BS EN 50413:2009

BSI British Standards

Basic standard on measurement

and calculation procedures for
human exposure to electric,
magnetic and electromagnetic
fields (0 Hz — 300 GHz)

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

raising standards worldwide™

BS EN 50413:2009 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 50413:2008.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee GEL/106, Human exposure to low frequency and high frequency
electromagnetic radiation.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of
a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© BSI 2009
ISBN 978 0 580 53525 3
ICS 13.280; 17.220.20; 33.100.01
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity
from legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards
Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2009.

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Text affected

 BS EN 50413:2009

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 50413

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2008

ICS 17.220.20; 33.100.01

English version

Basic standard on measurement and calculation procedures

for human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields
(0 Hz - 300 GHz)

Norme de base Grundnorm zu Mess- und

pour les procédures de mesures Berechnungsverfahren der Exposition
et de calculs pour l'exposition von Personen in elektrischen,
des personnes aux champs électriques, magnetischen und
magnétiques et électromagnétiques elektromagnetischen Feldern
(0 Hz - 300 GHz) (0 Hz bis 300 GHz)

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2008-09-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on applica-
tion to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other lan-
guage made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to
the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels

© 2008 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. EN 50413:2008 E

BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 –2–

Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 106X, Electromagnetic
fields in the human environment. The text of the draft was submitted to the formal vote and was approved by
CENELEC as EN 50413 on 2008-09-01.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2009-09-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2011-09-01

__________
 BS EN 50413:2009
–3– EN 50413:2008

Contents

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 5
2 Normative references........................................................................................................................ 5
3 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 5
4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1 General remarks .................................................................................................................. 9
4.2 Static fields .........................................................................................................................10
4.3 Low frequency range .........................................................................................................10
4.4 High frequency range.........................................................................................................10
4.5 Multiple frequency fields and multiple sources ..................................................................11
4.6 Exposure scenario .............................................................................................................11
5 Assessment of human exposure by measurement .....................................................................11
5.1 General remarks ................................................................................................................11
5.2 EM field measurement .......................................................................................................12
5.3 Body current measurement ...............................................................................................16
5.4 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) .........................................................................................17
5.5 Uncertainty .........................................................................................................................19
5.6 Calibration ..........................................................................................................................19
6 Assessment of human exposure by calculation ..........................................................................20
6.1 General aspects .................................................................................................................20
6.2 SAR calculation ..................................................................................................................20
6.3 Uncertainty of calculations .................................................................................................20
7 Phantoms for measurement and computation ............................................................................21
8 Assessment report ..........................................................................................................................21
8.1 General ..............................................................................................................................21
8.2 Items to be recorded in the assessment report .................................................................21
9 References .......................................................................................................................................22

Annex A (informative) Analytical models for validation of calculation methods .....................................24

Annex B (informative) Numerical methods...................................................................................................35
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty assessment for the measurement of EMF.........................................38
Annex D (informative) Consideration of different types of radio transmission (modulation).................43
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................48
Figures
Figure A.1 – Scheme of the spheroid .............................................................................................................. 28
Figure A.2 – kE versus parameter L/R ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure A.3 – Current density induced by an electric field of strength equal to 1 kV/m, 50 Hz versus
parameter L/R ............................................................................................................................. 31
Figure A.4 – Scheme of the spheroid simulating a human being standing on a zero potential plane. ........... 31
Figure A.5 – Scheme of the spheroid .............................................................................................................. 32
Figure A.6 – kB versus coordinate y (at z = 0) for different values of the ratio L/R ......................................... 33
Figure A.7– kB versus coordinate z (at y = 0) for different values of the ratio L/R .......................................... 34
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 –4–

Tables
Table 1 – Evaluation parameters ..................................................................................................................... 11
Table D.1 – Characters used to define the class of emission, based on information given in the Radio
Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) .............................................. 44
Table D.2 – Relationship between carrier, mean and peak power for the most usual modulation types
in the case of maximum modulated signal .................................................................................. 46
 BS EN 50413:2009
–5– EN 50413:2008

1 Scope
This European Standard gives elements to establish methods for measurement and calculation of quantities
associated with the assessment of human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (EMF) in
the frequency range from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. The major intention of this Basic Standard is to give the common
background and information to relevant EMF standards. This Basic Standard cannot go into details
extensively due to the broad frequency range and the huge amount of possible applications. Therefore it is
not possible to specify detailed calculation or measurement procedures in this Basic Standard. This standard
provides general procedures only for those product and workplace categories for which there do not exist
any relevant assessment procedures in any existing European EMF basic standard.
If there exists an applicable European EMF standard focused on specific product or workplace categories
then the assessment shall follow that standard. If an applicable European EMF standard does not exist, but
an applicable assessment procedure in another European EMF standard does exist, then that assessment
procedure shall be used.
This standard deals with quantities that can be measured or calculated in free space, notably electric and
magnetic field strength or power density, and includes the measurement and calculation of quantities inside
the body that forms the basis for protection guidelines.
In particular the standard provides information on
• definitions and terminology,
• characteristics of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields,
• measurement of exposure quantities,
• instrumentation requirements,
• methods of calibration,
• measurement techniques and procedures for evaluating exposure,
• calculation methods for exposure assessment.

2 Normative references
Void.

3 Definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
action values
magnitude of directly measurable parameters, provided in terms of electric field strength (E), magnetic field
strength (H), magnetic flux density (B) and power density (S), at which one or more of the specified
measures in Directive 2004/40/EC must be undertaken. Compliance with these values will ensure
compliance with the relevant exposure limit values (from 2004/40/EC)

3.2
antenna
device that serves as a transducer between a guided wave for example in a coaxial cable and a free space
wave, or vice versa

3.3
basic restriction
restrictions on exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields that are based directly
on established health effects (from ICNIRP guidelines)

3.4
contact current
current flowing into the body resulting from contact with a conductive object in an electromagnetic field. This
is the localised current flow into the body (usually the hand, for a light brushing contact)
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 –6–

3.5
current density (J)
current per unit cross-sectional area flowing inside the human body as a result of direct exposure to
2
electromagnetic fields, expressed in the unit ampere per square m (A/m )

3.6
electric flux density (D)
vector quantity obtained at a given point by adding the electric polarization P to the product of the electric
field strength E and the permittivity of free space ε0:
D = ε0 E + P
Electric flux density is expressed in units of coulombs per square m (C/m²).
NOTE In vacuum, the electric flux density is at all points equal to the product of the electric field strength and the
permittivity of free space: D = ε0 E

3.7
electric field strength (E)
vector quantity obtained at a given point that represents the force (F) on an infinitely small charge (q) divided
by the charge:
F
E=
q
Electric field strength is expressed in the unit volt per m (V/m)

3.8
exposure
exposure occurs when there is an electric, magnetic or electromagnetic field at the same location as the
person from an external source

3.9
exposure limit values
limits on exposure to electromagnetic fields which are based directly on established health effects and
biological considerations. Compliance with these limits will ensure that workers exposed to electromagnetic
fields are protected against all known adverse health effects (from 2004/40/EC)

3.10
far-field region
region of the field of an antenna where the radial field distribution is essentially dependent inversely on the
distance from the antenna. In this region the field has a predominantly plane-wave character, i.e. locally
uniform distribution of electric field and magnetic field in planes transverse to the direction of propagation
NOTE In the far-field region the vectors of the electric field E and the magnetic field H are perpendicular to each other
and the quotient between the value of the electric field strength E and the magnetic field strength H is constant and
equals the impedance of free space Z0.

3.11
impedance of free space
the impedance of free space Z0 is defined as the square root of the free space permeability µ 0 divided by
the permittivity of free space ε0
µ0
Z0 = ≈ 120π Ω ≈ 377 Ω
ε0

3.12
isotropic
qualifies a physical medium or technical device where the relevant properties are independent of the
direction
 BS EN 50413:2009
–7– EN 50413:2008

3.13
induced current (I)
current induced inside the body as a result of direct exposure to electromagnetic fields, expressed in the unit
ampere (A)

3.14
linearity of measurement instrument
maximum deviation over the measurement range of the measured quantity from the closest linear reference
curve defined over a given interval

3.15
magnetic flux density (B)
the field vector in a point that results in a force (F) on a charge (q) moving with the velocity (v)
F = q (v × B)
The magnitude of the magnetic flux density is expressed in the unit tesla (T)

3.16
magnetic field strength (H)
vector quantity obtained at a given point by subtracting the magnetization M from the magnetic flux density B
divided by the permeability of free space µ0:

B
H= −M
µ0
Magnetic field strength is expressed in the unit ampere per metre (A/m)
NOTE In vacuum, the magnetic field strength is at all points equal to the magnetic flux density divided by the
permeability of free space: H = B / µ0

3.17
modulation
is the process of modifying the amplitude, phase and/or frequency of a periodic waveform in order to convey
information

3.18
near-field region
region generally in proximity to an antenna or other radiating structure, in which the electric and magnetic
fields do not have a substantially plane-wave character, but vary considerably from point to point. The near-
field region is further subdivided into the reactive near-field region, which is closest to the radiating structure
and that contains most or nearly all of the stored energy, and the radiating near-field region where the
radiation field predominates over the reactive field, but lacks substantial plane-wave character and is
complex in structure

3.19
peak value
the peak value of the electric or magnetic field strength or magnetic flux density represents the maximum
magnitude of the field vector. It is built up out of three individual components of the electric or magnetic field
strength or magnetic flux density, which are instantaneous values in three mutually orthogonal directions

