠∂p IcpXn
ico-c-Øn¬ Ipd-™m¬ {^odm-Un- Ahsb Iq´p-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xp BXy-¥n-
°-ep-Iƒ A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmbn XpS- I-ambn A]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv.
cpw.

39
 Reference book

B‚nHmIvkn-U‚p-Iƒ
H‰-t\m-´Ø
- n¬
{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-∂h

`£-W-km-[-\-߃ B‚nHmIvkn-U‚p-Iƒ

]g-h¿K-߃ s]mXpth _tbm-^vtf-h-t\mbnUp-Iƒ

(Bioflavanoids), hn‰m-an≥ E

]®-°-dn-Iƒ (Imc-‰v, X°mfn), Hmd-©v, Itcm-‰n-t\m-bnUv- (Carotenoid)

amºgw XpS-ßnb ]g-h¿K-߃
]®-°-dn-Iƒ, Ce-°-dn-Iƒ hn‰m-an≥ A, B2, E
tIm∏¿, kn¶v, amwK-\okv
ico-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂h
Aant\m Aæ-߃ ˛ DZm: knÃo≥ (Cysteine), saØn-tbm-Wn≥
(Methionine)
F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ -˛ -DZm: •q´m-Øntbm¨ s]tdmIvkn-tUkv
(Glutathione peroxidase or GPx)
AXp-sIm≠v {^odm-Un-°-ep-I-fp-sSbpw B‚nHmIvkn-U‚p-I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn-
ep≈ k¥p-e\w B¥cka-ÿn-Xn°p A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. {^odm-Un-°-ep-I-
fpsS Afhv KWy-ambn IqSn-bmepw B‚nHmIvkn-U‚p-I-fpsS Afhv Xosc
Ipd-™mepw B¥c]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ {^odm-Un-°-ep-I-fpsS Afhv A]-I-S-
I-camwhn[w h¿[n-°pw. X≥aqew tImi-ß-ƒ°p≈n¬ \S-°p∂ Poh¬{]-
h¿Ø-\-߃°p XI-cmdp kw`-hn-°pw.
B[p-\nI PohnXcoXn B¥-c-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ {^odm-Un-°-ep-I-fpsS Afhp
Iq´m≥ Imc-Wa- m-Ip-∂Xn\m¬ Ah-bpsS Dd-hn-Sß
- sf∏‰n Adn-bp∂Xv B¥-
c-k-a-ÿnXn ]me-\-Øn\v klmbI-am-Ipw.

Dd-hn-S-߃/Imc-W-߃
$ aen-\-hmbp (hnj-hm-X-I-߃, s]mSn-]-S-e-߃, ]pI XpS-ßn-bh)
$ aen-\-Pew
$ aZy-]m\w
$ am\-knI kΩ¿Zw
$ AWp-{]-k-cWw (FIvkvtd, kn.‰n kvIm≥, bp.hn hnIn-c-W-߃,
BWh amen-\y-߃)

40
 ico-c-kp-ÿn-Xn°v B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn

$ AWp-_m-[-Iƒ
$ Ae¿Pn
$ ^mÃv ^pUv
$ Zo¿L-t\cw Xnf-∏n-°p∂ FÆ-sIm≠p≈ ]mNIw
$ Bh¿Øn®p Xnf-bv°p∂ FÆ-sIm≠p≈ ]mNIw
$ hymbm-a-°p-dhv
$ ITn-\m-[zm\w
$ ]pI-hen
$ ]g-ßfpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw th≠ Af-hn¬ `£-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-
Xn-cn-°p-I
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® LS-I-ßsf√mw B[p-\nI PohnX coXn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v B¥c]cn-ÿnXn hnj-I-c-am-hp-∂-Xns‚ apJy-Im-
cWw B[p-\nI Pohn-XcoXn-I-fm-sW∂v \n w-ibw ]d-bmw. F∂m¬
]pXnb PohnX kml-Nc - y-ßs- f√mw Dt]-£n®v H‰-s∏´p Pohn-°m≥ B¿°pw
Ign-bn-√. AXv {]m-tbm-K-n-Ia√. \ne-hn-ep≈ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂psIm≠p
Xs∂ F¥p-sN-øm≥ Ignbpw F∂mWv Btem-Nn-t°-≠-Xv.

F¥p-sN-øWw?
B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn \ne-\n¿Ø-s∏-S-Ww. AXn-\p-th≠n ico-c-Øns‚ A[zm-
\-`mcw Iq´m≥ ]mSn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Fs¥ms° {]tem-`\
- ß
- ƒ D≠m-bmepw
AXn-s\m∂pw ASn-a-s∏-SmsX Rms\s‚ ico-csØ kwc-£n°pw F∂v
Hmtcm hy‡nbpw {]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-°-Ww. AXn-eqsS e`y-am-Ip-∂Xp AtcmK-
Zr-V-amb Hcp icocw am{X-a√ Hcp amXrIm kaqlw IqSn-bm-Wv.
ioe-ßfn¬ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßsf Cßs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw.
$ Btcm-Ky-Øn\p KpW-I-c-am-hp∂ `£Ww.
˛ kao-IrXw
˛ {^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ D≠m-Im-\p≈ km[yX Ipd-™-Xv.
˛ Bh-iy-amb tXmXn¬ B‚nHmIvkn-U‚p-Iƒ D≈-Xv.
$ `£Ww Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ cpNn-°√, Btcm-Ky-]m-e-\-Øn-\mWv
apJy ]cn-K-W\ \¬tI-≠-Xv.
$ ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-cWw Ipd-bv°p-I.

41
 Reference book

$ IrXy-amb hymbmaw.
$ am\-knI kΩ¿Z-߃ Hgn-hm-°p-I.
$ elcn hkvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂v ]q¿W-ambpw AI∂p \n¬°p-I.
$ `£-W-Øns‚ ka-b-{Iaw IrXy-ambn ]men-°p-I.
$ tUmIvS¿am-cpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw am{Xw acp∂p Ign-°p-I.
$ Znhkw Ggp aWn-°q¿ Dd-ßp-I.
$ Ae-k-Xbpw ITn-\m-[zm\hpw Hgn-hm-°p-I.

lmbv... F¥p aWw! cpNn Ign-°p-tºmsgbp≈q

F¥p cpNn-bm-bn-cn°pw! icocw acn-°p-w-hsc th≠-Xm...
hm... C-∂v Fs‚ `£Ww Ign-®v icocw \in-∏n-
sNe-hn-embvt°m-t´... s®∂ NoØ-t∏cv th≠...
hm... \ap°v t]mImw.

kzbw \nb-{¥n-°m\pw Xocp-am\w FSp-°m\pw Ign-bp∂ a\p-jy\v GXp

kml-N-cy-sØbpw AXnPohn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. a\p-jy-\p-≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-ß-
fn¬ an°Xpw kz¥w krjvSn-b-t√! a\p-jy≥ hI-Xn-cn-thmsS {]h¿Øn-
®m¬ _mly-]-cn-ÿn-Xnsb X\n-°-\p-tbm-Py-ambn ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw
A[nIw kΩ¿Zw IqSmsX B¥-c] - c
- n-ÿnXn ]men-°m\pw Ign-bpw. AXmWv
Nn¥m-ti-jn-bp≈ a\p-jys\ krjvSn® {]IrXn B{K-ln-°p-∂Xpw a\pjy≥
\nd-th-t‰-≠-Xpw.

42
 4 tcmK-߃°p hnS
tKm]q
tdmUn¬ F¥m Xp∏n-bm¬?
Xp∏-cptX! F\n°v tcmKw
H∂p-an-√.

tcmK-an-s√∂p IcpXn tdmUn¬ Xp∏mtam? F¥m \nß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw?

tcmK-an-√t∂ D≈q. tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ D≠m-Ipw. tdmUnepw a‰pw Xpd- mb
ÿe-ß-fnepw Xp∏p-∂Xv sIm≠p≈ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v So®-¿
]d-bp-∂Xv {i≤n-°q.
So®¿ : a\p-jys‚ hrØn-lo-\a - mb {]hr-Øn-Iƒ ]e-Xcw BtcmKy {]iv\-
ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂p. hnth-Ic- l
- n-Xa
- mb {]hr-Øn-Iƒ aqew hmbp, Pew,
aÆv F∂nh tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS kt¶-X-ambn amdp-∂p. CXv hmbp,
Pew, aÆv F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ]I-cp∂ tcmK-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂p.
Ip´n : GsXm-s°-bmWv AØcw tcmK-߃? GsX√mw tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ
BWv Cu tcmK-߃ ]c-Øp-∂Xv?
So®¿ : _mIvSo-cn-b, sshdkv F∂o kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ hmbp-hn-eqsSbpw
Pe-Øn-eq-sSbpw tcmKw ]c-Øp∂ tcmKm-Wp-°fmWv. £bw, Pe-
tZm-jw, A©mw ]\n, hn√≥ Npa, Un^vXo-cn-b, Nn°≥t]mIvkv
F∂nh hmbp-hn-eqsS ]I-cp∂ tcmK-ß-fm-Wv (hmbp-P-\y-tcm-K-
߃ - Air borne diseases).
 Reference book

Ip´n : £b-tcmKw \nb-{¥n-®p-sh-¶nepw ho≠pw tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠m-Ip-

∂-Xmbn dnt∏m¿´v D≠t√m? Cu tcmK-sØ-Ip-dn®v IqSp-X-embn
]d™p Xcmtam So®¿?
So®¿ : ssat°m-_m-IvSo-cnbw Syq_¿°p-tem-knkv (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) F∂ _mIvSo-cn-bb
- mWv £b-tcm-KØ
- n\v Imc-Ww.
GXv {]mb-°m¿°pw Cu tcmKw hcm-w.
Ip´n : Fß-s\-bmWv Cu tcmKw ]I-cp-∂Xv?
So®¿ : tcmKn Npa-bv°p-tºm-ƒ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ hmbp-hn-te°v hym]n-
°p-∂p. AhnsS \n∂pw tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ a‰p-≈-h-cn-te°v hym]n-
°p-∂p.
Ip´n : Cu tcmKw ico-cØ
- ns‚ GsX-¶nepw {]tXyI `mK-sØ-bmtWm
_m[n-°p-∂Xv? Fs¥m-s°-bmWv tcmK-e-£-W-߃?
So®¿ : izk-\-hy-h-ÿ-sb-bmWv £bw {][m-\-ambpw _m[n-°p-∂-Xv.
IqSmsX hr°-Iƒ, Aÿn-Iƒ, Aÿn-k-‘n-Iƒ, Xe-t®mdv
F∂o `mK-ß-sfbpw Cu tcmKw _m[n-°m-dp-≠v. ÿnc-amb
Npa, ico-c-Øn\v `mc-°p-dhv D≠mhp-I, £oWw, hn´p amdmØ
sNdnb ]\n {]tXy-In®pw sshIp-t∂cßfn¬, F∂n-h-bmWv
{][m\ tcmK-e-£-W-߃. £b-tcm-K-_m-[-bp-≠m-bm¬ hfsc
t\csØ tcmK-\n¿Wbw \S-ØpI F∂Xv {][m-\-amWv.
Ip´n : £b-tcmKw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ Ign-bnt√?
So®¿ : Xo¿®-bm-bpw. £b-tcm-K-_m[ XS-bp-∂-Xn\v temI-amsI D]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂ {]Xn-tcm[ hmIvkn-\mWv _n.kn.-Pn. (Bacille
calmettec Guerin) Hcp Ip™v P\n-®m¬ G‰hpw BZyw \¬Ip∂
hmIvkn\pw CXp Xs∂-bm-Wv. XpΩp-tºmgpw Npa-bv°p-tºmgpw
Xqhm-e-sIm≠v aq°pw -hmbpw aqSp-I, s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw Xpd-
 mb ÿe-ß-fnepw Xp∏m-Xn-cn-°pI XpS-ßnb ipNn-Xz-io-e-
߃ ]men-°p-∂Xv tcmK-∏-I¿®m-\n-c°v KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°m≥
klm-bn-°pw.
Ip´n : Cu tcmKw NnIn-’n®v t`Z-am-°m≥ Ign-bptam?
So®¿ : tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠m-bm¬ B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈
NnIn-’-bmWv apJyw. temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S-\-bpsS \n¿tZ-i-
{]Imcw DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short - Course) F∂

44
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

NnIn’m kwhn-
F¥mWv DOTS?
[m-\-amWv £b-
tcmK NnIn- ’ - Btcm- K y- { ]- h ¿Ø- I - c psS t\Xr- X z-
Øn¬ tcmKn-Iƒ°v B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv
bv°mbn temI-sa-
IrXy-amb ka-bØv \¬Ip-∂p. Ah
ºmSpw AwKo-I-cn-
Ign-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. tUmIvS¿
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
\n¿tZ-in® tUmkv acp∂v IrXy-ambn
£ b - t c m K ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂p F∂p Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
\n¿am¿P-\-
Øn\pw tcmK-_m-[n-X-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-kØn-\p-ambn C¥ym
Kh¨sa‚ v tZiob £b-tcmK \nb-{¥W ]cn-]m-Sn°v cq]w
sImSp-Øn-´p≠v. ]q¿W-ambpw NnIn-’n®v am‰m≥ Ign-bp∂ tcmK-
amWv £b-sa-¶nepw AXns‚ ]pØ≥ hI-t`Zw Btcm-Ky-ta-J-
e-bn¬ sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øp-∂p.
Ip´n : Fs‚ A\n-b-Øn°v s]‚m-hm-e‚ v hmIvkn≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn
Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]m-bn. Cu hmIvkn≥ \¬Ip-∂Xv
F¥n-\mWv?
So®¿ : Un^vØo-cn-b, hn√≥Npa (Whooping cough or Pertussis), sS‰-
\ v, sl∏-ss‰-‰nkv _n, lotam-^n-ekv C≥^vfp-h≥k F∂o
A©v tcmK- ß fpsS kwbp- ‡ - {]Xn- t cm- [ - h m- I v k n- \ mWv
s]‚mhm-e‚ v hmIvkn≥.
Ip´n : Fß-s\-bmWv Un^vØo-cnb ]I-cp-∂Xv?
So®¿ : tcmKn Npa-bv°p-tºmgpw XpΩp-tºmgpw kwkm-cn-°p-tºmgpw
hmbp- h n¬ Ie- c p∂ IWn- I - I - f n- e q- s S- b mWv {][m- \ - a mbpw
Un^vØo-cnb ]I-cp-∂-Xv. tcmKw _m[n® hy‡n D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw tcmKw ]I-cm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tcmKn-bp-am-bp≈ \nc-¥-c-k-º¿°hpw tcmK-Im-c-
W-am-Wv.
Ip´n : Un^vØo-cnb _m[n-°p-∂Xv GXv ico-c-`m-K-sØ-bmWv? Cu
tcmK-_m[ Fßs\ Adn-bm≥ Ignbpw?
So®¿ : sXm≠-bn-sebpw aq°n-sebpw t•jva-kvX-c-sØ-bmWv (Mucous
membrane) Cu tcmKw _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. tcmKw _m[n-®m¬ c≠v
apX¬ A©v Znh-k-Øn-\Iw tcmK e£-W-߃ {]I-S-am-Ip-
∂p.

45
 Reference book

Nmc-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ Bh-cWw (Coating) sXm≠-bnepw tSm¨kn-

enepw (Tonsils) D≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv B¥-cnI tcmK-e-£-Ww.
IqSmsX _mly tcmK-e-£-W-ßfpw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. ]\n, hnd-
b¬, hc≠ Npa, sXm≠-bn¬ thZ\ (Sore throat), imco-cn-Im-
kz-mÿyw F∂nh.
tcmKw aq¿—n®p Ign-™m¬ Xet®mdn-s\bpw lrZ-b-Øn-s\bpw
_m[n®v D≠m-Ip∂ e£-W-ß-fm-Wv izmk-X-S w, Blm-cw,
Dan-\o¿ F∂nh Cd-°m-\p≈ {]bm-kw, ImgvN -a-߬, kwkm-
c-Øn¬ hy‡-X-°p-dhv (Slurred speech), h¿[n® lrZ-b-kv]-
μ\\nc°v XpS-ßn-bh.
Ip´n : hmIvkn-t\-j\
- n-eqsS Cu tcmKw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-hp-∂X
- m-Wt√m?
Ft∏m-gmWv Cu hmIvkn≥ \¬Ip-∂Xv?
So®¿ : s]‚mhmIvkns‚ (Haemophilus influenzae, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria,
Tetanus, Pertussis) tUmkp-Iƒ \n¿ZnjvS Im-e-b-f-hn¬ \¬In-
bmWv Cu tcmKw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xv. Ip™v P\n®v 6 BgvN,
10 BgvN, 14 BgvN, 15 ˛ 18 amkw, 4 ˛ 6 hbkv F∂-XmWv Cu
Ime-b-f-hp-Iƒ.
Ip´n : DPT or PENTA VACCINE (s]‚mhmIvkn≥) \¬In {]Xn-tcm-
[n-°m-hp∂ a‰v c≠v tcmK-ß-fm-Wt√m sS‰-\ pw s]¿´q-kn-
kpw. Cu tcmK-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]d™p Xcmtam?
So®¿ : ¢mkv skan-\m-dns‚ `mK-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb skan-
\m¿ {]_-‘-Øns‚ Cu `mKw hmbn®p t\m°q. Cu tcmK-ß-
fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m hnh-chpw CXn¬ \n∂pw e`y-am-Ipw.

hn√≥Npa hn√t\m? (Pertussis or whooping cough)

s]¿´q-knkv AYh hn√≥Npa F∂p Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu tcmK-Øns‚ tcmK-
Imcn "t_m¿Un-s‰√ s]¿´q-knkv' (Bordetella pertussis) F∂ _mIvSo-cn-b-
bmWv.
izk-\-hy-h-ÿ-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ah-b-h-ß-fmb sXm≠, aq°v F∂o
Ah-bh - ß - sf _m[n-°p∂ A]-IS- I - cam-bXpw thKw ]I-cp∂Xpamb tcmK-
am-Wn-Xv. tcmKn Npa-bv°p-tºmgpw XpΩp-tºm-gpw, s]m´n-®n-cn-°p-tºmgpw tcmKm-
Wp-°ƒ hmbp-hn¬ Ie-cp-∂p. hmbp-hn-eqsS a‰p-≈-h-cn-te°v tcmKw ]I-cp-

46
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

∂p. tcmKn-bpsS hmbn¬ \n∂pw aq°n¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ {kh-ß-fn-

eq-sSbpw tcmKw hfsc thKw a‰p-≈-h-cn-te°v ]I-cp-∂p.
tcmK-Øns‚ {]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ sNdnb coXn-bn-ep≈ Npa, XpΩ¬, aqs°m-
en-∏v, sNdnb ]\n F∂nh A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. tcmKw _m[n®v 7 apX¬ 10
Znhkw hsc Ign-bp-tºmƒ {]tXyI i_vZ-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb (Whooping sound)
hc≠ Npabpw izmk-X-S- hpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu hc≠ Npa GI-tZiw
aq∂p amkw hsc \o≠p \n¬°mw.
hfsc A]-I-S-I-c-amb tcmK-am-b-Xn-\m¬ tcmK-e-£-W-߃ I≠m-ep-S≥
sshZy-k-lmbw tXS-Ww.
tcmK-Nn-In-’-sb-°mƒ DØaw tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v
s]‚mhm-e‚ v (Pentavalent) hmIvkn-t\-j≥ \¬In Cu tcmKsØ {]Xn-
tcm-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
hmIvkn≥ h∂ hgn
BZy-ambn hmIvkn≥ Is≠-Øn-bXv 1796 ˛ ¬ FUvthUv P∂¿ BWv.
hkqcn tcmK-Øns‚ (Small pox) hmIvkn≥ BWv tKmh-kqcn tcmKw ]nSn-
s∏´ ]ip-°-fn¬ \n∂pw P∂¿ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. ]ip F∂¿Yw hcp∂
"Vacca' F∂ em‰n≥ ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv P∂¿ "hmIvkn≥' F∂ ]Zw
cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv.

sS‰-\kv (Tetanus or Lockjaw)

t¢mkv{SoUnbw sS‰\n (Clostridium tetani) F∂ _mIvSo-cn-b-bmWv tcmK-
Im-cn. Cu _mIvSo-cnb Assew-KnI {]Xyp¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿an-°p∂
tcWp-°ƒ (Spores), aen-\-am°s∏´ aÆnepw IqSmsX NmW-I-Ønepw a‰pw
Pohn-°p-∂p. ico-c-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw apdn-hp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ kvt]mdpIƒ
_mIvSo-cn-b-bmbn Xz°n-eqsS ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂p.
Cu _mIvSo-cnb ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in®v Ign-™m¬ {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ hn`-Pn-®v
\mUo-hy-h-ÿsb _m[n-°p∂ "sS‰-t\m-kv]m-kvan≥' (Tetanospasmin) F∂
\mUob hnjhkvXp (Neurotoxin) D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. sS‰t\mkv]mkvan≥
c‡-Øn¬ Ie-cp-Ibpw hfsc thK-Øn¬ ico-c-Øn¬ hym]n°pIbpw sS‰-
\kv tcmK-_m[ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠m-bm¬ 7 apX¬ 10 Znh-k-Øn-\-Itam Nne-t∏mƒ amk-߃
Ignt™m tcmK-e-£-W-߃ I≠p XpS-ßpw. t]in-Iƒ hen™p apdp-Ip-
∂p. {]tXy-In®pw XmSn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ t]in-I-fmWv BZy-ambn hen™p

47
 Reference book

apdp-Ip-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Cu tcmKsØ tem°vPm (Lockjaw) F∂pa-dn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. XpS¿∂v Igp-Øv, sXm≠ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse t]in-Iƒ hen™p
apdp-Ip-Ibpw (muscle spasm), Dan-\o¿ t]mepw Cd-°p-∂-Xn\v (Dysphagia -
difficulty in swallowing) _p≤n-ap´v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IqSmsX
izmk-X-S- hpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ°v tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ
\s´√v hf-bp-∂p. IqSmsX hb-dn-f-°w, ]\n, Xe-th-Z-\, lrZ-b-kv]-μ-\-\n-
c°v h¿≤-\hv (Tachycardia) F∂o e£-W-ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.
Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hcn-°epw hmIvkn-t\-j≥ FSp-°mØ Bfp-IsfbmWv Cu
tcmKw km[m-c-W-bmbn _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. hyXykvX Ime-b-f-hn¬ \¬Ip∂
DPT bpsS A©v tUmkpw, 11 ˛ 18 hb-kn\nSbn¬ \¬Ip∂ _qÿ
tUmkpw tcmKsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. apdn-hp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ
tUmIvS-dpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw sS‰-\kv tSmIvtkmbvUv (Tetanus Toxoid)
IpØn-hbv]v FSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

tamt\ CÕen FSpØp h®n-s´{X

t\c-am-bn. {]mWn-Itfm at‰m h∂n-
cp-∂m¬ AkpJw hcpw. ssI
IgpIn h∂v Ign-°v.

s»m! Cu AΩ-
bpsS Hcp Imcyw.

Xpd∂p h® `£-W-km-[-\-߃ Ign-°p-∂Xpw ssI Igp-ImsX Blmcw

Ign-°p-∂Xpw Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ß-fp-≠m-°ptam?

48
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

tImfd (Cholera)
hn{_ntbm tImfd (Vibrio cholerae) F∂ _mIvSo-cnb aqew D≠m-Ip∂
tcmKw. tcmKw _m[n® hy‡n-bpsS hnk¿Py-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv tcmKm-Wp-
°ƒ ]I-cp-∂-Xv. a\pjyhnk¿Pyw Ie-cp∂ Pew D]-tbm-Kn®v \n¿an-°p∂
sFkv, s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ Xpd∂ph®v ]mIw sNøp-∂Xpw hnf-ºp-∂-Xp-
amb Blmc]Zm¿Y-߃, a\p-jy-hn-k¿Pyw Ie¿∂ Pew D]-tbm-Kn®v
Irjn sNøp∂ ]®-°-dn, aen-\-P-e-Øn¬ hf-cp∂ a’y-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw
F∂nh tImfdbv°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.
aen-\-am-°-s∏´ Blmcw/Pew F∂n-h-bn-eqsS _mIvSo-cnb IpS-en-se-Øp-
∂p. AhnsS h®v _mIvSo-cnb \n¿an-°p∂ cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ (Toxins) tcmK-
ap- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ p. hb- d n- f - ° w, O¿±n, ipNn-Xz-io-e-߃ ]men-
XpS¿∂p- ≠ m- I p∂ \n¿P- e o- I - c Ww ®m¬ F{X-sb{X tcmK-߃
XS-bm-\m-Ipw!
F∂n-h-bmWv tcmK-e-£-W-߃.
ipNn-Xz-io-e-߃ ]men-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS
XS-bm-hp∂ tcmK-amWv tImf-d. Xpd∂p
h® Blmcw Ign-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. Xnf-
∏n-®m-‰nb sh≈w IpSn-°p-I. hrØn-
lo-\-amb kml-N-cy-Ønepw aen-\-P-
e-Ønepw \n¿an-°p∂ sFkv D]-tbm-
Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. ]®-°-dn-Iƒ IgpIn
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. Oral rehydration therapy
(]m\ob NnIn-’) BWv NnIn-’m-co-
Xn. B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Ifpw Bizm-k-
ta-Ipw.

Ip´n : So®¿, hn√≥ Npa am{X-a√ hn√≥, a‰p tcmK-ßfpw icn°pw

hn√≥am-cm-Wv. Ip´n-Isf _m[n-°p∂ as‰mcp tcmK-am-Wt√m
aokn¬kv (Measles). aokn¬kv AYhm A©mw ]\nbpw
P¿Ω≥ aokn¬kpw Htc tcmK-amtWm?
So®¿ : P¿Ω≥ aokn¬kpw aokn¬kpw Hcp tcmK-am-sW∂v Nne-sc-
¶nepw sX‰n-≤-cn-°m-dp-≠v. Ch c≠pw hyXykvX tcmK-ß-fm-
Wv. Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ Cu ]´nI t\m°n a\- n-
em-°q.

49
 Reference book
aokn¬kv (A©mw ]\n
Rubeola or morbilli)
tcmK- I mcn dq_n-tbmf sshdkv
]I- c p∂ hmbp-hn-eqsS (tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ
hn[w aWn-°p-dp-I-tfmfw hmbp-hn¬
Xßn \n¬°p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬
tcmKw ]I-cm-\p≈ km[yX
IqSp-X¬), tcmKn-Iƒ D]-tbm-
Kn® hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p- ∂ Xneq- s S, tcmKn- b p- a m-
bp≈ kº¿°ØneqsS.
hn‰m- a n≥ A bpsS A`m- h -
ap≈h¿°v Cu tcmK-_m[
s]s´∂v D≠m-Ip-∂p.
t c m K - e - £ - Npa, ]\n, IÆp-I-fn¬ Nph-∏v,
W- ß ƒ {]Im- i sØ A`n- a p- J o- I - c n-
°m≥ _p≤n- a p´v (Light
sensitivity), t]in- t h- Z - \ ,
aqs°m-en-∏v, sXm≠-bn¬ Icp-
I-cp-∏v, hmbv°p-≈n¬ shfpØ
]mSp-Iƒ, tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠mbn
3˛5 Znhkw BIp- t ºmƒ
Xz°n¬ Ipcp- ° ƒ {]Xy- £ -
s∏-Sp-∂p.
tcmK- _ m[ a‰p tcmK- ß - f n-
te°v \bn-°p∂p. \yqtam-Wn-
b, F≥k-^sse-‰n-kv, sNhn-
bn¬ AWp-_m-[, t{_mss¶-
‰n- k v , At_m¿j≥ F∂n- h -
sb√mw A©mw ]\n- b psS
k¶o¿W-X-I-fm-Wv.
tcmK-{]-Xn- MMR hmIvkn-t\-j≥ (Mumps, MMR hmIvkn-t\-j≥
tcm[w Measles, Rubella)
50
P¿Ω≥ aokn¬kv (Rubella)
dqs_√ sshdkv
tcmKn kwkm-cn-°p-tºmgpw Npa-
bv°p-tºmgpw XpΩp-tºmgpw
tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ hmbp-hn¬ Ie-cp-
∂p.
hmbp-hn-eqsS tcmKw a‰p-≈-h-cn-
te°pw ]I-cp-∂p. tcmKn-bp-ambn
Blmc]m\o-b-߃ ]¶v hbv°p-
∂-Xn-eqsS, tcmK-ap≈ AΩ-bn¬
\n∂pw K¿`ÿ inip-hn-te°pw
tcmKw ]I- c pw. CXv K¿`ÿ
inip- h n\v Congenital rubella
syndrome D≠m-Im≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-
∂p. CØcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v _p≤n-
amμyw, IÆn\pw lrZ-b-Øn\pw
XI-cm¿, tIƒhnØI-cm¿, Icƒ,
πol, Aÿna÷ F∂n-hbv°v
XI-cm¿ XpS-ßnb sshI-ey-߃
D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v.
sNdnb ]\n, Igp-Øn\v ]nd-In-epw
sNhn- b psS ]n∂nepw enw^v
t\mUp-Iƒ arZp-hm-Ip-∂p, hoßp-
∂p, apJØv Ipcp-°ƒ {]Xy-£-
s∏-Sp-∂p, {ItaW ico-c-Øns‚
F√m `mK- t Ø°pw Ipcp- ° ƒ
hym]n- ° p- ∂ p. CXp IqSmsX
apXn¿∂-h-cn¬ Xe-th-Z\, hni-∏n-
√m- b va, I¨PwKv‰n- s sh- ‰ nkv
(Conjunctivitis) , aqs°m- e n∏v,
k‘n-I-fn¬ ho°hpw thZ-\bpw
XpS-ßnb e£-W-߃ {]I-S-am-
hp-∂p.
tcmK- _ m- [ - b p- ≠ mbn BZysØ
BgvN tcmKw ]I-cp-∂-Xn-- \p≈
km[yX hfsc IqSp- X - e m- W v .
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

Ip´n : temI-sa-ºmSpw \S-Ønb hmIvkn-t\-j≥ ]≤Xn-bn-eqsS 1980

¬ WHO \n¿am¿÷\w sNbvX tcmK-am-Wt√m hkqcn (Small
pox). CXpw ipNn-Xz-an-√m-bvab
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´v D≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-
amtWm?
So®¿ : hcn-tbmf sshd-kv (Variola virus) BWv hkqcn tcmK-Øns‚
tcmK-Im-cn. Cu sshdkv c≠v Xc-ap-≠v. hcn-tbmf ssa\¿
(Variola minor), hcn-tbmf taP¿ (Variola major). CXn¬ hcn-
tbmf taP¿ hfsc A]-I-S-Im-cn-bm-Wv. hkqcn tcmKw _m[n®
hy‡n Npa-bv°p-tºmgpw XpΩp-tºmgpw kwkm-cn-°p-tºmgpw
sshdkv hmbp-hn¬ Ie-cp-∂p. hmbp-hn¬ \n∂pw a‰p-≈-h-cn-
te°v tcmKw ]I-cp-∂p. tcmKn-bp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w, tcmKn
D]-tbm-Kn® hkvXp°fpsS D]-tbm-Kw F∂n-h-sbms° tcmKw
]I-cp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hmw. tcmK-Øns‚ {]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ ISp-
Ø-]-\n, hnd-b¬, Xe-th-Z-\, ITn-\-amb ]pdw-th-Z-\, hb-dp-th-
Z-\, O¿±n F∂o e£-W-߃ {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. Cu e£-W-
߃ {]I-S-ambn ct≠m aqt∂m Znh-k-߃ Ign-bp-tºmƒ
apJØpw ssII-fnepw a‰p≈ ico-c-`m-K-ß-fnepw Ipcp-°ƒ
D≠mIp-∂p. Ipcp-°ƒ D≠mbn Ht∂m ct≠m Znh-k-߃ Ign-
bp-tºmƒ Ipcp-°-fn¬ {khhpw ]gp∏pw \nd-bp-∂p. Ipcp-°ƒ
DWßn°gn-™mepw AXns‚ ]mSp-Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.
Ip´n : \ΩpsS ¢mknse kp\p-hn\v Nn°≥ t]mIvkv h∂t√m? AXpw
ico-c-Øn¬ Ipcp-°ƒ hcp∂ tcmK-at√? At∏mƒ Ahs‚ ico-
c-Ønepw ]mSp-Iƒ D≠m-In-t√?
So®¿ : hkqcn t]mse amc-I-amb tcmKa√ Nn°≥ t]mIvkv. F∂mepw
tcmK-_m-[n-X-cn¬ \n∂pw hfsc s]s´∂v ]I-cp∂ tcmK-am-
Wn-Xpw. "hmcn-sk√ kqÿ' (Varicella zoster) sshdkv BWv
tcmK-Im-cn. tcmKn-bn¬ \n∂pw hmbp-hn¬ Ie-cp∂ IWn-I-I-
fnse tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ a‰p-≈-h-cn-te°pw ]I-cp-∂p. tcmKn D]-
tbm-Kn® hkv{Xw, a‰v hkvXp-°ƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-
eqsS tcmKw ]I-cp-∂p. tcmKw _m[n°p∂-Xn\v H∂p c≠v
Znhkw apºp apX¬ ico-c-Øn¬ t]mf-Iƒ (Ipcp-°ƒ) D≠mbn
DW-ßp-∂Xphscbpw tcmKw ]I-cm-\p≈ km[yX hfsc IqSpX-
emWv.

