Various Constructivism

Strategies in Teaching
Mathematics
 CONSTRUCTIVISM

•It is an important learning theory that educators use to help

their students learn.
•It is based on the idea that people actively construct or make
their own knowledge, and that reality is determined by your
experiences as a learner.
•The learners use their previous knowledge as a foundation
and build on it with new things that they learn.
CONSTRUCTIVISM

Main Theorists
•John Dewey (1933/1998)- often cited as the
philosophical founder.
•Bruner (1990) and Piaget (1972)- are
considered the chief theorists among the
cognitive constructivists.
•Vygotsky (1978)- is the major theorist
among the social constructivists.
 VARIOUS CONSTRUCTIVISM
STRATEGIES IN TEACHING
MATHEMATICS

•Reciprocal Teaching/ Learning

•Inquiry-based learning (IBL)
•Problem-based learning (PBL)
•Cooperative Learning
 RECIPROCAL TEACHING/ LEARNING

•Reciprocal Teaching/ Learning is scaffolded that

incorporates four main strategies—predicting,
questioning, clarifying, summarizing—that good readers
use together to comprehend text.
RECIPROCAL TEACHING/ LEARNING

• Every pair consists of a “Student A” and a “Student B.”

• Each student has their own set of problems or exercises to
work on. Here’s the twist: Student A has the answers to Student
B’s problems, and Student B has the answers to Student A’s
problems.
• Students take turns coaching each other through the problems,
not giving the answers, but helping their partner reach the
correct answer on their own.
Inquiry-Based Learning
 Inquiry-Based Learning
• It is an approach to learning that emphasizes the student’s role in
the learning process.
• It uses different approaches to learning, including small-group
discussion and guided learning.
• Teachers use questions, problems and scenarios to help students
learn through individual thought and investigation.
• It also focuses on letting students ask their own questions —
essentially providing their own inquiry. Student-led questions
follow teacher-guided inquiry.
 Example

The students might start by asking questions about

the most efficient way to figure out how much candy
they need for Halloween. In pursuit of answering
such a question, students will have to think
algebraically, numerically, and probably
collaboratively as well.
 Problem-Based Learning

• Student-centered approach in which students learn about a subject by

working in groups to solve an open-ended problem.
• It challenges students to learn through engagement in a real problem.
• has been widely adopted in diverse fields and educational contexts to promote
critical thinking.
 Problem-Based Learning

For example, when students solve a problem that could be

solved with multiplication before they have formally been
taught what multiplication is and how it works, they build
an understanding that multiplication is repeated addition.
The problems give all students access to develop
understanding.
 Cooperative Learning

•is a teaching strategy that encourages students to assist

each other in a small group to achieve a common goal.
•is one example of an instructional arrangement that can
be used to foster active student learning, which is an
important dimension of mathematics learning and highly
endorsed by math educators and researchers. Students
can be given tasks to discuss, problem solve, and
accomplish.
 Cooperative Learning

• Students take a minute to create a challenging question based

on the lecture content up to that point.
• Students pose the question to the person sitting next to them.
• To take this activity a step further, ask students to write down
their questions and hand them in. These questions can be used
to create tests or exams.
 Other Constructivism Strategies in
Teaching

•Oral Discussion
•KWL(H) Chart
•Mind Mapping
•Hands-on Activities
•Pre-testing
How other Constructivism Strategies improve
teaching and enhance learning Mathematics?

Teaching
• Create situations in which the students will question
their own and each other's assumptions.
• Create cognitive dissonance. Assign problems and
activities that will challenge students.
• Elicit prior knowledge. New knowledge is created in
relation to learner's pre-existing knowledge.
• Apply knowledge with feedback.
 How other Constructivism Strategies
improve teaching and enhance learning
Mathematics?
Enhance Learning
• Interaction should take place.
• students should be encouraged to create their own
strategies for solving problem situations.
• allow students to question and think about the
mathematics and mathematical relationships.
• ask students to furnish proof or explanations for
their work.