Teacher Thermodynamics II Lab

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, SAHIWAL CAMPUS
Mechanical Engineering Department
COURSE NAME: Thermodynamics II Lab CR: 0-1

COURSE CODE: MEE 221
REFERENCE MATERIAL:
1. Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach (5thEdition) By Yunus A. Cengel ISBN
0072884959, 9780072884951
2. Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering (5 th Edition) By A. McCONKEY ISBN 81-
7758-238-0
3. Lab Manual
PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES:

The course is designed so that students will achieve the following PLOs:
PLO-4: Investigation
PLO-5: Modern tool usage
PLO-10: Communication
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
CLO-1: The students follow basic thermodynamics concepts and execute them to conduct
experiments on different equipment, investigate the problem and deduce valid conclusions out
of it. (Psychomotor P3-Guided Response)
CLO-2: The students follow basic thermodynamics concepts, able to apply modern
engineering tool to engineering problem and deduce valid conclusions out of it. (Psychomotor
P3-Guided Response)
CLO-3: The students will compile lab reports and present them in an effective/organized
way. (Affective A2-Respond)
COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

LAB COMMITMENT CHART:
10 Mins
Pre-Lab
Group 25 Minutes 140 Mins
(5 Mins)
Query(if any)
Experiment Performance &
(Demonstration by Lab Next lab discussion
Instructor) [5Mins]
+
Experiment Performance
Literature
[15Mins]
G1-G7 Attendance +
+
Instruction
Calculation + Lab Report
Preparation [105Mins]
+
In-Lab Evaluation (by
Instructor) [15Mins]
LECTURE PLAN:
Lab # Experiment Name Week

I Introduction to lab, basic thermodynamic concepts, safety rules, OBE system, 1
evaluation and assessment methodology.
II-III Calculate the boiler efficiency of a steam power plant unit. 2-3
IV Determine power drawn off in the condenser and electrical power output through 4
generator, coupled with steam engine.
V Observe the boiling process at different pressures in Marcet boiler. 5
VI Determine the relationship between pressure and temperature for saturated steam 6
in closed vessel.
VII Find the performance characteristics of a centrifugal compressor by conducting 7
experiments with PC data acquisition system.
VIII Determine the compressor efficiency level and compare it with the theoretical 8
values.
IX Determine the critical pressure ratio and demonstration of the chocking effect. 9
X Calculate the efficiency of nozzle with the help of experimentally measured and 10
theoretical force.
XI Determination of nozzle thrust by using pressure difference. 11
XII- Differentiate the critical pressure, nozzle efficiency and nozzle thrust by using 12-14
XIV different types of nozzle.

XV Determine the mechanical power of impulse turbine and to calculate the 15
efficiency of the turbine.
XVI Determine the mechanical power of reaction turbine and calculate the efficiency 16
of the turbine
COURSE TARGETS:
Lab Session# CLO # Teaching Methodology Assessment PLO’s

Methodology To
Targe
t
II+III+IV+V+VI Instruction +Discussion Lab Assignments +
1 +Demonstration + Lab Sessional 1 +
+IX+X+XI+XII+XI PLO-4
Experimental Lab Sessional 2 +
II+XIV+XV+XVI performance Lab Final
Instruction +Discussion
2 +Demonstration + Lab Assignment
VII+VIII PLO-5
Experimental
performance
II+III+IV+V+VI+V Lab Assignment +
II+VIII Instruction + Discussion Lab Report + PLO-
3 + Lab sessional 1 +
+IX+X+XI+XII+XI Lab sessional 2 + 10
II+XIV+XV+XVI Lab Final
TEACHING METHODOLOGY:
In order to achieve the course learning objectives, Demonstrations, Discussions, Lab Reports,
Queries, individual and group exercise will be utilized.
ASSESMENT:
Evaluation will be competency based and student grades will be based on the following
factors.
Lab Assignment 25%
Lab Sessional 1 10%
Lab Sessional 2 15%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
STUDENT PARTICIPATION AND ATTENDANCE POLICY:

 Attendance must be at least 80%.
 Students should make every effort to be in class on time.

MARKING SCHEME FOR LAB (1/3)
Sr. Marks Distribution Total CU-Online Entity to

No. Marks Enter Marks
1 0.5*B + 0.5*A (Average Score of Labs before S1 except 10 Lab Sessional 01
Lab assignemt)
2 0.5*B + 0.5*A (Average Score of Labs after S1 and 15 Lab Sessional 02
before S2)
3 Score of any Lab/Assigned task 25 Lab Assignments
4 B 50 Lab Terminal
Grand Total Lab Marks 100
A: Marks break down for regular labs

B: Marks Breakdown for Lab Sessional 1, 2, and Lab-Terminal
Marks Breakdown for Regular Labs (1-16)
Pre-Lab In-Lab Post-Lab Total

(1) (5) (4) Marks
OBE Written Report
Rubric Evaluation

Check In-Lab Tasks,
Written Report
e.g.,
Check Pre-Lab providing analysis of
Possible Tasks or  Setting up the the data supported by
Range of apparatus appropriate figures and
Attendance 10
Activities for  Note down required tables (where
Grading readings applicable) and clearly
 Plot graphs
stated observations and
 Compare theoretical
values with calculations.
experimental
values (if required)
Marks Break Down for Lab Sessional 1, 2 and Lab Terminal
In-Lab Evaluation Only (OBE In-Lab Total Marks

Rubric Based Evaluation)
Performance In-Lab Tasks given by Instructor, which
Possible Range of are based on content so far covered in course, for
Activities for example, 10
Grading
 Determine the boiler efficiency.
 Viva
HARDWARE LAB RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING IN-LAB PERFORMANCE
PLO4 – P3 (Guided Response)
Student Name: Course Title: Class/Semester:

Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet
Performance Score
(5-4) (3.5-2) expectations
(1.5 - 0)
Analysis is organized and
well supported by Analysis is
equations, models etc. adequate and the Analysis is inadequate
Depth of Proper interpretation reader is able to and the reader is unable
analysis of the results along interpret the to interpret the results.
with the conclusion is results.
made.
Validate the Unable to validate the

Affectively utilizing the experiment by experiment by
engineering knowledge identifying the reason identifying the reason of
Investigation to validate the of difference between difference between
experiment. experimental and experimental and
theoretical values theoretical values
PLO5 – P3 (Guided Response)
Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet

Performance Score
(5-4) (3-2) expectations
(1)
Student can identify Student can
new ways to set up fully set up the Cannot set up the
Set up of
and implement the experiment with experiment without
experiment and
experiment without successful assistance.
implementation
assistance and with implementation
detailed without

Ability to Student follows the Student followed Student had difficulty
follow procedure completely instructions in the reading the procedure
procedure for or develops alternate procedure with little and following
experiment procedure. assistance. directions.

RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING WRITTEN LABORATORY REPORT
A2-PLO10 (Communication)
Student Name: Course Title: Class/Semester:
CRITERIA Exceeds Meets Does not meet Score

Expectations(5-4) Expectations(3-2) expectations
(1)
Data Student Experimental data Experimental data is

Presentation demonstrates is presented in poorly presented.
diligence in appropriate format Graphs are tables are
creating a set of with only a few poorly constructed with
visually appealing minor errors or several of the following
tables and graphs omissions errors: data is missing or
that effectively incorrect, units are not
present the included, axis not labelled
experimental data or titles missing
Data Analysis Student provides a Student has Student has simply

very accurate and analyzed the data, restated what type of data
focused analysis observed trends was taken with no attempt
of data. All and compared to interpret trends, explain
observations are experimental discrepancies or evaluate
stated well and results with the validity of data in
clearly supported theoretical results. terms of relevant theory.
by the data. Any discrepancies Student lacks
are adequately understanding of the
addressed importance of the results
All expected
observations are
made.
Writing Style Lab reports has no Lab reports has Lab reports has several
spelling or very few spelling spelling or grammatical
grammatical or grammatical errors.
errors. errors. Student rarely uses
All sections of the The sentence flow technical terms or uses
report are well- is smooth. them incorrectly and too
written and Student uses often resorts to jargon or
technically technical terms clichés.
accurate. effectively
Experiment # 01
Calculate the boiler efficiency of a steam power plant unit.
LAB MANUAL Thermodynamics-II
Figure 1.1: Experimental setup of Steam power plant unit.
Objectives
■ Recoding of steam pressure curve.
■ Calculate heat supplied to boiler by combustion of fuel (Propane gas).
■ Calculate steam power output of the Boiler.
■ Calculate Boiler efficiency.
Theory
Boiler: It is a device that produces steam at required temperature and pressure.
Efficiency: The ratio of power output to power input is known as efficiency.
Pout (1)
η=
Pg
Power Gain (Input of Boiler): It is equal to the product of mass flow rate of fuel and calorific value
of fuel.
¿ (2)
Pg=mg∗H
Here,
Page 9 of 47
Department of Mechanical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal
¿
mg = mass flow rate of fuel in kg/s
H =Calorific values of fuel in KJ/Kg oC
Mass flow rate of the Fuel:
¿ V ∗ρg (3)
mg=
3600∗1000
Here:
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 at 27℃
ρg = density of fuel being used= 1.919 kg/m3 at 20 ̊ C
V = volume flow rate of fuel =L/h
Output of Boiler: It is the product of mass flow rate of condensed water with the difference of the
enthalpy of steam to the enthalpy of water.
¿ (4)
Pout =m (h3 −h2 )
Mass flow rate of Condensed Water:
¿ V k∗ρk (5)
m=
Δt
It is the product of the volume of condensed water V k and density of condensed water
ρk in the
beaker.
Enthalpy of Water:
To calculate the enthalpy of water we use this formula;
Page 10 of 47
h2 =c p∗T 2 (6)
Here T2 represents the temperature of feed water.

cp is specific heat at constant pressure its value
is 4.19 KJ/kg ̊C at 31.8C.
Procedure
1. Filled the boiler using feed water pump until the water level is at 2/3 on the water level
gauge
2. Opened the steam valve on the boiler
3. Supplied the propane gas to the burner, then ignited the burner and the experiment begins
4. In the boiler, the water started converting into steam
5. At 1.6bar the steam is allowed to escape the cylinder
6. Opened the exhaust valve of the steam boiler
7. When excess amount of steam or heat is produced, the steam is allowed to move to the
condenser through the steam engine
8. When the steam is provided to the generator it starts moving
9. Its motion can easily be observed by seeing the rotating wheel
10. The condenser then converts this steam into the condensed water, which is collected in a
beaker
11. Noted the readings in the table
Observation and Calculation

Table 1.1: Experimental Data.
Sr. No. Measurement Series Readings

1. Time 3.75 min
2. Steam pressure (bar) 1.5 bar
3. Feed water temperature (T2) 31.8 °C
4. Steam temperature (T3) 114.2 °C
5. Gas flow rate (V) 40 L/hr
6. Condensed water (Vk) 50 ml
For this we have to calculate