VP = max  Vx2 (t ) + V y2 (t ) + Vz2 (t ) 

 
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 –8–

3.20
permeability (µ)
property of a material which defines the relationship between magnetic flux density B and magnetic field
strength H. It is commonly used as the combination of the permeability of free space (µ0) and the relative
permeability for specific materials (µr)
B
µ = µr µ0 =
H
where
µr is the relative permeability of the material
µ0 is the permeability of free space.
The permeability is expressed in units of henry per metre (H/m)

3.21
permittivity (ε)
property of a dielectric material, e.g., biological tissue, defined by the electric flux density D divided by the
electric field strength E
D
ε = ε r ε0 =
E
where
εr is the relative permittivity of the material
ε0 is the permittivity of free space.
The permittivity is expressed in units of farads per metre (F/m)

3.22
phantom
simplified model of the human body or body part composed of materials with dielectric properties close to the
organic tissue

3.23
power density (S)
power per unit area normal to the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation.
The power density is expressed in units of watts per square m (W/m²)
NOTE 1 For plane waves the power density (S), electric field strength (E) and magnetic field strength (H) are related by
the impedance of free space Z0

E2
S = E⋅H = = Z0 ⋅ H 2
Z0
NOTE 2 Although many survey instruments indicate power density units, the actual quantities measured are E or H, or
the square of those quantities

3.24
probe
input device of a measuring instrument, generally made as a separate unit, which transforms the measured
input value to a suitable output value

3.25
reference level
these levels are provided for practical exposure assessment purposes to determine whether the basic
restrictions are likely to be exceeded. Some reference levels are derived from relevant basic restrictions
using measurement and/or computational techniques, and some address perception and adverse indirect
effects of exposure to EMF (from ICNIRP guidelines)
NOTE In any particular exposure situation, measured or calculated values can be compared with the appropriate
reference level. Compliance with the reference level will ensure compliance with the relevant basic restriction. If the
measured or calculated value exceeds the reference level, it does not necessarily follow that the basic restriction will be
exceeded. However, whenever a reference level is exceeded it is necessary to test compliance with the relevant basic
restriction and to determine whether additional protective measures are necessary
 BS EN 50413:2009
–9– EN 50413:2008

3.26
root-mean-square (r.m.s.)
the r.m.s. value is obtained by taking the square root of the average of the square of the value of the time-
varying function taken throughout a suitable period of time
NOTE For periodic functions a suitable time interval is any multiple of the period of the function. For non-periodic
functions the time interval used must be recorded

3.27
root-sum-square (rss)
the value rss is the square root of the sum of three field quantities squared, measured in mutually orthogonal
directions
NOTE Any phase information is disregarded

3.28
specific absorption rate (SAR)
time derivative of the incremental electromagnetic energy (dW) absorbed by (dissipated in) an incremental
mass (dm) contained in a volume element (dV) of given mass density (ρ)

d  dW  d  dW 
SAR =  =  
dt  dm  dt  ρ dV 
SAR is expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg)
NOTE SAR can be calculated by:

σ Ei2 dT
SAR = , SAR = ci
ρ dt at t0
where
Ei r.m.s. value of the electric field strength in the tissue in V/m;
σ conductivity of body tissue in S/m;
3
ρ density of body tissue in kg/m ;

ci heat capacity of body tissue in J/kg K;

dT / dt time derivative of temperature in body tissue in K/s.

3.29
unperturbed field
field that exists in a space in the absence of a person or an object that could influence the field
NOTE The field measured or calculated with a person or object present may differ considerably

4 Introduction
4.1 General remarks
Electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields can have direct and indirect effects on the human body.
Depending on the frequency of the fields these effects can be stimulation of central nervous system in the
low frequency range and thermal effects in the high frequency range. Besides these direct effects there exist
several indirect effects such as the occurrence of contact currents or the possible influence on the intended
operation of active medical implants.
Also the type (continuous wave, pulsed, single/multi-frequency, low/high frequency range), the distribution
(single/multiple sources) and the localisation (whole body, head and trunk, limbs) of the electric, magnetic
and electromagnetic fields greatly influence the basic concepts or principles that can be used and the field
quantities which have to be assessed.
Special attention should be paid to the rationale and to the special requirements of the protection guidelines
which are used for exposure assessment.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 10 –

This standard is intended to be used for the assessment of emissions from products and comparison of
these with the exposure levels for the general public given in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC [9],
and with exposure assessments in the workplace to determine compliance with the requirements of Council
Directive 2004/40/EC [10].
The Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC [9] provides basic restrictions and derived reference levels for
exposure of the general public in the areas where they spend significant time.
The Council Directive 2004/40/EC [10] provides exposure limit values and action values for exposures in the
workplace. This document may be used for demonstration of compliance with National implementation of the
Directive.
The basic restrictions given in the Recommendation, and the exposure limit values given in the Directive,
are in both cases the actual limits which are expressed in terms of quantities that are mostly not measurable:
including induced currents for low frequency, specific absorption rate (SAR) for higher frequency and power
density for the highest frequencies. The values are the same as the basic restrictions for general public and
occupational exposures respectively given in the ICNIRP guidelines (1998) [7], [8].
The reference levels given in the Recommendation, and the action values given in the Directive, are in both
cases derived from the actual limits and are expressed in terms of quantities that are measurable: including
electric field strength, magnetic field strength and contact current. The values are the same as the reference
levels for general public and occupational exposures respectively given in the ICNIRP guidelines (1998) [7],
[8]. The ICNIRP Guidelines [7], [8] provide basic restrictions and derived reference levels for both
occupational and general public exposure.
Exposure assessments may be based either on the reference levels (action values), or on the basic
restriction (exposure limit value) taking account of specific characteristics of the particular field source or
device being assessed.
In general, either calculation or measurement procedures can be used for the assessment of field quantities.
In specific circumstances there may be advantages of using one or the other of these. If both are suitable,
then one may be used to validate the results of the other. Which ever is used, it must be applied for realistic
exposure scenarios.
For any assessment procedure a maximum allowable uncertainty should be chosen. The level of this
maximum allowable uncertainty will depend on which assessment procedure is used. For any procedure it
shall be as low as is reasonable. The actual uncertainty for each procedure shall be below the maximum.
The following paragraphs give some special guidance for several of the topics mentioned above.

4.2 Static fields

Static electric and magnetic fields are independent from each other and shall – if necessary – both be
assessed.

4.3 Low frequency range

In the low frequency range (up to 100 kHz) the electric and magnetic fields are mainly independent from
each other and shall – if necessary – both be assessed. For a given exposure scenario the electric field
strength depends only on the voltage used; the magnetic field strength or magnetic flux density depends only
on the electric currents.

4.4 High frequency range

There exist several field types which should be assessed differently depending on the distance r from and
the dimension D of the radiating source. Table 1 indicates whether to measure E or H or both at different
distances from the field source.
For unintentional radiators, if it is not known whether the conditions for far field or radiating near field apply,
then it is necessary to measure both E and H.
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 11 – EN 50413:2008

Table 1 – Evaluation parameters

Reactive near field Radiating near field Far field

a
Distance r r<λ λ < r < 2D² / λ 2D² / λ < r
E,H ~ 1/r No No Yes
Z = E/H ≠ Z0 ≈ Z0 = Z0
To measure E and H E or H E or H
a
Strongly depending on type of radiating structure (D: biggest dimension of the radiating structure; i.e. diameter
of a parabolic antenna). If the EM field is modulated, Annex D gives some guidance on how to determine the
required values for the exposure assessment.

4.5 Multiple frequency fields and multiple sources

In performing exposure evaluation all relevant frequency components and field sources have to be taken into
account. Proper summation procedures given in ICNIRP Guidelines [7], ICNIRP Statement [8], EU Council
Recommendation [9] and EU Workers Directive [10] have to be used. In order to get a more precise
exposure evaluation in addition it may be necessary to take into account not only the amplitudes of electric
and magnetic fields but also the phases of individual field components.
In the low frequency range (stimulation effects) current densities, electric and magnetic field strengths shall
be superposed in a linear manner (weighted). In the high frequency range (thermal effects) power densities
shall be superposed also in a linear manner, whereas electric and magnetic field strengths have to be
superposed in a squared manner (weighted).

4.6 Exposure scenario

Depending on the field geometry, exposure evaluation has to be performed accordingly. That may require
whole body or partial body exposure evaluation.
In the low-frequency range basic restrictions and exposure limit values are given for central nervous system
(CNS) tissue only. For the assessment of inhomogeneous or highly- localized exposure situations (i.e. small
sources used close to the body) this has to be taken into account.

5 Assessment of human exposure by measurement

Subclause 5.1 gives an overview of which measurements are necessary to assess human exposure to
electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields.