51
 Reference book

Ip´n : tcmK-e-£-W-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv?

So®¿ : £oWw, ISpØ ]\n, ico-c-Øn¬ Nph∂ Ipcp-°ƒ apX-em-b-
h. {ItaW Ipcp-°ƒ Ipan-fI
- ƒ Bbn amdp-∂p. Ipan-fI
- ƒ t«jva-
kvX-csØ _m[n®v hmbv, sXm≠, I¨t]m-f-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-
fn¬ Aƒk¿ BIp∂p. Ipcp-°ƒ s]m´n-bm¬ ]mSp-Iƒ D≠m-
Ip-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Akz-ÿX D≠m-bmepw sNmdn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
tcmKw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Akz-ÿX Ipd-b°v m-\p≈ NnIn-’b - mWv
\¬Ip-∂-Xv. "hmcn-sk√ hmIvkn≥' D]-tbm-Kn®v tcmKw {]Xn-
tcm-[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

^vfq (Influenza)
C≥^vfp-h≥k sshd-kmWv tcmK-Im-cn. tcmKw _m[n® Bƒ kwkm-cn-
°p-tºmgpw Npa-bv°p-tºmgpw XpΩp-tºmgpw sshdkv AS-ßnb IWn-I-Iƒ
ASpØp \n¬°p∂ Bfp-I-fn-te°v hym]n-°p-∂p. "^vfqsshdkv' ico-c-
Øn¬ {]th-in®v \mep Znh-k-߃°Iw tcmK-e-£-W-߃ {]I-S-am-Ip-
∂p.

tcmK-e-£-W-߃
$ hnd-b-temSp IqSnb ]\n
$ Npa
$ ISpØ £oWw
$ Pe-tZm-jhpw aqs°m-en∏pw
$ sXm≠-bn¬ Akz-ÿX (Sore throat)
$ icocthZ\
hy‡nipNnXzw ]men-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS ^vfqhns\ AI‰n \n¿Ømw. XpΩp-
tºmgpw Npa-bv°p-tºmgpw Xqhm-e-sIm≠v hmbpw aq°pw s]mXn-bp-I. ^vfq
_m[n® hy‡n-bp-ambn hfsc ASpØp \n∂v kwkm-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
aq°p No‰n-bX
- n\v tijw ssI Igp-Ip-I. tcmK-e£
- W- ß- ƒ {]I-Sa- m-Ip-tºmƒ
tUmIvS-dpsS D]-tZiw tXSp-I. ^vfq {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\v hmIvkn≥ e`y-
am-Wv.

t]mfn-tbm-ssa-en-‰nkv (Poliomyelitis/t]mfn-tbm)
hfsc thKw ]I-cp-∂Xpw Ip™p-ßsf _m[n-°p-∂-Xp-amb sshdkv

52
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

tcmKamWv t]mfntbm. t]mfntbm sshdkv BWv tcmK-Im-cn. t]mfntbm

sshdkv ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in®v 35 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw tcmK-e-£-W-߃ {]I-
S-am-Ip-∂p. tcmKw _m[n® hy‡n-bpsS hnk¿PyhkvXp-°ƒ (aew), aen-\-
P-ew, aen-\-am-°-s∏´ Blmcw F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu tcmKw ]I-cp∂Xv.
IpS-en-se-Øp∂ sshdkv AhnsS h®v hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw AhnsS \n∂pw
\mUohyh-ÿsb (tI{μ \mUo-hy-h-ÿ-sb) _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

{]mcw-`-e-£-W-߃
$ ]\n, O¿±n, £oWw, Xe-th-Z-\, IgpØv Xncn-°m≥ _p≤n-ap´v
$ t]in-Iƒ°v _e-°p-d-hv.
$ ssIIm-ep-I-fn¬ thZ\, XpS¿∂v icoc `mK-ß-fpsS `mc-an-√m-bva
(Paralysis).
{]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-°p-dhpw t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhpw tcmK-Im-c-W-am-Imw.
ÿnc-amb sshI-ey-Ønte°pw ac-W-Ønte°pw \bn-°-s∏-Smw.
t]mfntbm tcmK- Ø n\v NnIn- ’ - s b- ° mƒ ^e- { ]Zw hmIv k n- t \-
j\mWv.

C≥^vfp-h≥k (H1N1)
hy‡n-ip-NnXzw ]men-°m-ØXv aqew D≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈ Hcp sshdkv
tcmK- a m- W n- X v . e£- W - ß fpw A]- I - S - k m- [ y- X - I fpw A\p- k - c n®v Cu
tcmKsØ aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

F Im‰-Kdn
]\n, sXm≠th-Z-\, Pe-tZm-jw, Npa F∂o e£-W-ß-fp≈ hn`m-Kw. `qcn-
`mKw Bfp-I-fnepw Cu hn`mKamWv D≠m-hp-I. {]tXyIw acp∂v Bh-iy-an-
√. [mcmfw sh≈w IpSn-°p-I. ]q¿W-hn-{iaw FSp-°p-I. 24 ˛ 48 aWn-°q¿
kzbw hne-bn-cpØn tcmKw aq¿—n-°p-s∂-¶n¬ am{Xw sshZy-k-lmbw
tXSpI.

_n Im‰-Kdn
s]s´∂v ]Xn-hnepw i‡-ambn D≠m-Ip∂ tcmKm-h-ÿ. tUmIvSsd ImtW-
≠-Xm-Wv.

kn Im‰-Kdn
G‰hpw Kuc-h-ta-dnb Xcw. Xo{h ]cn-N-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

53
 Reference book

A]-IS kqN-\-Iƒ
K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ, {]tal tcmKn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ efn-X-amb Pe-tZm-j-∏\n
h∂mepw Ah-K-Wn-°-cp-Xv. AsXmcp ]s£ H1N1 s‚ Bcw-`-am-Imw.
km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ H1N1 kwi-bn-t°≠ kml-N-cy-߃
$ Akm[m-cW izmkw ap´¬, s\©n-Sn∏v.
$ Np≠v, \m°v, \J-߃ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \oe-\ndw.
$ Akm[m-cWamb £oWw.
$ t_m[-t°Sv.
$ I^-Øn¬ c‡-Øns‚ Awiw.
$ ]\n-bpsS NnIn’ XpSßnbXn\v tijw {]Xo-£n® kabw sIm≠v
tcmKw t`Z-am-ImsX hcn-I.

tcmKw ]I-cm-Xn-cn-°m≥
Npa-bv°p-tºmgpw XpΩp-
tºmgpw Xqhme/XpWn R߃ tdmUn¬ Xp∏n-√.
D]- t bm- K n®v hmbpw R߃ hmbpw aq°pw
s]mØnsb XpΩp-Ibpw Npa-
aq°pw \n¿_-‘-ambpw
bv°p-Ibpw sNøq
aqSp-I.

R߃ sImXp-Ip-Iƒ kwXr-]vX-cmWv

CuUnkv sImXpIv
R߃ ap´-bn´p s]cpIn
At\m-^n-enkv IypseIvkv Bfp-Iƒ°v sU¶n-∏-\nbpw
sImXpIv sImXpIv NnIp≥ Kp\n-bbpw ]cØpw
R߃ ae-º\n R߃ a¥v
]cØpw ]cØpw

54
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

sU¶n-∏\n (Dengue fever)

sU¶n-ssh-dkv (B¿t_m-ssh-d-kv) aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-amWv sU¶n-∏\n.
sU¶n-ssh-dkv hml-I-cmb CuUnkv hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ sImXp-Ip-I-fmb
CuUnkv CuPn-]v‰n (Aedes aegypti), CuUn-kv B¬t_m-]n-IvS-kv (Aedes
albopictus) F∂n-h-bmWv tcmKw ]c-Øp-∂Xv. sU¶n-∏\n _m[n® hy‡n-
bn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v as‰mcp hy‡n-bn-te°v tcmKw ]I-cp-∂n-√. ]I¬ ka-
bØv ISn-°p∂ sImXp-Ip-I-fmWv CuUnkv sImXp-Ip-Iƒ. km[m-c-W-bmbn
ico-c-Øn\p ]pd-Øpw Imep-I-fnepw shfpØ hc-I-fp-≈Xp sIm≠v Chsb
ssSK¿ sImXp-Ip-Iƒ F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. sshdkv ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-
in®v Ign-™m¬ \mep apX¬ Bdv Znhkw BIp-tºmƒ tcmK-e-£-W-
߃ {]I-S-am-Ipw. Cu e£-W-߃ GI-tZiw ]Øv Znhkw hsc \o≠p
\n¬°pw.
{][m-\-s∏´ tcmK-e-£-W-߃:
$ s]s´-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ ISpØ ]\n.
$ ITn-\-amb Xe-th-Z\.
$ IÆp thZ\.
$ k‘n-I-fnepw t]in-I-fnepw thZ\.
$ £oWw
$ a\w]pc-´¬ (Hm°m-\w), O¿±n
$ ]\n XpSßn ct≠m \mtem Znh-k-Øn-\Iw Xz°n¬ D≠m-Ip∂
Nph∂ ]mSp-Iƒ (Skin rash).
$ sNdnb tXmXn¬ aq°v, tamW F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ c‡-{km-
hw. Npcp°w Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ sU¶n-∏\n sU¶n sla-td-PnIv
^oh¿ Bbn amdm-dp-≠v. Cu Ahÿ hfsc A]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv.
$ enw^v hmln-Iƒ°pw c‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ°pw XI-cm¿ kw`-hn-°p-I.
$ Icƒ hoßp-I.
$ ]cy-b-\-hy-hÿ (Circulatory system) XI-cm-dn-em-IpI.
Nne-t∏mƒ Cu e£-W-ßsf XpS¿∂v, c‡-k-Ω¿±w XmgpIbpw lrZ-b-an-
Sn∏v hfsc thK-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw Aan-X-amb c‡-{km-hhpw kvt{Sm°pw D≠m-
hpIbpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿbmWv Dengue shock syndrome (DSS). CXv ac-W-
Øn-te°v \bn-t®-°mw.

55
 Reference book

tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-tijn Ipd™ Bfp-Iƒ, c≠m-aXpw sU¶n∏\n ]nSn-s∏-

Sp∂ Bfp-Iƒ F∂n-h¿°v sU¶n sla-tdPv ^oh¿ hcm-\p≈ km[yX
IqSp-X-em-Wv.
c‡ ]cn-tim-[-\-bn-eqsS sU¶n sshd-kns‚ km∂n[yw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw
tcmKw ÿnco-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ign-bpw.
sU¶n-∏-\nsb {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hmIvkn≥ e`y-a-√. hy‡n-ip-Nn-
Xzhpw ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ]men®v sImXpIv s]cp-Ip-∂Xv XS-bpI F∂-
XmWv sU¶n-∏\n {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ {][m\ am¿Kw. ho´n-\p-≈n¬ sImXp-
Ip-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£Ww Dd-∏m-°p-I.

Nn°p≥Kp-\nb
tcmK-Imcn ˛ Bƒ^m sshd-kp-Iƒ
]c-Øp-∂Xv ˛ CuUnkv CuPn-]v‰n (Aedes aegypti), CuUnkv B¬t_m-]n-
IvSkv (Aedes albopictus) (]I¬ ISn-°p-∂h) F∂o sImXp-Ip-Iƒ.
B{^n-°-bnse Sm≥km-\n-bbnse kzmlnen `mj-bn¬ hf™p t]mIp-
∂Xv F∂¿Yw hcp∂ hm°n¬ \n∂mWv Nn°p≥Kp-\nb F∂ t]cns‚
D¤-hw. tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ sImXpIp hgn ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in®v c≠p Znh-k-
Øn\pw aq∂p Znh-kØ - n-\p-an-Sbv°v tcmK-e£
- W
- a
- p-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. tcmK-Øns‚
Bcw`Øn¬ s]s´-∂p≈ ]\n, XpS¿∂v ITn-\-amb k‘n-th-Z-\, Xe-thZ\,
hnd-b¬, O¿±n, \Sp-th-Z\ F∂nh A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. k‘n-I-fn¬ ho°hpw
sXmen-∏p-dØv Nph∂v XSn® ]mSp-Ifpw I≠p hcp-∂p. apJØpw ico-c-`m-K-
ß-fnepw sXmen∏pdØv Nph∏v \nd-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. CtXØpS¿∂v Nph∂p
XSn® ]mSp-Iƒ D≠m-Im-dp-≠v.
shfn-®-Øn¬ t\m°m-\p≈ _p≤n-ap´pw, t\{X-tKm-f-Øn\v ]pd-In-embn thZ-
\-bpw, sXm≠ thZ-\bpw Nne-cn¬ ImWm-dp-≠v. c‡-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eq-sS-
bmWv tcmK-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-I. NnIn-’n®v t`Z-am-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ tcmK-
amWv Nn°p≥Kp-\n-b.

ae-º\n
t{]mt´m-tkm-h- hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ πmkvtam-Unbw hnhmIvkpw (Plasmodium
vivax), πmkvtam-Unbw ^m¬kn-]mchpw (Plasmodium falciparum) BWv
tcmK-Im-cn-Iƒ. At\m-s^-ekv sImXp-In-eq-sS-bmWv tcmKw ]I-cp-∂Xv.
ISpØ ]\n, hnd-b¬, a\w-]p-c-´¬, Xe-th-Z-\, ico-c-th-Z\, £oWw F∂n-
h-bmWv {][m\ e£-W-߃.

56
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

P∏m≥Pzcw (Japanese encephalitis)

IyqeIvkv hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ sImXp-ImWv tcmKw ]c-Øp-∂-Xv. "Pm∏-\okv
F≥sk-^-sse-‰nkv' sshd-kmWv tcmK-Imcn Cu tcmKw {][m-\-ambpw
Xe-t®mdn-s\-bmWv _m[n-°p-∂-Xv.

a¥v (Lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis)

"Iyqe-Ivkv', "am≥tkm-Wnb' F∂o hn`m-K-ßfn¬s∏´ sImXp-Ip-Iƒ BWv
a¥ptcmKw ]c-Øp-∂-Xv.
ss^te-dn-b¬ hnc-Iƒ (Filarial worms) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ 'Wuchereria
bancrofti' BWv tcmK-Im-cn. enw^v hmln-I-sf-bmWv tcmKw _m[n-°p-∂-Xv.
Imep-IfnemWv tcmKw {][m-\-ambpw {]I-S-amhp-∂-Xv.

sImXp-Ip-Iƒ°v ISn-™m-Wn-Sm≥
sImXpIp \nb-{¥W am¿K-ßsf {][m-\-ambpw aq∂mbn Xncn-°mw.
1. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI \nb-{¥Ww
2. ssPhnI \nb-{¥Ww
3. cmk \nb-{¥Ww
1. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI \nb-{¥W am¿K-߃
CXn-eqsS sImXp-Ins‚ hf¿® KWy-ambn Ipd®v sImXp-Ip-P\y tcmK-ßsf
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°m\pw \nb-{¥n-°m\pw Ign-bpw. Gh¿°pw kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂
am¿K-am-Wn-Xv. Cu am¿K-Øn-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂Xv sImXp-Ins‚ Dd-hn-S-\-io-
I-c-W-am-Wv.
$ CuUnkv sImXp-Ip-Iƒ°v ap´-bn-Sm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Nnc-´,
Sb¿, Ip∏n, Ac-I√v (Dc-I-√v) D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb ]m{X-߃, sh≈w
sI´n \n¬°m-hp∂ a‰p km[-\-߃ XpS-ßn-bh icn-bmb coXn-bn¬
kwkvI-cn-°p-Itbm hrØn-bmbn kq£n-°p-Itbm sNøp-I.
$ {^nUvPns‚ ]pd-Inse t{S, sNSn-®´- n-°S- n-bn¬ hbv°p∂ ]m{Xw, ]q°ƒ/
sNSn-Iƒ Ch C´p-h-bv°p∂ ]m{Xw, sSd-kv, Sm¶v apX-em-b-h-bn¬ \n∂pw
BgvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬ sh≈w Du‰n-°-f-bp-I.
$ Pew kw`-cn®p hbv°p∂ Sm¶p-Ifpw ]m{X-ßfpw kna‚ v sXm´n-Ifpw
a‰pw sImXpIv IS-°m-Ø-hn[w aqSn-h-bv°p-I.
$ Pew tiJ-cn®p hbv°p∂ ]m{X-ßfpw Sm¶p-Ifpw BgvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬
IgpIn hrØn-bm-°p-I.

57
 Reference book

$ ac-s∏m-Øp-Iƒ aÆn´p aqSp-I.

$ Fen, AÆm≥ XpS-ßn-bh Xpc-∂n-Sp∂ \mfn-tI-cw, sImt°m Imbv-
Iƒ F∂nh \in-∏n-°p-I.
$ Sb¿ Unt∏m-bnepw Kmtc-Pp-I-fnepw kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ Sb-dp-Iƒ sh≈w
hogmØ ÿetØ°v am‰n hbv°p-I.
$ Sm¿∏m-fn≥, πmkv‰nIv jo‰p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ sh≈w sI´n-\n¬°msX
t\m°p-I.
$ HmS-I-fnepw Nmep-I-fnepw sh≈w kpK-a-ambn HgpInt∏mIp-∂-Xn-\mbn
N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \o°w sNøp-I.
$ sk]v‰nIv Sm¶ns‚ sh‚ v ss]∏ns‚ A{Kw sImXpIp he/XpWn sIm≠v
aqSp-I.
$ hoSns‚ ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ ]mgvsN-Sn-Iƒ, N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ F∂nh \o°w
sNøp-I.
2. ssPhnI\nb-{¥W am¿K-߃
sImXp-Ins‚ IqØm-Snsb \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ahsb Xn∂p∂ a‰p Pohn-Isf
\nt£-]n-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. IqØmSn t`mPn a’y-ßsf \nt£-]n®v
IqØm-Sn-Isf \in-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipfw, InW¿, XSm-Iw, ^u≠≥ F∂n-
hn-S-ß-fn¬ K∏n, Kw_p-kn-b, am\-Øp-I-Æn, Xnem-∏nb apX-emb a’y-
ßsf CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
_mkn-ekv Xpcn-©n-b≥knkv (Bacillus thuringiensis), _mkn-ekv kvs]dn-
°kv F∂o _mIvSo-cn-b-I-sfbpw IqØm-Sn-s°-Xnsc D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
]p¬ssØew, bq°m-en-ssØew F∂nh IqØm-Sn-Isf \in-∏n-°pw.
3. cmk-\nb{¥Wam¿K-߃
Nne-th-dn-bXpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v lm\n-I-c-hp-amWv F¶nepw Nne kμ¿`-ß-
fn¬ cmk \nb-{¥W am¿Kw Ah-ew-_n-°m-dp-≠v. IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw s]t{Sm-
fnbw D¬∏∂-ßfpw CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. CØcw am¿K-߃ \ncp-
’m-l-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

kwtbm- P nX sImXpIp\nb- { ¥Ww (Integrated vector

management (IVM))
sImXpIp P\y tcmK-߃ h¿[n®p hcp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ temIm-tcmKy
kwL-S\ Bkq-{XWw sNbvX ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ H∂m-Wn-Xv.

58
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

km[yhpw e`y-hp-amb kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb am¿K-ß-fp-]-tbm-

Kn®v G‰hpw ^e-{]-Z-amb coXn-bn¬ sImXpIv \nb-{¥Ww \S-∏m°n
sImXpIp P\y tcmK-߃ Ipd-bv°pI F∂-XmWv Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS e£yw.
Btcm-Ky-hI - p-∏v, Xt±-ik
- z-bw-`c
- W ÿm]-\ß- ƒ, hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, Irjn
hIp-∏v, {Kma-hn-I-k\ hIp-∏v, s]mXp-a-cm-aØv hIp-∏v, tIcf ipNnXz anj≥,
πmt‚- j ≥ tIm¿∏- t d- j ≥, d∫¿ t_m¿Uv , _mw_q tIm¿∏- t d- j ≥,
kvss]kkv t_m¿Uv, k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ, sdkn-sU‚ vkv Atkm-kn-
tb-j-\p-Iƒ F∂nh Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.

Fen-∏\n (Leptospirosis/ho¬kv Unko-kv/Weil's disease)

se]vt‰m-kvss]d (Leptospira) F∂ _mIvSo-cn-b-bmWv tcmK-Imcn. ASn-
ÿm-\-]-c-ambn arK-ß-fn¬ I≠p-h-cp∂ Hcp tcmK-am-Wn-Xv. Im¿∂p Xn∂p∂
arK-ß-fmb Fen, AÆm≥, ac-∏´n F∂n-h-bnepw ]´n, ]q® XpS-ßnb
Pohn-I-fnepw Cu tcmKm-Wp-hns\ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
tcmKm-Wp-hm-l-I-cmb Pohn-I-fpsS aq{Xw Ie¿∂ Pew, aÆv, a‰v hkvXp-
°ƒ F∂n-h-bp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w hgn-bmWv Cu tcmKw ]I-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp
tcmKn-bn¬ \n∂v as‰m-cm-fn-te°v tcmKw ]I-cp-∂Xv A]q¿h-am-Wv.
ag-°m-e-ØmWv Cu tcmKw IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. i‡-amb ag-sb-
Øp-S¿∂v hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-embn sh≈w sI´n-\n¬°m≥ CS-
bm-Ip-∂p. CXv Fen-I-fpsS amf-ß-fn¬ sh≈w Ibdn Fenaq{Xw sh≈-
Øn¬ Ie-cm≥ Imc-Wam-Ip-∂p.
tcmKmWp ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in®v 4 apX¬ 19 Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ e£-W-
߃ {]Xr-£-s∏-Spw. hnhn-[-ßfmb tcmK-e-£-W-߃ {]I-S-am-Ip∂ tcmK-
amWv Fen-∏-\n. tcmK-e-£-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Fen-∏\nsb
c≠mbn Xcw Xncn-°mw.
1. a™-∏nØ e£-W-ß-fn-√mØ Fen-∏\n.
2. a™-∏n-Ø-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Fen-∏\n.
1. a™-∏nØ e£-W-ß-fn-√mØ Fen-∏\n
e£-W-߃
$ CS-hn-´p≈ ]\n
$ t]in thZ\
$ IÆp-Iƒ sN¶Æp t]mse Nph∂p ImWp-∂p.

59
 Reference book

$ Xe-th-Z\
$ Npa, s\©p thZ\
2. a™-∏n-Ø-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Fen-∏\n (ho¬kv kn≥t{Umw/Weil's
syndrome)
$ Fen-∏-\n-bpsS Kpcp-X-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bm-WnXv.
$ a™-∏n-Ø-amWv {][m\ tcmK-e-£Ww.
$ hr°sb Kpcp-X-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p.
$ aq{X-Øns‚ Afhv Ipd-bpI As√-¶n¬ Xosc C√m-Xm-Ip-I.
$ apJØpw Imenepw \ocv.
$ c‡-{kmhw
tcmK-Øns‚ Bcw-`Ø- n¬Øs∂ Xncn-®d- n™v NnIn’ XpS-ßn-bm¬ ]q¿W-
ambpw am‰m≥ Ign-bp∂ tcmK-amWv Fen-∏-\n.

td_okv (Rabies - t]∏´n hnj-_m-[)

td_okv sshdkv _m[n® arK-ß-fpsS ISn-tb¬°p-tºm-gmWv a\p-jy¿°v
tcmK- _ m[ D≠m- I p- ∂ - X v .
tcmKw _m[n® arK-Øns‚
Dan-\o-cn-eq-sS-bmWv sshdkv
]I-cp-∂-Xv. tI{μ \mUo-hy-
h-ÿsb _m[n°p∂ tcmK-
am-Wn-Xv.
]\n, Xe- t h- Z \ F∂n- h -
bmWv {]mcw-`-e-£-W-߃,
XpS¿∂v Dd-°-an-√mbva, hn{`m-
¥n, Dan-\o¿ D¬∏m-Z\w IqSp-
I, Blmcw Ign-°m≥ ]‰m-
Xn-cn-°p-I, Pe-Øn-t\m-Sp≈
t]Sn (Hydrophobia) F∂nh
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. tcmKe£-
W-߃ {]I-Sa - m-bm¬ acWw
kp\n-›n-X-am-Wv.
hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßsf Hma-\n-°p-
tºmƒ Hm¿°pI
1994 \hw-_¿ 13˛mw XobXn \yqtbm¿°n¬ Hcp
hnhml k¬°m-c-Øn¬ 27 AXn-Yn-Iƒ ]s¶-
Sp-Øp. AXn-Yn-Iƒ B k¬°m-cÿ - e- Ø
- p-≠m-
bn-cp∂ ^man\v Np‰pw \S°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-
bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]ip-°n-Sm-hns\ Hma-\n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
HcmgvN Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]ip-°n-Smhv sXmgp-
Øn¬ Atßm-´p-an-tßm´pw HmSm≥ XpS-ßn.
ssIIm-ep-Iƒ Ipg™v ]ip-°n-Smhv acn-®p.
]ip- ° n- S m- h ns‚ Xe- t ®mdv ]cn- t im- [ n®v
td_okv ÿnco-I-cn-®p, hnhml k¬°m-c-
Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ F√m-htcbpw hnhcw Adn-
bn-°p-Ibpw hmIvkn-t\-j≥ FSp-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Aß-s\-sbmcp Iq´-a-cWw Hgn-hm-bn.

{i≤n-®m¬ Hgn-hm-°m-hp∂ tcmK-amWv td_o-kv.