Pout and P g
For input
¿
Pg=mg∗H
Here calorific value of fuel H is 46350 KJ/Kg. To calculate ṁ g
Page 11 of 47
¿ V ∗ρg
mg=
3600∗1000
3
To convert volume flow rate of the fuel from L/h to m /s
it is divided by (3600 *1000) Given:
Ṿ =40 L/h
3
ρ g=1.919 Kg/m
Putting the values, we get;
¿
40∗1. 919
mg = =2.13∗10−5 Kg/s
3600∗1000
Putting the values, we get;

¿
Pg=mg∗H
Pg=2.13∗10−5∗46350
Pg =0.988 KJ /s
For output
¿
Pout =m (h3 −h2 )
The value of h3 with the help of steam table came out to be 2718.3 KJ/kg
h2 =c p∗T 2
h2 =4 .19∗31. 8
h2 =133 .24 KJ /Kg
¿
For the value of

md
¿ V k∗ρk
md =
Δt
¿
50∗1000
md =
225
¿
md =2 .22∗10−4 Kg/s
Putting the values we get;
¿
Pout =m (h3 −h2 )
Pout =2.22∗10−4 (2718.3−133.24)
Pout =0.57445 KJ / s
As we know that:
Page 12 of 47
Pout
η=
Pg
0 . 57445
η=
0 . 988
η=58.14 %
Results
Recording the steam pressure curves:
■ Plot the graph between temperature and pressure of steam
■ Plot the graph of boiler efficiency against the different steam pressure.
Experiment learning outcomes

Students will be able to read pressure gauges and rota meter, calculate the efficiency of boiler,
measure the steam generation rate and fuel consumed of boiler.
Discussion
Page 13 of 47
Experiment # 02
Determine power drawn off in the condenser and electrical power output through generator, coupled
with steam engine.
Figure 2.1: Experimental setup of Steam power plant unit.
Objectives
■ To find out power drawn off in the condenser.
■ To find out electrical power output.
■ Describe the working of steam engine and draw cut view section of it.
Page 14 of 47
Theory
The Rankine cycle is the ideal cycle for vapor power plants; it includes the following four reversible
processes:
Figure 2.2: Ideal Rankine Cycle
1-2: Isentropic compression Water enters the pump as state 1 as saturated liquid and is compressed
isentropically to the operating pressure of the boiler.
2-3: Const P heat addition Saturated water enters the boiler and leaves it as superheated vapor at state
3
3-4: Isentropic expansion Superheated vapor expands isentropically in turbine and produces work.
4-1: Const P heat rejection High quality steam is condensed in the condenser.
wnet q out (7)

ηth = =1−
q in q in
Power drawn off in condenser:
It can be calculated from cooling water in and out to condenser.
Pk =V kw ×ρkw ( T 8 −T 7 ) (8)
Electrical power out: It is calculated from current and voltage.
Pel=V ×I (9)
Procedure
1. Filled the boiler using feed water pump until the water level is at 2/3 on the water level
gauge
2. Opened the steam valve on the boiler
3. Supplied the propane gas to the burner, then ignited the burner and the experiment begins
4. In the boiler, the water started converting into steam
Page 15 of 47
5. At 1.6bar the steam is allowed to escape the cylinder

6. Opened the exhaust valve of the steam boiler
7. When excess amount of steam or heat is produced, the steam is allowed to move to the
condenser through the steam engine
8. When the steam is provided to the generator it starts moving
9. Its motion can easily be observed by seeing the rotating wheel
10. The condenser then converts this steam into the condensed water, which is collected in a
beaker
11. Noted the readings of T7 and T8 of cooling water in and out of condenser.
12. Note the voltage and current through display multi volt and Ammeter.
Observations and Calculations

Condenser
Cooling water Cooling water Volume flow rate
in(T7) °C out(T8) °C of Condensed
water (V̇ ) L/hr
32.3 45 70
For Electrical Power
Current Voltage Power
(mA) (mV) (Watt)
100 3
It can be calculated from cooling water in and out to condenser.
Pk =V kw ×ρkw ( T 8 −T 7 ) (10)
Page 16 of 47
Electrical power out: It is calculated from current and voltage.
Pel=V ×I (11)
Pel =0.1∗3=0.3 watt

Students will be able to understand the working of steam power plant, efficiency of condenser,
function of condenser in the power plant and calculate the heat taken by condensate.
Discussion
Experiment # 03
Observe the boiling process at different pressures in Marcet boiler.
Page 17 of 47
Figure 3.1: Experimental unit of Marcet Boiler.
Objectives
■ To observe the boiling process at different pressures in Marcet boiler.
■ Identify the saturated and superheated steam.
Introduction
The study of the laws that govern the conversion of energy from one from to another , the direction
in which heat will flow , and the availability of energy to do work. It is based on the concept that in
an isolated system anywhere in the universe there is a measurable quantity of energy called the
internal energy (U) of the system. This is the total kinetic and potential energy of the atoms and
molecules of the system of all kinds that can be transferred directly as heat; it therefore excludes
chemical and nuclear energy. The value of U can only be change if the system ceases to be isolated.
In this circumstances U can change by the transfer of mass to or from the system, the transfer of heat
(Q) to or from the system, or by work (W) being done on or by the system.
Factors affecting on boiler:
 Pressure
 Water quality
 Boiler material
Saturated steam:
Superheated steam:
Procedure
1. Filled the boiler
2. Switched on the heater
Page 18 of 47
3. Noted the temperature as the boiler heated up. When it reached 90C opened the pressure
relief valve until the temperature reached 100C and then closed it
4. Started recording the temperature and pressure
5. When the pressure reached 10bar switched off the heater
6. Then noted the relatively fast drop in pressure while removing the heat flow

Sr. No. Pressure kPa Temperature K
1. 220 394
2. 240 396.7
3. 260 399.2
4. 280 401.6
5. 300 404
Draw graph steam temperature against pressure.
Results