5.1 General remarks

Measurements of human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields can be classified as
follows:
• measurement of electric, magnetic or electromagnetic field quantities (i.e. B, E, H, S);
• measurement of the limb induced current;
• measurement of the contact current;
• measurement of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR);
• measurement of the temperature.
To make meaningful measurements, the behaviour and characteristics (for example frequency, time-
variability of emission, input power) of the source of exposure (field or current) shall be determined and the
operation of the measurement equipment understood. Irrespective of the type of signal, time domain
measurement may be used. This can be especially helpful for non-sinusoidal, very fast, and pulsed signals.
Also, the exposure quantities measured should include all those needed to assess the extent of human
exposure arising from the operation of the source. What shall be measured is the maximum level to which
someone is exposed under the operating conditions of the source that are used when a person is permitted
access.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 12 –

The expected emission characteristics of the source should be understood, and it should be confirmed that these
match the results of measurements. Sometimes the source will be well documented, in which case the predicted
emissions may be comparatively simple to establish. Sometimes the source will be undocumented and its
characteristics must be determined mostly by measurement. There will also be influences on the behaviour of the
source, such as ground conductivity, presence of reflecting objects etc. and these shall be considered.
Measurement equipment should be calibrated and suitable for the measurements to be made. The
uncertainties associated with its use for the measurement undertaken shall be established.
Sometimes the exposure position is well defined, but often it may be necessary to determine the location at
which maximum exposure will occur. This may be achieved by either a preliminary survey of the areas
around a source or by the setting up a spatial 2D/3D-measurement matrix. Measurements should be made
at all positions on the matrix. When the position of maximum exposure has been identified then detailed
measurements should be made. The distances between different measurement points will depend e.g. on
the kind of chosen measurement method and on frequency.
The assessment of internal electromagnetic field quantities in general can be difficult or impossible since
internal quantities in real organisms cannot be measured directly. Consequently, studies to assess them are
carried out using physical or numerical models of the human body referred to as phantoms. The physical and
electric characteristics (dielectric properties) of experimental phantoms are manufactured to represent as
closely as possible the response of a person to an incident electromagnetic field.

5.2 EM field measurement

5.2.1 General remarks

The field to be measured shall be the unperturbed field (without presence of a person).
EM field measurements have to differentiate between low- and high-frequency field measurements.
The range for low frequency measurements is from 0 Hz up to 100 kHz and the range for high frequency
measurements is from 100 kHz up to 300 GHz.
NOTE The underlying physiological effects of electromagnetic fields on the human body have no sharp frequency limit
value to distinguish between stimulation and thermal effects; this also shows up in the selection of the measurement
equipment necessary.
For meaningful EM field measurements to be carried out the following information needs to be known:
− the type of field source, e.g. supply current and voltage, radiated power;
− the characteristics of the source of field e.g. frequency, operational behaviour, modulation, duty cycle;
− the measuring instruments and their characteristics e.g. measurement principle;
− the evaluation bases such as standards, limit values etc.;
− the uncertainty of the measurements.
Once these are known the most appropriate method of field measurement can be chosen.

5.2.2 Measurement equipment

EM field measurement equipment consists of two parts, the probe or field sensing element, and the
measuring instrument, which processes the signal from the probe and indicates the value of the EM field
quantity with an analogue or digital display.
The measuring equipment should be suitable for the desired application. The characteristics of the relevant
sources, the environmental conditions of the locations where persons can be present and the characteristics
of the measuring system should be taken into account.
The following aspects of measuring equipment should be considered:
• the equipment should have sufficient dynamic and frequency range for the particular application. The
measurement equipment should be designed for practical use in rough industrial environment and for
outdoor use, e.g. broadcasting towers, where this is appropriate;
• generally, field measurement equipment can be differentiated into broadband and narrowband (frequency
selective) instrumentation;
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 13 – EN 50413:2008

• frequency selective measurement equipment can provide information on field strength and also
information about the spectral characteristics of the measured fields. Typically spectrum analysers, tuned
receivers or pass-band filters are used for this purpose. Narrow band instrumentation could be used if
frequency resolution and higher sensitivity is needed or where the signal to be measured is discontinuous
(e.g. pulse-modulated with a low pulse repetition frequency);
• broadband measurement equipment normally indicates field strengths independent of signal frequency.

5.2.3 Measuring instrumentation

In most cases, measuring instruments should respond to, and indicate, r.m.s. values, but for some purposes,
instruments responding to peak values should be used. This may apply, for example, if the peak value is
well-defined but the r.m.s. value varies considerably with time and with the averaging time of an r.m.s.
measurement.
Several factors may influence the measurement results and should be observed carefully. A non-exhaustive
list of such factors is given below:
• Power supply
The instrument shall not be influenced by fields from its own power supply. It shall also be unaffected by
any interaction of external fields with its power supply or mains connection. It is often preferable for the
equipment to be operated from batteries.
• Measurement range
The measurement range of the instrumentation is required to be in accordance with the field strengths to
be measured.
The sensitivity should be sufficient to determine the lowest level to be measured within the accuracy at
that level as stated by the instrument’s manufacturer.
• Frequency range
The frequency range of the measuring equipment should be sufficient to cover the frequencies of the EM
field sources to be characterised.
• Sampling rate
The sampling rate of the measuring instrument shall be higher than twice the highest signal frequency.
• Integration time
The integration time for an r.m.s. measurement shall exceed the period of the lowest frequency, or
modulation frequency, present in the signal. In some cases, a much longer time is required in order to
obtain a stable and repeatable measured value.
• Readability of display
In order for the operator to be far enough away from the meter to avoid perturbation of the EM field, the
display shall be easy to read from a distance. Alternatively, the use of remote displays is recommended.
• Uncertainty
The uncertainty of the measuring equipment shall be known and has to be considered in the final
assessment.
• Environmental conditions
The measuring equipment shall be appropriate to the environmental conditions (e.g. temperature,
humidity, vibration, EMC-phenomena) existing at the time of measurement.
• Response to ionising radiation, light and out-of-band electromagnetic fields
The response of the measuring equipment to ionising radiation, artificial light, sunlight or corona
discharge should be considered. The response of the instrument to out-of-band fields should be specified
for both magnetic and electric fields.
• Overload and failure levels
Overload and failure levels of the instruments including the probes shall be specified for continuous wave
(CW) and pulsed signals within the frequency range of the probe.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 14 –

5.2.4 EM field probes

Electric and magnetic field probes shall be designed in such a way that the probe does not significantly affect
the field to be measured.
The electric field strength probe used for measurements in accordance with this standard shall respond
primarily to the electric field component of an electromagnetic field at the frequencies of emission of the
device under test.
The magnetic field probe used for measurements in accordance with this standard shall respond primarily to
the magnetic field component of an electromagnetic field at the frequencies of emission of the device under
test.
In addition, the following shall be taken into account:
• Single-axis and multiple (isotropic) probes
Usually probes are designed either to indicate a single spatial field component or the resultant of all
spatial field components. A probe with a single-axis sensor responds only to one field component and,
consequently it should be oriented to read the maximum value, or alternatively it should be aligned in
three mutually orthogonal directions to measure separately the three spatial components of the field.
Multiple sensor arrangements can be used in suitable configurations to combine the spatial field
components and to enable isotropic measurements independent of polarisation and direction of
incidence. Three orthogonally arranged elements are required for an isotropic probe that can be used in
any orientation with respect to the field. These probes usually measure the resultant field strength as the
root sum-square (rss);
• Broadband and narrowband probes
Selective instrumentation can provide information on field strength and also information about the spectral
characteristics of the measured fields.
Broadband instrumentation normally indicates field strength independent of signal frequency. For the
assessment of human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), frequency-dependent limits have to be
taken into account, and this can be achieved by using a filter with a corresponding frequency
characteristic (shaped frequency response) or by carrying out a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and then
comparing the calculated values with the frequency-dependent limits. It is also possible to make a simple
broadband field strength measurement and to measure separately the spectral content of the field e.g.
with a spectrum analyser. The spectrum analyser data can be used to weight the broadband
measurement. This is particularly useful when making repetitive field strength measurements around an
emitter with a constant spectrum;
• Size of the probe
The size of the probe shall be appropriate to the spatial variation of the field that is measured and to the
specific requirements of the applied measurement and assessment methods.

5.2.5 Aspects during measurement

5.2.5.1 Measuring set up
Before the measurement, it has to be ensured that the exposure limits for the personnel doing the
measurement will not be exceeded.
If the presence of the operator affects the measurement results, the measuring system or the probe shall be
set up on a non-conductive stand or supported using a non-conductive pole.
The measurements should include a location of the probe in the centre of the exposed body volume, e.g.
trunk or head.

5.2.5.2 Measuring equipment

The bandwidth of the instrument shall be appropriate to the frequency of the EM field being measured.
Broadband measuring equipment does not give spectral information on the measured field. Therefore the
result, which is usually the total field strength of all spectral components within the measurement bandwidth,
has to be compared with the lowest exposure limit. If the frequencies of the source (or sources) are known, it
is appropriate to use the lowest exposure limit of those frequencies.
Perturbation from the environment (e.g. temperature, humidity, mechanical vibration, levels of
EMC-Phenomena) should be avoided.
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 15 – EN 50413:2008

5.2.5.3 Precautions during measuring

A high-frequency incident electromagnetic field, where the wavelength is smaller than the size of the object,
can induce surface currents on metallic objects, which can result in a scattering wave. The re-radiated field
superimposes on the primary radiated field and reduces overall measurement accuracy. Probes operating
very close to metallic surfaces can directly couple (capacitively or inductively) into the probe elements,
despite their small size. There may also be influence on the probe performance from mains-frequency
currents in metallic conductors, and for Radio Frequency (RF) measurement the mains power sensitivity
shall be known. A minimum distance of the probe to metallic objects is necessary. Although this distance is
usually comparable to several probe diameters, it is difficult to generalise the requirement. The
documentation of the probe therefore shall include the minimum distance to the source or any metallic
objects, which may depend on frequency as well as probe dimensions.
The electric field can couple into magnetic field probes and vice versa. The suppression ratio shall be
specified by the manufacturer and shall be taken into account when measuring an electric field in the
presence of a strong magnetic field (or vice versa). The suppression of the unwanted field shall be sufficient
to allow reliable measurements to be made.