60
 tcmK-߃°p hnS

$ hf¿ØparK-߃°v sshZy-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-I, {]Xntcm-[-Ip-Øn-

hbv]v \¬Ip-I.
$ s]mXp-h-gn-I-fn¬ `£-Wm-h-in-jvS-߃ hen-s®-dn™v sXcphv \mbv°-
fpsS FÆw Iq´m-Xn-cn-°pI.
$ arK-ß-fpsS ISn-tb-‰m¬ sshZy-k-lmbw tXSp-I.

sk]v‰w-_¿ 28 temI td_okv Zn\w (World Rabies Day)

td_o-kn-s\-°p-dn®v P\-ßsf t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu tcmKsØ
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-amWv 2007 ¬ temI td_okv Zn\w F∂ Bibw
cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ 1885 ¬ eqbn ]mkvN¿, Fanen tdmIvk (Emile
Roux) F∂o imkv{X-⁄≥am¿ td_okv hmIvkn≥ I≠p-]n-Sn®v t]hn-j-
_m-[sb sshZy-im-kv{X-Øns‚ hcp-Xn-bn-em-°n.

dnwKvthw
tcmKw _m[n® hy‡n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn® SΔ¬, hkv{Xw, No¿∏v F∂nh D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS ]I-cp∂ Hcp tcmK-amWv dnwKvthw. ssat{Im-kvt]m-
dw, ss{St°m-ss^-t‰m¨, F]n-sU¿tamss^t‰m¨ F∂o ^wK-kp-I-fmWv
dnwKvthw tcmK-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
Xz°v, \Jw, Xe-tbmSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse N¿aw hc-fp-∂p. sNmdn®n¬ A\p-
`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWp tcmK-e-£-W-߃. ico-c-`m-K-߃ Cu¿∏-
c-ln-Xa
- mbn kq£n-°p-I, hy‡n-ip-NnXzw ]men-°p-I, SΔ¬, hkv{Xw F∂nh
]¶p-h-bv°m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂n-h-sb√mw dnwKvthw tcmKw _m[n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥
klm-bn-°pw.
a\p-jys‚ ]e {]hrØn-Ifpw ]cn-k-csØ aen-\-am-°p-∂p. CXv ]e-Xcw
tcmK-ß-fp-sSbpw hym]-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. hy‡n-ip-NnXzw ]men-°p-
∂-Xn¬ {i≤m-ep-°-fm-bn-cp∂p tIc-fo-b¿. F∂m¬ ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬
hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤-°p-dhv ImWp-
∂p. CXv hmbp, Pew, Blmcw F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ tcmK∏I¿®-bn-te°v
\bn-°p-∂p. ]cn-k-cw, amen-\y-°q-ºm-c-ambn amdp-∂Xv tcmK-hm-l-I-cpsS
FÆw h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p. CXv a\p-jys‚ Poh\v Xs∂ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Ip-∂p.
ssZhn-I-X-bpsS sXm´-Sp-ØmWv hrØn-bpsS ÿm\w F∂mWv Km‘nPn
DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥w \mSmb tIc-f-Øn¬ ipNn-
Xz-Øns‚ ÿm\w F¥m-sW∂v \mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Nn¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-
°p-∂p.

61
 Reference book

5 C{μn-b-ß-sf ad-°-cpXv

a\p-jy≥ hen-b-h-\mWv t]m¬!

F∂m¬ R߃ kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ
k¿hhym]n-I-fmWv. R߃ Fhn-
sSbpw Ibdpw. Ib-dn-bm¬ hnhcw
Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøpw!!
Hcp IW-°n\p icnbm \ap°p
sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Fs¥√mw
Imcy-ßfm Cu CØncn
Ip™≥am¿ sNøp-∂-Xv...

kq£va-Po-hn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw icn-bm-Wv. tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ]e hn[-

Ønep≠v ˛ _mIvSo-cnb-, sshdkv, ^wK-kv, t{]mt´m-tkm-h-Iƒ. Ch a‰p
Pohn-I-sf ]e coXn-bn-emWv B{I-an-°p-∂-Xv. tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ Pohn-I-fpsS
ico-c-Øn¬ IS∂v hfsc thKw s]cpIn, ico-c-Ønse {]Xn-tcm[i‡nsb
\in-∏n®v tcmK-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂p. ]\n, hb-dn-f-°w, hnd-b¬, O¿±n,
icoc`mK-߃°v \ocp hcn-I, Nph∂p XSn-°p-I, {kh-߃ D≠m-hp-I,
XpS-ßnb e£-W-߃ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IS-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚
kqN-\-Ifm-Wv.
]cn-kc ipNn-Xz-an-√mbva, aen\Pew, hrØn-lo-\-amb Blm-cw, hy‡n
ipNn-Xz-°p-d-hv, hf¿Øp Pohn-I-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w XpS-ßnb am¿K-ß-fn-
eqsS tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. Ah \ΩpsS ico-c-
Ønse kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm[i‡nsb XI¿°p-∂p.

62
 C{μn-b-ß-sf ad-°-cpXv

kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm-[-kw-hn-[m-\-Ønse Nne LS-I-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏Smw.

]´nI \nco-£n-°p-I.

icoc`mK-߃, {kh-߃ {]Xn-tcm[ hkvXp-°ƒ, tImi-߃

IÆp-\o¿ ssetkmsskw
Dan-\o¿ sse-tkmsskw
Bam-ibw sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv
aq{Xw ssetkmsskw
c‡w tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ
enw^v enwt^m-ssk‰v
hnhn[ \mfn-Iƒ koen-b, emIvSnIv Bkn-Uv,
ayq°-kv, ssetkmsskw
Xz°v sk_w, hnb¿∏v, sIcm‰n≥
sNhn hmIvkv (I¿Wsa-gp-Iv)
aq°v ayq°kv (t«jvaw)
IpS¬ emIvSnIv Akn-tUm-^n-ekv _mIvSo-cnb
AΩ-bp-sS- ]m¬ sImfkv{Sw

PohnXcoXn-bn-ep-≠mb am‰w tcmK_m[bpsS {][m\ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem-∂m-

Wv. Blm-c-co-Xn-, PohnXcoXn- Zn\Ncy- F∂n-hbn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ \ΩpsS
Btcm-KysØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂-I-ep-∂-XmWv
F√m-‰n\pw ASn-ÿm-\w. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØpw sImSpØpw Ime-Øn-
\-\p-kr-X-amb PohnXssien kzoI-cnt® aXn-bm-hq.
Aip-≤P - e
- Ø
- nse tcmKm-Wp-°f - mb _mIvSo-cn-b, sshd-kv, ^wK-kv, t{]mt´m-
tk-mh-Iƒ Chsb√mw tcmK-hm-l-I-cm-Wv. Ch \ΩpsS Xz°nse kzm`m-
hnI {]Xn-tcm[i‡nsb \in-∏n®v sXmen∏p-dØv sNdnb XSn-∏p-I-fpw,
Nph∂ \ndhpw ]n∂o-SXv \ocp-h∂v sNdp-Ip-an-f-I-fmbn amdp∂Xn\pw Imc-
W-am-Ip∂p. Ie-i-e-mb sNmdn-®n-epw, thZ-\-bp-amWv {][m\ e£-W-߃.
IrXy-amb ]cn-tim-[\- b
- v°p-tijap≈ B‚n-_t- bm-´nIv acp-∂p-If - mWv {]Xn-
hn-[n. Nne-cn¬ ico-c-Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm[i‡n-Ip-d-bp-∂-XmWv
tcmKw ]nSn-s]-Sm-\p≈ {][m\ Imc-Ww. BZyw Ae¿Pnbpw ]n∂oSv C≥^-
£-\p-ambn amdn-tb°mw. \Ω-fpsS PohnX Np‰p-]m-Sp-Ifpw Ir{Xna kuμ-cy-
h¿[I hkvXp-°-fpsS AanX D]-tbm-Khpw UnkvC≥^-Iv‰‚pw Hcp ]cn-[n-

63
 Reference book

hsc sXmen-∏p-d-Øp≈ tcmK-_m-[bv°p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. A¥-co£

aen-\o-I-c-Whpw aen-\-P-ehpw cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS AanX D]-tbm-Khpw
Xz°ns\ _m[n-°p-∂p. Xz°n-¬ ico-c-Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn\p
D]-Im-cn-I-fmb [mcmfw _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ ImWm-dp-≠v. cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS
Aan-X-{]-tbmKw Cu {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
X∑qew hfsc thKw Xz°v hc-fp-∂p. Cu¿∏w \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. ico-c-Ønse
G‰hpw henb Ah-bh - a
- mb Xz°v \ΩpsS c£mIhNw IqSn-bm-Wv. Xz°ns\
kwc-£n-°pI hgn ico-c-Ønte°p {]th-in-°p∂ tcmKm-Wp-°sf Hcp
]cn-[n-hsc XS-bm≥ Ign-bpw. {]Ir-Xn-ZØ hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Xz°v
hrØn-bm-°p-Ibpw ssI Igp-IpIbpw sNbvXv Gsd-°ptd tcmKm-Wp-°sf
\ap°v C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

\ns∂ shdpsX hn´m¬

Fs‚ ico-c-Øn¬
IS∂p \osbs∂ Atøm! tkm∏v!! Fs∂
sIm√pw IgpIn sIm√-t√ Rm\nt∏m
NmIpth!!!

Ip´nbpw kvIqƒ Iu¨kn-edpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw {i≤n-°p-I.

Ip´n : \mw Ft∏m-sgms° ssI Igp-IWw?
kvIqƒ Iu¨kn-e¿ : Blm-c-Øn\p ap≥]pw ]n≥]pw, tSmbve‰v D]-tbm-
K-Øn-\p-tijw, kpJ-an-√m-Ø-hsc ]cn-N-cn-®-Xn-\p-
tijw, apdnhv ip{iq-jbv° - p- ap≥]pw ti-jhpw Ub-
∏¿, ]mUv F∂nh am‰nb tijw, Npa-bv°pI,
Xp∏pI, aq°p ]ngn-bpI apX-em-b-hbv°v tijw,
arK- ß - s f ]cn- N - c n- ® - X n\v tijw, Ah- b psS
hnk¿Pyw FSp-Ø-Xn-\p-tijw, amen-\y-߃ FSp-
Ø-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw ssIIƒ hrØn-bmbn Igp-IW - w.
Ip´n : ^e-{]-Z-ambn ssII-gp-Ip-∂Xv Fß-s\bm-Wv?

64
 C{μn-b-ß-sf ad-°-cpXv

kvIqƒ Iu¨kne¿ : ip≤ Pe-Øn¬ ssIIƒ \\-bv°pI.

Bh-iy-amb Af-hn¬ tkm∏v tX®v ]X∏n-°pI.
ssIIƒ ]c-kv]cw tN¿Øv \∂mbn tX°pI.
hnc-ep-Ifpw Ah-bv°n-S-bn-ep≈ `mKhpw X≈-hn-
cepw ssIøpsS ]pdw `mKhpw tX®v Igp-Ip-I.
ssIbpsS Ccp-]p-dhpw ip≤-Pew D]-tbm-Kn®v
\∂mbn Igp-Ip-I.
hrØn-bp≈ Suh¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v H∏n XpS-bv°p-
Itbm hoin DW-°p-Itbm sNøp-I.
Ip´n : hrØn- b mbn ssII- g p- I p- ∂ - X ns‚ Bh- i y- I X
F¥mWv?
kvIqƒ Iu¨kne¿ : hrØn-bmbn ssIIƒ Igp-IpI hgn 60% tcmKm-
Wp-°-sfbpw \ap°v {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
]I¿®hym[n-I-fmb tImf-d, £bw, H1N1, sl∏-ss‰-‰n-kv, hb-dn-f-°w,
hbdpISn, -a-™-∏n-Øw XpS-ßnb tcmK-߃ B°q-´-Øn¬s∏-Spw.
ssI Igp-Ip-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w \Jw IrXy-ambn sh´n hrØnbm-t°-≠Xpw AXym-
h-iy-am-Wv.
\J-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ImWm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ tcmKm-Wp-°-ƒ, hnc-I-fpsS ap´-
Iƒ apX-em-bh Blm-c-tØm-sSm∏w ico-c-Øn¬ FØp-Ibpw Ah \ap°v
tcmK-Im-c-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. hcq, Rms\mcp hoUntbm ImWn-®p-X-cmw.

65
 Reference book

ssII-gp-I-ens‚ {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-bn-t√. A-Xp-t]mse {][m-\-amWv

Z¥]cn-]m-e-\-hpw.

Z¥ipNn-Xzhpw Btcm-Kyhpw
]√p-sI-´n \nc-bm-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ {][m\w t]mSv D≠mImsX ]√p-Iƒ
kwc-£n-°p-I F∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-\mbn Blm-cØ - n-\p-tijw ]√p-Iƒ hrØn-
bmbn {_jv sNø-Ww. ]√n-\n-S-bn¬ Blmcmh-in-jvS-߃ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xv _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ s]cp-Im-\n-S-bm-°pw. _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ Blm-cm-h-
injvSßfnse •qt°m-kns\ hnL-Sn-∏n®v emIvSnIv BknUv D≠m-°p-∂p.
emIvSnIv Bkn-Un¬ C\m-a¬ {Zhn®v ]√n¬ t]mSp-≠m-Ip-∂p.

Z¥kwc-£Ww Fßs\?
1. hyØn-bmbn {_jv sNøp-I.
2. C\m-a-en\p t]md-ep-≠m-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
3. IrXy-ambn ^vtfmkv sNø¬ (Floss - arZp-\mcv D]-tbm-Kn®v ]√nS
hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xv), auØv hmjv D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ apX-em-bh hmbv
hrØn-bm-°m≥ klm-b-I-c-am-Wv.
4. {_jp sNøp∂tXmsSm∏w \m°pw hrØn-bm-°p-I.
5. t]mj-Im-lmcw, hn‰m-an≥ B, C, Im¬kyw F∂nh AS-ßnb Blmcw,
]m¬, ]m¬ D¬∏-∂-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Ign-°p-I.
6. ]√p-Iƒ IrXy-ambn ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-I.
7. Ir{Xna ]m\o-b-߃, aZyw, ]pI-bne F∂nh Hgn-hm-°p-I.
icn-bmb {_jnwKv
^vtfmknwKv Fßs\?

66
 C{μn-b-ß-sf ad-°-cpXv

]√v hn√-\m-hp-∂-sX-t∏mƒ?
]√ns‚ A\m-tcmKyw ]√n¬am{Xw HXp-ßp-∂n-√. ]√n-s‚bpw tamW-bp-
sSbpw tcmK- _ m- [ - I ƒ ico- c - Ø ns‚ a‰p `mK- ß - s fbpw _m[n- ° pw.
AXpsIm≠v Z¥-ip-NnXzw \n m-c-ambn ImW-cp-Xv.

]√ns‚ ipNn-Xz-an-√mbva aqew D≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-߃

˛ _mIvSo-cn-b¬ \yqtam-Wnb.
˛ lrZ-b-kw-_-‘n-bmb AWp-_m-[-Iƒ.
Hcp Ip´n-bpsS A\p-`hw {i≤n-°q.
"Rm≥ t]cbv° Ign-°m-dp-≠v. an°-hmdpw AXv ISn-°p-tºmƒ c‡-°d
AXn¬ ImWm-dp-≠v. ]√n\v thZ-\bpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]pd-ta-\n∂pw
t\m°p-tºmƒ ]√p-Iƒ°v Ipg-∏s- am∂pw C√. CXv Fs¥-¶nepw AkpJw
sIm≠mtWm? CXn-s\-s¥-¶nepw ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-apt≠m?
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Z¥-ip-Nn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m-[-an-√mØ Ahÿ \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. ]√p-Iƒ°v C\m-a¬ F∂ ImTn-\y-ta-dnb Bh-c-W-ap≠v.
]√ns\ tamW-bn¬ IrXy-ambn Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tamWbv°v £Xw
G¬°p-∂Xp sImt≠m AWp-_m-[-aq-etam tamW-ho°w D≠m-Imw.
CXp-tamW-ho°w (]tbm-dnb ˛ Pyorrhoea) F∂ Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmKm-h-
ÿ-bnte°p \bn-°pw. icn-bmb Z¥-ip-No-I-c-Whpw hn‰m-an≥ kn AS-
ßnb `£-Whpw tamW-bpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

\m°v
Z¥-kp-c-£-tbm-sSm∏w Xs∂ \m°v
hrØn-bm-°-en\pw {]m[m\yw D≠v.
hmbnse Zp¿K-‘hpw ]√ns\ {Zhn-
∏n-°p∂ _mIvSo-cnbIfpw \m°v
hrØn-bm-°pI hgn amdp-∂p. Tongue
scrapers D]-tbm-Kn®v \m°v arZp-hmbn
hrØn-bm-°p-I. \m°ns‚ ]pd-In¬
\n∂pw ap≥]n-te°p thWw hrØn-
bm- ° p- h m≥. D∏p- s h- ≈ - Ø n¬
\m°pw ]√pw hrØn-bmbn Igp-IpI
hgn Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc ]√p-I-sfbpw
kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.

67
 Reference book

\m°v Hcp kqN-I-amWv

]e imco-cnI Akp-J-ß-fp-sSbpw kqN-I-amWv \ΩpsS \m°v. Zl-t\-{μnb
hyh-ÿ-bpsS ]e tcmK-ß-fp-tSbpw XpS-°-°m-c-\m-Ip-∂Xv \m°m-Wv. \m°v
Nph∂p XSn-°pI, Ibv∏p-\n-d-bpI, kzmZv Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I, I\w hbv°pI
F∂-sX√mw \mhv \¬Ip∂ AkpJ kqN-I-ß-fm-Wv.
$ Nph∂ \m°v ˛ t^mfnIv BknUv or B12 Ipd-hv, kvIm¿se-‰v ]-\n
(Scarlet fever), Imh-km°n Akp-Jw (Kawasaki disease) F∂n-hsb
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ shfp-Ø-s]m-t´m, shfpØ Bh-c-W-tam D≈ \m°v ˛ Im≥UnU
(Candida) AWp-_m-[- As√-¶n¬ eyqt°m-πm-°nb (Leukoplakia)
$ IdpØ \m°v ˛ Ub-s_-‰n-kv
$ \m°nse apdn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Aƒk¿, Hmd¬ Im≥k¿

\m°v cpNn Adn-bm≥ am{X-a√

\m°ns‚ BtcmKyw hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw ]√p hrØn-
bm-°p-tºmgpw ip≤Pe-Øn¬ \m°pw hrØn-bm-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-
Wv. \ΩpsS ]pXnb BlmccoXnbpw Ir{Xna D]-t`mK kwkvIm-chpw BZyw
_m[n-°p∂Xv \ΩpsS \m°ns\bmWv. \m°nse apIp-f-߃ ico-c-Ønse
Ak-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿbv°v FXnsc {]Xn-I-cn-°m-dp-≠v. Hcp a\p-jy-P∑w apgp-
h\pw \m°ns\ kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ s\t´m-´-Øn-emWv \Ωƒ. Aan-
Xm-lm-cw, Ir{Xna Blm-c-߃ XpS-ßn-bh \ΩpsS Btcm-KysØ {ItaW
\in-∏n-°p-∂p. aq¿®-bp≈ hkvXp-°ƒsIm≠v \m°v hrØn-bm-°p-∂Xpw
\m°ns\ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p.

IÆv
Xe-t®mdv, Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw k¶o¿W-amb Ah-b-h-amWv IÆv. I¨t]m-
f-Iƒ, I¨]o-en-Iƒ, IÆp-\o¿, I¨sPßv-ss‰h F∂nh IÆp-Isf kwc-
£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ klm-bn-°p-∂p. A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-c-Whpw ]pXp-Po-hn-X-
NcyIfpw IÆp-I-fpsS Btcm-KysØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p. Ce-
Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS AanX D]-tbm-Khpw Ct∏m-gsØ Ip´n-I-fpsS
ImgvN-sb _m[n-°p∂ {][m\ hn√-\m-Wv. kao-IrXmlmc-°p-d-hv, ip≤-P-e-
Øns‚ Ipdhv Chbpw \ΩpsS IÆp-I-fpsS Btcm-KysØ _m[n-°p-∂p.

68
 C{μn-b-ß-sf ad-°-cpXv

ip≤-P-e-Øn¬ IÆv ]e {]mhiyw Igp-Ip-I. a‰p hkvXp-°ƒ IÆn¬ Ib-

dn-bm¬ IÆv i‡n-bmbn Xncp-am-Xn-cn-°p-I. Iºyq-´¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xn-
\n-Sbv°v IÆp NnΩp-Itbm AS-bv°p-Itbm sNøp-∂Xv IÆp-Iƒ hc-fmsX
Cu¿∏w \¬Im≥ klm-bn-°pw. hmb\ \n›nX AI-e-Øn¬ IrXy-amb
shfn-®-Øn¬ thWw. Cs√-¶n¬ AXv ImgvNsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-
°pw. kuμ-cy-h¿[I hkvXp-°-fpsS AanX D]-tbmKw IÆp-Iƒ°v \√-X-
√. Ce-°d - n-If - nb {]IrXnZØ Blmcw IÆp-Iƒ°v hn‰m-an≥ A \¬Ip-
- S- ß
∂p. Ah t\{X-ß-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn\p \√-Xm-Wv. IÆp-I-fpsS koen-bdn
akn-ep-Iƒ°p≈ hymbm-a-ßfpw t\{Xm-tcm-Ky-Øn\p \√-Xm-Wv. {XmSI
t]mep≈ tbmK-]cnioe-\-ßfpw IÆp-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn\p Ah-iy-am-
Wv. kvIqƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v t\{X]cn-tim-[\ kzbw \SØp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. IrXy
AI-e-Øn-ep≈ hkvXp-hns\ Hmtcm IÆpw AS®v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
A∏p : AΩqtΩ Cu {]mb-Ønepw AΩqΩbv°v sNhn-tIƒ°m≥
Ign-bp∂sXßs\?
AΩqΩ : Rß-sfms° \ΩpsS C{μn-b-ßsf IrXy-ambn ]cn-]m-en-
®n- c p- ∂ p. Ct∏mƒ \nß- f p- ] - t bm- K n- ° p∂ (sNhn- b n¬
hbv°p∂ km[-\w (Cb¿ t^m¨)) Sn.hn, henb kv]o°¿
H∂pw B ImeØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A[nI i_vZw sNhn-
bnse I¿Æ-]-S-Øn\v BLmXw G¬]n-®n-cp-∂n-√. sNhn-
bpsS kwc-£W ]mfn-bmb sagpIv R߃ {i≤m-]q¿hw
\o°w sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. tamt\, Iq¿Ø hkvXp-°ƒ
\ΩpsS I¿W-]-SsØ s]m´n-°pw. H∏w A[nI i_vZhpw,
AsXms° Hgn-hm-°-Ww. \√ ip≤-P-e-am-bn-cp∂p B Ime-
sØms° D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. sNdp-NqSp≈ D∏p-sh-≈-am-bn-
cp∂p sNhn hrØn-bm-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

69
 Reference book

Db¿∂ i_vZX
- c
- w-Kß
- ƒ D≠m-°p∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\ß
- ƒ

BImw-£, Un{]-j≥
Xe-th-Z\
kvs{Skv, {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-
°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ahÿ

{ihW hyh-ÿbv°v XI-cmdv

c‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ Npcp-ßp-∂p
Db¿∂ c‡-k-Ω¿Zw,
hnf¿®

s]]v‰nIv Aƒk¿
akn¬ hen-®n¬

Cb¿ t^mWns‚ Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw, cq£-amb i_vZ-ap-≠m-°p∂ kv]o°-

dp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh sNhn°p lm\n-Ic - a- m-Wv. sNhnIfpsS kwc-£Ww AXym-
h-iy-amWv. i_vZw, Xcw-K-cq-]-Øn¬ \ΩpsS I¿W-]S-Øn¬ FØp-∂p.
i_vZw IqSp-∂X - p-aqew \ap°v kvs{Skv D≠m-Ip-∂p. H∏w c‡-kΩ - ¿Z-Ønepw,
tlm¿tam¨ Af-hnepw Imcy-amb hyXn-bm\w D≠m-Ip-∂p. AanX i_vZw
K¿`n-Wn-I-fn¬ Xq°w Ipd™ Ip´n-Iƒ D≠mIp-hm≥ Imc-W-am-Ipw. tIƒhn-
°p- d - h v , Dd- ° - a n- √ mbv a , am\- k n- I - ] n- c n- a p- d °w F∂nhbv ° pw ssl∏¿

70
 C{μn-b-ß-sf ad-°-cpXv

BIvSnhn‰n Ip´n-Iƒ, Un{]-j≥, £oWw Cßs\ \nc-h[n {]iv\-ß-ƒ°pw

CXv hgn-sbm-cp-°m-dp-≠v.
ico-c-Ønse {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp C{μn-b-amWv sNhn. AXns\ \m\m-hn-[-
Øn¬ kwc-£n-t°-≠X - p-≠v. A\m-hi
- y-amb i_vZß
- ƒ°n-Sb
- v°mWp \Ωƒ
Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. I¿W-I-tTm-c-amb i_vZ-Øn¬ \n∂p sNhnsb c£n-°pI
Atß-b‰w {ia-I-c-amWv.

_[n-cX ˛ Imc-W-߃
_[n-c-Xbv-°p≈ {][m\ Imc-W-߃ c≠m-Wv. P∑\m D≈ Imc-W-ßfpw,
B¿PnX Imc-W-ßfpw. sa\n-RvssP-‰n-kv, aokn¬kv, ap≠n\o-cv, sNhn-°p-
≠m-Ip∂ AWp-_m-[, Xe-bv°pw, sNhn-Iƒ°pap-≠m-Ip∂ £Xw, A[n-I-
i-_vZw, {]mbm-[nIyw, A\y-hk
- vXp-°ƒ I¿W]S-Øn¬ G¬∏n-°p∂ apdnhv-
F∂nh B¿PnX Imc-W-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.
P∑\m D≈ Imc-W-߃ {][m-\-ambpw ]mc-º-cy-]-c-am-Wv. K¿`m-h-ÿ-bn¬
cq]w sIm≈p∂ sshI-ey-ß-fpw AΩbv°v K¿`-Im-e-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ a™-
∏nØw, dps_-√m, kn^n-enkv t]mep≈ tcmK-ßfpw K¿`-Im-eØv Ign-
°p∂ Nne {]tXyI acp-∂p-Ifpw Ip´n-I-fn¬ _[n-c-X°v Imc-W-am-hpw.

aq°v
izk\hyh-ÿ-bpsS Ihm-S-amWv aq°v. aq°v izkn-°m\pw aW-°m\pw am{X-
a√ \ΩpsS kzc-Øns\ apg-°-ap≈Xm°m\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.
izmksØ Acn-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ aq°n-\p-≈nse t«jvahpw tcma-ßfpw klm-
bn-°p-∂p. Aip-≤a- m-°s
- ∏´ A¥-co-£h
- m-bphpw Nne Ae¿Pn hkvXp-°fpw
aq°ns‚bpw izk\hyh-ÿbpsSbpw Xmfw sX‰n-°m-dp-≠v. t\¿∏n® D∏p-
sh≈w (ksse≥) C‰n-°p-∂Xv aqs°men∏v/AS-∏v, XpΩ¬ F∂n-hbv°v
\√ {]Xn-hn-[n-bmWv. Nne {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-
c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc aq°ns\ kwc-£n-°m-\mbn amkvIv (Mask) D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xpw \√-Xm-Wv.

ksse≥ Xbm-dm°mw
ksse≥ D≠m-°m≥ 100 an√n sh≈-Øn¬ 1 henb \p≈v D∏n´v Ie-°n-
sb-Sp-°pI.

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aq°v ˛ Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ

$ A]-I-S-I-c-amb cmk-h-kvXp-°fpsS aWw Adn-bm≥ aq°v klm-bn-
°p-∂p.
$ aW-°m-\p≈ Ignhns\ Hmƒ^m-Ivj≥ (Olfaction) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
$ aW-°m-\p≈ Ign-hn-√m-Ø-Xn\v At\m-kvanb (Anosmia) F∂p ]d-
bp-∂p.
$ Rhinoplasty - aq°n-\p≈ πmÃnIv k¿Pdn.

hy‡nipNn-Xz-Øn¬ C{μnb ipNnXzw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. kzbw ipNn-

Xz-Øn-eqsS kaq-lhpw ipNo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Btcm-Ky-ap≈ a\ pw ico-
chpw hr‡n-sb am{X-a√, kaq-l-tØbpw cmPytØbpw BtcmKy kº-∂-
am-°p-∂p, Km‘nPn hn`m-h\w sNbvX C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ {]bmWw Ffp-∏-
ap-≈-Xm-°p-∂p, \mw e£y-am-t°-≠Xpw AXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

72
6 Zl\Øns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

cay-bpsS Bi-¶-Iƒ
""Cubn-sS-bmbn F\n°v hni∏v Xosc-bn-√, AΩ Ft∏mgpw hg-°m-Wv. HmW-
°m-eØpw \∂mbn kZy DÆmt\m BtLm-j-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°mt\m Ign-
™n-√. Ft∏mgpw hbdp \nd™ Ahÿ Xs∂. hmbv°p cpNnbpw t]mbn.
H∏w Xe-th-Z\- b
- pw. Ign™ BgvNI- f
- n¬ ]e Znh-kß
- f
- nepw ]pdØp \n∂m-
bn-cp∂p Blm-cw. acp-∂p-Iƒ Xe-th-Z\ Ipd-®p. Ct∏mƒ ae-_-‘-amWv
Fs‚ {][m\ {]iv\w. A©p Znh-k-ambn IrXy-amb ae-tim-[-\-bn-√. Rm≥
h√mØ am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dp-°-Øn-em-Wv. AΩ-tbmSv ]d-bm\pw hø. ]d-bm-
Xn-cn-°m\pw hø.'' cay-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ kw{`aw sIm≠p apdn-bp-∂p-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.
Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bnse Hcp {][m\ iey-°m-c-\mWv ae-_-‘w. CXp-aqew Nne
hnj-h-kvXp°ƒ ico-c-am-I-am\w hym]n-°p-Ibpw AXv Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-sb
{]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. IrXy-amb ae-hn-k¿P\w \S-°m-
Ø-XmWv {][m\ e£-Ww. IqSmsX hmbv\m-‰w, hni-∏n-√m-bva, Xe-th-Z-\,
Xe-I-d-°w, apJ-°p-cp, hmbn¬ Ipcp-°ƒ, hbdp \nd™ Ahÿ F∂n-
hbpw D≠m-Imw. F∂m¬ CsXm∂pw Rm\-h-tfm-Sp -]-d-™n-√. Imcyw \n m-
c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kwkm-cn®p XpS-ßn.
{][m-\-ambpw \mcpIƒ Ipd™ Blm-c-co-Xn-bmWv ae-_-‘-Øn\p Imc-
Ww. \mcp-I-f-S-ßnb {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Blm-c-amWv CXn-\p≈ GI {]Xn-
hn-[n. A∂-\m-f-Ønse Ne-\-Øn\p (s]cn-Ãmƒkn-kv) \mcp-I-f-S-ßnb
Blmcw klm-bn-°p-∂p. P¶v Blm-c-߃, t_°dn ]e-lm-c-߃, ambw
Ie¿∂ hkvXp-°ƒ, IqSp-X¬ ssaZ AS-ßnbh, sImgp∏p IqSnb Blm-
c-߃, Aan-Xm-lmcw, Bh-iy-Øn-\v sh≈w IpSn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI, \n¿P-eo-I-
cWw Ch-sbms° \ΩpsS Zl\hyh-ÿsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-
Ibpw ae-tim-[\ {]bm-k-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IqSmsX am\-knI
kwL¿j-ßfpw hb-dnse t]in-I-fpsS i‡n-°p-dhpw ae-_-‘-Øn-\p≈
a‰p Imc-W-ß-fm-Wv. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-Øns‚ \s√mcp Af-hp-
 Reference book

tIm-emWv Ahs‚ hni∏pw tim[-\-bpw. CXp c≠pw IrXy-ambn Ds≠-

¶n¬ B hy‡n s]mXpsh Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-sW∂p ]d-bmw.
Blmcw Nh-®p-I-gn-°p-I-bpw, [mcmfw ip≤-Pew IpSn-°p-Ibpw, \mcp-I-f-pw,
IqSp-X¬ ]g-ßfpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw Blm-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-amWv ae-
_-‘-Øn-\p≈ {]Xn-hn-[n.