Students will be able observe the boiling process in boiler, the efficiency of marcet boiler, steam
generation rate.
Discussions
Experiment # 04
Determine the relationship between pressure and temperature for saturated steam in closed vessel.
Page 19 of 47
Figure 4.1: Experimental unit of Marcet Boiler.
Objectives
■ To investigate the relationship between the pressure and the temperature for a Saturated
Steam in closed vessel.
■ To develop relationship between pressure and temperature through graphical method.
Introduction
The study of the laws that govern the conversion of energy from one from to another , the direction
in which heat will flow , and the availability of energy to do work. It is based on the concept that in
an isolated system anywhere in the universe there is a measurable quantity of energy called the
internal energy (U) of the system. This is the total kinetic and potential energy of the atoms and
molecules of the system of all kinds that can be transferred directly as heat; it therefore excludes
chemical and nuclear energy. The value of U can only be change if the system ceases to be isolated.
In this circumstances U can change by the transfer of mass to or from the system, the transfer of heat
(Q) to or from the system, or by work (W) being done on or by the system.
Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted by a vapor at a given temperature in a closed system.
Boiling Point: It is the temperature at which vapor pressure is equal to the ambient atmospheric
pressure.
Procedure
1. Filled the boiler
2. Switched on the heater
Page 20 of 47
3. Noted the temperature as the boiler heated up. When it reached 90C opened the pressure
relief valve until the temperature reached 100C and then closed it
4. Started recording the temperature and pressure
5. When the pressure reached 10bar switched off the heater
6. Then noted the relatively fast drop in pressure while removing the heat flow

Sr. No. Pressure kPa Temperature K Log (P) kPa

1000/T
1. 220 394 2.342 2.538
2. 240 396.7 2.380 2.521
3. 260 399.2 2.415 2.505

4. 280 401.6 2.447 2.490
5. 300 404 2.477 2.475
For Graphical Method:
Figure 4.2: Log (p) verses1000/T

Calculated the slope:
y 2− y 1 2. 462−2. 398
m= = =−2 .13
x 2−x 1 2. 483−2. 513
Putting values of y, x and m:

2.49= (-2.13)(2.431)+c
c= 7.668
The required equation is then
Page 21 of 47
1000
Log( P)=(−2. 13 )∗ +7 . 668
T
1-Calculate Temperature for P = 220 KPa:
2-Calculate Temperature for P = 240 kPa
Antoine’s Equation:
The French researcher Antoine proposed an equation that linked the vapor pressure and temperature
of pure substances:
B (12)
Log10 P= A−
C +T
Alternatively:
B
T= −C
A−log10 P
Here:
A=10.26
B=1810.94
C=-28.668
1. For P=220 KPa
Log P=5.34
B
T= −C
A−log10 P
T=
2. For P=240 KPa

Log P=5.38
B
T= −C
A−log10 P
T=
Graph
 Plot the graph between the pressure and the temperature for a Saturated Steam
Page 22 of 47
Figure 4.3: Graph between pressure and Temperature

Students will be able understand the relationship between temperature and pressure and construct the
steam table based experimental values and compare those with Antoine’s Equation.
Discussion
Page 23 of 47
Experiment # 05
Find the performance characteristics of a centrifugal compressor by conducting experiments with PC

data acquisition system.
Figure 5.1: Experimental setup of centrifugal compressor.
Objectives
■ To understand the working of centrifugal compressor.
■ To Record compressor characteristic curves of centrifugal compressor.
Theory
Compressors are devices used to increase the pressure and the kinetic energy of a fluid for utilizing it
in desired purposes like in heating-ventilating-air conditioning applications. Work is supplied to
these devices from an external source through a rotating shaft to compress the fluid in it to very high
pressures.
Centrifugal flow compressors, sometimes referred to as radial compressors, are a special class of
radial-flow work-absorbing turbo-machinery that includes pumps, fans, blowers and compressors.
The earliest forms of these dynamic-turbo machines were pumps, fans and blowers. What
differentiates these early turbo machines from compressors is that the working fluid can be
considered incompressible, thus permitting accurate analysis through Bernoulli's equation. In
contrast, modern centrifugal compressors are higher in speed and analysis must deal with
compressible flow. In an idealized sense, the dynamic compressor achieves a pressure rise by adding
kinetic-energy/velocity to a continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller. This kinetic
energy is then converted to an increase in static pressure by slowing the flow through a diffuser.
Page 24 of 47
Figure 5.1: Rotating Impeller
Centrifugal compressors are often used in small gas turbine engines like APUs (auxiliary power
units) and smaller aircraft gas turbines. A significant reason for this is that with current technology,
the equivalent flow axial compressor will be less efficient due primarily to a combination of rotor
and variable stator tip-clearance losses. There are few single stage centrifugal compressors capable of
pressure-ratios over 10:1, due to stress considerations which severely limit the compressor's safety,
durability and life expectancy.
Additionally for aircraft gas-turbines; centrifugal flow compressors offer the advantages of simplicity
of manufacture and relatively low cost. This is due to requiring fewer stages to achieve the same
pressure rise. The fundamental reason for this stems from a centrifugal compressor's large change in
radius (relative to a multi-stage axial compressor); it is the change in radius that allows the
centrifugal compressor to generate large increases in fluid energy over a short axial distance.
Centrifugal compressors are used in applications requiring pressurized air at high flow rates. Some of
the applications are cooling systems, burner air supply for furnace application
Procedure
1. Switch on the interface module
2. To operate the demonstration modal, first connect the sensors using the set of cables to
interface module.
3. Interface module connects to PC for data transfer.
4. Ensure that proper electrical power is used when connecting to system.
5. After calling up the software you must first select the demo modal HM 292.
6. Click the system diagram of main window of Software.
7. Compressor speed can be changed with help of speed regulator manually.
8. Then click curve measurement, open the window and draw different characteristic curves.
Results
The graphic representation of the compressor characteristic curves indicated the compressor flow
rate, differential pressure and speed. These measurements were conducted at a speed of 13000 rpm.
■ Plot graph of delivery pressure against volume flow rate.
Page 25 of 47
■ Plot graph of delivery pressure against compressor Speed (rpm).
■ Plot graph of flow rate against compressor Speed (rpm).