5.2.5.4 EM field

5.2.5.4.1 Static and low frequency fields

Electric and magnetic fields shall be considered separately.
The presence of a human body can influence the electric field being measured. To prevent this, the person
making the measurement and anyone else shall be sufficiently far from the meter and the measuring system
or the probe shall be set up on a non-conductive stand or supported using a non-conductive pole.

5.2.5.4.2 High frequency fields

The presence of a human body can influence the electric or magnetic field being measured. Proximity effects
of the observer as well as others that may be in the vicinity of the probe should be avoided. Where it is
necessary to prevent this, the person making the measurement and anyone else shall be sufficiently far from
the meter and the measuring system or the probe shall be set up on a non-conductive stand or supported
using a non-conductive pole. In the frequency range between 10 GHz and 300 GHz the estimation of the
body exposure should be done on the basis of the power density.

5.2.5.4.3 Near-field
In the near field the electric and magnetic field components are not related to each other and depend on the
EM field source. Therefore both electric and magnetic field components shall be considered.
To make meaningful near-field measurements, the following conditions should be taken into account:
• the dimensions of the probe should be much less than a wavelength at the highest frequency of the area
of the incident EM field;
• the probe should not produce significant scattering of the incident EM field.
Evaluation of power density in the near field region without knowledge of the phase relations between E and
H should be done by measuring of the electric and magnetic field components and calculation by equation
S = E ⋅ H . This is a worst case estimation which assumes that the E and H fields are perpendicular and in
phase with each other. If phase and direction information about the fields are available then a more exact
assessment of S shall be made.

5.2.5.4.4 Far-field
In the far-field it is possible to determine
• the electric field strength by measuring the magnetic field strength and conversion with the equation
E = H ⋅ Z0 ;
• the magnetic field strength by measuring the electric field strength and conversion with the equation
E
H = ;
Z0
• power density S.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 16 –

NOTE The power density can also be determined by measurement of one field component (E- or H-field) and
E2
calculation by equation S = or S = H 2 ⋅ Z 0 .
Z0

5.2.6 Execution of EM field measurements

5.2.6.1 Identifications before the measurements
Before the measurements of EM field, the following identifications shall be made:
• determine the relevant EM field sources and their characteristics (e.g. frequency, power, modulation,
radiation characteristics, operating and worst case conditions);
• determine possible relevant influences on the field, such as ground conductivity, presence of reflecting
objects, etc.;
• determine the location of the exposed persons and accessible areas;
• determine the time of exposure (high frequency only);
• make a rough assessment of the exposure to prevent overexposure of the person performing the
measurement;
• choose type of measurement (broadband or narrowband);
• select the adequate measurement system in compliance with the characteristics of the relevant EM field
source;
• check the proper operation of the probe and measurement equipment.
The measuring instrument shall be selected taking into account:
• the type of field (E-, H- field);
• the frequency range of the EM field source;
• the measuring time (CW- or Pulsed field);
• the polarization of the EM field source.

5.2.6.2 Preliminary scan

A preliminary scan may be performed to determine the distribution of the field. The overall result of the scan
shall be documented.

5.2.6.3 Detailed measurement

• Selection of the measuring procedure.
• The locations for a detailed scan should be chosen taking into account the preliminary scan result.
• Positioning the probes in accordance to the activities and the locations of the exposed persons (head,
trunk, sit, stand).
• Define the conditions of the relevant EM field sources during the measuring.
• Perform a plausibility check on the measurements.

5.3 Body current measurement

Body currents are defined in terms of
• induced current density in the CNS (below 10 MHz),
• limb induced currents (between 10 MHz and 110 MHz),
• contact current when touching/grasping an object (either the human body or the object or both may be
located in an electromagnetic field) (below 110 MHz).
If there is any possibility that the exposure limits will be exceeded for limb induced currents or contact
currents then a human body should not be included in the measurement circuit.
 BS EN 50413:2009
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5.3.1 Measurement of induced current densities

The induced current density in the CNS cannot be measured directly. Therefore induced body current
densities are normally calculated.

5.3.2 Measurement devices for limb induced currents

The principal technique for assessing limb currents is the clamp-on current-transformer.
Current sensing in such units may be accomplished using either narrowband techniques, e.g. spectrum
analysers or tuned receivers (which offer the advantage of being able to determine the frequency distribution
of the induced current in multi-source environments, or broadband techniques using diode detection or
thermal conversion.
NOTE 1 A phantom can be used to simulate the body's equivalent impedance.
NOTE 2 Parallel plate current meters can also be used to measure leg currents in some very specific situations but
they are not recommended generally.

5.3.3 Measurement devices for contact current

The current measurement device can be inserted between the hand of the person and the conductive object.
The measurement technique may consist of a metallic probe (definite contact area) to be held by hand at
one end of the probe while the other end is touched to the conductive object. A clamp-on current sensor
(current transformer) can be used to measure the contact current which is flowing into the hand in contact
with the conductive object.
NOTE A phantom can be used to simulate the body's equivalent impedance.

5.3.4 Assessment of body current measurements

Leg current shall be assessed using one of the devices described in 5.3.2. Arm current shall be measured
with a current transformer. Calibration of the device shall meet the requirements of 5.6 and uncertainties
shall be addressed as specified in 5.5. The requirements of 5.1 shall also be met. Leg current shall be
measured at the normal exposure position. If no such position is specified measurements shall be made at
appropriate accessible positions. The leg current at each measurement position shall be recorded.
Arm current shall be measured at the normal exposure position. If no such position is specified then
measurements shall be made at appropriate accessible positions. The arm current at each measurement
position shall be recorded.
Contact current shall be assessed using one of the devices described in 5.3.3. Calibration of the device shall
meet the requirements of 5.6 and uncertainties shall be addressed as specified in 5.5. The requirements of
5.1. shall also be met. Contact current shall be measured at the normal exposure position. If no such position
is specified then measurements shall be made at appropriate accessible positions. The contact current at
each measurement position shall be recorded.

5.4 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

There are three main methods to directly measure SAR in human body phantoms:
• internal electric field strength measurements for assessment of localised SAR;
• internal temperature measurement for assessment of localised SAR;
• calorimetric measurement of heat transfer for assessment of whole-body-averaged SAR.

5.4.1 Internal electric field strength measurements

Assessment of SAR via E-field measurement is performed using a miniature probe that is positioned in a
liquid-filled phantom model of the human body or a part of it (for example: the head), which is exposed to an
electromagnetic field. From the measured E-field values, the SAR distribution and the maximum mass
averaged SAR value can be calculated according to:
σ 2
SAR = Ei
ρ
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 18 –

The E-field probe should have an isotropic response (within ± 1 dB). Because of the short wavelength in
tissue and since the field may have large spatial gradients, the probe size should be as small as possible (for
example: dipole length 2 mm to 4 mm). The probe should affect the field as little as possible. Care has to be
taken to avoid significant influence on SAR measurements by any reflection from the environment (such as
floor, positioner, etc.) or from unknown sources.
NOTE To obtain 3-dimensional SAR distributions in exposed human phantoms by the E-field-probe technique, it is
preferable to use an automatic probe positioning system, for example an industrial robot.
The measurement equipment shall be calibrated according to 5.6 as a complete system. Sensitivity, linearity
and isotropy of the probe system shall be determined in the tissue equivalent liquid. Uncertainties should be
addressed as specified in 5.5. Measurements in close vicinity to media interfaces result in errors due to
boundary effects. These effects depend on the probe size and can be quantified as a function of distance
from the surface using a waveguide calibration set-up. After quantification these effects can be compensated
in order to minimize errors.

5.4.2 Internal temperature measurements

Assessment of SAR via temperature measurement is performed using a temperature probe that is positioned
in a liquid-filled phantom model of the human body or a part of it (for example: the head), which is exposed to
an electromagnetic field. From the measured temperature increase, the local SAR distribution can be
calculated using the formula:
∆T
SAR = ci
∆t
with the temperature rise ∆T during the small time interval ∆t . The temperature-rise measurement has to
start at a thermal balance. This equation is applicable under the condition that the heat diffusion effect can
be disregarded. If the diffusion effect cannot be disregarded, an integral equation including the heat-diffusion
factor has to be employed.
Common types of available equipment for temperature measurements in exposed body models use probes
consisting of a high-resistance thermistor or optical probes. Temperature probes have very small tips
allowing high spatial resolution. The temperature resolution of these probes is typically 0,005 K to 0,1 K,
which limits the sensitivity of SAR to about 0,03 W/kg. In order that the probe does not perturb the
electromagnetic field, it is constructed using high-resistance thermistors connected to high-resistance leads
or by using fibre optics.
NOTE To determine the three-dimensional SAR distribution or local peak SAR in a phantom model, the temperature
probe has to be moved inside the phantom using a similar positioning system as for E-field probes.
Temperature rise in a phantom model (or even at the surface of a real human being) can also be assessed
by infrared imaging devices. Hence, a thermographic camera may be used to determine the 2-dimensional
temperature-rise and SAR distribution in solid phantom cross-sections or at surfaces. First the phantom has
to reach uniform temperature. Directly after the exposure of a few seconds the phantom is placed in front of
the thermographic camera and a thermographic image is immediately taken to map the temperature-rise
profile. Temperature profiles inside the phantom may be taken by separating the phantom at specially
prepared cuts.
The sensitivity of temperature sensors is relatively low in comparison to E-field probes. In order to achieve a
reasonable sensitivity in SAR assessment via temperature measurement, in general, high-power exposure
sources have to be applied to get a sufficient temperature increase in a short time interval. Low-power
devices (e. g. hand-held mobile phone) have to be fed in the test with an additional (external) source.
Calibration of temperature-measurement equipment includes, beside the general probe calibration, a careful
evaluation of heat diffusion processes.