`£Ww ]mIw sNøp-tºmgpw Ign-°p-tºmgpw

XhnSv If™ Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-߃ ico-c-Øn\p \√-X-√. [m\y-߃ IqSp-
X¬ {]mhiyw Igp-Ip-∂Xv hgn Xhn-Sn-ep≈ t]mj-I-߃ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.
(IS-bn¬ \n∂v hmßp∂ Acn ]e-t∏mgpw IqSpX¬ Igp-tI≠n hcpw). ]®-
°-dn-Iƒ apdn-®X
- n-\p-tijw Igp-Ip-tºmgpw IqSp-X¬ kabw thhn-°p-tºmgpw
t]mj-I-߃ \jvSs∏-Sp-∂p.
hnhn[ hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ, [mXp-°ƒ, ss^t‰msIan-°epIƒ, B‚n-Hm-Ivkn-U‚p-
Iƒ, F≥sskapIƒ, \mcp-Iƒ F∂nh BtcmKyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ AXym-
h-iy-am-Wv. Ch ]®-°-dn-I-fnepw ]g-ß-fnepw [mcm-f-ap-≠v. AXn-\m¬ `£-
W-Øn¬ hnhn[ h¿W-ß-fn-ep≈ ]®-°-dn-Ifpw ]g-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂sXmcp ioe-am-°-Ww.
`£-W-Øn¬ cpNn°pw \nd-Øn-\p-ambn tN¿°p∂ cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw
{]nk¿th-‰o-hp-Ifpw, tlm¿tam¨ {]tbmKw \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈tXm P\n-X-I-
am‰w hcp-ØnbtXm Bb Nne `£y-h-kvXp-°fpw Btcm-KysØ {]Xn-Iq-
e-ambn _m[n-°p-w. P¥pP\yamwkØnse Cukv{S-P\p k-am-\-amb cmk-
h-kvXp-°ƒ ico-c-Øn\p tZmjw sNøp-∂p.
hdp-ØXpw s]mcn-®-Xp-amb `£W]Zm¿Y-ßfpsS D]-tbmKw \nb-{¥n-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv. ]©-km-c, ssaZ, D∏v, sImgp∏v Ch-sbms° Aan-X-am-bm¬ \nc-
h[n Akp-J-߃°p ASn-a-s∏-tS-≠n-h-cpw. Aan-Xm-lmcw Hgn-hm-°p-I. hni-
°p-tºmƒ am{Xw Blmcw Ign-°p-I. ]mNIw sNbvX Blmcw At∏mƒ
Xs∂ Ign-°p-I. sd{^n-P-td-‰-dn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ Blmcw ]pd-sØ-Sp-
Øv NqSm-°p-Ibpw XncnsI hbv°p-I-bpw, ho≠pw NqSm-°pIbpw sNbvXm¬
tcmKm-Wp-°fpw tSmIvkn\pw i‡n-{]m-]n®v ]e Akp-J-߃°pw Imc-W-
am-Ipw. F{X Xnc-°p-s≠-¶nepw Ign-hXpw A∏-t∏mƒ ]mIw sNbvXv D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XmWv DØ-aw.
`£Ww Ign-°p-tºmƒ [rXn ]nSn-°msX kmh-[m\w Ign-°p-I. cmhn-esØ
Blmcw IrXy-ambn Ign-°p-I. sshIn-´sØ Blmcw eLp-hm-bn-cn-°-s´.

74
 Zl\Øns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

{][m\ `£-W-tØm-sSm∏w A√msX `£-W-Øn\p aptºm tijtam

sh≈w IpSn-°p-∂-XmWp \√Xv. Hmtcm Ime-Øp-ap-≠m-Ip∂ kok¨ ^pUv
D]-tbm-Kn-°pI (N°, amß XpS-ßn-b-h). \mS≥ hn`-h-ßfmb apf-∏n®
[m\y-߃, ]b-dp-h¿K-߃ F∂n-h-bnse t]mj-I-aqeyw hfsc A[n-I-
amWv.

ico-c-Øns‚ Imh¬`S≥am¿
an°-tcm-K-ß-tfbpw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m\pw AI-‰m-\p-ap≈ kwhn-[m-\-tØm-sS-
bmWv {]IrXn ico-csØ k÷-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ape-∏m-en\p apt∂m-Sn-bm-
bp-≠m-Ip∂ sImgpØ {ZmhIw (sImfkv{Sw) {]IrXn I\n™p \¬Inb
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[Øns‚ Aar-Xm-Wv. hnj-h-kvXp-°sf \n¿ho-cy-am-°m≥
tijn-bp≈ Ic-fn\v apdn®pam‰-s∏-´mepw ]p\¿\n¿an-°-s∏-Sm-\p≈ tijn-
bp-≠v. Ic-fns‚ 60% hsc \o°w sNbvXmepw Ah Ipd-®p-\mƒ°Iw ]gb
\ne-bn-se-Øpw.
""hb- d n- \ - I sØ t]meo- k p- I m- c ≥'' F∂p hnti- j n- ∏ n- ° p∂ Hsa‚w
(Omentum), hb-dns‚ D≈nse arZpe Bh-c-W-amb s]cn-t´m-Wn-b-Øns‚
Hcp `mK-am-Wv. Hsa‚w Bam-i-b-Øns‚ ASn-`m-KØp \n∂v Xmtg°v Xqßn-
°n-S-°p-∂p. hb-dn-\p-≈ntem As∏≥UnIvkv t]mep≈ Ah-b-h-ß-fntem
AWp-_m-[-bp-≠m-bm¬ AXv hb-dns‚ a‰p `mK-tØ°v hym]n-°msX XS-
bp-∂-Xpw, AWp-_m-[-bp-≠mb `mKsØ s]mXn™p kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpw
Hsa‚w BWv. c‡-Ønse a÷-bn-emWv tizXc‡tImi߃ \n¿an-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. IqSmsX enw^v {KŸn, Icƒ, πol-, ssX-akv {KŸn F∂n-h-
bnepw Ch [mcm-f-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. IqSmsX {]mbw sN∂ tImi-ß-
sfbpw tcmKm-Wp-°-sfbpw amt{Im-t^-PpIƒ hngpßn \in-∏n-°p-∂p.

75
 Reference book

a\p-jy-ic
- o-cØ
- nse kzm`m-hnI F≥ssk-ap-If
- psS {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
F≥sskapIƒ {]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je {]h¿Ø\w
1. Zl-\-c-k-ß-fn¬ D≈h hmbv, Bam-i-bw, Zl-\-{]-{In-bsb
sNdp-Ip-S¬ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
2. izmk-tImi izmktImi-߃ izmktImi-ß-fn¬
F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ \n∂pw Im¿_¨
ssUHm-IvsskUns\-
]pdwX≈p-∂p, HmIvkn-
P≥ BKn-cWw
sNøp∂p.
3. t¢m´nwKv F≥sskw c‡w c‡w I´-]n-Sn-°m≥
klm-bn-°p-∂p.
4. enh¿ F≥sskapIƒ Icƒ Ic-fnse ssPh-
cmk{]h¿Ø-\߃
Zl-\sØ klm-bn-°p-
∂p.
5. ]m≥{Inbm‰nIv ]m≥{In-bmkv Zl-\sØ klm-bn-
F≥sskapIƒ °p∂p, C≥kp-ens‚
D¸m-Z\w.
6. B‚nHmIvkn-U‚ v tImi-߃ B‚nHmIvkn-
F≥sskapIƒ U‚mbn {]h¿Øn-
°p∂p. DZm: kq∏¿
HmIvsskUv
Unkvayq-t´kv
(Superoxide
dismutase)
7. Im¿Un-bmIv lrZbw lrZ-bm-Lm-X-ap-≠m--
F≥sskapIƒ Iptºmƒ Ah c‡-
Øn¬ Ie-cp-∂p.
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[tijnbpw {]IrXnP\y-t]m-j-I-ßfpw
ico-c-Ønse {]Xn-tcm[hyh-ÿ-bpsS kpÿn-Xn°v {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v \ap-
°v H-t´sd t]mj-I-߃ e`n-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ir{Xn-a-ambn \n¿an-°p∂
`£yhkvXp-°ƒ shSn™v {]IrXnbmIWw `£-W-Øns‚ apJy-t{km-X-
kv. hn‰m-an≥ B6, t^mfn-Iv-B-knUv, \nt°m-´n-\nIv BknUv, kn¶v, skeo-

76
 Zl\Øns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

\nbw, sset°m]n≥, hn‰m-an≥ C XpSßn {]Xn-tcm-[-i‡n \ne-\n¿Øm≥

Ign-bp∂ Poh-I-ßfptSbpw [mXp-°-fp-tSbpw Ie-h-d-bmWv kky-P\y `£-
W-߃ F∂-dn-b-Ww.
]®-°-dn-I-fpw (hn‰m-an≥ A), Ce-°-dn-I-fpw (Ccpºv), ]g-h¿K-ß-fpw ssZ\w
Zn\ `£-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-IWw. ico-c-Ønse D]m-]-Nb {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf
\nb-{¥n-°p∂ \nc-h[n F≥ssk-ap-I-fpsS \n¿am-W-Øn\v Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw
Bh-iy-am-Wv.

ss^t‰msIan-°-ep-Iƒ
kkym-lm-cß- f
- n¬ am{Xw ImWp∂ ssPh-cm-k] - Z- m¿Y-ßf- mWv Ch. kkym-
lm-c-ß-fmb ]g-h¿K-߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, [m\y-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ Ch [mcm-
f-ambn AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kky`£-W-ß-fpsS ta∑ hy‡-am-°p∂ Adn-
hp-I-fmWv \Ωp°v Zn\w {]Xn e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ss^t‰m-sI-an-°epIƒ e`yX {]tbm-P-\-߃

sekn-Øn≥ [m\y-߃ lrZ-bm-Lm-X-Øn¬ \n∂v
(Lecithin) kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
sset°m-∏n≥ X°mfn t{]mtÉv Iym≥k-dns\
(Lycopene) {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p∂p.
kƒt^m-dm-ss^≥ t{_mt°mfn tImi-ß-fn-se-Øp∂
(Sulforaphane) Iym≥k¿P\y- h-kvXp-°sf
\in-∏n-°p-∂p.
^vtfh-t\m-bnUvkv Hmd-©v, Iym≥k-dn\p Imc-W-am-hp∂
(Flavonoids) s_dn-kv, Nne tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS
\mcß {]h¿Ø-\sØ kzm[o-\n-
°p∂p.
C≥tUmƒkv Imt_-Pv, tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-i‡n
(Indoles) Izmfn^vfh¿ h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p, Iym≥k¿
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂p.

77
 Reference book

ss^t‰m-sI-an-°epIƒ e`yX {]tbm-P-\-߃

sP\n-Ãn≥ tkmbm-_o≥, Syqa-dp-Iƒ°v c‡w
(Genistein) Imt_Pv \¬Ip∂ [a-\n-I-fpsS
hf¿® XS-bp-∂p.
Ip¿°p-an≥ a™ƒ Iym≥k-dns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-
(Curcumin) °p-∂p, tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[
i‡n h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p,
sImf-kvt{Smƒ \nb-{¥n-
°p-∂p.
kt]mWn≥kv tkmbm-_o≥kv, Iym≥k¿ tIm-i-ß-fpsS
(Saponins) _o≥kv hn`-P-\sØ XS-bp-∂p.
^oss\¬ -sF-tkm-Ø Imt_Pv ]pI-h-en-bpsS A]-I-S-ß-
tbmkb-t\‰v fn¬ \n∂pw izmk-tIm-i-
(Phenyl isothiocyanate) ßsf kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
Aen-enIv kƒss^Uv D≈n Iym≥k-dns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-
(Allelic sulphide) °p-∂p.
Iym]vk-bm-kn≥ Iym]vkn°w Iym≥k-dns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-
(Capsaicin) °p-∂p.

`£-W-Ønse hnj-kq-N-I-߃
`£-W-Øn-eqsS ]e hnj-h-kvXp-°fpw D≈n¬ IS-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v. B[p-
\nI PohnX kml-Nc - y-߃ CXn\p IqSp-X¬ Ah-kcw Hcp-°p-∂p. AØcw
hnj-hk - vXp-°f
- n¬ \n∂v Blm-csØ ap‡-am-°n-bmte Zl-\h - y-hÿ
- b
- psS
kpÿnXn \ne\n¿Øm-\m-hq. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ tImi-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂
HmIvko-I-cW {]{In-b-bpsS ^e-ambn [mcmfw {^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ D≠m-hp-
∂p. {^odm-Un-°¬ Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS am{X-a√ ico-c-Øn-\msI tZmj-I-c-
am-Wv. {^odm-Un-°-ep-Isf \n¿ho-cy-am-°p∂ ]Zm¿Y-ß-fmWv B‚n-Hm-Ivkn-
U‚p-Iƒ. {^odm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ D≠m-°m-\n-S-bp≈ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ Hgn-hm-
°p∂Xpw, `£-W-Øn¬ [mcmfw B‚n-Hm-Ivkn-U‚p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw
Zl\hyh-ÿbv°pw ico-c-Øn\pw Hcp t]mse {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.

78
 Zl\Øns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

Aan-Xm-lmcw
ico-c-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Du¿P-Øns‚ Cc´n DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\pX-Ip∂ `£-
W-amWv an°-h-cp-sSbpw ico-c-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. BtcmKyw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw
tcmK-ßsf AI-‰n-\n¿Øm\pw G‰hpw Bh-iy-am-bn-´p-≈Xv \√ `£-Whpw
\√ `£W coXn-I-fp-am-Wv. `£Ww ]e-co-Xn-bn-emWv BtcmKyw \ne-
\n¿Øp-∂Xpw tcmK-߃°v Imc-W-am-hp-∂-Xpw. Aan-Xm-lmcw Zln-∏n-°p-
hm≥ Zl-t\-{μn-b-߃°v IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Øn-t°≠n hcp-∂p.
Ir{Xna Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y߃
Ir{Xna Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-ß-sf-bmWv an°-hcpw C∂v `£-W-Øn\mbn B{i-
bn-°p-∂X- v. Ah kpe-`h
- pamWv. [m\y-s∏m-Sn-Ifpw \qUn¬kp-t]m-ep-≈h
- bpw
Sn∂p-I-fntem ]mbv°-‰p-I-fntem e`n-°p-∂p. Ahbv°v \ndhpw aWhpw
cpNnbpw \¬Im≥ cmk-]-Zm¿Y-߃ tN¿Øv `wKn-bp≈ ]mbv°-‰p-I-fn-emWv
am¿°-‰n¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xv. ]qcnX sImgp∏v, {Sm≥kv-^m‰v AS-ßnb Blm-
c-߃, \mcp-Iƒ C√mØ Blm-c-߃ F∂nh ae_‘Øn\p Imc-W-am-
hmw.

`£y-hk
- vXp-°f
- n¬ tN¿°p∂ cmk-]Z
- m¿Y-߃
hn`mKw t]cv A]-I-S-߃
$ {]nk¿th-‰ohp- $ Sm\nIv Bkn-Uv (Tannic $ Icƒ Iym≥k-dn\p
Iƒ acid), _yq´n- t e- ‰ Uv Imc-W-am-hp-∂p, hr°-
sslt{UmIv k n sSmfp- tcm-K-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p.
hn≥ (Butylated
hydroxytoluene), ss\t{S‰v

$ A k v ] m ¿ t ´ - k v $ Ae¿Pn D≠m- ° p- ∂ p,
$ Ir{Xna a[pcw (Aspartase) , k°m- d n≥ Iym≥k- d n\pw Imc- W -
\¬Ip-∂h (Saccharine), ssk¢-ta‰v am-hp∂p.
(Cyclamate)

$ Sm¿{Sm-kn≥ (Tartrazine), $ Ae¿Pn D≠m- ° p- ∂ p.

$ \ndw \¬Ip-∂h k¨sk‰v sbt√m, Iym≥k-dn\p Imc-W-am-
kmt{^m¨ (Saffron) hp∂p.

79
 Reference book

hn`mKw t]cv A]-I-S-߃

$ cpNn-°p-th≠n $ tamtWm tkmUnbw $ Ip´n- I - f psS Xe- t ®m-
\¬Ip∂ APn- •q´m-ta‰v (Monosodium dns‚ hf¿®sb {]Xn-
t\m-tamt´m glutamate) Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p.
apXn¿∂- h - c n¬ Zl- \ -
t°- S v, hb- ‰ n- f °w
F∂nh D≠m-°p∂p

$ B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p- $ sS{Sm-ssk-¢n≥ $ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ i‡n

Iƒ (Tetracycline) Ipd-bp-∂p. B‚n-_-tbm-
t]mep-≈h ´n- ° p- I sf AXn- P o- h n-
°m≥ tcmKmWp- ° ƒ
tijn t\Sp-∂p. Aan-X-
h-Æw XpS-ßn-b-h.

$ tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ $ Cukv{SP≥, t{KmØv $ Ic- f n\pw hr°bv ° pw

tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ, tISv]mSv D≠m-Imw.
Im¿t_m-^yp-dm≥
(Carbofuran)

lrt{Zm-K-Øns‚ hgn
C¥y°m-cn¬ lrt{Zm-KØ - n-\p≈ km[yX IqSp-Xe - m-Wv. ]e Imc-Wß
- fmepw
lrt{Zm-K-\n-c°pw AXp-aq-e-ap≈ ac-W-\n-c°pw IqSp-∂p. c‡-Ønse ent∏m-
t{]m-´o\ns‚ Afhv IqSp-∂Xpw sImgp∏p IqSnb Blm-chpw, Aan-Xh - Æhpw,
{]ta-lhpw, h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ \K-c-h-XvI-c-Whpw, ico-c-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb
hymbmaØns‚ Ipdhpw lrt{Zm-Kn-I-fpsS FÆw IqSm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip∂p.
aZy-]m\hpw, ]pI-h-enbpw, c‡m-Xn-k-Ω¿Zhpw lrZ-b-Øns‚ Bbp v Ipd-
bv°p-∂p.
sImf-kvt{Smƒ F∂ ssPh-cm-k-]-Zm¿Yw {]tXy-I-Xcw sImgp-∏m-Wv. P¥p-
P\y `£-W-Øn-emWv sImf-kvt{Smƒ [mcm-f-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kky-`-£-W-
Øn¬, {]tXy-In®v ]®-°-dn-I-fnepw ]g-h¿K-ß-fnepw sImf-kvt{Smƒ H´pw
Xs∂-bn-√. sImf-kvt{Smƒ ico-c-Øn\v Bh-iy-Øn\v Du¿Pw \¬Ip-∂p.
tImi-hn-`P\Øn\pw ]pXnb tImi-h-f¿®bv°pw sImf-kvt{Smƒ klm-bn-
°p-∂p. sImgp∏v ico-tcm-jvamhns\ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. lrZ-bw, izmk-tIm-i-
߃, Xe-t®mdv F∂n-hsb s]mXn™p kq£n-°m\pw sImgp∏v klm-bn-
°p-∂p. Ãntdm-bnUv tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\pw sImgp∏v klm-
bn-°p-∂p.

80
 Zl\Øns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

]mc-ºcyLS-I-߃, Aan-X-sIm-gp∏v AS-ßnb Blm-cw, Aan-X-h-Æw, {]ta-

lw, ssXtdm-bnUv {]iv\-߃, hymbm-a-an-√m-bva Ch-sbms° ico-cØn¬
sImf-kvt{Sm-fns‚ Afhv Iq´p-∂p.
Ce-°-dn-Iƒ°pw, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ°pw, ]g-h¿K-߃°pw {]mapJyw \¬Ip∂
`£-Wa - v. \mcp-Iƒ c‡-Ønse F¬.-Un.-F¬. (Low Density
- mWv Ign-t°-≠X
Lipid) Ipd-bv°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, ]g-߃ F∂nh IqSmsX
Xhn-Sp-I-f-bmØ [m\y-߃, ]b¿, ]cn-∏v, IS-e, tkmbm-_o≥, Hm´vkv,
_o≥kv, ]b¿, ]g-߃, D≈n, s\√n-°, Dep-h, shfp-Øp≈n, ]®-ap-f-Iv,
a™ƒ, a¬ky-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ HtaK 3 ^m‰n Aæ-߃ XpS-
ßnbhbpw sImf-kvt{Smƒ Ipd-bv°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

{]talw
temIØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {]ta-l-tcm-Kn-I-fp≈ cmPy-amWv C¥y. {][m-\-
ambpw c≠p-Xcw {]ta-l-amWv \ΩpsS \m´n-¬ I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. ssS∏v 1
{]ta-lhpw ssS∏v 2 {]ta-lhpw. 5 apX¬ 15 hb- p-h-sc-bp≈ Ip´n-I-fn¬
I≠p-h-cp∂ {]ta-l-amWv ssS∏v 1 {]ta-lw. ]m≥{In-bm-knse _o‰m-tIm-i-
߃°v \miw kw`-hn-°p-∂-XmWv tcmK-Im-c-Ww.
Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn C≥kp-en≥ th≠ Af-
hn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂tXm, C≥kp-ens‚ {]h¿Ø-\-£-aX Ipd-
bp-∂tXm, IqSp-X¬ •qt°mkv ico-c-Øn¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂tXm BWv
ssS∏v 2 {]ta-l-Øns‚ Im-c-W-w. {]mb-ap-≈-h-cn-epw, Aan-X-h-Æ-ap-≈-hcnepw
{]ta-l-km-[yX IqSp-X-em-Wv. a[pcw IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿, aZy-]m-
\n-Iƒ, Db¿∂ sImf-kvt{Smƒ D≈-h¿, ico-c-Øn\v H´pw hymbmaw e`n-
°m-Ø-h¿ F∂n-h¿°pw {]talw D≠m-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v.
Iym≥k¿: tIc-f-Øn¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw 35,000 tØmfw t]¿°mWv ]pXn-
b-Xmbn Iym≥k¿ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. Blmcw Iym≥k-dn\p Imc-W-am-hp-∂Xv
]e-co-Xn-bn-em-Wv. cmk-h-f-ßfpw IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw `£-W-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬
Ie-cp-∂Xpw, \nd-Øn\pw cpNn°pw tISp-h-cm-Xn-cn-°p-hm\pw cmk-]-Zm¿Y-
߃ tN¿°p- ∂ - X pw, `£W ]Zm¿Y- ß ƒ kwkv I - c n- s ®- S p- ° p- ∂ Xpw,
B‚n-Hm-Ivkn-U‚p-Iƒ C√m-Ø-Xp-sa√mw Iym≥k-dn\p Imc-W-am-hp∂p.
sImgp∏v IqSnb Blmc ]Zm¿Y-߃ kvX\m¿_pZ km[yX h¿[n-∏n-°p-
∂p. amwkm-lmcw IqSp-X¬ Ign-°p-Ibpw ]®-°-dnbpw ]g-h¿K-ßfpw hfsc
Ipd-®p-am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ lrt{ZmK-߃, IpS-ense
Iym≥k¿, A∂-\m-f-Ønse Iym≥k¿, kvX\m¿_p-Zw, Zl-\-{]iv\-߃,

81
 Reference book

ae-_-‘w, ^m‰n-en-h¿, ]nØm-i-b-°-√p-Iƒ, A¿i-kv, A∏≥Un-ssk-‰nkv

t]mep≈ tcmK߃ IqSp-X¬ D≠m-hp-∂-Xmbn ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. F¥mWv CXn\v ImcWw? amwkm-lmcw Zln-°m≥ IqSp-
X¬ ka-bs - a-Sp-°p-∂p. ImcWw amwkm-lm-cØ
- n¬ \mcp-Iƒ Ipdhpw sImgp∏v
IqSp-Xepw BWv.

ico-c-L-S\m hyXym-k-߃ ˛ a\p-jy-cnepw a‰v amwk-`p-°p-I-fnepw

amwk-`p°v a\p-jy¿

amwkw ISn-®p-Io-dm≥ ]mI-Øn-ep≈ kky- ß ƒ Nh- ® - c - ° m≥ ]mI- Ø n-

Iq¿Ø ap≥\nc ]√p-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. ep≈ ]c∂ AW-∏-√p-I-fmWv a\p-
jy¿°p-≈-Xv.

XmSn-sb-√p-I-fpsS LS\ a\p-jy-t‚Xp a\p-jys‚ XmSn-sb-√p-I-fpsS LS\

t]mse-b√. a‰p- k - k y- ` p- ° p- I - f p- t S- X p- t ]m- s e-
bmWv.

A∂Pw Zln-∏n-°m≥ th≠ LS-I-߃ A∂Pw Zln-∏n-°m≥ th≠ LS-I-

Dan-\o-cn¬ C√. ß-tfmSp IqSnb Dan-\ocmWv.

Zl-\-c-k-߃ IqSmsX amwksØ Zln- a\p-jy-cnepw a‰p kky-`p-°p-I-fnepw

∏n- ° m≥ th≠n i‡n- t b- d nb Cu Aæw hfsc Xo{hX Ipd-™-
sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Bkn-Um-Wp-≈-Xv. XmWv.

sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ \of-Øn-emWv G‰hpw a\p- j ys‚ sNdp- I p- S - e n\v ico- c -

{]I-S-amb hyXym-kw. sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚
\ofw ico-c-Øns‚ \of-Øns‚ aq∂n-
c´n am{X-am-Wv. amwksØ s]s´∂v Zln-
∏n-°p-hm\pw AXn-\p-tijw D≠m-hp∂
hnj hkv X p- ° - f mb amen- \ y- ß sf
s]s´∂p ]pd-Øp-I-f-bm\pw th≠n-bm-
WnXv.
Øns‚ 12 Cc´n \of-ap-≠v. a‰p kky-
`p-°p-Iƒ°pw sNdpIpS-en\v \ofw
IqSpXem-Wv. \mcp-Iƒ A[n-I-ap≈
kky-`-£Ww kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Zln-
∏n-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv Cu h¿[-\-hv.
a\p-jy¿ artKm¬∏-∂-߃ Ign-°p-
tºmƒ Ah-bpsS hnj-ab amen-\y-
߃ h≥Ip-S-en¬ IqSp-X¬ kabw
Xßn \n¬°p-I-bpw, Ah Iym≥k¿
km[yX h¿[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

hr°-Iƒ a\p-jy-t‚-Xn-t\-°mƒ \mep Xmc-X-tay\ sNdnb hr°-I-fm-Wp-

aSßv hep-Xm-Wv. ≈Xv.

82
 Zl\Øns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

hymbm-a-an-√m-bva-sIm-≠p≈ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃
hymbmaw sIm≠p≈ {]tbm-P-\-߃ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. ico-c-Ønse F√m
Ah-bh - ß
- ƒ°pw {KŸn-Iƒ°pw tImi-߃°pw icn-bmb {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n\v
t]mj-I-߃ IqSmsX hymbm-ahpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. hymbmaw sNøp-tºmƒ
t]-in-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ c‡w FØn-°p-
hm≥ th≠n lrZbw IqSp-X¬ thK-Øn¬ ]ºp-sN-øp-∂p. AXn-\p-th≠n
lrZ-b-t]-in-Iƒ \∂mbn kt¶m-Nn-°p--∂p. hymbm-a-an-√mbva Zp¿ta-Z- n-t\m-
S-p- _-‘s∏´ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃°v Imc-W-am-hp-∂p. hymbm-a-Øns‚ A`m-
h-Øn¬ ico-c-Øn¬ C≥kp-ens‚ {]h¿Ø\w Imcy-£-a-ambn \S-°p-I-
bn√. kvs{Skv, hnjm-Z-tcm-K-߃, DXvI-WvT, Dt∑-j-an-√m-bva, Dd-°-an-√mbva
Ch-sbms° hymbm-a-an√mØh-cn-emWv IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
hymbmaw sNøp-tºmƒ Xe-t®m-dn-te-°p≈ c‡-{]-hmlw sa®-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-
sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ t]mj-I-ßfpw HmIvkn-P\pw e`n-°p-∂p. hymbmaw F√p-
I-fnse Im¬ky-Øns‚ Afhv h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p. hymbmaw C√m-Ø-h-cn¬
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-i‡n Ipd-bp-∂p.