Students will be able to connect centrifugal compressor unit with data acquisition system, record the
characteristics of centrifugal compressor w.r.to flow rate, measure differential pressure across inlet
and outlet of the compressor, draw delivery pressure against compressor speed and measure the flow
rate at various speeds of compressor.
Discussion
Page 26 of 47
Experiment # 06
Determine the efficiency of the double stage centrifugal compressor.
Figure 6.1: Experimental setup for centrifugal compressor.
Objective
■ To determine the compressor efficiency level.
Theory
In the experiment, a centrifugal compressor is utilized to compress air to a higher pressure. The
general relationship between the various forms of energy, based on the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics
applied to a unit mass of fluid flowing through a control volume, which is the compressor itself in
this experiment, is expressed as
−W s= Δke+ Δ pe+ ΔP+F (13)
where
−W s is the mechanical shaft work performed on the fluid, Δke is the change of kinetic
energy of the fluid, Δ pe is the change in potential energy of the fluid, Δp is the change in
pressure energy, and F is the frictional energy loss as heat to the surroundings or in raising the
temperature of the fluid itself as it travels from inlet to outlet of the compressor. When the equation 1
is written explicitly, it becomes
Page 27 of 47
v 2 −v 1 p2− p1
−W s= ( 2
2
2
) +g (z 2−z 1 )+
ρ
+F
(14)
where v , g , z , p ,and ρ represent the velocity of the fluid in m/s, gravitational

acceleration in m/s2, elevation in m, pressure in N/m 2, and the density of the fluid in kg/m 3,
respectively, subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the compressor inlet and outlet.
The first three terms on the right hand side of the equation 2 represent useful work
Wa .
v 2 −v1 p −p
W a= ( )
2
2
+g( z 2−z 1 )+ 2 1
ρ
2
(15)
The term
W a represents the actual work performed in changing the energy stages of a unit mass
of the fluid. This may alternatively be represented as the compressor total pressure
ptc , by
converting the units from work per unit mass to pressure by multiplication two sides of equation 3
with ρ and it yields
( v 2 −v 1 ) ρ
ptc = ( 2
2
2
)(
+ p2− p1 )
The change in potential head of the fluid is ignored as the change in atmospheric pressure between
(16)
the inlet and outlet is negligible. Friction losses have also been ignored, and for the purposes of the
following experiments it is assumed that the fluid is incompressible ( ρ is constant).
The mechanical power input,

Pm to the compressor can also be expressed as
Pm=2π .n.t (17)
Where n the revolution of the shaft per minute is, t is the motor torque in Nm. The compressor
power output,
Pu based on Pm and volume flow rate may be expressed as
Pu =Q̇v × ptc (18)
Where
Q̇v is the volume flow rate of the air in m3/s and it is expressed as follows
C d πd 2 ×√ 2 ρp0
Q̇v = (19)
4ρ
where
C d , d , ρ , p0 indicate the coefficient of discharge for the orifice, the orifice
diameter in m, the density of the air in kg/m 3, and the differential pressure across the orifice in N/m,
respectively.
According to equation 5 and equation 6, the efficiency of the compressor is
Pu
η= ×100 (20)
Pm
Procedure
1. Switch on the interface module
2. Where provided, switch on the power meter using the switch on the back panel
Page 28 of 47
3. Close the throttle valve for the out let nozzle 6 completely
4. Run the compressor up to the required speed using the speed adjuster .note the set speed
5. Open the throttle valve for the out let nozzle 6 slightly and set the flow rate for the first
measuring point
6. As compressor speed decreased with larger flow rates, you must re-adjust the speed to the
required level using the speed adjuster
7. After the measured value have stabilized somewhat, record the values for the current
measuring point (record measuring point 6) when measuring temperatures ensure that they
are recorded for a steady value
8. Repeat this procedure in small increments until the throttle value is completely open and the
characteristic curve has been recorded entirely
9. You can record efficiency/flow rate curve for other speed as well
10. Repeat this procedure in small increments until the throttle value is completely open and the
characteristic curve has been recorded entirely
Note
I. Taking all data points when compressor may at stable state.
Observation and calculation
The following calculation was performed. Diameter of intake pipe is 44 mm. Equation of volumetric
3
flow rate. Volume flow rate in m /h .
¿
√100∗2 dp (21)
V =5.474∗
ρ
Hydraulic power can be calculated by putting values of volume flow rate and differential pressure.
100∗dp 3 ¿ (22)
Phyd = ∗V
3600
Overall efficiency of compressor is,
Phyd (23)
η= ∗100
Pel
Results
The graphic representation of the compressor characteristic curves indicated the compressor
efficiency, flow rate and speed. These measurements were conducted at a speed of 13000 rpm.
■ Plot graph of efficiency against volume flow rate.
Page 29 of 47
■ Plot graph of efficiency against compressor speed.