5.4.3 Calorimetric measurements of heat transfer

Calorimeters allow the measurement of the whole-body averaged or partial-body averaged SAR for human
body models exposed to electromagnetic fields. Averaged SAR is derived according to the equation below
by measuring the total energy absorbed in a body with the mass during the exposure time:
∆W
SAR =
m ∆t
 BS EN 50413:2009
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Starting at thermal equilibrium with the environment, the exposure time is typically about several minutes.
Heat diffusion inside the phantom is no problem to the resulting averaged value. However, thermal radiation
and convection losses have to be avoided by controlling the environmental conditions and restricting the
exposure time.
For whole-body averaged SAR measurements, human-size calorimeters are used, while small calorimeters
may be used for measurements of partial-body averaged SAR or for measurements in scaled-down whole-
body phantoms. After exposure the phantom is quickly put into the calorimeter container where it is allowed
to reach thermal equilibrium in a known mass of water over a period of typically up to several hours. The
calorimetric twin-well technique uses two calorimeters and two identical body models. This means that the
measurement can be performed under less-well-controlled thermal conditions than a normal calorimetric
measurement. Calorimeters can give very accurate averaged SAR values, but do not give any information on
the three-dimensional SAR distribution within the body.

5.5 Uncertainty

5.5.1 General remarks

The uncertainty of the measurement shall be specified (see Annex C).

5.5.2 Evaluating uncertainties

The uncertainties in the assessment method shall be evaluated. Annex C provides information on how this
can be done.

5.5.3 Examples of typical uncertainties

The following measurement uncertainties are typical examples. There may be other uncertainties, which are
not listed, and some of the listed uncertainties may not be present or may not be significant in the overall
assessment.
Measurement uncertainties:
• size and shape of the measurement probe;
• the actual position of the probe in relation to the planned measurement point;
• calibration or stated accuracy of the measurement instrument;
• interaction between the equipment under evaluation and the measurement system;
• repeatability;
• effect of the environment during the measurement.

5.6 Calibration

5.6.1 Introduction
Measurement instruments should give an appropriate representation of the quantity measured. It is essential
to ensure the comparability of measurement results between different instruments. This can be achieved if
suitable and common calibration procedures are adopted and if traceability of measurement instruments to
relevant standards is ensured through an unbroken chain of calibrations. Periodic calibrations are required to
ensure that the performances of measurement instruments will not degrade over time.

5.6.2 Calibration techniques

5.6.2.1 Standard field method
In this method, a fully characterised calibration system, whose own calibration is traceable to relevant
standards, is used to determine the performance of a measurement instrument. Examples would be parallel
plate systems for power-frequency electric fields, Helmholtz coils for magnetic fields and transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) cells for electromagnetic fields. It is important that all the individual components of the
system (e.g. couplers, loads, cables) are themselves calibrated and their performance and uncertainties well
established.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 20 –

5.6.2.2 Standard probe or transfer method

In this method, the performance of the measurement instrument under test is compared with that of another
instrument which itself has a full, traceable calibration. This allows use of a field source which is not
necessarily fully traceable to the relevant standard.

5.6.3 Calibration range

The calibration should include such factors as:
• frequency response (resonances should be detectable);
• linearity;
• anisotropy;
• modulation;
• response time.
The calibration should include enough measurement points to cover these factors.

5.6.4 Calibration uncertainty

Calibration uncertainty includes uncertainties in the generated standard field and uncertainties due to the
adopted measurement procedure.
The electric conducting parts of the devices to be tested may give rise to some disturbance of the generated
field. The extent of this effect on the calibration uncertainty depends on the relative size of the sensing
devices and possible other conducting parts compared to the area of uniformity of the generated field.

6 Assessment of human exposure by calculation

6.1 General aspects
Theoretical approaches and numerical methods can be used to calculate unperturbed fields and also fields,
SAR and induced current inside the body. They are not only a complement to, and permit the verification of
results from measurements, but also useful tools for studying complicated near-field conditions,
inhomogeneous bodies, and the influences of parameter (e.g. tissue, geometry) variations in specific
exposure situations. This is especially valuable when measurements are difficult or impossible.
When performing calculations of induced current, current density or SAR a model of both the absorbing body
and the source of the electromagnetic field is needed. Most calculation methods allow application of a very
detailed model of the human body. However, the creation of an accurate source model can be a problem for
complex radiating apparatuses when the inner structure or the feeding power is not well known.
It is recommended to validate calculations with simple analytical models (see Annex A). A method for taking
into account the non uniformity of low frequency magnetic field is given in EN 62226-2-1 [11]. A method for
calculation of current induced by uniform low frequency electric field is given in EN 62226-3-1 [12].
Generally applied numerical calculation methods are presented in Annex B.

6.2 SAR calculation

Analytical methods are restricted to specific configurations.
When the frequency of the incident wave is below the resonance frequency of a human body (below about
10 MHz), a quasi-static approach may be appropriate for SAR estimation. If the electric and the magnetic
field can be shown to be decoupled from each other, then the contribution to the SAR can be determined
from separate field-component terms, each with a coefficient depending only on the incoming wave
polarization and on the shape and conductivity of the body [4], [6].

6.3 Uncertainty of calculations

When performing calculations, the uncertainty of the result has to be specified. Some major sources of
calculation uncertainty are given below:
• numerical uncertainties;
• modelling uncertainty of the source of exposure;
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 21 – EN 50413:2008

• uncertainty of the phantom model (shape, dimension);

• uncertainty of tissue and material properties.

7 Phantoms for measurement and computation

General requirements for human body models (phantoms) are the following:
• the phantom should be suited for realistic conservative exposure situation;
• the outer shape and the internal tissue distribution of phantoms should appropriately emulate the
anatomical details of a real human body as closely as necessary to achieve reliable results. Simple
homogenous phantoms can be sufficient for conservative exposure assessments;
• depending on the objective of the investigation and the relevant frequency range, a full-size whole-body
or a partial-body phantom (for example a phantom consisting of head, neck, and shoulders) may be used.
In general, for local SAR assessment with near-field exposure at wavelengths less than the relevant body
dimensions, partial-body phantoms are sufficient;
• the materials used to simulate biological tissues should have similar dielectric properties (relative
permittivity εr, conductivity σ) at the relevant frequency. Some tissue types are anisotropic. If it is not
possible to model this effect an averaged or similar value has to be used in the phantom;
• depending on the measurement technique solid, semi-solid or liquid materials are used. The phantom can
be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. For SAR assessment with E-field probes shell phantoms are
commonly used, consisting of a thin low-permittivity and low-loss shell material with a thickness of about
2 mm as container and filled with a tissue-equivalent liquid. The dielectric properties of phantoms used for
SAR measurements have to be carefully determined and documented;
• special phantoms (shape, material, dielectric properties) for measurement and simulation analysis of
particular exposure situations may be specified in product standards in order to have a common basis for
comparison in different laboratories. For general or comparative studies it is reasonable to use a
simplified phantom (for example: sphere, cylinder, box).

8 Assessment report
8.1 General
The results of each assessment, test, calculation or measurement carried out shall be reported accurately,
clearly, unambiguously and objectively and in accordance with any specific instructions in the required
method(s).
The results shall be recorded, usually in an assessment report, and shall include all the information
necessary for the interpretation of the assessment, test or calibration results and all information required by
the used method.
All the information needed for performing repeatable assessments, tests, calculations, or measurements
shall be recorded.
Further information on the assessment report can be found in ISO/IEC 17025 [13].

8.2 Items to be recorded in the assessment report

8.2.1 Assessment method
The chosen assessment method shall be recorded including the rationale (see Clause 5) for the choice.
8.2.2 Presentation of the measurement results
The following information should be provided when measurement results are presented:
• identification of assessment report;
• date and time of measurements;
• persons who performed the measurement(s);
• location of measurement (e.g. room number, street address);
• characteristics of the relevant EM field sources (e.g. frequency, modulation, model, serial number);
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 22 –

• identification of each measuring instrument: brand name, model (and serial number);
• operating conditions of the relevant EM field source during measure (power);
• settings of the measurement equipment (e.g. measurement range, pass band, sampling frequency);
• environmental conditions (e.g. temperature);
• total measurement uncertainty;
• location of measurement positions;
• the rationale for the measuring positions (e.g. because of possible locations and activities of exposed
persons);
• results of each performed assessment;
• date of last calibration of the measurement equipment.
Other information which may be provided, when appropriate, includes:
• drawings, photographs which describe the area and locations where measurements are performed;
• statistical information, e.g. the largest and smallest field values, median, geometric mean, etc.;
• frequency resolution of spectra for fields containing multiple frequencies.

8.2.3 Presentation of the calculation results

The following information should be provided when calculation results are presented:
• identification of assessment report;
• name, version and manufacturer of used calculation software;
• description of the calculation model(s), including geometry and boundary conditions;
• sufficient details to enable reproducibility of the calculation results;
• description of assumptions;
• estimation of the uncertainty in the calculated results (also as a result of model assumptions);
• the rationale for the calculated positions (e.g. because of possible locations and activities of exposed
persons);
• results of each performed assessment.