Pe-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw
ico-cØ
- n¬ 90% tØmfw Pew AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F√m D]m]-Nb {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fpsSbpw am[y-ahpw Pew Xs∂. AXn-\m¬ Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v
sh≈w AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
Pew tcmKm-Wp-hn-ap-‡-am-sW∂v Dd-∏m-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-I. Xnf-∏n-®m-‰nb Pew As√-¶n¬ hm´¿ ]yqcn^b¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v ip≤o-
I-cn® Pew am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. Sm∏n¬ IqSn e`y-am-hp∂ Pew ip≤o-I-
cn® tijta D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hq. Bh-iy-Øn\v t¢mdn-t\-j≥ \S-Øn-bn-cn-°-
Ww. sh≈w FSp-°p∂ ÿehpw kq£n-°p∂ ÿehpw hrØn-bp≈Xmh-
Ww. InW-dp-Iƒ°p Np‰p-a-Xn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p am{X-a√ ªo®nMv
]uU¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v sh≈w ip≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. sh≈w kq£n-
°p∂ ]m{X-ßfpw sh≈w IpSn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ •mkp-Ifpw ip≤-P-e-
Øn¬ Igp-Inb tijw am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. ]m{Xw Igp-Ip-∂-Xn\pw,
]mN-I-Øn\pw, ssIIƒ Igp-Im\pw, ]√p-tX-bv°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Pew
ip≤-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. t¢mdn≥ sIm≠p≈ ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS am{Xw ]e
tcmKm-Wp-°-sfbpw \in-∏n-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂Xv {]tXyIw {i≤n-°p-I.

kqcy-{]-Imiw Btcm-Ky-Øn\v
{]`mX kqcys‚ Inc-W-߃ BgvN-bn¬ aq∂p Znh-k-sa-¶nepw ]Øp-an-\n-

83
 Reference book

´p-hoXw ico-c-Øn-te¬°p-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv. ico-c-Øn¬ hn‰m-an≥ D IqSp-X-

embn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ CXp klm-b-I-am-Wv. \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn-\m-h-iy-
amb hn‰m-an≥ D bpsS 85 iX-am-\hpw kqcy-{]-Im-i-w Xz°n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂-Xn¬ \n∂p thWw e`n-°p-hm≥. hn‰m-an≥ D sb ""k¨sse‰v hn‰m-an≥''
F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
hn‰m-an≥ D bpsS {]m[m\yw
$ Im¬ky-Øns‚ BKn-c-WsØ hn‰m-an≥ D klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ kvX\-߃, h≥Ip-S¬, izmk-tImiw F∂n-h-bnse Iym≥k¿ XS-
bm≥ hn‰m-an≥ D °v Ign-hp-≠v.
$ F√p-Iƒ _e-ap-≈-h-bm-Im\pw Btcm-Ky-ap≈ ]√p-Iƒ°pw hn‰m-an≥
D AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS A`m-h-Øm¬ F√p-Iƒ s]s´∂v HSn-
bmw. Ip´n-I-fn¬ dn°‰vkpw apXn¿∂-h-cn¬ HmÃntbmate-jy F∂
tcmKhpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.
$ {]mbØns‚ e£-W-߃ XS-bm\pw Un.F≥.F. (DNA) bnse A‰-
Ip-‰-∏-Wn-Iƒ°pw hn‰m-an≥ D klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ hn‰m-an≥ D \ΩpsS tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ i‡n h¿[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-
bn-°p-∂p.
kqcy-{]-Imiw Xosc G¬-°m-sXbp≈ C∂sØ Pohn-X-Ncy \ΩpsS Ip´n-
I-fnepw apXn¿∂-h-cnepw D≠m-Ip∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.
dn°-‰vkv (Rickets), HmÃntbmate-jy (Osteomalacia), atbm-∏-Xn (Myopathy),
lrt{Zm-K-߃, AWp-_m-[-Iƒ, Hmt´m CΩyq¨ Un-kokv, {]ta-lw, Nne
Iym≥k-dp-Iƒ F∂o tcmK-߃°pw CXv Imc-W-am-hmw.

Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øns‚ {]mY-anI LS-I-߃

ip≤-Pew, ip≤hmbp, {]Ir-Xn-Z-Øhpw Btcm-Ky-Zm-b-I-hp-amb `£-W-km-
[-\-ßfpw `£-W-co-Xn-bpw, Znh-tk-\-bp≈ hymbm-aw, tbmK, [ym\w
F∂nhbpw imco-cnI ipNn-Xz-hpw, hrØn-bp≈ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-
°\pkr-X-amb- Pohn-Xw, am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw ImØpkq£n-°¬, IrXy-
\njvTtbmSp-Iq-Snb icn-bmb Zn\-Nc
- y XpS-ßn-bh BtcmKykwc-£W
- Ø
- n\v
hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv.
Dd-°-Øn\pw Blm-c-Øn\pw Hcp Nn´-bp-≠m-h-Ww. F√m Znh-khpw IrXy-
k-a-bØp Xs∂ Dd-ßp-∂Xpw IrXy-k-a-bØp Xs∂ Fgp-t∂¬°p-∂Xpw
Dd-°-Øns‚ Xmfw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

84
 Zl\Øns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

Xmf-Øn-s\mØ BlmcZn\-Ncy

cm{Xn Blm-c-w
Ign®v 2 aWn-°q-
dn-\p-tijw
Dd-ßpI.
sshIn-´sØ {]`m-XØ
- n¬
Blmcw kqcym-kvXa- t\ctØ
\-Øn\v c≠p-a-Wn-°q- Fgp-t∂¬°Ww
dn-\Iw, anX-ambn
6 PM 6 AM
{]`m-X-Ir-Xy-߃,
{]`m-X-`-£Ww
]g-߃,
(t]mj-I-Kp-W-ap-≈-h)
kmeUv

D®-`£
- Ww

Xmfw sX‰p∂ BlmcZn\-Ncy

cm{Xn sshIn
`£Ww Aan-X- cm{Xn hfsc
ambn Ign-°p-∂p, sshIn Dd-ßm≥
H∏w a[pc InS-° p∂p.
hkvXp-°fpw.

kv\mIvkv, t_°dn
]e-lm-c-߃

6 PM 6 AM
Xma-kn®v Fgp-t∂¬°p-∂p,
£oWw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p,
Im∏ntbm Nmbtbm
Ign-°p∂p, {]`m-X-˛
`-£Ww
D®-`£
- Ww Ign-°p-∂n√.
eLp-`-£-Ww, s]s´∂v Ign-
Im∏n, Nmb °p-∂p, ]e-
t∏mgpw P¶v
^pUp-Iƒ.

85
 Reference book

^pUv Ae¿Pn
IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw slhn-sa-‰epIfpw (Jc-tem-l-߃) a‰pw tN¿∂ Blm-
c-߃ Nne-cn¬ ^pUv Ae¿Pn D≠m-°m\p≈ km[yX h¿[n-∏n-°p∂p.
XpΩ¬, tZlw sNmdn™p XSn-°p-I, Xe-th-Z-\, O¿Zn XpS-ßn H´-\-h[n
e£-W-ß-tfmsS ^pUv Ae¿Pn {]Xr-£-s∏-Sp∂p. Ae¿Pn-bp≈ `£-W-
Ønse t]mj-I-߃ ico-c-Øn¬ BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-SmsX hcp∂Xpw
t]mj-I-ß-fpsS Ipd-hp-≠m-°p-∂p.

kvIqƒ sl¬Øv k¿ho-kp-Iƒ

Ip´n-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\pw, BtcmKy ]cn-]m-e-\Øn\pw {]Xn-
tcm[ IpØn-h-bv∏p-I-fpsS Bh-iy-IXsb Ipdn®v t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
\pw, Ah \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-amWv kvIqƒ sl¬Øv k¿ho-kp-Iƒ. Akp-J-ß-
sf-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p-hm\pw AXn-s\- ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm\pw
Ip´n°v Ign-bWw F∂-XmWv kvIqƒ sl¬Øv k¿ho-kp-I-fpsS D-t±-iyw.

kvIqƒ sl¬Øv k¿ho-kp-I-fpsS e£y߃

$ t]mkn-‰ohmb Btcm-Ky-a-t\m-`mhw hf¿ØpI.
$ {]Xn-tcm-[hXvI-cWw (TB, Tetanus, Polio, Diphtheria, Whooping cough,
Measles, Rubella F∂n-hbv°v FXn-sc-bp≈ hmIvkn-t\-j≥)
$ tcmK-߃ t\c-sØ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ]cn-tim-[-\, NnIn-’.
$ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ, Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb kvIqƒ ]cn-kcw
F∂nh D≠m-°p-I.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS BtcmKyw hne-bn-cp-ØpIbpw th≠ Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-
Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
$ t]mj-I-ßsf Ipdn®pw {]Y-a-ip-{iq-jsb Ipdn®pw, ASn-b-¥nc
NnIn’sb Ipdn-®p-ap≈ Adnhv \¬Ip-I.
$ am\-knI BtcmKyw, Z¥ipNnXzw, t\{Xm-tcmKyw F∂nh Dd-∏m-
°pI.
$ AwK-]-cn-an-X-cmb Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ hnZym-`ymkw.
$ IrXy-amb kvIqƒ BtcmKy dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-I.

86
 Zl\Øns‚ BtcmKyhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

$ ]I¿®hym[n \nb-{¥W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-epw a‰v BtcmKy ]cn-]m-Sn-

I-fnepw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-hp-I.
$ ImgvN-°p-d-hv, tIƒhn-°p-d-hv, ]T\ sshI-ey-߃, hnf¿®, ]√p-I-
fn¬ t]mSv apX-em-b 30 \n¿±njvS tcmK-߃°v kv{Io\nwKv (RBSK -
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram ]≤Xn hgn) NnIn-’, apX-em-b-h.

caybv°v Adnhpw Bizm-khpw!

XmXv]-cy-tØmsS Fs‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw cay-tI-´p. Ah-fpsS apJØp \n∂v
kw{`aw Hgn™p amdn. Ahƒ ]d™p ""F¥mWp sNøcpXm-Ø-sX∂pw
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv sNtø-≠-sX∂pw a\- n-em-bn. C\n F√mw AΩ-tbmSp
]d-b-Ww. AΩ-bpsS klmbw IqsS-bp-s≠-¶nte Imcy-ß-sf√mw `wKn-
bmbn \S°q. am{X-a√ kvIqfn¬ sl¬Xv¢∫pw kPo-h-am-°-Ww. _nμp
So®¿ Hcp Znhkw hc-Ww.'' cay-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ Bth-ihpw kt¥m-
jhpw \nd™p. Rm\m--{Kln-®Xpw AXm-bn-cp-∂p.

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7 ]cm-{Iaw Ic-fn-t\m-S√ th≠Xv

hr°bpw Icfpw I≠p ap´n-b-t∏mƒ

hr° : Fs¥ms°bm hnti-j-߃?

Icƒ : H∂pw ]d-tb≠. a\p-jy-i-co-c-Ønse G‰hpw henb {KŸn-
bmb Rm≥ sNøp∂ tPmen-Iƒ Adn-bm-at√m? Zl-t\-{μnb
hyh-ÿbn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ c‡sØ amen-\y-ap-‡-am-°p-∂Xv
Rm\mWv. IqSmsX ico-cØ - n-se-Øp∂ cmk-hk- vXp-°sf \n¿ho-
cy-am-°p-∂Xpw, acp-∂p-I-fpsS hnL-S\w \S-Øp-∂Xpw Rm\m-
Wv. c‡w I´-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb t{]m´o-\p-Ifpw Rm≥
\n¿an-°p-∂p, C{X-b-[nIw [¿a-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ Fs∂ a\p-
jy≥ ]e-t∏mgpw I≠n-s√∂v \Sn-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ Pohn-X-ssi-
en-Ifpw Blm-c-{I-ahpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw Fs∂ \in-∏n®p
sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. aen-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn F∂n-se-Øn-
t®-cp∂ ITn-\-tem-l-ß-fmb ImUvan-bw, sa¿°p-dn, seUv
F∂nh Fß-s\-sbms° Fs∂ _m[n-°p-sa-∂-dn-bptam?

sa¿°pdnbpw Icfpw
Ic-fn¬ sa¿°pdn FØp-∂Xv Nne Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Pe-Øn-
eq-sSbpw BWv.

88
 ]cm-{Iaw Ic-fn-t\m-S√ th≠Xvv

HFCS AS-ßnb Blmc Icƒ ˛ khn-tij-XI

hkvXp-°ƒ, kwkvI-cn®
`£W ]Zm¿Y- ß ƒ
(Processed food) F∂nh
Hgn-hm-°p-I. ITn\ teml-
߃ ico-c-Øn-se-Øm≥
Imc-W-amb `£Ww Hgn-
hm- ° p- I . hnizm- k y- X -
bp≈ t{kmX- k n¬
\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ Pew
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. InW-dn¬
ITn-\-tem-l-ß-fpsS
km∂n[yw C√ F∂v
]cn- t im- [ n®v Dd- ∏ p- h - c p-
Øp-I. Ce-Ivt{Sm-tπ-‰nßv,
Nne s]bn‚p-Iƒ, Nne-
Xcw _m‰-dn-Iƒ, knK-c‰v,
πmÃnIv F∂n- h - b n¬
ITn-\-tem-l-ß-fpsS
km∂n[yw D≈-Xn-\m¬
CØcw hkvXp-°ƒ D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤
]pe¿ØpIbpw thWw.
- ƒ
ico-c-Ønse G‰hpw henb {KŸn. ]p\-cp¬∏-
Øn°v Ign-hp≈ tImi-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂ Ah-
b-ha - m-Wn-Xv. Ic-fnse tImi-߃ sl]m-t‰m-ssk-
‰p-Iƒ (Hepatocytes) F∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂p. Ic-fn¬
c≠p Xcw {KŸn-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. H∂m-a-
tØXv {khW-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ {khW
{KŸn (Secretory gland). Ch ]nØ-ckw D¬∏m-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]nØm-ibamWv (Gall bladder) ]nØ-
ckw AYh ss_¬ (Bile) kw`-cn°p-∂Xv. c≠m-
a-tØXv t\cn´v c‡-Øn-te°v Nne cmk-h-kvXp-
°sf {khn-∏n-°p∂ A¥{kmhn-{K-ŸnbmWv.
Ic-fn\v {][m-\-ambpw c≠v Zf-ß-fp-≠v. he-Xp-h-
i- Ø p≈ henb Zf- h pw, CSXp hi- Ø p≈
sNdnb Zf-hpw.
ico-c-Øns‚ kpÿnXn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ th≠n
{]h¿Øn- ° p∂ Icƒ Hcp henb ^mIv S dn
t]mse-bmWv.
an°-hmdpw F√m kkvX-\n-I-fnepw ]nØm-ibw
Ds≠-¶nepw Fen, IpXnc F∂n-hbv°v ]nØm-
ibw C√. Icƒ kw_-‘-amb tcmK-߃ NnIn-
’n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Icƒam‰n hbv°¬ ikv{X-
{Inb \S-Øm-dp-≠v. 1963˛¬ Dr. Thomas E Starzl
BWv BZy-ambn Icƒ am‰n-hb - °
v ¬ ikv{X-{Inb
\S-Ønb-Xv.

HFCS ˛ kq£n-®m¬ ZpxJnt°≠

hn]-Wn-bn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ ioX-f-]m-\o-b-ßfnepw Nne Blm-c-h-kvXp-
°-fn-tebpw Hcp {][m-\-L-S-I-am-Wv ssl {^-IvtSmkv tIm¨ knd∏v
(High fructose corn syrup/HFCS). "Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ a[pcw' F∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp∂ HFCS hf-sc-b-[nIw a[p-c-ap-≈Xpw sa¿°pdnb-S-ßn-b-Xp-am-
Wv. t_°-dn-bn¬ \n∂pw e`y-am-Ip∂ Blm-c-km-[-\-ß-fn¬ an°-
Xn\pw BI¿j-I-amb -\ndw (Golden brown colour) \¬Ip-∂Xpw ]pXp-
a-bp-≈-Xm°n am‰p-∂Xpw HFCS BWv.

89
 Reference book

ico-c-Øn-se-Øp∂ {^IvtSmkv BKn-cWw sNøp-∂Xpw D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw Icƒ BWv. HFCS AS-ßnb Blm-c-Øn-ep≈
{^IvtSm-kn-eqsS Ic-fn¬ FØp∂ sa¿°pdn Ic-fn¬ \mcp t]mep≈
Ie-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw (ss^t{_m-knkv) Icƒ tImi-ß-fn¬
]mSp-Iƒ (scarring) D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Ic-fnse Ie-I-
fn¬ ]mSp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn c‡-°p-g-ep-I-fn¬ (Vascular
network) XS w D≠m-Ip-Ibpw {]h¿Ø\w \ne-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. Ic-fn¬ I´n IqSnb \mcp Ie-Iƒ, (Fibrous tissue) D≠m-Ip-∂-
XmWv ss^t{_m-knkv. CXv kntdm-kn-kn-te°pw (Cirrhosis) ac-W-
Øn-te°pw \bn-°p-∂p.

seUv (Cubw)
ico-c-Øn¬ seUv G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn _m[n-°p-∂Xv hr°, Icƒ XpS-
ßnb Ah-b-h-ß-sf-bm-Wv.

seUv ˛ hcp∂ hgn-Iƒ

$ seUv sIm≠v \n¿an-X-amb \√ \mtf-°mbn seUv hnj-cl - nX
ss]∏v, seUv D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip™p-߃ (Lead free KIDS for a
tkmƒU¿ sNbv X ]m{X- healthy future)
߃, s]bn‚p-Iƒ F∂n-h- WHO bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 2016 HIvtSm-
bn-eqsS hnX-cWw sNøp∂ _¿ 23 apX¬ 29 hsc International lead
Pew. poisoning prevention week of action Bbn
BN-cn-®p. 2013˛se IW°v {]Imcw 8,53,000
$ seUns‚ km∂n[yw IqSnb ac-W-Øn\v ImcWw seUv aqe-ap≈ hnj-
aÆn¬ hf- c p∂ ]®- ° - d n- _m-[-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ip´n-Isf AXoh Kpcp-
Iƒ. X-ca
- mbn _m[n-°p∂ seUv hnj-_m-[bv°v
$ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Afhpw ImcWw seUv AS-ßnb s]bn‚p-I-fpsS
hymh-km-bnI amen-\y-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-am-Wv.
IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xmb aÆv seUv hnj-_m[ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ A]-I-S-
߃ Xncn-®d- n™v seUv AS-ßnb hkvXp-
$ seUv aqew aen-\-am-°-s∏´
°-fpsS D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h[n Ipd®v hcpw
Pew, seUv AS-ßnb Ifn-
Xe-ap-dsb Cu ITn\ teml-Øns‚ ]nSn-
∏m-´-߃, ]mNIw sNøm≥
bn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-∏n-°Ww F∂ e£y-
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]m{X-߃, tØmsSbmWv WHO CØcw Hcp I¿a
seUv AS- ß nb s]bn‚p- ]≤-Xn°v cq]w \¬In-b-Xv.
Iƒ.

90
 ]cm-{Iaw Ic-fn-t\m-S√ th≠Xvv

kntdm-knkv (Cirrhosis) ]e-hn[w

Ic-fns\ _m[n-°p∂ amc-I-amb tcmKamWv kntdm-kn- v. aZy-]m-\-am-Wv
CXns‚ apJy-Im-cW- w. F∂m¬ aZy-]m-\n-If
- √
- mØhcnepw Cu tcmKw I≠p
hcp-∂p. {]tXy-In®pw B˛a-™-]n-Ø-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-W-X-^-e-am-bn.
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL)
F√m {]mb-Øn-ep-≈-h-scbpw Cu tcmKw _m[n-°m-dp-≠v. F¶nepw 40 \pw
50 \pan-S-bv°p≈ lrZvtcmKn-Iƒ, Aan-X-hÆw (Obesity) D≈-h¿, {]talw
(Type 2) D≈-h¿ F∂n-h¿°v tcmKkm[yX IqSp-X-em-Wv. s]mXpsh tcmK-
e-£-W-߃ {]I-S-am-Im-dn-√. Nne e£-W-߃ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.
Icƒho-°w, £oWw, DZ-cm-i-b-Øns‚ heXv hiØv thZ-\, ASn-h-b-‰n¬
ho°w, Xz°ns‚ ASn-`m-K-Øp≈ c‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ hoßp-I, ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬
s\©v hoßp-I, πol hoßp-I, ssI∏-Øn-bn¬ Nph-∏v, Xz°n\pw IÆn\pw
a™-\ndw (Jaundice) XpS-ßn-bh.

{][m\ Imc-W-߃
s]mÆ-Ø-Snbpw, C≥kp-en≥ {]Xn-tcm[hpw (Insulin resistance) cIv-X-Ønse
]©-km-c-bpsS Afhv IqSp-∂Xpw (Hyperglycemia), c‡-Øn-se Aan-X-amb
sImgp∏pw ({][m-\-ambpw ss{S•n-k-ssd-Up-Iƒ) Ic-fn¬ sImgp∏v ASn-™p-
Iq-Sp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Cßs\ ASn™v IqSp∂ sImgp∏v Ic-fnse
tImi-ßsf hnj-ab-am°p-Ibpw (Toxic) Icƒ hoßp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. X¬^-
e-ambn Ic-fn¬ \mcv t]mep≈ Ie-Iƒ (Fibrosis) D≠m-Ip-∂p.

seUpw hr°bpw
seUv hr°-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØbpw XI-cm-dn-em-°p-∂p. {][m-\-ambpw
t{]mIvkn-a¬ Sp_yq-fns‚ (Proximal tubule) {]h¿Ø\sØbmWv _m[n-
°p-∂Xv.

ImUvan-bhpw hr°bpw
hr°-bn¬ ImUvan-b-Øns‚ km∂n[yw t{]mIvkn-a¬ do\¬ Sp_yq-fn¬
\n∂pw Bkn-Up-Iƒ \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ XS w D≠m-°p-∂p. CXv c‡-
Øn¬ t^mkvt^-‰ns‚ Afhv IqSm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip∂p (Hypophosphatemia)
CXv Aÿn-If - psS _e-£b - Ø
- n\v Imc-Wa
- m-Ip-∂p. am{X-hp-a√ Aÿn k‘n-
I-fn¬ bqdnIv BknUv ASn-™p-IqSn Hcp Xcw B¿ss{X-‰n-kn\v Imc-W-am-
Ip-∂p. hr°bn¬ ImUvanbw FØp-∂Xv aq{X-Øn¬ (hr°-bn¬) I√v D≠m-
Ip-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

91
 Reference book

hr°
Ccp≠ Nph∏v \nd-tØmSp IqSn ]b¿ hnØns‚ BIr-Xn-bp≈ Ah-
b-hw. hr°-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ bqWn-‰mWv s\t{^m-Wp-Iƒ. Ch {][m-
\-ambpw c≠v Xc-Øn-ep-≠v. tIm¿´n-°¬ s\t{^m-Wp-Ifpw (Cortical
nephrons) PKvÃs - pw (Juxtamedullary nephrons).
- a-Up-√dn s\t{^m-Wp-If
G‰hpw IqSp-Xe- mbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv tIm¿´n-°¬ s\t{^m-Wp-If - mWv.
Pee`yX km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ πmkvab - psS Afhv \nb-
{¥n-°p-∂Xv Ch-bm-Wv. Pe-e-`yX Ipd-bp-tºmƒ πmkva-bpsS Afhv
\nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv PKvÃ-sa-Up-√dn s\t{^m-Wp-IfmWv.

sh≈w IpSn-°m≥ aSn-°-cptX!

aq{X-]-YsØ _m[n-°p∂ AWp-_m-[-bmWv aq{X-]Y AWp-_m[ (Urinary
Tract Infection - UTI). hr°, aq{Xm-ibw, aq{X-\mfn F∂o `mK-ß-sf-bmWv
tcmKw _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. `qcn-`mKw Bfp-I-fnepw CXn\p Imc-Ww. C.tImfn
(Escherichia coli) _mIvSo-cn-b-, s{]m´n-b-Uv, s¢_vkn-sb√m (Klebsiella) apX-
em-b-h-bm-Wv.
aq{X-\m-fn-bn-eqsS {]th-in-°p∂ tcmKmWp aq{Xm-i-b-Øn¬ FØp-∂p. aq{X-
]Y AWp-_m[ hr°-Itfbpw A\p-_‘ `mK-ß-sfbpw _m[n-°p∂p.
hr°- I sf _m[n- ° p∂ AWp- _ m- [ - b mWv "ss]tem- s \- s s{^- ‰ nkv '
(Pyelonephritis). aq{X-\m-fnsb _m[n-°p∂ AWp-_m-[-bmWv bqdn-ss{X-‰nkv
(Urethritis). aq{Xm-i-bsØ _m[n-°p-∂-XmWv knssÃ-‰nkv (Cystitis).

tcmK-e-£-W-߃

ss]tem-s\-ss{^-‰nkv knkvss‰‰n-kv, bqdn-ss{X-‰nkv

ITn-\-amb ]\n IqsS-°qsS aq{Xw Hgn-°m≥ tXm∂pI
hnd-b¬ Zp¿K-‘-ap≈ aq{Xw
a\w ]pc-´¬ ASn-h-b-‰n¬ thZ\
O¿±n, \Sp-th-Z\ aq{Xw Hgn-°p-tºmƒ thZ\/\o‰¬

tcmK-_m[ ˛ Imc-W-߃
$ Bh-iy-Øn\v sh≈w IpSn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.
$ aq{Xw Hgn-°msX ]nSn®v hbv°p-I.

92
 ]cm-{Iaw Ic-fn-t\m-S√ th≠Xvv

$ aq{X-]-Y-Øn¬ XS w krjvSn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ aq{X-Ønse I√v.

$ hrØn-bn-√mØ tSmbve-‰ns‚ D]-tbmKw.

XSbmw ˛ aq{X-]Y AWp-_m[

$ Bh-iy-Øn\v sh≈w IpSn-°p-I.
$ tSmbve‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v apºpw D]-tbm-Kn-®-ti-jhpw sh≈w Hgn-
°p-I.
icocØnse amen\y \n¿am¿P-\-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶v hln-°p∂ c≠v
Ah-b-h-ß-fmWv Icfpw hr°-bpw. Blm-c-co-Xn-bnepw Pohn-X-ssi-en-bnepw
D≠mb hyXym-k-߃ Cu Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS kpÿn-Xn-sb-Xs∂ Xmdp-am-
dm-°p-∂p. CXv a‰p≈ Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw _m[n-°p-∂p.
imco-cn-Im-tcmKyw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ic-fn-s‚bpw hr°-bp-sSbpw
BtcmKyw ]c-a{- ]-[m-\a
- m-W.v Ic-fn-s‚bpw hr°-bp-sSbpw kpK-aa
- mb {]h¿Ø-
\-Øn-\mbn \√ Blm-c-co-Xnbpw hymbm-ahpw ipNn-Xzhpw ioe-am-°mw.

93
 Reference book

8 {]P-\\m-tcmKyØns‚ Iuam-c]mT-߃
""Rm\pw Cu {]mbw Ign™p Xs∂bmWv h∂Xv. Fs‚ tN®nbpw A\p-
P\pw Ft∂mSv kvt\l-tØmsSb√msX kwkm-cn-®n-´n-√. Fs‚ aI-sft¥
Cßs\? Fs‚ a°-fpsS coXnbpambn Cubn-sS-bmbn F\n°v s]mcp-Ø-
s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-t∂-bn-√. F¥p ]d-™mepw A\p-kc - n-°n-√. F¥n\pw X¿°p-
Ø-cw. HºXmw ¢mknepw Ggmw ¢mkn-ep-am-sW∂ Nn¥-tb-bn-√. Ip´n-°m-
eØv D≠m-bn-cp∂ {i≤ Ct∏mƒ ]T-\-Im-cy-Øn-en-√. cm[m-aWn a°-sf-
°p-dn-®p≈ thh-emXn Ab¬°m-cn-tbmSv ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂Xv tI´p-sIm-≠mWv
a°ƒ kvIqfn¬ \n∂v h∂-Xv.'' AΩ Xs∂-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂Xv tI´-t∏mƒ
aIƒ°v h√mØ tZjyhpw k¶-Shpap≠m-bn. BZyw AΩ-tbmSv tZjyw
tXm∂n-sb-¶nepw ""Iuam-c-Ime-L-´Ønse {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-lm-chpw'' F∂
hnj-b-Øn¬ B Znhkw kvIq-fn¬ \S∂ tUmIvSdns‚ ¢mkns\°pdn®pw
¢mkn-\p-tijw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬Inb eLp-te-Js - b-°p-dn®pw s]s´-t∂m¿Øp.
Ahƒ AΩ°v B eLp-teJ hmbn-°m≥ sImSpØp-s°m≠v ]d-™p.
""hmbn°v hmbn®p ]Tn-°v, shdpsX kocn-b¬ I≠v kabw If-b-≠.''
F∂n´v Aa¿Øn-®-hn-´n-s°m≠v Ahƒ ho´n-\p-≈n-te°v t]mbn.
cm[m-aWn aIsf H∂n-cp-Øn-t\m°n eLp-teJ Xpd∂v hmbn-°m≥ XpS-
ßn. Iuam-c-°m-cnse imco-cnI am\-knI {]iv\-ßfpw Ahbv-°p≈ ]cn-
lm-c-hp-amWv eLp-te-Jbn-se∂v cm[m-a-Wn°v a\- n-em-bn.

{]P-\\
- m-tcm-Kyhpw ipNn-Xz-io-eß
- fpw ˛ Iuam-c°
- m-cn¬
\Ω-tfm-tcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw PohnXw XpS-ßp-∂Xv \ΩpsS A—s‚ _oPhpw
AΩ-bpsS Afihpw XΩn¬ AΩ-bpsS ^tem-]n-b≥ \mfn-bn¬ h®v
kwtbm-Pn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv. Hcp inip-hns‚ P\\w amXm-hns‚ K¿`m-i-b-Øn¬
\n∂pw ]pdw temI-tØ-°p≈ Hcp am‰n \So¬ am{X-am-Wv. Ip´n AΩ-bpsS
K¿`m-i-b-Øn¬ Ign-bp∂ ka-bsØ {]kh]q¿Δ-L-´-sa∂v ]d-bmw. Cu
L´-Øn¬ AΩ Ign-°p∂ Blm-cw, am\-kn-I\ - ne F∂nh Ip´n-bpsS hf¿®-
bn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øpw.