Students will be able to connect centrifugal compressor unit with data acquisition system, record the
efficiency of compressor at various speeds and calculate hydraulic and electric power of compressor.
Discussion
Experiment # 07
Determine the critical pressure ratio and demonstration of the chocking effect.
Figure 7.1: Experimental setup of Nozzle performance.
Objectives
■ To determine the critical pressure ratio and demonstration of the chocking effect.
■ Effect of inlet and back pressure on mass flow rate through nozzles.
Theory
Nozzle:
Page 30 of 47
A nozzle is a device that converts pressure energy into kinetic energy. This increase in velocity is
accompanied either by an increase or decrease in the area depending upon the Mach number.
Chocking Effect:
The pressure at which there is maximum mass flow rate is called critical pressure and it is known as
the chocking effect and there is a decrease in pressure after it.
Pout (24)
Pr essure ratio=
Pin
Procedure
1. Installed the nozzle into the flexion pipe
2. Adjusted the inlet pressure to 5.6 Bar
3. Then opened the outlet pressure valve fully
4. Recorded the readings in the table
5. Used the needle valve, increased the outlet pressure to some value
6. Again recorded the readings
7. Repeated the experiment for different values of outlet pressure
8. Determined the pressure ratio for nozzle
Observation and Calculation

Diameter = 2.2mm
Volume Flow
Sr. No. P¿ T¿ F(N) Tout Pout
Rate
1 5.6 23.2 5.4 21.8 1 11
2 5.62 23.2 5.5 21.8 1.5 11
3 5.6 24.2 5.8 22.3 2 11
4 5.6 25.7 6.1 23.2 2.5 10.3
5 5.6 26.7 6.2 23.7 3 10.1
6 5.6 26.6 6.4 24.0 3.5 9.7
We know that
Pout
Pr essure ratio=
Pin
Putting values in this equation from table, we get;
Pout 2
Pr essure ratio= =
Pin 5 .6
Pr essure ratio ( Pc )=0 . 357
Page 31 of 47
So the critical pressure came out to be 0.357.

The critical pressure ratio was calculated and chocking effect was demonstrated.
Graph
 Plot graph between critical pressure and discharge (Q)
Experiment Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to calculate the choking effect of converging nozzle.
Discussion
Experiment # 08
Calculate the efficiency of nozzle with the help of experimentally measured values and the
theoretical force.
Figure 8.1: Experimental setup of Nozzle performance.
Objective
■ To calculate the efficiency of nozzle with help of measured and theoretical force.
Theory
To calculate the efficiency of nozzle we know that
Page 32 of 47
Fmeasured (25)
η=
F theoratical
To calculate F(theoretical)
∘ (26)
Ftheoratical =V TH∗mTH
Here
∘
mTH = mass flow rate of gas
(27)
V TH =√ 2C p∗(T in−T s )
We will get the value of

T in from the table.
To calculate
T s we follow:
Here
T s =Isentropic Temperature
We know that
(28)
T s P out γ−1
=( ) γ
T in Pin
Pout
Pr essure ratio=
Pin
Putting it in the equation:
V TH =√ 2C p∗(T in−T s )
Here
∘
C p=1004 KJ/kg ̊C, Now to calculate the mass flow rate of gas
mTH
∘ A2∗V TH
m th= (29)
υ2
Here
Page 33 of 47
The area of nozzle at exit

A 2 =3.172 mm2 υ 2 = Specific volume
We know that
R∗T 2
υ 2= out
(30)
P2
out
R = universal gas constant = 287.0 J/kg/K

∘
Putting the values of
mTH and
V TH in the following formula
∘
Ftheoratical =V TH∗mTH
Now to calculate efficiency
Fmeasured
η=
F theoratical
Procedure
1. Installed the nozzle into the flexion pipe
2. Adjusted the inlet pressure to 5.6 Bar
3. Then opened the outlet pressure valve fully
4. Recorded the readings in the table
5. Used the needle valve, increased the outlet pressure to some value
6. Again recorded the readings
7. Repeated the experiment for different values of outlet pressure
8. Determined the pressure ratio for nozzle

Diameter = 2.01 mm Initial F = 7.021 N
Volume Flow
Sr. No. Pin Tin F(N) Tout Pout
Rate
1 5.6 23.2 5.4 21.8 1 11
2 5.6 23.2 5.5 21.8 1.5 11
3 5.6 24.2 5.8 22.3 2 11
4 5.6 25.7 6.1 23.2 2.5 10.3
5 5.6 26.7 6.2 23.7 3 10.1
Page 34 of 47
Graph
Plot graph between theoretical force and measured force.
Learning Outcomes
Students will be able to calculate the measured force and compared with theoretical of nozzle.
Discussion
Experiment # 09
Determine the nozzle thrust by using pressure difference.
Figure 9.1: Experimental unit of Nozzle performance.
Page 35 of 47
Objective
■ Determination of Nozzle thrust by using pressure difference.
Theory
Assumption for Analysis:
1-Steady, one-dimensional flow
2. Adiabatic • No shocks in nozzle
3. Frictionless • No thermal boundary layer • No heat loss through nozzle walls
5. Ideal Gas • Thermally Perfect Gas • Calorically Perfect Gas.
Procedure
1. Installed the nozzle into the flexion pipe.
2. Adjusted the inlet pressure to 5.6 Bar.
3. Then opened the outlet pressure valve fully.
4. Recorded the readings in the table.
5. Used the needle valve, increased the outlet pressure to some value.
6. Again recorded the readings.
7. Repeated the experiment for different values of outlet pressure.
8. Determined the pressure difference (in and out) of nozzle.
Observations and calculation

Volume Flow
Rate
1 8 23.3 4.093 21.8 0 11
2 8 23.3 4.48 22 0.5 11
3 8 23.3 4.707 22.1 1 11
4 8 24 5.01 22.5 1.5 11
5 8 24.6 5.38 22.8 2 11
6 8 25.1 5.67 23 2.5 10.5
Thrust Equation:
Page 36 of 47
Ftotal =F measured +ΔP ( A 2 ) (31)
ΔP=Pout −Pin
Area of nozzle= A2=m2
Δ P=8−2=6 ¯¿
F T =1.641+ ( 6∗105 ) ( 3.17∗10−6 )=3.543 N
Assignment
■ Plot the thrust force through pressure ratio.

