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Introduction to Satellite Communications

Spring 2021
Introduction
❖ The use of satellite in communication systems has
become very common nowadays. This is because the
satellite can “see” a very large area of the earth.

❖ Hence satellites can form a star point of a

communication net, to link many users together,
simultaneously. This will include users widely separated
geographically.

❖ A communication satellite is a station in space that

is used for telecommunication, radio and television
signals.
Introduction
❖ The construction and launch cost of a satellite are
extremely high.

❖ These costs are “distance insensitive”, that means

the cost of a short-distance satellite link is
approximately same as that of a long-distance link.

❖ Therefore, a satellite communication system is

economical only where the system is used continuously,
and a large number of users use it.
How Does a Satellite Communication Work
❖ Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through
radio broadcast but are too far away to use
conventional means.

❖ The two stations can use a satellite as a relay

station for their communication.
How Does a Satellite Communication Work
❖ One Earth Station sends a message/transmission to
the satellite in GHz range. (Uplink)

❖ The satellite Transponder converts the signal and

sends it down to the second earth station. (Downlink)

❖ Other Earth Station receive message/transmission in

useful strength area (footprint)

❖ Satellite System: The use of orbiting satellites to

relay transmissions from one satellite dish to another
or multiple dishes.
How Does a Satellite Communication Work
Advantages of Satellites
❖ The advantages of satellite communication
over terrestrial communication are:
➢ The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds
that of a terrestrial system.

➢ Transmission cost of a satellite is independent

of the distance from the center of the
coverage area.

➢ Satellite to Satellite communication is very

precise.

➢ Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

Disadvantages of Satellites
❖ Disadvantages of satellite communication are:

➢ Launching satellites into orbit is costly.

➢ Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.

➢ Per bit cost of the transmission is very expensive.

➢ There is a larger propagation delay in satellite

communication than in terrestrial communication.
Satellites orbits
Satellites orbits
GEO 36,000 km

❖ Satellite Orbits
• GEO
• LEO
MEO 8,000 – 18,000 km

• MEO LEO 500 -1500 km

• HEO
• HAPs
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)

❖These satellites are in orbit 36000 km above the

earth’s surface along the equator.

❖ Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the

earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This
means GEO satellites remain in the same
position relative to the surface of earth.
GEO (cont.)

❖Advantages:
➢ A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a
large coverage area, almost a 40% of the earth’s
surface.
➢ GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular
area.
➢ These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast
and other multipoint applications.
GEO (cont.)

❖Disadvantages:
➢ Weak signal after traveling over 36,000 km
➢ Polar regions are poorly served
➢ Signal sending delay is substantial
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

❖ LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than

GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km
above the earth surface.

❖ LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position

relative to the surface and are only visible for
15 to 20 minutes each pass.
LEO (cont.)

❖Advantages:
➢ A LEO satellite’s proximity to earth compared
to a GEO satellite gives it a better signal
strength and less of a time delay, which makes it
better for point to point communication.

➢ A LEO satellite’s smaller area of coverage is less

of a waste of bandwidth.

➢ Signal to noise should be better with LEOs.

LEO (cont.)

❖Disadvantages:
➢ A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can
be costly.

➢ LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler

shifts cause by their relative movement.

➢ The short lifetime of about 5 – 8 years due to

atmospheric drag and radiation is a big problem for
LEO satellites.
Doppler shift: the relative movement is by far faster than on-ground
hence some connection problems could be present.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

❖A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between

8,000 km and 18,000 km above the earth’s
surface.
❖MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in
functionality.
❖MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods
of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8
hours.
❖MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than
LEO satellites.
MEO (cont.)

❖Advantage
• A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and
wider footprint means fewer satellites are needed in
a MEO network than a LEO network.

❖Disadvantage
• A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay
and weaker signal than a LEO satellite, though not as
bad as a GEO satellite.
Other Orbits

❖ Molniya Orbit Satellites

• Used by Russia for decades.
• Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The
satellite remains in a nearly fixed position
relative to earth for 8 hours.
• A series of 3 Molniya satellites can act like a
GEO satellite.
• Useful in near polar regions.
Other Orbits (cont.)

❖ High Altitude Platform (HAP)

➢ One of the newest ideas in satellite
communication.

➢ A blimp or plane around 20 km above the

earth’s surface is used as a satellite.

➢ HAPs would have very small coverage area,

but would have a comparatively strong signal.

➢ Cheaper to put in position, but would require

a lot of them in a network.
 Main Orbits Comparisons (cont.)
Attributes LEO MEO GEO

Latitude Range 500-1500 Km 8000-18000 Km 36000 Km

Visibility Duration 15-20 Minute/pass 2-8 Hour/pass Constant
Elevation Rapid Variation Slow Variation Constant
Propagation Delay Several msec 10-8 msec 250 msec

Instantaneous Ground 6000 Km 12000-15000 Km 16000 Km

Average
Example Eridum- global STE ODC - inmarsat Intelsat