94
 {]P-\\m-tcmKyØns‚ Iuam-c]mT-߃

Hcp hy‡n-bpsS P\-\-ti-j-ap≈ ImesØ _meyw, Iuamcw, buΔ\w,

hm¿[Iyw F∂n-ßs\ \mev L´-ß-fmbn Xncn-°mhp∂-Xm-Wv.

Iuamcw
Ht´sd khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≈ Ime-amWv Iuam-cw. _mey-Øn\pw buΔ-\-
Øn-\p-an-S-bn-ep≈ L´-amWv Iuam-cw. hnI-kzc cmPy-amb C¥y-bn-¬ P\-
kw-Jy-bpsS GXm≠v 20% Iuamc {]mb-°m-cm-Wv. Ch-cpsS ico-c-Øn¬
{]P-\-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS hnIm-kw, am‰-߃, {]h¿Ø-\-߃, ]pXnb e£-
W-߃ F∂n-hbpw {]P-\\hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hcm-hp∂ tcmK-߃, {]P-\-\-
tcm-Km-hÿ (Reproductive morbidity), {]P-\\ kwc-£Ww (Reproductive
care) XpS-ßnb taJ-eI-sf-°p-dn®v t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xnt\m icn-bmb
coXn-bn¬ Iuam-cm-tcm-Ky-kw-c-£Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xn-t\m ]≠v th≠{X ]cn-
K-W\ \mw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√.
GsXmcp hy‡n-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Ønse G‰hpw t{ijvThpw Du¿P-kz-e-
hp-amb Ime-L-´-amWv Iuam-cw. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hnZym-e-bw, amXm-]n-
Xm-°ƒ, kaqlw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ \nb-{¥-W-߃ t`Zn®v XnI®pw
]q¿W-kz-X-{¥-cmbn Pohn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. am{X-a√ Cu L´-Øn¬
th≠{X kvt\lhpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-®ns√¶n¬ Ip´n-
Iƒ Bfl-hn-izmkw C√m-Ø-h-cm-Ip-I-bpw, am\-knI hf¿® XS- -s∏´v kaq-
l-hp-ambn HØp-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-cmbn amdp-Ibpw sNøpw. Iuam-c-°m-
cpsS A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ a\- n-em°n Ahsc icn-bmb ]Ÿm-hn-te°v \bn-°p-
∂-Xn¬ c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw A[ym-]-I¿°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw Ah-chcp-
tS-Xmb ]¶p-≠v.
amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS kvt\lw th≠{X e`n-°mØ Ip´n-I-fn¬ \n -lm-b-
X, \ncm-im-t_m-[w, ZpxJw, A]-I¿j-Xm-t_m-[w, sshIm-cnI kΩ¿Zw
F∂nh D≠m-Ip-Ibpw Bfl-ss[cyw Ipd™hcmbnØocp-Ibpw sNøp-w.
CØcw Ip´n-Iƒ amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-Sp≈ shdp∏pw hntZz-jhpw a\- n¬
kq£n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Ah-kcw In´p-tºmƒ Ip‰-hm-k-\bpw A{I-ahpw
ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
AXp-sIm≠v Iuam-c-°m¿°v icn-bmb kzmX-{¥yhpw am¿K-\n¿tZ-ihpw
\¬In kzbw Xocpam-\s
- a-Sp-°m\pw hf-cm-\p-ap≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-t°≠-
Xp≠v. Iuam-c-°m¿°v imkv{Xo-b-ambn ssewKnI Imcy-߃ hne-bn-cp-
Øm\pw a\- n-em-°m\pw Ign-bØ- ° coXn-bn¬ {]P-\\- h
- n-Zym-`ymkw \¬tI-
≠-Xm-Wv.

95
 Reference book

Iuam-c-Im-esØ aq∂v L´-ß-fmbn Xncn-°mw.

1. ]q¿h-L´w (Iuam-cm-cw-`w Early adolescence) 9 ˛ 13 hb-kp-hsc ˛ Cu
Ime-b-f-hn¬ Ip´n-I-fn¬ imco-cnI am‰w XpS-ßp-∂p.
2. a[y-L´w (Middle adolescence) 13 ˛ 16 hb- p-hsc ˛ ssewKn-Im-h-b-
h-߃ {]h¿Ø\k÷-am-Ip-∂p.
3. DØ-cL´w (Ah-km-\-L´w Late adolescence) 16˛19 hbkv hsc ˛
Cu L´-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ X߃°p-≠mb imco-cnI am‰-hp-ambn am\-
kn-I-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bpw, ]Iz-X-bm¿∂ kz`m-h-Øn-\p-S-a-I-fm-
Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Iuam-c-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ B¨Ip-´n-I-fnepw s]¨Ip-´n-I-fnepw D≠m-Ip∂
am‰ßsfbpw \ap°v aq∂mbn ImWmw.
1. _mly-ambn ico-c-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂-h.
2. B¥-cnI am‰-߃.
3. sshIm-cnI am‰-߃.
CØcw am‰-߃°v tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ apJy-Im-c-W-am-Wv.
B¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬ hrjWw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ tlm¿tam-WmWv B≥s{Um-
P\pIƒ. F√m-h-cnepw Cu tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ D≠v. CXns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-
emWv enwK-hy-Xymkw (kv{Xo, ]pcp-j≥, aq∂mw sP≥U¿) \n¿W-bn-°p-
∂Xv. hf¿®m L´-ß-fn¬ B¨Ip-´n-I-fnepw s]¨Ip-´n-I-fnepw {]I-S-amb
Nne hyXym-k-߃ I≠p XpS-ßp-∂p.

B¨Ip-´n-Iƒ
$ _otPm¬∏m-Z\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂p.
$ s]m°hpw Xq°hpw IqSp-∂p.
$ i_vZ- am‰w (Pitch Ipd-bp-∂p).
$ apJw, I£w, P\-t\-{μn-b-w XpS-ßnb `mK-ß-fn¬ tcma-h-f¿®.
$ kvt\l-{K-Ÿn-IfptSbpw hnb¿∏v {- K-Ÿn-IfptSbpw AanX {]h¿Ø\w.
$ P\-t\-{μn-b-ßfpsS hf¿®bpw {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-Xbpw
$ s\©nt‚bpw tXmƒ`mKØns‚bpw hnImkw
$ t]iohn-Im-khpw ZrV-Xbpw
$ kz]v\-kvJ-e\w
$ apJ-°p-cp, Imc, XpS-ßn-bh aqew D≠m-Ip∂ kuμ-cy-{]-iv\-߃

96
 {]P-\\m-tcmKyØns‚ Iuam-c]mT-߃

s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ
s]¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬ {][m-\-ambpw Cukv{SP≥, s{]mP-Ãn-tdm¨
XpS-ßnb tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fmWv Iuam-c-Im-e-L-´-Øns‚ am‰-
߃°v {][m\ Imc-Ww.
s]¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬ {]I-S-am-hp∂ am‰-߃
$ kvX\ hf¿®.
$ s]m°Ønepw Xq°-Ønepw kw`-hn-°p∂ h¿≤-\hv
$ I£w, P\-t\-{μnbw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse tcma-h-f¿®.
$ B¿Øhmcw`w
$ Ac-s°´ns‚ hnImkw
$ {]P-\\m-h-b-h-ßfpsS hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw
$ apJ-°p-cp, Imc XpS-ßn-bh aqew D≠m-Ip∂ kuμ-cy-{]-iv\-߃
$ hnb¿∏v {KŸn-I-fptSbpw, tkzZ{K‘n-IfptSbpw AanX {]h¿Ø\w.

Iuam-c{]mb-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°p-≠m-tI≠ s]m°hpw Xq°hpw

B¨Ip-´n-Iƒ s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ
hbkv
Xq°w Kg Dbcw cm Xq°w Kg Dbcw cm

10 32.4 138.5 33.5 138.5

11 35.3 143.4 36.5 144.1
12 38.5 148.9 42.6 150.3
13 42.9 154.9 44.6 153.0
14 48.3 161.7 46.7 155.1
15 52.2 165.3 48.2 155.3
16 55.4 168.4 49.8 155.4
17 59.0 168.9 49.9 155.4
18 62.0 169.4 50.0 157.2
Ref: Indian journal of paediatric supplementation on adolescent care and counselling
part I and Part II.

97
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Iuam-c-Im-e-L-´-Ønse am\-knIam‰-߃
$ kzbw kvt\ln-°p∂p (Self love).
$ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ at\m-\ne (Mood swings).
$ kvt\lhpw kulrZhpw (Love and friendship).
$ kvt\lhpw BI¿jWhpw (Love and attraction).
$ Iq´p-Im-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v hne Iev]n-°p-∂p.
Ip´n-I-fpsS hf¿®m-L-´-Øn¬, {]tXy-In®v Iuamc Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂
hf¿®m {]{In-bsb imkv{Xo-b-ambn a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ ]mShw D≈ AΩ-
am¿°v CØcw am‰-ßsf emL-h-tØmsS ImWm\pw Ip´n°v Bh-iy-amb
am\-knI ss[cyw ]I-cm\pw Ign-bpw.

Iuam-c-Øn¬
Hcp s]¨Ip™v AΩ-bpsS K¿`m-i-b-Øn¬ Bbncn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ {]P-
\-\m-h-b-h-ß-fmb Afim-i-bw, Afiw, Afi-hm-ln°p-g-ep-Iƒ, K¿`m-
i-bw, tbm\n-\mfw F∂n-hbpw ico-c-Øn\v ]pdtØ°v tbm\o-\m-f-Øn¬
\n∂p≈ kpjncw, _mly-]p-S-߃, B¥-c-]p-S-߃ F∂n-hbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-
∂p. F∂m¬ Cu Ah-b-h-߃ ]q¿Whf¿® {]m]n-°p-∂Xv Iuam-c-Z-i-bn-
em-Wv.

B¿Øhw
kvX\-h-f¿®-bpw, tcma-h-f¿®bpw Bcw-`n-®p-I-gn™v H∂v c≠v h¿j-Øn-
\p-≈n¬ Ip´n°v BZy B¿Øhw D≠mImw. s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ ssiih _mey-
Z-i-Iƒ ]n∂n´v Iuam-c-Øn-te°v IS-°p-tºmƒ, sslt∏m-X-em-a-kv, ]n‰yq-
´dn F∂o {KŸn-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\ ^e-ambn Afim-i-b-Øn¬ Afiw
D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw F∂m¬ _oP-kw-tbmKw \S-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ K¿`m-
i-b-`n-Øn-bpsS G‰hpw D≈n-ep≈ ]mfn-bmb F≥tUm-sa-{Sn-b-Ønse c‡-
°p-g-ep-Iƒ s]m´p-I-bpw, XXv^-e-ambn D≠m-Ip∂ c‡w, a‰v tImi-߃,
ayq°-kv, D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-SmØ Afiw F∂nh tbm\o-\m-f-Øn-eqsS
]pdwX≈-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cu {]{In-bbmWv B¿Øhw.

B¿Ø-h-ip-NnXzw
1. Znh-khpw c≠v t\cw Ipfn-°p-I, ip≤-P-ew, tkm∏v Ch D]-tbm-Kn®v
P\-t\-{μn-b-`mKw Igp-Ip-I.

98
 {]P-\\m-tcmKyØns‚ Iuam-c]mT-߃

2. hrØn-bp≈ hkv{X-߃ [cn-°p-I.

3. ASn-h-kv{Xw Znh-k-hpw, ]mUv Bdv aWn-°q-dn¬ Hcp {]mhiyw hoXw
am‰p-I.
4. ]mUn\p ]Icw XpWn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿ Ahsb tkm∏p-]-tbm-
Kn®v IgpIn shbn-e-Øn-´p-W°n kq£n-°p-I.
5. F{X hrØn-bm-°n-bmepw Htc XpWn Cu Bh-iy-Øn\v aq∂v amk-
Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mSn-√.
6. km\n-´-dn-]m-Up-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-tijw t]∏-dn¬ s]mXn™v kpc-£n-
X-ambn kwkvI-cn-°p-Itbm, πmÃnIv Bh-cWw am‰nb tijw aÆn¬
Ipgn®nSpItbm sNøp-I.
7. Kply-`m-K-Øp≈ tcma-߃ \o°n (CXn\v I{Xn-I-bmWv tdk¿/{Iow
F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ DNn-Xw) Cu¿∏-c-ln-X-ambn kq£n-t°≠-Xm-Wv.
Aan-X-c-‡-{kmhw, B¿Øh kw_-‘-amb a‰v Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ F∂nh
ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-°n-
bm¬ hnZKv[ tUmIvS-dpsS klmbw tXtS-≠-Xm-Wv.

Atfim¬k¿P\w kv{XoIfn¬
IuamcImeL´-Øn¬ tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\ ^e-ambn Afim-
i-b-Øn-ep≈ Afiw ]mI-am-Ip-Ibpw AXv AXns‚ Bh-cWw t`Zn®v
]pdØv hcp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu {]{In-bsb Atfim¬k¿P\w F∂v ]d-
bp-∂p. B¿Øhw Ign™v GI-tZiw ]Xn-\mev Znh-k-Øn-\Iw kv{XoIfn¬
Atfim¬ ¿P\w \S-°p-∂p.
{]P-\-\m-h-b-h-ß-fpsS hf¿®, tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\w, imco-cn-
Im-tcm-Kyw, ]mc-ºcyw F∂o LS-I-߃ BZy B¿Øhw hcp-∂-Xn¬
{][m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ 10 hb-kn\pw ˛ 16 hb-kn-
\pan-S-bn¬ BZy B¿Øhw D≠m-Ipw. 16 hbkv Ign™pw B¿Øhw
D≠m-bn-s√-¶n¬, Hcp tUmIvS-dpsS tkh\w tXtS-≠-Xm-Wv.

{]o˛-sa≥kv{S¬ kn≥t{Umw (Pre menstrual syndrome)

tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w aqew B¿Ø-h-Øn\p apt∂m-Sn-bm-bp-≠m-
Ip∂ Akz-ÿ-X-I-fm-Wv {]osa≥kv{S¬ kn≥t{Umw.
$ Im¬ Igbv°pI.
$ ASn-h-b-dn\v thZ-\, ]nSpØw.
$ N¿±n.

99
 Reference book

$ kvX\-߃°v thZ-\, ho°w.

$ AanX £oWw.
$ \Sp-th-Z\
$ Xe-th-Z\
$ s]s´∂p≈ tZjyw
$ hnjmZw

{Iaw sX‰nb amk-apd

Atfim¬∏m-Z\w \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv Xe-t®m-dnse sslt∏m-X-em-akpw
]n‰yq´dn {KŸn-bpw IqSn-bm-Wv. Cu c≠v {KŸn-I-fp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-߃
GtIm-]n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v B¿Ø-h-N{Iw {Iao-I-cn-°m≥ Nne-t∏mƒ Ime-Xm-a-
k-sa-Sp-°pw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ B¿Øhmcw-`Ø - nepw B¿ØhN{I-Ønepw
Iuam-c-°m-cn¬ hyXym-k-߃ D≠m-Ipw.
AXp-t]mse B¿Ø-h-k-a-b-Øp≈ c‡-km-{h-Øns‚ Afhpw hyXy-kvX-
am-bn-cn-°pw. 21 apX¬ 35 Znh-k-Øn-\n-S-bn-ep≈ B¿Øhw t\m¿a¬ Bbn-
I-W-°m-°mw. Fs¥-¶nepw Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-Iƒ D≠m-bm¬ kw{`-a-s∏-tS-
≠-Im-cy-an-√. tUmIvS-dpsS D]-tZiw kzoI-cn®v \n m-c-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.

{i≤n-t°≠ hyXn-bm-\-߃
1. 7 Znh-k-Ønepw \o≠ c‡-{kmhw.
2. B¿Øhw 20 Znh-k-Ønepw ASp-∏n-t®m 45 Znh-k-Øntem AI∂v hcnI.
3. Bcw-`n®v c≠v h¿j-am-bn´pw IrXyX C√mbva.
4. 16 hb v XnI-™n´pw B¿Øhw Bcw-`n-°p-∂n√

AanX c‡-{km-hw
B¿Øh c‡-{km-hsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv Cukv{S-P≥, s{]mP-kvt{Sm¨
F∂o tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fm-Wv. Nne s]¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬ Cukv{S-Ps‚ km∂n[yw
aqew amk-apd D≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-¶nepw Atfim¬∏m-Z\w \S-°p-∂n√. CXv
AanX c‡- { km- h - Ø n- t e°v \bn- ° p- ∂ p. ImcWw km[m- c - W - b mbn
Atfim¬’¿P-\-Øn-\p-tijw Afiw Hgn-sI-bp≈ a‰v tImi-߃ a™
\nd-ap≈ tIm¿∏kv eq´n-b-ambn amdp-Ibpw s{]mP-kvt{Sm¨ tlm¿tam¨
DZv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu tlm¿tamWmWv c‡-{km-hsØ \nb-{¥n-
°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Atfim¬∏m-Z\w \S-°mØ kv{XoI-fn¬ t{]mP-

100
 {]P-\\m-tcmKyØns‚ Iuam-c]mT-߃

kvt{Sm¨ D¬∏m-Z\w \S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw c‡-{kmhw \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ign-

bmsX hcp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Unkvsat\m-dnb
K¿`m-ib `nØn-bpsS kt¶m-N-hn-Imkw aqew B¿Øhka-bØv Nne
s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°v ITn-\-amb hb-dp-th-Z\ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. CØcw ITn-\-
amb hb-dp-th-Z-\sb Unkvsat\m-dnb F∂v ]d-bp-∂p.

sh≈-t]m°v
s]¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬ Iuam-c-Øns‚ XpS°w apX¬ tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS
{]h¿Ø\ ^e-ambn P\-t\-{μn-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂p- km[m-c-W-bmbn D≠m-
Ip∂ shfpØ {kh-amWv sh≈-t]m-°v. CXn\v \nd-tam, aWtam C√.
F∂m¬ Cu {kh-Øn\v \nd-hy-Xym-ktam (Cfw a™ \ndw), Zp¿K-‘tam
A\p- ` - h - s ∏- S pIbpw P\- t \- { μnb `mKØv sNmdn- ® n¬ D≠m- I p- I bpw
sNbvXm¬ Hcp tUmIvS-dpsS D]-tZiw tXS-Ww.

B¿Ø-h-hn-cmaw
tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn kv{XoI-fn¬ 40˛50 hb- m-Ip-tºm-
tg°pw B¿Øhw \ne- b v ° p- ∂ Ah- ÿ - b mWv B¿Øh hncm- a w
(Menopause).

A\o-anb (lotam-t•m-_n≥ 12mg/100ml ¬ Ipd-hp≈ Ah-ÿ)

s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°v Iuam-c{- ]m-bØ - n¬ 13 ˛ 15 mg/100ml lotam-t•m-_n≥ Bh-
iy-am-Wv. Aan-X-c-‡-{km-h-ap-≈-h¿, kao-Ir-Xm-lmcw Ign-°m-Ø-h¿ F∂n-
h-cn¬ lotam-t•m-_ns‚ Afhv Ipd-bp-∂p. CXv Nne-Xcw A\o-an-bbv°v
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Iuam-c-°m¿ Ccp-ºpw t^mfnIv Bkn-Upw IqSp-
X¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ce-°-dn-Iƒ, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, ]g-߃, a’yw, amwkw,
Icƒ, s\√n-°, i¿°c F∂nh Blm-c-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-
Ww. Iuam-c-°m-cn¬ A\o-anb hcm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ G‰hpw ^e-{]-Z-amb
Hcp am¿Kw BgvN-tXmdpw 1 Znhkw Hcp IFA (Iron Folic Acid) KpfnI Ign-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wv (WIFS - Weekly Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation) F∂ t]cn¬
C¥y apgp-h≥ 6 ˛ 12˛mw ¢mkv hsc CXp kuP-\y-ambn \¬In hcp-∂p.
IqSmsX hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xzw, hymbm-aw, kao-Ir-Xm-lmcw Ch Iuam-c-°m-cpsS
Btcm-Ky-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

101
 Reference book

A\o-anb D≠m-hm-\p≈ Nne Imc-W-߃

s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ B¨Ip-´n-Iƒ
$ sIm°-∏p-gp- _m[. $ sIm°-∏p-gp- _m[.
$ Blm- c - Ø n¬ \n∂pw $ Blm-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw t]mj-Ih-kvXp-
t]mj-Ih-kvXp°ƒ, °ƒ, Ccpºv Ch- b psS tami- a mb
Ccpºv Ch-bpsS tami-amb BKn-cWw.
BKn-cWw. $ Blm- c - Ø n¬ Ccp- º ns‚ Awiw
$ B¿Øh ka- b Øv Ipdhv.
Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ c‡- $ t]in-I-fpsS hnIm-k-Øn\v Db¿∂
\jvSw. tXmXn¬ Ccpºv D]-tbm-Kn-°s
- ∏-Sp∂p.
$ Blm-c-Øn¬ Ccp-ºns‚
Awiw Ipdhv.

Iuam-c°m¿ XpS-tc≠ BlmccoXn

hfsc Ipd®v sImgp-∏v, FÆ,
Ign-t°≠h D∏v, a[pcw

Ipd®v Cd-®n, a’yw, ap´,

Ign-t°≠h ]mep-¬∏-∂ß
- ƒ

IqSp-X¬ ]gh¿K-߃,
Ign-t°≠h ]®°-dn-Iƒ

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ [m\y-߃,

Ign-t°-≠h ]b¿ h¿K-߃

t]mfn-kn-ÃnIv Hmhdn (Polycystic Ovarian Disease - PCOD)

Afim-i-b-Øn¬ ]e Afi-߃ Hcp-an®p hf-cp-Ibpw F∂m¬ H∂pw
]q¿W-h-f¿® {]m]n-°m-sX Pew \nd™ Ipan-f-I-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. Nne-cn¬ Cu sNdnb Ipan-f-Iƒ H∂p-tN¿∂v henb Ipan-f-bmbn
Afim-i-bsØ aqSp-∂p. Cßs\ [mcmfw sh≈w \nd™ Ipan-f-Iƒ
Afim-i-b-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂- Ah-ÿ-bmWv t]mfn-kn-ÃnIv Hmhdn.

102
 {]P-\\m-tcmKyØns‚ Iuam-c]mT-߃

e£-W-߃
$ {Iaw sX‰nb B¿Øhw.
$ AanX c‡-{kmhw.
$ B¿Øhw hcm-Xn-cn-°pI.
$ AanX hÆw.
$ apJw, s\©ns‚ a[y-`m-Kw, s]m°n-fn\v Xmsg XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-
fn¬ ]pcp-j≥amsct]mse tcma-h-f¿®.
$ Igp- Ø n\v ]nd- I n- e pw, kv X \- ß - f psS ASn- ` m- K w, I£w F∂n-
hnSßfnepw Idp∏v \ndw.
$ h‘yX

t]mfn-kn-ÃnIv Hmhdn D≈-h¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃

$ Pew [mcmfw IpSn-°pI.
$ ]®-°dn, ]g-h¿K-߃ Ch ioe-am-°pI.
$ eLp- hym-bm-a-߃ sNøpI (Um≥kv Ifn-°p-I, ssk°nƒ khm-cn
sNøpI, \S-°p-I, kvIn∏n-ßv), ho´p-tPm-en-Iƒ sNøpI.
$ ^mÃv^p-Uv, ]n , _¿K¿, sFkv{Iow, tNmt¢-‰v, a[pc ]e-lm-c-߃
AanX sImgp-∏-S-ßn-b- B-lmcw F∂nh ]cn-an-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-
°pI.
]cn-tim-[\ ˛ Aƒ{Sm ku≠v kvIm\nw-Kv, ªUv sSÃv F∂n-h-bn-eqsS
PCOD ÿnco-I-cn-°mw.

B¨Ip-´n-I-fnse P\-t\-{μnbipNnXzw
enwKm-{KØns‚ N¿Ω-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ kva‹m (Smegma) F∂ {khw D≠m-
Ip-∂p. Cu `mKw ipNn-bm-°m≥ enwKm-{K N¿Ωw ]pd-tIm´v am‰n IgpI-Ww.
Cs√-¶n¬ AWp-_m[ D≠m-bn sNmdn-®n¬, Zp¿K-‘w, apX-em-bh D≠m-
Imw.

kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ ssewKn-I-_-‘-Øn-eqsS ]I-cp∂

tcmK-߃ (STD - Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ ssewKnI _‘-Øn-eqsS ]I-cp∂ tcmK-ßfmWv sl∏-
ss‰-‰nkv B, C Fbn-Uvkv, sKmtW-dn-b, kn^n-en-kv (Syphilis), ¢an-Un-bm-kn-
kv (Chlamydiasis), ss{St°m-tam-Wn-bm-knkv (Trichomoniasis) XpS-ßn-b-h.

103
 Reference book

a™-∏n-Øw, FbnUvkv F∂o tcmK-߃ AWp-hn-ap-‡-a-√mØ kqNn, kpc-

£n-X-a-√mØ c‡w kzoI-cn-°¬, Akp-J-_m-[n-X-bmb AΩ-bn¬ \n∂v
Ip™n-te°v F∂n-ß-s\bpw ]I-cmw.

]q∏¬_m[
Ip´n : Cu ASpØ ImeØv F\n°v P\-t\-{μn-b-`m-KØv Ak-ly-
amb sNmdn-®n¬ D≠mbn. F¥mWv tUmIvS¿ ImcWw?
tUmIvS¿ : ]q∏¬ AWp-_m[ aqe-amWv sNmdn-®n¬ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.
tbm\o-`mKw Ft∏mgpw Cu¿∏-ap-≈-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ ChnsS
^wKkv (Candida) hf-cm-\p≈ km[yX D≠v. aq{Xw Hgn-°p-
tºmƒ \o‰¬ A\p- ` - h - s ∏- S p- I , XpS- b psS apIƒ`mKw
sNmdn™v IdpØ \nd-am-Ip-I, sNmdn-®n¬ F∂n-hb - mWv e£-
W-߃.
Ip´n-Iƒ : ]q∏¬ _m[ Fßs\ Hgn-hm°mw?
tUmIvS¿ : ipNn-Xz-io-e-߃ I¿i-\-ambn ]men-°p-I.

Iuam-c-°m-cpsS kuμ-cykwi-b-߃
Iuam-c-°m-cpsS {][m\ kuμ-cy-{]-iv\-amWv apJ-°p-cp. IuamcL´-Øn¬
hnb¿∏v {KŸnIfp-tSbpw kvt\l-{K-Ÿn-I-fp-tSbpw {]h¿Ø\w Xzcn-X-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw CXns‚ ^e-ambn apJ-°pcp {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, hnb¿∏v aqew
ico-c-K‘w D≠m-Ip-I-bpw sNøp-∂p. apJ-°pcp sR°p-Ibpw s]m´n-°m-Xn-
cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI, apJw ip≤-Pew D]-tbm-Kn®v Igp-Ip-I. apJØv tkm∏ns‚
D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°p-I. ico-c-K‘w amdm≥ Znh-khpw c≠v t\cw Ipfn-°p-
I XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ {i≤n-®m¬ Iuam-c-°m-cpsS kuμcy{]iv\-߃°v
Hcp ]cn[n hsc ]cn-lmcw ImWmw. F∂m¬ apJ-°pcp am‰m-\mbn te]-\-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ tkzZ-{K-Ÿn-I-fpsS kpjn-c-߃ AS-™p-t]m-hp-Ibpw
AWp-_m-[bv°v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw. \mtem At©m {]mhiyw apJw
ip≤-P-e-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Igp-In-bm¬ apJ-°p-cp-hns\ XS-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
icn-bmb `£-W-io-e-ßfpw Btcm-Ky-io-e-ßfpw ]men-°p-I-bpw, ]pI-bne,
aZyw XpS-ßnb hnj-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw AIew ]men-°p-Ibpw \√
kulr-Z-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-I-bpw, hnt\m-Z-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw amXm-]n-
Xm-°-tfmSp Xpd∂p kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Iuam-c-Imew B\-μ-I-
c-am-°mw. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ kln-jvWp-X-tbmsS a°-fpsS Iuam-c-{]-iv\-߃
tIƒ°m\pw ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw klm-bn-°-W-sa∂v am{Xw.
icn-bm-Wv. eLp-teJ AS®v h®v cm[m-aWn kzbw ]d-™p.