Students will be able to calculate the thrust force, analyze the effect of diameter on trust force of
nozzle.
Discussion
Experiment # 10
Differentiate the critical pressure, nozzle efficiency and nozzle thrust by using different types of
nozzle.
Figure 10.1: Experimental unit of Nozzle performance.
Objective
Page 37 of 47
■ Differentiate the critical pressure, nozzle efficiency and nozzle thrust by using different types
of nozzle.
Theory
Assumption for Analysis:
1-Steady, one-dimensional flow
2. Adiabatic • No shocks in nozzle
3. Frictionless • No thermal boundary layer • No heat loss through nozzle walls
5. Ideal Gas • Thermally Perfect Gas • Calorically Perfect Gas.
Observation & Calculation

Table: 10.1 Experimental Data
Volume Flow
Rate
1 5.8 22.6 4.174 21.3 0 11
2 5.8 22.8 4.449 21.3 0.5 11
3 5.8 22.8 4.884 21.4 1 11
4 5.8 23.1 5.263 21.7 1.5 10.5
5 5.8 23.4 5.468 21.8 2 10
Table: 10.2 Experimental Data
Volume Flow
Rate
1 5.8 23.3 4.093 21.8 0 11
2 5.8 23.3 4.48 22 0.5 11
3 5.8 23.3 4.707 22.1 1 11
4 5.8 24 5.01 22.5 1.5 11
5 5.8 24.6 5.38 22.8 2 11
6 5.8 25.1 5.67 23 2.5 10.5
Page 38 of 47
Graph
Draw graph between efficiency and flow rate.

Students will be able to calculate the critical pressure ratio of nozzle, effect of mass flow rate on
critical pressure of nozzle.
Analysis
Page 39 of 47
Experiment # 11
Determine the mechanical power of impulse turbine and to calculate the efficiency of the turbine.
Figure 11.1: Experimental setup of Impulse turbine.
Objective
■ To determine the mechanical power of Impulse turbine and to calculate the efficiency of
turbine.
Theory
Impulse Turbine
Page 40 of 47
In this type of turbine the potential energy, or the head of water, is first converted into kinetic energy
by discharging water through a carefully shaped nozzle. The jet, discharged into air, is directed onto
curved buckets fixed on the periphery of the runner to extract the water energy and convert it into
useful work.
Figure 2: Impulse rotor
■ Components of Impulse Turbine
 Casing
 Nozzle
 Runner with buckets
 Shaft
Mechanical Power of Turbine:

Mechanical output power of the turbine can be calculated by the torque and speed of the turbine.
Pmech =2 πNT (32)

Here
T = Torque, n= rpm
Isentropic enthalpy change:
The hydraulic power of the turbine can be calculated from the isentropic temperature change and the
mass flow rate:
∆ H =h2−h1=m c p (T ¿ −T s) (33)
Here
c p=¿ Specific heat at constant pressure
m = mass flow rate
Efficiency of Turbine:
Efficiency of turbine is yielded by dividing mechanical useful power output by isentropic enthalpy
change.
(34)
Page 41 of 47
Pmech
η= * 100
ΔH
Procedure
1. Attached the air supply from the compressor when the valves are closed
2. Then closed the regulator valve of the apparatus and opened the valve of compressor
3. After that opened the regulator valve slowly, to start the turbine
4. Maintained the rpm of the turbine
5. Applied the load o the shaft and noted the readings
6. Calculated the mechanical power and efficiency of the turbine.

N T T V P1 P2
Sr. No.
(rpm) (Nm) (°C) (L/m) (Bar) (mBar)
1. 9900 0.016 26.3 9 0.15 22
2. 11700 0.022 27.8 11.5 0.20 24
3. 12500 0.026 28.4 13 0.25 26
■ To calculate Mechanical power

As we know that
Pmech =2 πNT
When T= 0.016, n = 9900
2∗3 .14∗9900∗0 . 016
Pmech = =16 . 58 watt
60
When T=0.022, n = 11700

2∗3 .14∗11700∗0. 022
Pmech = =26 . 95 watt
60
■ To calculate isentropic enthalpy change

As we know that
∆ H =mc p ∆ T
When V= 13, P= 0.458
Page 42 of 47
9
ṁ=1.29∗ ( 1000∗60 )=1.97∗10 −4
kg /s
∆ H =1.97∗10−4∗1005∗( T ¿ −T s )=25.50 watt
■ To calculate Efficiency of Impulse Turbine

As we know that
Pmech
η= * 100
ΔH
16.58
η= * 100 = 66.16%
25.06

Students will be able to calculate the mechanical power produced by the impulse turbine, isentropic
enthalpy change, and efficiency of impulse turbine.
Discussion
Experiment# 12
Determine the mechanical power of reaction turbine and calculate the efficiency of the turbine.
Page 43 of 47
Figure 12.1: Experimental unit of Reaction Turbine.
Objective
■ To determine the mechanical power of Reaction turbine and to calculate the efficiency of
turbine.
Theory
Reaction turbines are those turbines which operate under pressure energy and part of kinetic energy.
In this case the water reacts with the vanes as it moves through the vanes and transfers its pressure
energy to the vanes so that the vanes move in turn rotating the runner on which they are mounted.
Figure 12.2: Reaction turbine rotor
■ Components of Reaction Turbine