9 References
[1] A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1941
[2] W. R. Smythe, Static and Dynamic Electricity, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1939
[3] UKAS, The Expression of Uncertainty in EMC Testing, United Kingdom Accreditation Service,
Edition 1 August 2002
[4] C. H. Durney, Johnson C.C., H. Massoudi, "Long-wavelength analysis of plane wave irradiation of a
prolate spheroid model of man", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., MTT-23, pp. 246-253, 1975
[5] Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics, ETSI Technical Report,
ETR028, March 1992
[6] V. Hombach, Expositionsanalyse von Kurzwellenantennen (Exposure analysis of HF antennas),
Proceedings of EMV `98, Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit, 6.Internationale Fachmesse und
Kongress für elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit, 10.-12. February 1988, Berlin . Offenbach,
ISBN 3-8007-2324-7, pp. 67-74
[7] ICNIRP, Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields
(up to 300 GHz), Health Physics, 74 (4), pp. 494-522, 1998
[8] ICNIRP Statement: Guidelines on determining compliance of exposure to pulsed and complex non-
sinusoidal waveforms below 100 kHz with ICNIRP Guidelines, Health Physics, 84 (3), pp. 383-387,
March 2003
[9] Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general
public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)
 BS EN 50413:2009
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[10] Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum
health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical
agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of
Directive 89/391/EEC)
[11] EN 62226-2-1, Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range -
Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body –
Part 2-1: Exposure to magnetic fields - 2D models (IEC 62226-2-1)
[12] EN 62226-3-1, Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range -
Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body –
Part 3-1: Exposure to electric fields - Analytical and 2D numerical models (IEC 62226-3-1)
[13] ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 24 –

Annex A
(informative)

Analytical models for validation of calculation methods

A.1 Calculation of unperturbed electric and magnetic fields
A.1.1 Low frequencies
A.1.1.1 Electric field
Energised conductors generate electric fields. They can also be found close to some domestic appliances or
equipment. Higher electric field strengths can be found in the vicinity of high voltage equipment such as
electric power lines.
Common methods for the calculation of electrostatic and low frequency electric fields are based on solving
the equations of Laplace or Poisson [A1].
Long straight conductors, which represent the more widespread sources of low frequency electric fields, can
be modelled by a system of straight conductors, having an infinite length, parallel to the ground plane,
sketched as a infinite surface. This model is able to reproduce the electric field generated by an electric
power line in a given transversal section.
The model is based on the simplified equivalent electric charges approach. The starting hypothesis is that
the equivalent electric charges are concentrated in the centre of each conductor, with a constant linear
charge density. The solution can be found in the literature [A1].
A.1.1.2 Magnetic field
In order to validate numerical calculations and/or measurements of magnetic fields it is often useful to reduce
the given situation to one of the three main kinds of sources:
• one single conductor (e.g. railway overhead power supply): the magnetic field decreases as 1/R, where R
is the distance to the energised conductor (Ampere’s law);
• system of parallel conductors, energized by a system of balanced currents (e.g. electric networks): the
magnetic field decreases as 1/R², where R is the mean distance to the energized conductors. This
empirical law is valid when R is large compared to the distance between the different conductors;
• localised sources (e.g. electric domestic appliances) can be considered as magnetic dipoles: the
3
magnetic field decreases as 1/R , where R is the distance to the source. In the same way as previously,
this empirical law only applies when R is large compared to the size of the source itself.
Analytical solutions for these situations and for other types of simple sources can be found in the literature
[A2], [A3] as well:
• circular current loops;
• rectangular current loops;
• single line currents;
• circular current coils;
• elementary dipoles.
A.1.2 High frequencies
A.1.2.1 Electric and magnetic fields
A.1.2.1.1 Field regions
Calculations can be made in three separate regions, based on distance from the antenna. These are called:
• far field region;
• radiating near-field region;
• reactive near-field region.
 BS EN 50413:2009
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A.1.2.1.2 Far-field region

The far-field calculations are sufficiently accurate when the distance r from an antenna of length D (where D
is the largest geometrical dimension of the antenna) to a point of investigation is larger than:

2D 2
r ≥
λ
A.1.2.1.3 Radiating near-field region
The radiating near-field region of an antenna of length D, this region is usually defined by:

2D 2
λ<r≤
λ
where r is the distance from the antenna to the point of investigation.
A.1.2.1.4 Reactive near-field region
The reactive near-field region of an antenna, this region is usually defined by:
r≤λ
where r is the distance from the antenna to the point of investigation.
A.1.2.2 Far field model
The following result of a simple model is applicable only in the far-field region. In this model free space
analysis shall be considered in calculation if the influence of the environment is shown as negligible.
Power density:
PG ( θ, φ )
S=
4 πr 2
Electric field strength:

30 PG(θ ,φ )
E=
r
Magnetic field strength:
E
H=
Z0
where
P = input power of the antenna;
G = antenna gain relative to an isotropic antenna;
θ,φ = elevation and azimuth angles;
r = distance from the antenna to the point of investigation;
Z0 = impedance of free space.
A.1.2.3 Synthesis model
This model is applicable in the radiating near-field and far-field regions.
The electric field strength at a point of investigation may be obtained by a vector sum of n small patches of
the antenna, treated as separate sources:

30 Pn Gn j(γ n + 2 πλrn )
E = ∑αn e
n rn
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 26 –

where
rn = distance between the observation point and reference point of patch n;
Pn = input power to patch n;
γn = relative phase of applied voltage at antenna patch n;
Gn = gain of patch n towards the point of investigation relative to an isotropic antenna;
αn = weighting coefficient.
The patch gain Gn may be determined according to references given in [A3], [A4].

A.1.2.4 Cylindrical wave model

This model is applicable in the volume described in cylindrical co-ordinates X, Z, φ:
−D D
≤Z ≤
2 2
−δ δ
≤ϕ ≤
2 2
λ 2D 2
≤ X ≤ Min ( rc ,
)
4 λ
An approximate solution can be calculated by assuming cylindrical waves, which gives a power flux density
of:
P 180
S=
πDr δ
The far-field and cylindrical wave models give the same power flux density value on bore sight where
GD δ
rc =
2 360
where
rc is the distance between the observation point and the antenna where cylinder and far-
field approaches give equivalent result;
δ is the angle in degrees defining the – 3 dB beam width of a directional antenna (for an
omni-directional antenna δ is equal to 360°);
P is the input power to the antenna;
D is the length of the antenna;
G is the maximum gain of the antenna relative to an isotropic antenna.
In the region where

λ 2D 2
≤ rc ≤
4 λ
then the lower calculated result of cylinder/far-field models may be applied conservatively.
A.1.2.5 Analytical solution for fields from an infinitesimally small antenna
Analytical solutions exist for the field distributions in the near and far field of infinitesimally small dipoles and
monopoles. These solutions may be used also for validation [A6] and [A7], [A6] also gives an analytical
solution for a half wave (and near half-wave) dipole.
A.1.2.6 Estimation of field quantities in the near field of aperture antennas
For aperture antennas (for example: parabolic reflector antennas) the field quantities can be estimated in a
simple way if the following conditions are fulfilled [A8]:
• the antenna consists of a primary radiator and one or more area-like reflectors;
• the aperture size of the primary radiator lies in the order of a few wavelengths;
• the size of the main reflector is large enough with regard to the wavelength (> 10 λ).
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 27 – EN 50413:2008

The main reflector is being fed by one or more primary radiators (exciter). In the area between primary
radiator and main reflector is it valid to assume far field conditions. In the "radiating" near field which begins
immediate at the reflector it is sufficient to measure either the electrical or magnetical field strength or the
power flux density; the conversion of the field quantities one to another can be done with the following
equations:
E = H ⋅ Z0

S = E⋅H
The maximum power density in the direction of the main beam for a distance rA to the aperture area of the
main reflector
A
rA ≤
2λ
can be estimated with the equation
4P
S=
A
A.2 Calculation of induced current density
A.2.1 General aspects
The current density induced in the body by electric and magnetic field is not directly measurable.
In the following, simple models of interaction between electric and magnetic fields and a human body in the
low frequency range are presented. They consider exposure to uniform and non-uniform fields produced by
electric devices and installations.
Sophisticated models for calculating induced currents in the body have been used and are the subject of a
number of scientific publications. These use numerical 3D electromagnetic field computation codes and
detailed models of the internal structure with specific electric characteristics of each tissue within the body.
However such models are still developing; the electric conductivity data available at present has
considerable shortcomings; and the spatial resolution of models is still advancing. Such models are therefore
still considered to be in the field of scientific research and at present it is not considered that the results
obtained from such models should be fixed indefinitely within standards. However, it is recognised that such
models can make a useful contribution to the standardisation process, especially for product standards
where particular cases of exposure are considered. When results from such models are used in standards,
the results should be reviewed from time to time to ensure they continue reflecting the current status of
science.
A.2.2 Analytical models for current and current density computation
A.2.2.1 General
Analytical models can be used to quantify the interaction between electric and magnetic fields and living
body when the following simplifying assumptions are introduced:
• the external fields are uniform, and at a single frequency;
• the bodies are generally homogeneous;
• the body shape can be described analytically e.g. spheres, spheroids, etc.
Therefore, they cannot easily take into account the fact that:
• the human body is a non-homogeneous structure with a complex shape;
• the electric and magnetic fields are not uniform in practical exposure conditions.
Nevertheless, analytical models may be used to make easy, conservative evaluations and also to validate
numerical calculations.
In the following sections, some analytical expressions for the current density induced by uniform electric or
magnetic field are provided and in particular:
• homogeneous spheroid inside a uniform electric field;
• homogeneous spheroid inside a uniform magnetic field.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 28 –

The introduced analytical models neglect permittivity. The upper frequency limit of their applicability is given
by the dielectric parameters of the biological tissues:
ω ε << σ
where
ω is the angular frequency;
σ is the electric conductivity;
ε is the permittivity.
A.2.2.2 Spheroid in a uniform electric field
The spheroid has a major axis of length 2L on the z-axis and a radius R of the circular section in xy plane
(Figure A.1). The electromagnetic properties of the spheroid are defined by the complex dielectric constant
σ
ε i* = ε ri ε 0 − j
ω
where
εri and σ are respectively the permittivity and the electric conductivity of the biological tissues;
ε0 is the permittivity of vacuum;
ω is the angular frequency of the external electric field (Figure A.1).
The spheroid is placed in a uniform electric field of strength E0 with a direction either parallel to the rotational
axis of the spheroid (z-axis) or perpendicular to this axis (that is parallel to x or y axis).

z
Ez

ER
R y

Figure A.1 – Scheme of the spheroid

The current density induced inside the spheroid when the external field E0Z is parallel to the major axis, and
under the assumption that L/R > 1(human model), is given by [1], [2].
 E0 Z 
J SZ = σ 
( )( )[ 
1 + ε i ε e − 1 u 0 − 1 u0 coth (u0 ) − 1 
* * 2 −1
] (A.1)

This current density in the spheroid has the same direction as the external field and is therefore called JSZ.