104
9 amXrXzw k^-e-am-Im≥

kz¥w Xe-apd \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂-XmWv GsXmcp Pohn-bp-sSbpw ]c-a-{]-

[m-\-amb I¿Ø-hyw. a\p-jy\pw a‰v kkvX\-߃°pw {]IrXn CXn-\mbn
\¬Inb am¿K-amWv K¿`-[m-cW- w. amXm-hm-IpI F∂Xv GsXmcp kv{Xo°pw
G‰hpw A`n-am-\-I-chpw Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn\v Hcp {]tXyI e£yw Ds≠∂
Xncn-®-dnhpw ]pXnb {]Xo-£bpw \¬Ip-∂p. Hcp kv{Xo K¿`n-Wn-bm-sW-∂-
dn-bp-∂Xv apX¬ Xs∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Hcp {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ Ahƒ°v
\¬Int∏mcp-∂p-≠v. kaq-lhpw th≠{X AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-∂p-.
K¿`w Hc-kp-J-a-s√-¶n¬ t]mepw K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ°v ]Xn-hmb sshZy]cn-tim-
[\ Bh-iy-am-Wv. ImcWw K¿`n-Wn-bpsS icn-bmb imco-cnI am\-knI
BtcmKyw K¿`ÿ inip-hns‚ Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
A]q¿ham-bn-s´-¶nepw K¿`-Im-eØv Nne kv{XoI-fn¬ hnjm-Zw, `bw F∂o
Ah-ÿI - ƒ I≠phcp-∂p-≠v. an°-t∏mgpw A\m-hi
- y-amb DXvIW
- vTbpw Nn¥-
I-fp-amWv Cu Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-Xv. Nne kv{XoI-fn¬ {]k-h-
tØmsS CXv A{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw. F∂m¬ Nne-cn-se-¶nepw CsXms°
XpScm\p≈ km[y-X-bp-≠v. K¿`m-cw-`-Øn\p apºp Xs∂ K¿`-[m-c-W-sØ-
°p-dn-®p≈ icn-bmb Adnhv F√m kv{XoIƒ°pw D≠m-tI-≠Xv ]e Btcm-
Ky-{]-iv\-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°m≥ klm-bn-°pw.
Btcm-Ky-h-Xn-I-fmb kv{XoIƒ, {Inbm-fl-I-amb ssewKnI PohnXw \bn-
°p-tºmƒ, ct≠m aqt∂m BgvN amk-apd hcp-∂Xv sshIn-bm¬ K¿`-[m-
cWw \St∂m F∂v Dd-∏p-hcp-tØ-≠X - m-Wv. F∂m¬ K¿`-[m-cWw sshIp∂
kv{XoI-fn¬ ImWp∂ hnjmZw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ tlm¿tam¨ {]h¿Ø\w,
a‰v am\-knI kΩ¿Z-߃, bm{X, Xma-k-am‰w, ]n.kn.-H.-Un, ssXtdmbvUv
{]h¿Ø\ sshIeyw XpS-ßnb kml-N-cy-ß-fmepw amk-apd sshImw.
amk-apd \n¬°p-I, IqsS-°qsS aq{X-i-¶-bp-≠m-Ip-I, kvX\-߃ hnI-kn-
°p-I, cmhn-se-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Hm°m\w, N¿±n, Xe-I-d-°w, {]tXyI K‘w
A\p-`-hn-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-°p∂ Akz-ÿ-X F∂n-h-sbms° K¿`-[m-c-W-
tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v D≠m-tb-°mw.
 Reference book

K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ BZysØ ap∏Xv BgvN-I-fn¬ \mem-gvN-bn-sem-cn-°-epw, 30 ˛

36 BgvN-I-fn¬ c≠m-gvN-bn-sem-cn-°-epw, 36 ˛ 40 BgvN-Ifn¬ BgvN-bn¬
Hcn-°epw tUmIvSsd I≠v tUmIvS¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ sSÃp-Iƒ \S-Øp-
Ibpw, acp-∂p-Iƒ apS-ßmsX Ign-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. tUmIvSsd ImWp∂ BZy
Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ X߃°v apºp-≠m-bn-´p≈ BtcmKy{]iv\-߃, c≠v
t]cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ ]mc-º-cy-tcm-K-߃ F∂n-h-sb-
°p-dn®v tUmIvS¿°v icn-bmb hnh-c-߃ \¬In-bm¬ {]k-h-k-a-bØpw
AXn-\p-ti-jhpw AΩbv°pw Ip´n°pw D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp≈ _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ
Hgn-hm-°m-\pw, ]nd-∂p-ho-gp∂ Ip´n-°v P\n-XI sshI-ey-߃, a‰v Ipd-hp-
Iƒ, Nne tcmK-߃ F∂nh C√m-Xm-°m\pw Ign-bpw. ]e Ip´n-I-fnepw
Xq°-°p-d-hv, c‡-°p-d-hv, t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv F∂nh Ct∏mgpw I≠v hcp-
∂p-. {]k-h-Øn-\mbn tUmIvS¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ ka-bØv Xs∂ tlmkv]n-
‰-en¬ FtØ-≠-Xm-Wv. c‡ {Kq∏v \n¿W-bn-°p-tºmƒ A—-s‚bpw AΩ-
bp-sSbpw B¿.-F-®v. LSIw IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-®v D-d∏v hcp-Ø-Ww.

Ip´n-I-fpsS enwK-\n¿Wbw
]e-t∏mgpw s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°v P∑w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v AΩ-am¿ ]gn-tIƒt°-
≠-n hcp-∂p. (tIc-fØ
- n¬, Xr»q¿ Pn√-bn¬ s]¨Ip-´n-If- psS FÆw Ipd™v
hcp-∂-Xmbn dnt∏m¿´p-≠v). imkv{Xo-b-amb Adn-hn-√m-bva-bm-Wn-Xn\p Imc-
Ww. km[m-c-W-bmbn A—-\n¬ \n∂v In´p-∂ 'X' t{Imtamtkmw D≈
_oPhpw AΩ-bn¬ \n∂p In´p∂ 'X' t{Ima-tkm-ap≈ Afihpw IqSn
tNcp-tºmƒ s]¨Ip-´nbpw A—s‚ 'Y' t{Ima-tkm-ap≈ _oPw AΩ-bpsS
'X' t{Ima-tkm-ap≈ Afi-hp-ambn tNcp-tºmƒ B¨Ip-´nbpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.
(Nn{Xo-I-cWw 9.1). Cu IqSn-t®-c¬ shdpw km[y-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
am{X-am-Wv. ChnsS c≠p Imcy-߃ t_m[y-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ B¨Ip-´n-Ifpw s]¨Ip-´n-Ifpw Xpey-{]m-[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p.
$ kv{Xo°v _oP-tIm-i-߃ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xn¬°hn™v enwK-
\n¿W-b-Øn¬ bmsXmcp ]¶p-an-√.

106
 amXrXzw k^-e-am-Im≥

]pcp-j≥ kv{Xo
t{Ima-tkm-ap-Iƒ t{Ima-tkm-ap-Iƒ
44A + X Y 44A + XX
c≠v Xcw _oP߃

22A + X 22A + Y 22A + X

44A + XX 44A + XY
s]¨Ip´n B¨Ip´n
Nn{Xo-I-cWw 9.1

K¿`-Imew
kv{XobpsS K¿`-Imew GXm≠v 270 Znhkw AYhm H≥]Xv amk-am-Wv.
Atfim¬k¿P\w \S∂ XobXn, _oP-kw-tbmKw \S∂ Xob-Xn, ]mc-
º-cyw, K¿`n-Wn-bpsS imco-cn-Im-hÿ F∂n-h-sbm-s°-b-\p-k-cn®v K¿`-Ime
Øn\v t\cnb hyXn-bm-\-ap-≠m-Imw.
Hcp kv{XobpsS K¿`-Im-esØ \ap°v aq∂v amkw hoX-ap≈ aq∂v L´-ß-
fmbn Xncn-°mw. AΩ-bpsS K¿`m-i-b-Øn¬ Ign-bp∂ BZysØ aq∂v amkw
Ip´n-bpsS Ah-bh cq]o-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n\pw ]n∂o-Sp≈ aq∂p-amkw hnIm-kØ
- n\pw
hfsc \n¿Wm-b-I-am-Wv. C°m-c-W-Øm¬Øs∂ AΩ-bpsS Blm-cw, am\-
knImh-ÿ, ioe-߃ F∂n-hbpw {][m-\-am-Wv.
K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ hnZKv[ tUmIvSd
- psS \n¿tZ-i{- ]-Im-ct- am, ta¬t\m-´a
- n-√m-sXtbm
bmsXmcp acp∂pw Ign-°m≥ ]mSn-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v P¿Ω-\n-bn-epw, a‰v
Nne ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fnepw hnI-emwK inip-°-fpsS FÆw IqSn h∂Xv
AΩ-am¿ D]-tbm-Kn® Xmen-tUm-ssaUv (Thalidomide) F∂ acp-∂ns‚
{]h¿Ø-\-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

tam¿WnMv kn°v\kv
K¿`-Im-eØ- ns‚ BZy aq∂v amk-ßf
- n¬ ]√v tX°p-tºmgpw, \m°p hrØnbm-
°p-tºmgpw Nne K‘w izkn-°p-tºmgpw Hm°m-\tam, N¿±ntbm Ch D≠m-
Im-dp-≠v. CXn\v s]mXpsh tam¿WnMv kn°v\kv F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. K¿`-Im-
eØv s]mXpth ]men-°mhp∂ \√ ioe-߃.

107
 Reference book

$ ico-c-Øns‚ s]s´-∂p≈ Ne-\-߃ Hgn-hm-°p-I.

$ cmhnse InS-°-hn´v Fgp-t∂¬°p-tºmƒ kmh-[m\w Fgp-t∂¬°pI.
$ sImgp-∏p≈ `£-Ww, AanX `£W]Zm¿Y-߃ F∂nh Hgn-hm-°pI.
$ ]I¬ ka-bØv Hmd©v \ocv, sNdp-\m-cß \ocv Ch t\¿∏n®v Ign-
°pI.
$ IrXy-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ `£Ww Ign-°p-I. kao-Ir-Xm-lmcw, {]tXy-In®v
Ce-°-dn-Iƒ F∂nh `£-W-Øn¬ Dd∏v hcp-Øp-I.
$ icn-bmb hn{iaw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
$ [mcmfw Pew IpSn-°p-I. P¶v ^pUv, ^mÃv ^pUv Ch Hgn-hm-°p-I.
$ K¿`n-Wn-bpsS am\-kn-Im-hÿ Ip´nsb _m[n-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ K¿`nWn
kt¥m-j-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°m≥ ]¶m-fnbpw, ho´p-Im-cpw, kaq-lhpw {i≤n-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv. \√ ]m´v tIƒ°pI, \√ ]pkvX-I-߃ hmbn-°p-I,
sNdnb bm{X-Iƒ sNøp-I, eLp hymbm-aß - ƒ sNøpI F∂n-hs - bms°
K¿`nWn {i≤n-°-Ww.
$ elcn ]Zm¿Y-߃ Hgn-hm-°p-I, ]pI-h-en-°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂p AI∂p
\n¬°pI.
$ Aan-X-ambn D∏v, Fcn-hv, ]pfn, a[pcw F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.
$ Ign-bp-∂Xpw hoSp-I-fn¬ Xs∂ `£Ww D≠m°n Ign-°p-I.

K¿`-Ime {]talw
K¿`n-Wn-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ {]ta-lw, Nne ssewKnI tcmK-߃ Chbpw hfsc
{i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. {]talw \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-a-s√-¶n¬ inip- a-cn-°m-\n-S-
bp-≠v. tUmIvS-dpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw acp∂v Ign®v {]talw \nb-{¥W
hnt[-b-am-°pI.

ssewKnItcmK-߃
ssewKnI tcmK-ß-fmb sKmtW-dn-b, kn^n-enkv F∂n-h-bpsS tcmKm-Wp-
°fpw, HIV bpw amXm-hn¬ \n∂pw K¿`ÿ inip-hn-te°v hym]n-°m-\n-S-bp-
≠v. CXv K¿`w Ae-kn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn-t\m, inip acn-°p-∂-Xnt\m CS hcp-
Øp-∂p.
F√m K¿`n-Wn-Ifpw ELISA sSÃv \SØn HIV AWp-_m[ Cs√∂p Dd∏p
hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ImcWw HIV AWp-_m[ Ds≠∂v a\- n-em-°n-bm¬

108
 amXrXzw k^-e-am-Im≥

K¿`ÿ inip-hns\ tcmK-_m-[-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-°m-\p≈ {iaw t\ctØ

Xs∂ XpS-ßm≥ Ign-bpw.
Fs¥ms° BtcmKy {]iv\-߃ D≠m-bmepw K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ Hcp Imc-W-h-
imepw kzbw NnIn-’bv°v apXn-c-cp-Xv. CXv AΩbv°pw Ip´n°pw Kpcp-X-c-
amb BtcmKy {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°pw.
inip-]c- n-Nc- Ww
HºXv amk-tØmfw AΩ-bpsS
K¿`m-ibØn¬ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ,
cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ F∂n-h-bn¬
\n∂pw AI∂v XnI®pw kpc-
£n- X - a mb A¥- c o- £ - Ø n¬
\n∂pw ]pd- t Ø°v hcp∂
Ip´n°v icn-bmb ]cn-N-cWw
AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. C∂v AWp
IpSpw-_-߃ BbXp ImcWw
]e kv{XoIƒ°pw inip]cn-N-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v icn-bmb [mcW Cs√∂Xp
hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. {]khw Ign-bp-∂-tXmSp IqSn AΩ-bpsS ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw
πmk‚ hgn-bp≈ HmIvkn-P\pw t]mj-Whpw \ne-bv°p-∂p. Ah≥/Ahƒ
]pd-sØØn Ic-bm≥ XpS-ßp-∂tXmsS A¥-co-£h - mbp izkn®p XpS-ßp∂p.
hmbp \nd™ A¥-co-£h - p-ambn CWßnt®cp-∂X- ns‚ {ia-^e
- a
- mWv inip-
hns‚ BZy Ic-®n¬.
amXm-hns‚ {i≤ ]nSn®p]‰p-∂-Xn-\pw, Akz-ÿX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈
Ip´n-bpsS {][m\ am¿K-amWv Ic-®n¬. izmtkm-—zmk{]iv\-߃, hb-dn-\p-
≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃ F∂nh Icn-®n-en-eqsS Adn-bmw. ]t£ akvXnjvI
kw_-‘-amb XI-cm-dp-Iƒ Adn-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. Ip™n\v P∑\m XI-cm-dp-
I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ NnIn-’bpw ]cn-lm-chpw tXSp-I.
Ip™n\v Bdv amk-tØ°v AΩ-bpsS ]m¬ am{Xw \¬Ip-I. Xs‚ hf¿®-
bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mjWw kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ hmk\ P∑-kn-≤-am-Wv.
Znhkw 6 ˛ 8 XhW ape-bq-´-Ww. AΩbv°v Fs¥-¶nepw Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-
߃ Ds≠¶n¬ am{Xw tUmIvS-dpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw a‰v am¿K-߃ kzoI-
cn-°p-I. P\-\-k-a-bØv aq∂v Intem `mctam AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem D≈Xv
icn-bmb Xq°-am-Wv. Xq°w Ipd-™p-t]m-bm¬ Bi-¶-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√.
SmtKm¿, hn≥Ã≥ N¿®n¬, \yq´≥ F∂n-h¿ P\n-®-t∏mƒ Xq°w Ipd-hp≈

109
 Reference book

Ip´n-If
- m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ icn-bmb ]cn-Nc
- Ww Ds≠-¶n¬ Ip´n-Isf Btcm-
Ky-hm-∑m-cmbn hf¿Øm≥ Ign-bpw. B[p-\nI ImeØv F√m cwKØpw
a’c _p≤n-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]h-¿Øn-t°≠n hcp∂ Ip´n-bpsS imco-cn-I-hpw,
am\-kn-I-hp-amb hf¿®bv°v AΩ-bpsS kwc-£Ww AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-
Wv. icn-bmb Xq°w P\-\-k-a-b-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw icn-bmb ]cn-N-cWw
]n¬°m-eØv e`n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ A\m-tcmKyap≈-hcpw Zp¿_-ecpw Bbn
Xo¿∂-Xn\v \nc-h[n ZrjvSm-¥-߃ D≠v. P∑\mXs∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ ImWp∂
sR´¬, F°n´w, tIm´ph Ch-sbm∂pw `b-s∏-Sm-\n-√.

\h-Pm-X-in-ip-hns‚ ]cn-N-cWw
$ \h-Pm-X-in-ip-°ƒ 24 ˛ 36 aWn-°q¿ hsc aq{X-sam-gn-®n-s√-¶nepw `b-
s∏-Sm\n√. ]t£ P\-\-k-a-btØm 24 aWn-°q-dn-\-Itam aehnk¿P\w
\S-∂n-cn-°-Ww. ape-bq-´¬ ]ptcm-Kan-°p-tºmƒ hnk¿PyØns‚ \ndw
Idp-∏n¬ \n∂pw amdn a™-bm-Ipw.
$ izmtkm-—zmkw {Iam-\p-K-X-sa∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I. inip-hns‚ Ne-\-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v AXns‚ Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ amXm-hn\v Ign-
bWw.
$ t]mj-Im-lmcw \¬IpI (6 amkw ape-∏m¬ am{Xw).
$ Ip´n-Iƒ°m-bp≈ tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
$ ]cpØn hkv{X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw, ae-aq-{X-hn-k¿P-\w, N¿±n Ch
aqew hkv{Xw thKw Agp-°m-Ip-∂p. At∏mƒ s]s´∂v Xs∂ hkv{Xw
amt‰-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ Ipfn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ sNhn, IÆv, Xe, aq°v Ch \∂mbn IgpIpI. sNhn-
bnse hmIvkv If-bm≥ ]cpØn XpWn am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
$ I¨a-jn, kpdpa Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv.
$ a‰v te]-\-߃ Ip´n-bpsS ico-cØv ]pc-´-cp-Xv. Ipfn-∏n-°p∂Xn\v apºv
ip≤-amb shfn-s®Æ D]-tbm-Kn®v akmPv sNøp-I.
$ \J-߃ F√m-bvt∏mgpw hrØn-bm-°n hbv°W
- w. am{X-a√ \Jw hf¿∂v
hcp-tºmƒ Xs∂ apdn-°Ww. Cs√¶n¬ \Jw sIm≠v ico-chpw apJhpw
apdn-bm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v.
$ P\-\-tijw HcmgvN Ign-bp-tºmƒ Xmc-X-tay\ kqcy-{]-Imiw Ipd-hp≈
ka-b-Øv Ip´nsb ]pd-tØ°v sIm≠pt]mImw.
$ Ip™p-߃°v Cdp-Inb hkv{X-߃ Hgn-hm-°-Ww.

110
 amXrXzw k^-e-am-Im≥

ape-bq-´¬ ˛ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃

{]khw Ign-™ D-S-s\-bp-≠m-Ip∂ ]men\v sImfkv{Sw F∂v ]d-bp-∂p.
CXn¬ [mcmfw amwkyhpw B‚n-t_m-Unbpw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-
\m¬ CXv Ip™ns‚ {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
$ ape-bq-´p∂ AΩam¿ Znh-khpw c≠v t\cw Ipfn-°-Ww. kvX\-߃,
hrØnbmbn kq£n-°-Ww.
$ {]k-h-ti-j-ap≈ ]men¬ amwkyw, B‚n-t_mUn Ch-bpsS Afhv
IqSp-X-em-Wv. AXn-\m¬ hkv{X-ß-fn¬ ]m¬ hoWm¬ s]s´∂v tcmKm-
Wp-°ƒ hf-cp-Ibpw {]tXy-I-Xcw aWw D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXp-
sIm≠v Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw ape-bq-´p-∂-Xn\v apºv kvX\-߃ IgpIn
hrØn-bm-°-Ww.
$ AΩ Ip´nsb ape-bq-´p-tºmƒ Ip´n AΩ-bpsS kvX\-ß-fn¬ apdpsI
]nSn-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Ip´n-bpsS ssIbpw hrØn-bm°n kq£n-
°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ Ip´n-bpsS ssIbn¬ \n∂v AΩ-bpsS kvX\-ß-fn-
te°v tcmKmWp kw{I-aWw D≠m-Im-w.
$ AΩ DW-ßnb ]cpØn hkv{X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-
°pw. Ipfn-I-gn™v kvX\-߃ DW-ßnb XpWn-sIm≠v Cu¿∏ hn-ap-
‡-am-°p-I.
$ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw kvX\-߃ AWp-\m-in\n D]-tbm-Kn®v Igp-Im≥
]mSn-√. ImcWw \∂mbn IgpIn hrØn-bm-°n-bn-s√-¶n¬ inip-hns‚
ico-c-Øn¬ ape-∏m-en-eqsS AWp-\m-in-\n-bpsS Awiw FØm≥ km[y-
X-bp-≠v.
$ \h-PmX inip-°ƒ°v ]m¬ sImSp-°p-tºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mØ kvX\-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]m¬ Ip´n-bpsS s]m°nƒ sImSn-bn¬ hoWv AWp-
_m[ D≠m-ImsX kq£n-°-Ww.
$ kvX\-߃ hrØn-bmbn kq£n-®ns√¶n¬ ape-s™-´n\v Np‰p-ap≈
IdpØ `mKw (Gcn-tbm-f), ape-sR´v F∂o `mK-ß-fn¬ AWp-_m-[-
aqew hn≈¬ hogpIbpw CXv thZ-\-°n-S-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw, F∂n-cp-
∂mepw C°m-eØpw ape-bq-´-Ww. A√m-Ø-]£w AΩ-bpsS kvX\-
߃°v thZ\ IqSp-Ibpw a‰v Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ß-fn-te°v \bn-°p-Ibpw
sNøpw.
$ AΩ Ccp∂Xn\p-tijw Ip´nsb aSn-bn¬ h®v ape-bq-´p-∂-XmWv A`n-
Im-ayw. GsX-¶nepw Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃ D≈ AΩ-am¿ Hmtcm hiw
Ncn™v InS∂pw aqebq´mw.

111
 Reference book

$ Ip´nsb ape-bq-´p-tºmƒ AΩ Dd-ßm≥ ]mSn-√. Nne AΩ-am¿ aqe-bq-

´p-tºmƒ Ddßn ape-sR´v Ip´n-bpsS aq°n¬ Ibdn ]m¬ hoWv Ip´n-
bpsS Poh\v `oj-Wn-bmbnØo¿∂n-´p-≠v.
$ ]m¬ XpS-°-Øn¬ \∂mbn D≠m-ImØ AΩ-amcpw Ip´nsb ]m¬
IpSn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°-Ww. Hcm-gvN-bv°Iw ]m¬ Npc∂v XpS-ßpw.
$ aqe-bq-´p∂ AΩ-am¿ t]mj-I-k-ar-≤-amb Blmcw Ign-°p-I-bpw,
[mcmfw Pew IpSn-°p-Ibpw thWw. Ce-°-dn-Iƒ, ]m¬ Ch Blm-c-
Øn¬ \n¿_-‘-ambpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
$ BZysØ 6 amkw Znh-tk\ 6 ˛ 8 {]mhiywhsc ape-bq-´-Ww. Ip´n-
Iƒ IqSp-X¬ ka-bhpw Dd-ßp-I-bm-sW-¶n-epw, DW¿Øn IrXy-amb
CS-th-f-I-fn¬ ape-bq-´-Ww.
$ aqe-bq-´n-b-Xn-\p-tijw Ip´nsb tXmfn-en´v ]pdØv sNdp-Xmbn X´-Ww.
hmbp ]pdØv t]mIm\pw F°nƒ D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p-am-Wn-Xv.

K¿`n-Wn-Ifpw ape-bq-´p∂ AΩ-amcpw Znh-tk\ Ign-t°≠

Blm-c-Øns‚ ]´nI

Pregnancy Lactation
t]mj-I-߃ K¿`-Imew (Second half)
ape-bq-´p∂ AΩ-am¿
Itemdn/Intem Item-dn/Znhkw 2175 2425
amwkyw (g/day) 65 75
sImgp∏v (g/day) 30 45
Im¬knbw (mg/day) 1000 1000
Ccpºv (mg/day) 38 30
hn‰m-an≥ A (  g/day) 600 950
hn‰m-an≥ D ( g/day) 10 10
Xbm-an≥ (mg/day) 1.1 1.1
ssdt_m-^vtf-hn≥ (mg/day) 1.3 1.3
\nt°m-´n-\nIv BknUv (mg/day) 14 15
AkvtIm¿_nIv BknUv (mg/day) 40 80
t^mfnIv BknUv ( g/day) 400 150
hn‰m-an≥ B12 ( g/day) 1 1.5

112
 amXrXzw k^-e-am-Im≥

t_m´n¬ ^oUnMv ]mSn√

AΩ-am-cn¬ ]mep-¬∏m-Z\w Ipd-hmbn ImWp-tºm-tgm, HIV t]msebp≈
AWp-_m-[-aq-e-tam, AΩ-bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ a‰m-tcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃ aqetam,
HutZym-Kn-Im-h-iy-߃°m-bn Ip´nsb ]ncn-tb≠n hcptºmtgm AΩ-am¿
Ip´n°v a‰v ]m¬ \¬Im≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-Ip-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ kml-N-cy-
ß-fn¬ ^oUnwKv t_m´n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ _mIvSo-cnb, a‰v kq£vaPohn-
Iƒ F∂n-ha - q-ew hb-dp-IS- n, hbdn-f°w XpS-ßnb Akp-Jß
- ƒ D≠m-Im\pw
\h-PmX inip-hn\v Poh-lm\n- kw`hn°m-\pw CS-bp-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Ip∏n°v
]Icw Xnf-∏n-°m-hp∂ Ão¬ I∏v, tKmI¿Ww, kv]q¨ apX-em-bh D]-tbm-
Kn®v am{Xta ]mtem Ipdpt°m \¬Im-hq.
Ip∏n-∏m¬ \¬Ip-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃
$ Ip∏nbpw \n∏nfpw AWp-hn-ap-‡-am°n kq£n-°p-I, Hmtcm {]mhiyw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºpw Xnf-∏n® sh≈-Øn-en´v Ip∏nbpw \n∏nfpw
IgpIn FSp-°pI.
$ Ip∏n-bn¬ \nd-bv°p∂ ]m¬ Ip´n°v IpSn-°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ Cfw
NqSp≈Xmbn-cn-°-Ww.
$ ]m¬°p-∏nbpw \n∏nfpw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ \n∏n-fn¬ \n∂pw Xp≈n-bmbn ]m¬ h∂n-cn-°-Ww.
$ ape-∏m¬ \¬Ip-tºmƒ ImWn-t°≠ emf\ Ip´n-tbmSv ImWn-°p-
Ibpw thWw. CXv Ip´n-bpsS icn-bmb am\-knI hf¿®bv°v AXym-
h-iy-am-Wv.
$ Ip´n-bpsS Xe A¬∏w Db¿Øn h®v thWw ]m¬ sImSp-t°-≠-Xv.
$ D]-tbm-Kt- ijw ]m¬ tijn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv am‰n \n∏nfpw Ip∏nbpw
NqSp sh≈-Øn¬ IgpIn kq£n-°p-I.
$ km[m-cW
- b- mbn 3 ˛ 6 Hu¨kv ]mep hsc Ip´n°p IpSn-°mw. F∂m¬
Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIw ]m¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv inip-hn\v N¿±n, hb-dp-th-Z\
Zl-\°
- p-dhv XpS-ßn-bh- bv°p Imc-Wa
- mIpw. Ip´n°v Bh-iy-amb Af-
hn¬ am{Xw ]m¬ \¬Ip-I.
$ Bam-i-b-Øn-te°v ]m¬ Cd-ßn-s®-√m-\pw, ]m¬Ip-Sn-®-t∏mƒ AI-
Ømb hmbp-hns\ ]pd-¥-≈m-\p-ambn ]m¬ IpSn-®-tijw Ip´nsb
Npa-en-en-´-tijw ]pdw sNdp-Xmbn XS-hp-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv.
$ Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIw ]m¬ sN∂m¬ Ip´n-Iƒ N¿±n-°pw. AXn\v AΩ-
am¿ `b-t°-≠-Xn-√.

113
 Reference book

tX\pw kz¿Whpw
\h-Pm-X-in-ip-°ƒ°v P\n® DS-s\-Xs∂ tX\n¬ kz¿Ww Ac®v sImSp-
°p∂ Hcp BNmcw tIc-f-Ønse Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. F∂m¬
tX≥ t¢mkv{Sn-Unbw t_m´p-en\w F∂ Hcp Xcw _mIvSo-cnb°v hf-cm≥
hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb am[y-a-am-Wv. Cu _mIvSo-cnb t_m´p-enkw F∂
amc-I-amb `£y-hn-j-_m[ D≠m-°p-∂p. IqSmsX kz¿Ww tX\n¬ ap°m≥
th≠n FSp-°p-∂Xv an°-hmdpw Ip´n-bpsS Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂
ASpØ _‘p-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kz¿Wm`-c-W-߃ Xs∂-
bm-bn-cn-°pw. CXnepw [mcmfw tcmKmWp-°ƒ D≠m-Im-\p-≈- km[yX D≠v.
BZysØ aq∂v amkw \h-PmX inip-hns‚ tcmK{]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m\w
]q¿W-hn-Imkw {]m]n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ CØcw tcmKm-Wp-°sf {]Xn-tcm-
[n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ AWp-hn-ap-‡-am-°mØ
tX\pw kz¿Whpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
inip-°f- psS Z¥-kw-c£
- Ww
AΩ-am¿ K¿`-Im-eØv t]mj-I-k-ar-≤-amb Blmcw Ign-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬
Ip´n°v \√ coXn-bn¬ {]mY-anI Z¥-߃ D≠m-Ipw. B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ
ssii-h-Z-i-bn¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv Ip´n-bpsS Z¥-\n-c-Iƒ hnI-e-am-°n-tb-°pw.
]©-km-c, anTmbn F∂n-h-bpsS Aan-X-amb D]-tbm-Khpw \h-Pm-X-in-ip-
°-fpsS Z¥m-tcm-KysØ _m[n°pw. `£-W-Øn¬ Im¬kn-bw, t^mkv^-
dkv XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS km∂n[yamWv Ip´n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-ap≈ ]√n-\m-[m-
cw. thhn® ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, Iiph≠n-, ]g-߃ F∂nh Ip´n-°v [mcm-f-ambn
\¬I-Ww.
SqØv t]Ãv Bam-i-b-Øn-te°v t]mImsX kpc-£n-X-ambn ]√v hrØn-bm-
°m≥ sNdp {]mb-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ip´n-Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°-Ww. cmhnse am{X-
a√ cm{Xn-bn¬ Blm-cØ - n\v tijhpw Z¥ ipNo-Ic- Ww \S-ØW - w. bYm¿Y-
Øn¬ ]√n-\n-S-bn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sp∂ Blm-cm-h-in-jvS-߃ \o°w sNøm≥
Hmtcm Blm-c-Øn\v tijhpw {_jv sNøp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. F∂m¬
CXn\v Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v cmhn-sebpw cm{Xn-`£-W-Øn-\p-tijhpw {_jv
sNøWw. a‰p≈ ka-bØv Blm-c-Øn\v tijw Nq≠p-hn-c¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v
]√v \∂mbn Igp-Ip-Ibpw tamW-bn¬ A¬]w Aa¿Øn XgpIn sIm≠v
hrØn-bm-°pIbpw thWw. Ip´n°v c≠v hbkp apX¬ Xs∂ arZp-hmb
\mcp-I-fp≈ {_jpw, A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-f-√mØ t]Ãpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂-Xm-
Wv.
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[w
P\-\-Øn-\p-tijw D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp≈ tcmK-߃ XS-bm≥ hmIvkn-t\-j≥
\n¿_-‘-ambpw FSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn-\mbn \¬Ip∂ hmIvkn-t\-j≥
Im¿Uv {]Imcw apS°w IqSmsX AXmXv Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ Xs∂tbm AXn-\-
SpØ Znh-k-ß-fntem Ip´n°v hmIvkn-t\-j≥ \¬I-Ww.