 Casing
 Guide vanes
 Runner with vanes (blades)
 Draft tube
Types of Reaction Turbine:
Radially outward flow Reaction Turbine:
Page 44 of 47
It consists of a cylindrical disc mounted on a shaft and provided with vanes around the perimeter. At
inlet the water flows into the wheel at the center and then glides through radially provided fixed
guide vanes and then flows over the moving vanes.
It will then exert a thrust and hence a torque on the wheel thereby rotating the wheel. Water leaves
the moving vane at the outer edge. The wheel is enclosed by a water-tight casing. The water is then
taken to the draft tube.
Radially inward flow Reaction Turbine
Constructional details of this turbine are similar to outward flow turbine but for the fact that the guide
vanes surround the moving vanes. This is preferred to the outward flow turbine as this turbine does
not develop racing. The centrifugal force on the inward moving body of water decreases the relative
velocity and thus the speed of the turbine can be controlled easily.
Figure 12.3: Pressure and velocity diagram
Mechanical power of Turbine:
Mechanical output power of the turbine can be calculated by the torque and speed of the turbine.
T= r * f
(35)
Pmech =2 πNT
Here
T = Torque, N = rpm
Isentropic enthalpy change:
Page 45 of 47
The Isentropic enthalpy change in the turbine can be calculated from the isentropic temperature
change and the mass flow rate:
∆ H =h2−h1=m c p ( T ¿ −T s) (36)
γ −1
T s P2
Ti
= ( )
P1
γ
Here
c p=¿ Specific heat at constant pressure
m = mass flow rate
Efficiency of Turbine:
Efficiency of turbine is yielded by dividing mechanical useful power output by isentropic enthalpy
change.
Pmech (37)
η= * 100
ΔH
Procedure
1. Attached the air supply from the compressor when the valves are closed
2. Then closed the regulator valve of the apparatus and opened the valve of compressor
3. After that opened the regulator valve slowly, to start the turbine
4. Maintained the rpm of the turbine
5. Applied the load o the shaft and noted the readings
6. Calculated the mechanical power and efficiency of the turbine
Observations and Calculation

N T T V P1 P2
Sr. No.
(rpm) (Nm) (°C) (L/m) (Bar) (mBar)
1. 5600 0.006 24 3.4 0.5 18
2. 7000 0.008 24.9 4.5 0.6 19
3. 8000 0.010 25.7 5.5 0.7 20
To determine mechanical power:
2∗3.14∗5600
Pmech = ∗0.006=3.51 watt
60
Page 46 of 47
To determine isentropic enthalpy change:
18∗0.001 ( 0.4
1.4 )
T s= ( 0.5 ) =114.5 K
ΔH= ( 1.29∗3.4
60∗1000 )
∗1005∗( 297−114.5 )=13.65 watt
To find out Efficiency of turbine is yielded by dividing mechanical useful power output by isentropic
enthalpy change.
3.51
η= ∗100=25.71 %
13.65
Result

Students will be able to calculate the mechanical power, isentropic enthalpy change, efficiency
produced by the reaction turbine.
Discussion
Page 47 of 47

Teacher Thermodynamics II Lab

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Teacher Thermodynamics II Lab

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, SAHIWAL CAMPUS

Mechanical Engineering Department

COURSE NAME: Thermodynamics II Lab CR: 0-1

PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES:

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

Lab # Experiment Name Week

COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

Lab Session# CLO # Teaching Methodology Assessment PLO’s

STUDENT PARTICIPATION AND ATTENDANCE POLICY:

COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

Sr. Marks Distribution Total CU-Online Entity to

Grand Total Lab Marks 100

A: Marks break down for regular labs

MARKING SCHEME FOR LAB (2/3)

Marks Breakdown for Regular Labs (1-16)

Pre-Lab In-Lab Post-Lab Total

COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

MARKING SCHEME FOR LAB (3/3)

Marks Break Down for Lab Sessional 1, 2 and Lab Terminal

In-Lab Evaluation Only (OBE In-Lab Total Marks

HARDWARE LAB RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING IN-LAB PERFORMANCE

PLO4 – P3 (Guided Response)

Student Name: Course Title: Class/Semester:

COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

Validate the Unable to validate the

PLO5 – P3 (Guided Response)

Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet

COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus

Student Name: Course Title: Class/Semester:

CRITERIA Exceeds Meets Does not meet Score

Data Student Experimental data Experimental data is

Data Analysis Student provides a Student has Student has simply

Figure 1.1: Experimental setup of Steam power plant unit.

Boiler: It is a device that produces steam at required temperature and pressure.

Efficiency: The ratio of power output to power input is known as efficiency.

H =Calorific values of fuel in KJ/Kg oC

Mass flow rate of the Fuel:

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 at 27℃

ρg = density of fuel being used= 1.919 kg/m3 at 20 ̊ C

V = volume flow rate of fuel =L/h

Mass flow rate of Condensed Water:

To calculate the enthalpy of water we use this formula;

Here T2 represents the temperature of feed water.

Observation and Calculation

Sr. No. Measurement Series Readings

For this we have to calculate

Putting the values, we get;

For the value of

■ Plot the graph between temperature and pressure of steam

Experiment learning outcomes

Figure 2.1: Experimental setup of Steam power plant unit.

Figure 2.2: Ideal Rankine Cycle

wnet q out (7)

It can be calculated from cooling water in and out to condenser.

Electrical power out: It is calculated from current and voltage.

5. At 1.6bar the steam is allowed to escape the cylinder

Observations and Calculations

It can be calculated from cooling water in and out to condenser.

Electrical power out: It is calculated from current and voltage.

Pel =0.1∗3=0.3 watt

Experiment learning outcomes