In equation (A.1)
ε*e is the complex dielectric constant of the external media

and uo = 1 1 − (R L )2
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 29 – EN 50413:2008

The current density induced inside the spheroid when the external field E0R is perpendicular to the rotational
axis, is given by
 
 E0R 
J SR =σ  (A.2)


( 2
) [ ( ) ]
1 + ε i* ε e* − 1 u0 u 0 − u 02 − 1 coth −1 (u0 ) 

This current density in the spheroid has the same direction as the external field and is therefore called JSR.
Taking into account the electrical parameters of the biological tissue and of the surrounding air, the following
expression can be written:
σ σ
ε i* = ε ri ε 0 − j ≅ −j
ω ω
ε e* = ε 0
so that
ε i* σ
−1 ≅ − j
εe *
ωε 0
Introducing the previous approximations, and assuming that the modulus of the current density J has the
following expression yields to:

J = k E ⋅ f ⋅ E0
where f is the frequency and E0 is the value of the unperturbed electric field), the constant kE is given by

2 π ε0
k EZ =
( )[ ]
for E0 along z axis
u − 1 u0 coth −1 (u 0 ) − 1
2
0

4πε 0
k ER =
[ ( ) ]
for E0 perpendicular to z axis
u 0 u 0 − u 02 − 1 coth −1 (u 0 )
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 30 –

It is worthwhile noting that the constant kE only depends on geometrical data and is largely independent of
the material parameters.

The behaviour of kEZ and kER versus the ratio L/R is shown in Figure A.2.

1,E-07

Field along z axis (k )

EZ

1,E-08
KE (F/m)

1,E-09

Field along x or y axis (k )

ER

1,E-10
1 10 100
L/R

Figure A.2 – kE versus parameter L/R

 BS EN 50413:2009
– 31 – EN 50413:2008

Figure A.3 shows the current density induced by a field of strength equal to 1 kV/m at 50 Hz.

1,E+04

Field along z axis (J EZ )

1,E+03
J(µA/m²)

1,E+02

Field along x or y axis (J )

ER

1,E+01

1,E+00
1 10 100
L/R

Figure A.3 – Current density induced by an electric field of strength equal to 1 kV/m,
50 Hz versus parameter L/R
A.2.2.3 Simulation of a human being standing on a ground plane at zero potential
To simulate a human being standing on a ground plane at zero potential and subject to a vertical uniform
electric field E0, it is necessary to take into account the presence of the ground surface. This can be done by
considering that a half spheroid, such as that shown in Figure A.4 where the x-y plane represents the ground
plane, is equivalent to a complete spheroid in free space.
z

E0

Figure A.4 – Scheme of the spheroid simulating a human being standing on a zero potential plane.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 32 –

A.2.2.4 Spheroid in a uniform magnetic field

The spheroid has a major axis of length 2L directed along the z-axis and a radius R of the circular section in
x-y plane. The electromagnetic properties of the spheroid are defined by the electric conductivity σ and the
permeability µ of the biological tissues equal to the permeability of the vacuum µ0 (Figure A.5).
The spheroid is placed in a uniform magnetic field having flux density strength B0 and frequency f, directed
along the rotational axis of the spheroid (z-axis) or a transversal direction (e.g. x-axis).

z
B0

B0
R y

Figure A.5 – Scheme of the spheroid

The current density induced inside the spheroid when the external field is directed along the major axis lies
on the x-y plane; the current lines are in this case circumferences.
The current density induced inside the spheroid when the external field is directed along a transversal
direction (x-axis) with respect to the rotational axis lies on the plane transversal to the external field (y-z
plane); the current lines are in this case ellipses.
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 33 – EN 50413:2008

Assuming for the modulus of the current density J the following expression:

J = k B σ f B0
constant kB only depends on geometrical data, and it is given by:

kB = r π for B0 along z axis

4
L
2 π ⋅   y2 + z2
R
kB = 2
for B0 along x axis
L
1+  
R
For L/R = 1 this last expression becomes equal to the one valid for the external field directed along the
z axis.
In the case of the external field B0 directed along the x axis, the behaviour of kB versus position y (for z = 0)
and versus position z (for y = 0), for different values of the ratio L/R is shown in Figure A.6 and Figure A.7.

3.0
L/R = 1 z=0
2.5 L/R = 2
L/R = 5
L/R = 10
2.0
kB

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
y (m)

Figure A.6 – kB versus coordinate y (at z = 0) for different values of the ratio L/R
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 34 –

1.5
L/R = 1
L/R = 2 y=0
L/R = 5
L/R = 10
1.0
kB

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
z (m)

Figure A.7– kB versus coordinate z (at y = 0) for different values of the ratio L/R

A.3 References
[A1] David K. Cheng: Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics. Pearson Education, 1993
[A2] S. Nishizawa, H.-O. Ruoß, F. Landstorfer and O.Hashimoto, "Numerical study on an equivalent source
model for inhomogeneous magnetic field dosimetry in the low frequency range", IEEE Transaction on
Biomedical Engineering, vol. 51, NO. 4, April 2004
[A3] S. Nishizawa: Induced current density in human body models caused by inhomogeneous magnetic
fields of electrical appliances. Berlin: Logos, 2005
[A4] A. Taflove, Computational Electrodynamics, The Finite Time-Domain Method, Artech House
Publishers, 1996
[A5] B. Archambeault, O. M. Ramahi, C. Brench, EMI/EMC Computational Modelling Handbook, Kluwar
Academic Publishers, 1998
[A6] E. C. Jordan, K. G. Balmain, Electromagnetic waves and radiating systems, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1968
[A7] M. F. Iskander, Electromagnetic fields and waves, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992
[A8] Heinrich, W., „Elektromagnetische Umweltverträglichkeit im Nahbereich von Spiegelantennen“,
Telekom Praxis 7(1994), 30-37
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 35 – EN 50413:2008

Annex B
(informative)

Numerical methods
B.1 Finite Element Method (FEM)
The finite element method is based on the solution of Maxwell equations in their differential form. This
method is without doubt the most popular one in many fields of applications, from electromagnetism to
mechanics and fluid dynamics.
The method is based on the approximation of the solution by means of the superposition of re-constructors
having a simple analytical expression. By approximating the exact solution with a superposition of simple
analytical functions, the differential operators can be computed explicitly, leading to the definition of algebraic
matrix equations. In order to apply this approach, FEM requires the subdivision of the domain into a volume
mesh, obtained by using different kind of elements (tetrahedral, hexahedra or cuboids for 3D problems or
triangles or quadrangles for 2D problems). The re-constructors are generally associated with the nodes of
the mesh. The use of such volume elements leads to an easy adaptability of the method to modelling
complex shapes and to impose boundary conditions [B1].
The matrix equations generated by FEM are largely sparse, allowing the use of optimized algorithms for their
storage and solution. An important class of finite element methods is the so-called “edge element” of “facet
element” method, which are based on the use of re-constructors that are assigned to edges or to the face of
the volume elements. These variants are particular interesting for the solutions of 3D problems [B2].

B.2 Finite Difference Method (FDM)

The finite difference method is also based on the solution of Maxwell equations in their differential form. This
approach starts from the approximation of the spatial derivatives with finite increments, leading to an
algebraic system of equations where the unknown are usually the values of the electromagnetic quantity on
the nodes of the mesh. It requires the subdivision of the volume into a regular mesh (usually
parallelepipeds), which constitutes a severe restriction to the modelling of complex shapes and to the
imposition of boundary conditions. The matrix equations generated by FDM are largely sparse, allowing the
use of optimized algorithms for their storage and solution.

B.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD)

Although the finite difference approach can also be applied in the frequency domain, the Finite-Difference
Time-Domain method is much more popular. Maxwell’s equations are directly discretized in space as well as
in time on a staggered Yee-grid. The solution is directly computed in the time domain in explicit time steps,
whereby the field strengths in the computational space are set to zero at the beginning. This means that
FDTD does not involve the solution of a matrix equation. Since the entire volume must be divided into cells,
the number of unknowns is very large. However the computational effort grows only linearly with the number
of unknowns and the number of cells. The Time-Domain Transmission-Line Method (TD-TLM) and the Finite
Integration Technique (FIT) are conceptually slightly different methods that, however, lead to the same
numerical scheme.