114
 amXrXzw k^-e-am-Im≥

NATIONAL IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE IN INDIA

inip-°ƒ°pw Ip´n-Iƒ°p-ap-≈Xv

{]mbw (Age) hmIvkn≥ (Vaccine) hmIvkn≥ sImSp-°p∂

hgn (Route of
Administration)
P\\ ka-bØv _n.kn.-Pn. Xz°n¬
H.]n.-hn. (Hmd¬ t]mfntbm
hmIvkn≥) (Zero dose) hmbn-eqsS
Bdm-asØ BgvN s]‚m-hm-e‚ v 1 t]in-If - n¬
H.]n.-hn. 1 hmbn-eqsS
_n.kn.-Pn. (P\\ Xz°n-\S- n-bn¬
ka-bØv sImSp-Øn√
F¶n¬)
]Øm-asØ BgvN s]‚m-hm-e‚ v 2 t]in-bn¬
H.]n.-hn. 2 hmbn-eqsS (Xp≈n-ac
- p-∂v)
]Xn\mem-asØ s]‚m-hm-e‚ v 3 t]in-°S- n-bn¬
BgvN H.]n.-hn. 3 hmbn-eqsS (Xp≈n-ac
- p-∂v)
H≥]-Xm-asØ BgvN aok¬kv hmIvkn≥ Xz°n-\S- n-bn¬
16 ˛ 24˛mw amkw s]‚m-hm-e‚ v t]in-bn¬
H.]n.-hn. hmbn-eqsS
5 ˛ 6˛mw h¿jw ‰n.‰n. t]in-bn¬
10˛mw h¿jw ‰n.‰n. t]in-bn¬
16˛mw h¿jw ‰n.‰n. t]in-bn¬

K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ°p-≈Xv
K¿`-Im-eØ- ns‚
XpS-°Ø - n¬ ‰n.‰n. ˛ 1 t]in-bn¬
‰n.‰n. ˛ 1 FSpØv
Hcp amkw Ign™v ‰n.‰n. ˛ 2 t]in-bn¬

115
 Reference book

Ip´n-I-fpsS Xz°v hfsc I´n Ipd-™-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ icn-bmb ]cn-N-

cWw e`n-°msX h∂m¬ ]e-tcm-K-ßfpw Ffp∏w _m[n-°m-\p≈ km[yX
D≠v . tcmKNnIn- ’ - s b- ° mƒ \√Xv tcmK{]Xn- t cm- [ - a m- s W- ∂ n- c ns°
ssiihZi-bn¬ _m[n-°p∂ tcmK-߃ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc XS-bm≥ hmIvkn-
t\-j≥ hgn km[n-°pw. \ne-hn¬ t]mfntbm hmIvkn≥ t]mfn-tbm XS-bp-
∂-Xn\pw _n.kn.-Pn. £b-tcmKw XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw \¬Ip-∂p. A©mw-]-\n,
Un^vXo-cn-b, a™-∏nØw XpS-ßnb tcmK-߃s°-Xn-scbpw hmIvkn-t\-
j-\p-≠v. t]mfntbm hmIvkn≥ Hmd¬ hmIvkn-\m-Wv. hkqcn (Small pox)
temIØv \n∂v \n¿Ωm¿P\w sNbvXn-´p≠v F¶nepw Nne L´-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-
Iƒ°v ss{]adn kvtamƒ t]mIvkv hmIvkn≥ Bh-iy-ambn h∂m¬ AXpw
FSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

116
10 a\- n\pw thWw BtcmKyw
a\ v Fhn-sS-bmWv F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb DØ-c-ß-fmWv
Ime-L-´-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v \ap°v In´n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. a\\w sNøp∂h-
\mWv a\p-jy≥ F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ a\p-jy-a-\- n\v KWy-amb ÿm\-ap-≠v.
ImcWw Nn¥-Iƒ a\- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.F∂m¬ a\- ns\ ]q¿W-
amb A¿Y-Øn¬ \n¿h-Nn-°m-\p≈ {iaw Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. Bflm-
hmWv a\- v, lrZ-b-Øn-emWv a\ v Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃
BZy-Im-eØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Xe-t®m-dn-s‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hni-
Zo-I-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-am-bmWv B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw a\- ns\ hnh-
£n-°p-∂X - v. a\- n-s\ CUv, CutKm, kq∏¿ CutKm F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX
Xe-ßf - n-eqsS hni-Ie - \w sNøm-\p≈ km[yX-Iƒ t{^mbn-Uv, bqMv, A´ve¿
XpS-ßnb a\-»m-kv{X-⁄≥am-cn-eqsS cq]-s∏-´p-h-∂p. Aßs\ a\-»mkv{Xw
hf¿∂v hcp∂ Hcp imkv{XimJ-bmbn amdn.- a-\- ns\ A]-{K-Yn®psIm≠v
Hcm-fpsS {]iv\-߃ Is≠-Øm\pw Abm-fp-sS hy‡n-XzsØ kw_-‘n-
°p∂ hy‡-amb Nn{Xw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bp∂ Xc-Øn¬ a\-»mkv{Xw
hnI-kn®p Ign-™p.
F∂m¬ ChnsS a\- ns\ Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn N¿® sNøm-
\mWv Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. temImtcmKy kwL-S-\-bpsS \n¿h-N-\-{]-Imcw Hcp
a\p-jys‚ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb kpÿn-Xn-bmWv
BtcmKyw. CXv aq∂pw ]c-kv]c]qc-I-ß-fm-Wv. F¶nepw a\ v Hcp hy‡n-
bpsS kpÿnXn°v \¬Ip∂ ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. ImcWw icocw kmaq-
lnI Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ a\ pambn
tN¿∂p \n¬°-p∂p. Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ i‡n-tb-dnb ASnÿm\ ine-I-
fmWv kwL-t_m[w, kln-jvWpX, kl-I-cWw XpS-ßn-b-h. CsX√mw
Xs∂ B kaq-l-Ønse hy‡n-I-fpsS a\- p-ambn tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂p.

F¥mWv am\-knImtcmKyw?
Hcp hy‡n-bpsS \√ Ahÿ, kzbw ]cym-]vX-X, kzbw \nb-{¥W ]mS-
hw, hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ign-hp-Iƒ, Xe-ap-d-Iƒ XΩnep≈ ]c-kv]-cm-{i-b-Xz-
t_m[w, _u≤nIhpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb tijn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh a‰p-≈-h-
cpsS apºn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ IgnhmWv am\-knImtcmKyw F∂mWv
temIm-tcmKy kwL-S\bpsS hnh-£. IqSm-sX kz¥w Ign-hp-Iƒ t_m[y-
 Reference book

s∏´v {Inbm-flI {]h¿Ø-\ß - fneqsS kaq-lØ- n\v kw`m-h\

- I
- ƒ \¬Im\pw
Hmtcm hy‡n-bp-sSbpw am\-knImtcm-KyØn\p ]¶p≠v. \ne-hn-ep≈
a\»mkv{X kn≤m-¥-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-[yhpw hy‡n-ssh-in-
jvSy-ßfpsa√mw am\-knImtcm-KysØ \n¿h-Nn-°p∂Xn¬ henb ]¶v hln-
°p-∂p. Ht´sd \n¿h-N\ - ƒ Ds≠-¶nepw kn‹≠v t{^mbn-Uns‚ (Sigmund
- ß
Freud) \n¿h-N\w efn-Xhpw A¿YK¿`-hp-am-Wv. ""{]h¿Øn-°m\pw kvt\ln-
°m-\p-ap≈ Ign-hmWv am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw''.
19--˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-tØmSv IqSn-bmWv "hneyw kzn‰v-k¿' (William Sweetser)
am\-knImtcm-Kyw F∂ ]Zw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. AXn\v tijw "sFkIv
td' (Isaac Ray) AXn-s\mcp hni-I-e\w \¬In.

Sigmund Freud William Sweetser

F√m kw`-hß
- s- fbpw D¬s°m-≈m-\pw AXn-t\mSv ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ C√m-sXbpw
kpÿn-Xn°v am‰an-√m-sXbpw {]Xn-I-cn-°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ a\- ns\ kwc-
£n-°p-hm≥ D≈ Ign-hmWv am\-knImtcmKyw F∂mWv td bpsS hni-I-e-
\-Øns‚ Npcp-°w.
am\-knImtcm-Ky-Øn¬ \ΩpsS sshIm-cn-Ihpw, am\-kn-Ihpw, kmaq-ln-I-
hp-amb kpÿnXn Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂XmWv GXv hni-I-e-\-Øns‚bpw
s]mcpƒ. am\-knImtcm-Kyw \ΩpsS Nn¥-sbbpw A\p-`-h-sØbpw {]h¿Ø-
\-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. kwL¿j-ßsf t\cn-Sm\pw sshhn-[y-am¿∂
]cn- l m- c - ß ƒ cq]- s ∏- S p- Ø m\pw a‰p- ≈ - h - t cm- s Sm∏w tN¿∂v Iq´mbn
{]h¿Øn-°m\pw Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ am\-knImtcmKyw IqSntb Xocp.

am\-kn-Im-tcm-KysØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃

a\p-jy≥ Hcp kmaqly Pohn-bm-Wv. hy‡n-Iƒ tN¿∂v IpSpw-_hpw
IpSpw_߃ tN¿∂v kaq-lhpw F∂-XmWv kaq-l-Øns‚ LS-\. AXp-

118
 a\- n\pw thWw BtcmKyw

sIm≠v am\knImtcm-KysØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßsf {][m-\-ambpw

aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw ˛ hy‡n-]-cw, IpSpw-_-]-cw, kmaq-lyw.

hy‡n]cw
hy‡n F∂ \nebv°v Hcm-fpsS am\-knImtcm-KysØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ \nc-
h[n LS-I-߃ D≠v. Cu LS-I-߃°v Abm-fpsS {]mbhpw hf¿®-bp-
ambn _‘-ap-≠v. ssiihL´-Øn-sebpw Iuam-c-Øn-sebpw hm¿[-Iy-Øn-
sebpw kml-N-cy-ßfpw hy‡n-I-fpsS ImgvN-∏mSpw hyXykvXambn-cn°pw.
F∂mepw s]mXpsh Cu LS-I-ßsf NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hn[w
enÃv sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1. imco-cn-Im-tcmKyw
2. hnt\m-Zw, hn{iaw
3. sXmgn-en-t\m-Sp≈ kwXr]vXn.
4. kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ Ign-hv.
5. kz¥w Ign-hp-I-fn-¬ A-`n-am\w.
6. {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf t\cn-Sm-\p≈ B¿Phw.
7. Xpd∂p ]d-bm-\p≈ a\ v.
8. kln-jvWX
9. kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw.
10. a‰p-≈-hsc AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw a\- n-em-°m-\p-ap≈ at\m-`m-hw.
11. ]cn- a n- X n- I sf adn- I - S - ° m- \ m- h - i y- a mb A¿∏Wt_m[hpw ITn\
{]bXv\ ioehpw.
Cu LS-I-߃ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS hnhn[ PohnXL´-ß-fn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv
cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv F∂v Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

ssiihw
ssiih L´-Øn¬ apXn¿∂-h-cpsS B{in-X-cm-bn-´mWv Hmtcm hy‡nbpw
Ign-bp-∂-Xv. Cu L´-Øn¬ F¥mtWm apXn¿∂-h¿ ]cn-ioen°p-∂Xv
AXmWv Ip™n\v e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. imco-cnImtcmKyw \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-h-iy-
amb ipNnXzioe-߃ B¿Pn-t°-≠Xv ssiihL´-Øn-em-Wv. Cu L´-
Øn¬ hnt\m-Z-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw D≠v. ]T-\-sØ-t∏mepw Hcp
hnt\mtZm]m-[n-bm°n am‰m≥ Ign-b-Ww. hfsc sNdnb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃
G¬∏n- ° m\pw AtXs‰- S p- ° p- ∂ - X n- e qsS Ah- c n¬ A`n- a m\t_m[w
hf¿Øm\pw apXn¿∂-h¿°v Ign-b-Ww.

119
 Reference book

kvIqfn-te°v F\n°v th≠

km[-\ß - ƒ Rm≥ Xs∂
_mKn¬ ht®m-fmw. anSp-°≥! Aßs\ thWw.

kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ F¥v Imcy-ßfpw Xpd∂v ]d-bm-\p≈ ioew

Ip´n-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-S-Ww. AXv ssii-h-Øn¬ Xs∂ Bcw-`n-t°-≠XmWv.
kvIqfnse hnti-j-ßfpw Iq´p-Im-cpsS hnti-j-ßfpw Ip™p-߃ ]¶v
hbv°p-tºmƒ AXv tIƒ°m-\p≈ kmh-Imiw ho´nse apXn¿∂-h¿ ImWn-
°-Ww. Ip´n-bpsS `mKØp \n∂v Fs¥-¶nepw sX‰p-Iƒ kw`-hn-®m¬t∏mepw
AtX-∏‰n Ah¿°v ]d-bm-\p≈Xv tI´v kulr-Z]c-ambn Xncp-Øn-sIm-Sp-
°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ sNdnb tPmen-I-fn¬ Ip´n-Isf
]s¶- S p- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw t{]m’m- l n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw thWw. Npcp- ° - Ø n¬
ta¬∏d™ Imcy-߃ F√mw Xs∂ ssiihIme-Øn¬ hf-sc ]cn-an-X-
amb tXmXn-se-¶nepw Ip´n-I-fn-¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ Npa-Xe apXn¿∂-
h¿°m-Wv. Ah¿°-Xn¬ GXfhphsc km[n-°p∂p F∂-Xns\ ASn-ÿm-
\-am-°n-bmWv Ip´n-I-fpsS am\-knImtcm-Ky-w \n¿Wbn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

Iuam-cØ
- n¬
am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb kpÿnXn B¿Pn-t°≠ kp{]-[m-\hpw
k¶o¿W-hp-amb L´-amWv Iuam-cw. Cu L´-Øn¬ Ht´sd imco-cnI am‰-
߃°v hy‡n hnt[-b-s∏-Spw. {]Xy-p¬∏m-Z\]c-amb hf¿® ]q¿Øn-bm-
Ip∂Xv Cu L´-Øn-em-Wv. AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd tlm¿tam¨ hyXn-
bm-\-߃ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xpw At∏mgm-Wv. X¬^-e-ambn Ht´sd khn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ Cu L´-Øn¬ {]I-S-am-Ipw. hocm-cm-[-\, D]-tZ-i-߃ CjvS-s∏-Sm-
Xn-cn-°p-I, F¥n-s\bpw tNmZyw sNøm-\p≈ {]h-W-X, FXn¿enwK-°m-
tcmSv BI¿j-Ww, AImcW-amb Bi-¶bpw D¬°-WvT-bpw, kuμ-cy-t_m-
[-Øn\v sImSp-°p∂ AanX ]cn-K-W-\, A]-I¿jXmt_m[w, kaq-lsØ

120
 a\- n\pw thWw BtcmKyw

A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ hnap-JX XpSßn Ht´sd am\-knI khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ imco-cn-I-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒs°m∏w Iuam-c-Im-eØv {]I-S-am-Ip∂p.
Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf tijn-I-fm°n am‰m-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ hfsc IqSp-X-
em-Wv.
Iuamc-Im-eØv Hcp hy‡n-bp-sS am\-knImtcmKyw i‡-am-°p-hm≥ apXn¿∂-
h¿°v am{X-a√ hy‡-n°pw ]¶v D≠v. apXn¿∂-h¿ sNtø-≠Xv Cu {]iv\-
߃ a\p-jy-sc√mw Iuam-c-L-´-Øn¬ A`n-apJo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂
t_m[w ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv°v D≠m°ns°mSp-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. c≠m-aXv
sNtø-≠Xv Xs‚ aIƒ/aIs‚/ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS Ign-hp-Ifpw Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw
IrXy-ambn a\- n-em-°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXn\v tijw Zu¿_-ey-ßsf
Hm¿Ωn-∏n®v t\mhn-°msX kz¥w Ignhv {]I-Sn-∏n-°phm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃
Ah¿°v sImSp-°-Ww. aq∂m-aXv sNtø-≠Xv Bfl-hn-izmkw h¿[n-∏n-°-
em-Wv. ]cm-Pb
- ß
- sf A`n-ap-Jo-Ic
- n-°p-hm≥ Ip´nsb {]m]vX\m-°mw. AXn¬
\n∂v Du¿Pw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v hnP-b-Øn-te°v t]mIp-hm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°-
Ww.

ap≥ h¿jsØ dn°m¿Uv t`Zn-°m-\m-bn´pw CØ-

hW c≠mw ÿm\-Øm-bn-t∏m-b-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p
F¥mWv ]d-bm-\p-≈Xv?

ASpØ-Xmbn sNtø-≠Xv Ip´n-I-tfmSv Icp-X-tem-Sp-Iq-Snb kulr-Zw D≠m-

°nsbSp°-em-Wv. Ah-cpsS kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F√mw Xs∂ I≠n√
F∂p \Sn-®p-sImt≠m IÆ-S®v AwKo-Icn°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈tXm Bb
kulr-Z-a√ th≠-Xv. Cu L´w Xm≠nb Hcp apXn¿∂ hy‡n F∂

121
 Reference book

\nebv°v Xs‚ ap∂n-ep≈ Iuam-c-°m-cs\ AXn\v klm-bn-°m-\m-h-iy-

amb kulr-Z-amWv ]ment°≠-Xv. Ah-cpsS {]iv\-߃ Xt∂mSv Xpd∂v
]d-bm-\p≈ hnizmkw B¿Pn-s®-Sp-°-Ww. {]iv\-߃ kln-jvW-X-tbmsS
tIƒ°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS `mKØv \n∂v Nn¥n-®p-sIm≠v DNn-X-amb ]cn-lm-
c-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw thWw. ]cn-lm-c-߃ F√mw Xs∂ kzbw
t_m[y-s∏-Sp∂ Xncp-Ø-ep-I-fm-bn-´m-bn-cn-°Ww Ah¿°v A\p-`-h-s∏-tS≠-
Xv. t{]mP-Iv‰pIƒ \¬IpI, ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI, kmaqly {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬IpI XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßfn¬ Zo¿Lho£-
W-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Bkq-{XWw D≠m-I-Ww.
Iuam-c-L-´sØ t\cn-Sm≥ Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Xbm-dm-th-≠-Xp-≠v. hy‡n-
Po-hn-XØ- n¬ A\n-hm-cy-amb L´-am-Wn-sX∂v kzbw t_m[y-s∏-SW - w. In´p∂
Ah-k-c-ß-ƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v kz¥w Ignhpw Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw
Xncn-®d- n-bW
- w. Ign-hp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-®m¬ am{Xta \msf kaq-lØ - n¬ AwKo-
Imcw e`n-°p-Ib - p≈p F∂v a\- ns\ ]Tn-∏n-°W - w. Iuam-cL
- ´- Ø- n¬ Hmtcm
hy‡nbpw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS AwKo-Imcw sImXn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈
A`n-hm-RvNsb `mhn-bn-te°v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. DØ-c-
hm-Zn-Xz߃ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂Xv Ignhv sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ e`n-°p∂ Ah-k-c-am-
bn-´mWv ImtW-≠-Xv. Xpd∂p ]d-bm-\p≈ ioew B¿Pn-t°-≠Xpw Cu
L´-Øn-em-Wv. AXn-\mZyw th≠Xv \√ kulr-Z-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-
Xm-Wv. Xpd∂v ]d-bp∂ Hcp kplr-Ømbn amdn-bm¬ ]ns∂ AØ-c-Øn-
ep≈ kplr-Øp-°sf In´m≥ _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-hn-√.
IuamcL´w {]tem-`\- ß
- f
- psS L´w IqSn-bm-sW∂v Xncn-®d
- n-bW
- w. Xm¬°m-
en-I-ambn kpJhpw kt¥m-jhpw e`n-°p∂ Nne A]-I-S-ß-fn-te°v hgp-
Xn-ho-gm-\p≈ km[yX IqSp-X-em-Wv. AXns\ ]e L´-ß-fn-eqsS XcWw
sNøm≥ km[n-°pw. {]tem-`-\-ßsf AXns‚ hcpw hcm-bva-I-fpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ kzbw hni-I-e\w sNøpI. A-hbn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ \n¿tZi-
ßsf ho≠pw kzbw hni-I-e\w sNøpI. {]tem-`-\-߃°v t\sc 'NO'
F∂v i‡n-bmbn {]Xn-I-cn-°p-I. CØ-c-Øn¬ Iptd kw`-h-߃ D≠m-bn-
I-gn-™m¬ Acp-Xm-bva-Iƒ°p t\sc 'NO' F∂v ]d-bm\pw, \√-tXXv
NoØtbXv F∂v th¿Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p-ap≈ tijn ssIh-cn-°pIbpw sNøpw.
hocm-cm-[\ A‘amb Bcm-[-\-bmbn amd-cp-Xv. Xm≥ Bcm-[n-°p∂ a\p-
jysc Ah-cpsS Ign-hn-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw ]I¿Øp-hm\pw Ign-b-Ww.
B¨Ip-´nbpw s]¨Ip-´nbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kulr-Z-Øns‚ ]cn[n
hn´v t]mIm≥ CS-bp≈ Hcp Ime-L-´-am-Wn-Xv. `m-hn-bn¬ F¥m-I-W-sa∂v
Dd® Xocp-am\w FSp-t°≠ L´w IqSn-bmWv Iuam-cw. AXv Hcn-°epw

122
 a\- n\pw thWw BtcmKyw

A\p-I-c-W-Øns‚ t]cn-em-I-cp-Xv. Xs‚ Xm¬∏-cy-ßfpw tijn-Ifpw Xncn-

®-dn-™p-sIm≠pw hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm≠pw Bbn-cn-°Ww e£yw cq]-
s∏-Sp-tØ≠Xv. Xs‚ e£yw InS-∏p-ap-dn-bpsS `nØn-bn¬ FgpXn hbv°p-
Ibpw Znh-khpw AXv hmbn-°p-Ibpw e£yw t\Sp-sa∂v {]Xn⁄ FSp-
°pIbpw sNøp-∂Xp Bth-i-P-\-I-am-bn-cn°pw. ap∂n¬ Hcp e£y-ap-≠m-
Ip- I - b pw B e£y- Ø n- t e°v a\ pw ico- c hpw GIm- { K- a m- ° p- I bpw
sNbvXm¬ ]ns∂ hgn-hn´ Nn¥-Iƒ°v ÿm\-ap-≠m-Ip-I-bn-√.
t£m`w, k¶-Sw, AIm-c-W-amb kwi-b-߃, Bi-¶-Iƒ F√mw Xs∂
Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv. AXns\ B A¿Y-Øn¬ a\- n-
em-°n-sIm≠v kzbw \nb-{¥n-°p-Itb am¿K-ap-≈p.
kz¥w kaq-l-Ønse {]iv\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°m\pw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-
fn-I-fm-Im\pw k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm\pw In´p∂ Ah-k-c-
߃ Hs°Øs∂ hy‡nXzhnIm-k-Øn-\mbn ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-
\pw Ign-bpw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ kmaqlyh¬°-cW {]{In-b-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\ine-Iƒ F√mw Xs∂ i‡-ambn cq]-s∏-tS≠ L´-amWv Iuam-
c-L-´w. hy‡n-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ß-fmWv kaq-l-Ønepw {]Xn-^-en-°-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂Xp sIm≠v hy‡n-bpsS imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb
kpkvYnXn kmaqlykpÿn-Xn°v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xm-Wv.

IpSpw_]cw
IpSpw_w at\m-l-c-amb Hcp kmaqlnI k¶-ev]-am-Wv. G‰hpw i‡-amb
Hcp IpSpw_ hyh-ÿ-bp≈ cmPy-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv. IpSpw_w sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-
Xn¬ Ht´sd LS-I-߃ {i≤n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. ssiihw apX¬ Hcp Ip´n
B¿Pn®p hcp∂ KpW-hn-ti-j-ß-fpsS ka-{K-amb kw`m-h-\-bm-bn-cn°pw
IpSpw-_-Øn\v Abm-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ IpSpw_w
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ L´-amWv hy‡n-bpsS am\-knI BtcmKyw
i‡n-s∏-tS-≠-Im-ew.

\√ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ AS-bmfw
$ ]c-kv]c hnizm-khpw kvt\l-hpw.
$ Bib hn\n-a-bw.
$ ]c-kv]cw £an-°m-\p≈ Ignhv.
$ Xncp-Øm-\p≈ at\m-`m-hw.
$ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw ]¶phbv°epw kzbw Gs‰-Sp-°-epw.

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 Reference book

$ t\XrXz-]c-amb Ignhv (t\Xmhv Krl-\m-Y≥ F∂v A¿Y-an-√). G‰hpw

apXn¿∂ Bƒ apX¬ IpSpw-_-Ønse {]mbw Ipd™ Bƒ hsc
hyXykvX Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ t\Xm-hm-tI-≠n-hcpw. a‰v ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ
IqSmsX Abmsf t\Xm-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ ]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-cn-°¬, t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°¬.
$ ]cn-an-Xn-Isf Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°¬.
$ \√ A—≥/AΩ/ktlm-Zc
- ≥/ktlm-Zcn/kplrØv BIm\p≈ ioehpw
k∂-≤-X-bpw.

\√ kaqlw
hy‡nbpw IpSpw-_hpw CS-s]-Sp-∂Xv kaq-l-Øn-em-W-t√m. AXp-sIm≠v
hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw \∂m-bm¬ kaqlw \∂m-Ip-sa-∂-Xn¬ X¿°-an-√.

\√ kaq-l-Øns‚ e£-W-߃
$ hy‡n-I-fpsS Bflm¿Y-amb CS-s]-S¬sIm≠v i‡w.
$ kmaqlnI {]iv\-߃ Iq´mbn Gs‰-Sp-°m-\p≈ a\- v.
$ Iq´m-bva-I-fnse Bflm¿Y-am-bp≈ ]¶m-fnØw.
$ t\Xr-]m-S-h-ap≈ hy‡n-Iƒ.
$ {]iv\-ß-tfmSv ap≥hn-[n-bn-√msX kXyk‘-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°p∂ a\p-
jy¿.
$ \√ kulr-Z-߃.
$ kz¥w A`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬ Dd®p \n¬°ptºmgpw s]mXpXm¬∏-cy-Øn-
\p- th≠n hn´p-ho-gvN-sN-øm-\p≈ a\-kv.
$ kz¥w \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ Dd®p \n∂p-sIm≠v a‰p≈hcpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-
tfmSv kln-jvWp-X-m]-c-amb kao-]\w ]pe¿Øm-\p≈ k∂-≤-X.

]pXnb Ime-L-´-Ønse sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ

Hcp \√ kaqlw hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v am\-knImtcm-Ky-ap≈ ]pXnb Xe-
apd D≠m-tI-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Hcp ImeØv am\-knI sshI-ey-ßfpw
tcmK-ßfpw apXn¿∂hsc-bmWv Ae-´n-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C∂Xv Ip´n-I-fn-te°v
hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. a’-cm-[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ßfpw AWp-Ip-
Spw-_-ß-fpsS k¶p-Nn-X-Xzhpw CXn\v Imc-W-ß-fm-Imw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂
am\-knI sshI-ey-ßsf hfsc XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ Is≠Øn Xncp-Øp-
hm≥ Ign-b-Ww. AXn-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw apXn¿∂-h¿°m-Wv.

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 a\- n\pw thWw BtcmKyw

Hgn-hm-t°≠ ioe-߃ ˛ H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬

$ Aan-X-amtbm hf-sc -Ip-dt®m Blmcw Ign-°p-I.
$ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂pw AI∂v \n¬°p-I.
$ Ae-kX.
$ \n w-KX.
$ {]Xo-£-bn-√mbva.
$ ]pI-hen, a‰ elcn hkvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbmKw.
$ AIm-c-W-amb tIm]w, k¶-Sw, t]Sn.
$ IpSpw-_mwK-ßfpw kplr-Øp-°-fp-ambn H®hbv-°-epw Ie-lhpw.
$ hgn-hn´ _‘-߃.
$ kz¥-amtbm a‰p-≈-h-sctbm thZ-\n-∏n°p∂Xv.
$ IrXy-\n-jvT-bn-√mbva.
$ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fn¬ hogvN.
am\-knImtcmKyw hy‡n-bpsS imco-cn-Im-tcm-Ky-sØ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂p.
AtXmsS Abmƒ ]q¿W-X-t\-Sp-∂n-√. ImcWw hy‡n-bpsS BtcmKyw
Abm-fpsS kmaq-ly-amb kpÿn-Xnbn¬ IqSn A[njvTnX-am-Wv. kmaq-ly-
amb kpÿnXn km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ ka-{K-amb hy‡n-Xz-ßfpw aqeym-[n-
jvTn-X-amb IpSpw-_-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp kmaq-
ly-kr-jvSn°v BtcmKy kºp-jvT-amb ]pXnb Xe-apd Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰mØ
LS-Ia - m-Wv. AØ-cØ
- n¬ Xe-ap-dI
- sf hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂ {]{In-bb
- mWv IpSpw-
_-Ønepw ¢m v apdn-I-fnepw kaq-l-Ønepw \S-t°-≠-Xv. AXn-\p≈ DØ-
c-hm-ZnXzw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠Xv \ne-hn-ep≈ kaqlw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

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