B.4 Integral Equations (IE) including Method of Moments (MoM) and

Boundary Element Method (BEM)
The solution of integral equations is a powerful tool for the analysis of electromagnetic-field problems. A
frequently used type of IE for scattering problems starts with Maxwell’s equations and yields to an integral
expression for the Electric Field (EFIE) or the Magnetic Field (MFIE) via Green’s functions. Dividing the total
region into homogeneous sub-regions with electric and magnetic surface currents on the boundaries in
between allows, by forcing continuity of the tangential field components across these boundaries, the
calculation of the unknown currents by the solution of an IE system via a matrix-equation algorithm.
There exist several direct and iterative algorithms for the solution of IEs. The most popular method is the
method of moments (MoM) described by Harrington in the mid 60s [B3]. Similar approaches are known
under the titles method of weighted residuals, method of projection, Galerkin method, and point matching
method, Boundary Element Method (BEM) etc.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 36 –

In the case of Integral Methods, most of the computational time is required to compute the terms of the
algebraic matrix that is usually fully populated. These matrix equations were originally solved by direct
methods. Later iterative methods such as the conjugate gradient method or the most efficient GMRES
method were also used to speed up the solution process of large systems.
IE methods are preferably applied for “open” problems, such as scattering problems including radiation in the
free space. The application is restricted to models that can be described by homogeneous sub-regions with
known Green’s functions. The computational effort is roughly proportional to N, with N equal to the number of
unknowns, so that the problem size grows very fast.

B.5 Impedance Method (IM)

For low frequency applications, where the dimensions of the domain are small compared with the
wavelength, the impedance method has been found to be efficient as a numerical procedure for calculating
the internal current densities and induced fields generated by the interaction between electromagnetic
sources and living bodies. A 3D network of impedance represents the domain under study; the individual
values of the impedances are obtained from the electromagnetic properties of the body (conductivity and
permittivity). The dimensions of each single cell in which the body is subdivided can be different, allowing the
modelling of strongly non-homogeneous domains. This method has been extensively applied to the
calculation of SAR due to RF fields and induced current densities in living bodies exposed to power
frequency magnetic fields.

B.6 Generalised Multipole Technique (GMT)

GMT is based on a semi-analytical approach, where the boundary conditions are fulfilled numerically. The
investigated region is divided into several sub-regions. The unknown electromagnetic fields in each
sub-region are approximated by sets of analytical expansion functions, which are derived as own values of
the homogeneous wave equation. Preferably, but not necessarily, multipole expansions are used as
analytical functions. The expansions are matched in discrete points on the boundary of the sub-regions
(point matching technique) resulting in an over determined system of equations with a dense matrix. This
system is solved in a least-squares sense. As the global expansion functions of GMT are smooth on the
boundaries, the accuracy close to the boundaries is high, which is important for dosimetric applications. An
advantage of GMT lies in the fact that the residual errors resulting from least-squares technique can be used
to validate the quality of the result. GMT therefore leads to reliable dosimetric assessments. However, its
severe limitation is the difficulty involved in simulating real world applications. For geometrically complex
bodies the selection and location of origin of the expansion functions is not obvious and requires
considerable expertise.

B.7 Hybrid Finite Element-Boundary Element Method (FEM-BEM)

This method is based on a hybrid formulation, coupling the variational and integral approaches. The domain
under study is divided into sub-domains that are treated by FEM or BEM formulations. The two sets of
equations are coupled through the interfaces by imposing suitable continuity conditions. The advantage of
these methods is to put together the advantage of FEM in treating strongly non-homogeneous volumes with
the advantage BEM to handle open boundary domains. As a drawback, these methods are quite complex
and some numerical instability can arise under particular conditions.

B.8 Scalar Potential Finite Difference method (SPFD)

The scalar potential finite difference method is an effective calculation method for the induced current density
in the numerical conductive human body model (size of the body ≈ 2 m) at low frequency range (up to
100 kHz) [B4]. In this method, the applied magnetic field source is incorporated as the vector potential term
in the electric field. Furthermore, the electric field is transformed into a scalar potential form, which is then
solved by the finite difference techniques. Owing to the low frequency assumptions (quasi static), the
secondary magnetic field and other higher-order terms in the tissue are negligible, which are produced by the
induced current density.
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 37 – EN 50413:2008

B.9 Frequency scaling

If using RF software codes, the application of a frequency scaling method is possible. For any magnetic
source, the calculation can be carried out at a higher frequency f ′ (≤ 5 MHz to guarantee the quasi-stationary
character of the field). For this calculation, the electric conductivity σ(f) of tissue must be taken into account
for the frequency f. This calculation yields the electric field strength E ′ at the frequency f ′ . Now, by scaling
the electric field strength due to:

f
E (r ) = ⋅ E ′(r )
f′
the values for the frequency of interest (f) can be determined. Finally, the electric current density can be
evaluated by applying Ohm’s law:

J (r ) = σ(f ) ⋅ E (r )

B.10 References
[B1] M. V. K. Chari, S. J. Salon, Numerical methods in electromagnetism, Academic Press, San Diego,
2000
[B2] A. Bossavit, Computational electromagnetism, Academic Press, San Diego, 1998
[B3] R. F. Harrington, Field computational moment methods, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1968
[B4] T. W. Dawson and M. A. Stuchly: High-Resolution Organ Dosimetry for Human Exposure to
Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields, IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, Vol., 34, No.3, 1998
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 38 –

Annex C
(informative)

Uncertainty assessment for the measurement of EMF

C.1 Steps in establishing an uncertainty budget
C.1.1 Selection of uncertainty contributions
An uncertainty budget is a list of the probable sources of error combined with an estimation for their
uncertainty and a distribution of their probability. If there is any doubt about whether a contribution is
significant or not, it should be included in the uncertainty budget in order to demonstrate that it has been
considered. Most uncertainty contributions will not be the same for the complete range of measurements.
Therefore it is necessary to re-evaluate the budget used for every type of measurement equipment and
measuring task. However, for the ease of use, it might be appropriate to use only a single budget covering
the complete range of equipment and tasks as long as all major factors are accounted for and the
overestimation of the uncertainty does not create the necessity for additional measures. This approach
should not be used if limit values are exceeded.
C.1.2 Classes of uncertainty contributions
There are two major groups of uncertainty contributions:
• random effects result in errors that vary in an unpredictable way while the measurement is being made
or is repeated under the same conditions. The uncertainty associated with these contributions can be
evaluated by statistical techniques from repeated measurements;
• contributions to uncertainty arising from systematic effects are those that remain constant while the
measurement is being made but can change if the measurement conditions, method or equipment is
altered.
Normally, all corrections that can be applied to the measured result should be applied. However, in some
cases it may be impractical or unnecessary to correct for all known errors. For example, the calibration
certificate for a receiver may give actual measured input results at specific readings, with an associated
uncertainty. It is possible to correct subsequent readings by using this calibration to achieve the lowest
possible uncertainty. However, it is more practical to use indicated values with no corrections applied, in
which case the manufacturer's specified uncertainty should be used, provided it has been confirmed by an
accredited calibration.
The individual uncertainty contributions should be in terms of the variation in the quantity being measured,
rather than the influence quantity, and all in the same units. Most EMF measurements are derived from
readings using logarithmic scales e.g. dBµV, corrections for the gain or loss of system components are in
dB, specification limits are generally given in dB and instrument specification limits are normally in dB. In
these cases it is recommended that the uncertainty calculations are made in terms of dBs. In some cases,
for example, where the addition of signals is the dominant contribution it may be more correct to calculate the
uncertainty in terms of absolute values, e.g. V/m.
It is relatively straightforward to assign a value to the uncertainty contribution when there is already evidence
on which to base the value, such as a calibration certificate or manufacturer's specification. In other cases
there may be little or no data available and estimation has to be made based on experience or on other
relevant published material.
Most contributions to uncertainty can be adequately represented by a symmetrical distribution about the
nominal or measured result, for instance the uncertainty attributed to a receiver. However, some
contributions are not symmetrical and these are most simply dealt with by calculating separate positive and
negative values for the total uncertainty. The decision on whether this is appropriate will depend on the
difference between the two values and the need for rigor in the uncertainty estimation. An example of an
asymmetric uncertainty is the addition of two signals at the same frequency where the resultant is dependent
on their relative phase, as occurs with multiple reflections in a screened room and mismatch uncertainty.
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 39 – EN 50413:2008

C.1.3 Probability distribution and standard uncertainty of each contribution

The probability distribution of an uncertainty describes the variation in probability of the true value lying at
any particular difference from the measured or assigned result. The form of the probability distribution will not
necessarily be a regular geometric shape and an assumption has to be made, based on prior knowledge or
theory that it approximates to one of the common forms. It is then possible to calculate the standard
uncertainty, u(xi), for the assigned form from simple equations. The four main distributions of interest to EMF
measurement are normal, rectangular, triangular and U-shaped.
C.1.3.1 Normal
This distribution can be assigned to uncertainties derived from multiple contributions. For example, when an
accredited calibration laboratory provides a total uncertainty for an instrument this will have been calculated
at a minimum level of confidence of 95 % and can be assumed to be normal. The standard uncertainty for a
value of uncertainty with assumed normal distribution is given by dividing the value of uncertainty uN by the
coverage factor k, appropriate to the stated level of confidence:
uN
u ( xi ) =
k
For a reported level of confidence of 95 %, the coverage factor k = 1,96 or approximately 2.
Typical examples for normal distributions are calibration uncertainties or the reproducibility of measurements.
C.1.3.2 Rectangular
This distribution means that there is equal probability of the true value lying anywhere between the
prescribed limits. A rectangular distribution should be assigned where a manufacturer's specification limits
are used as the uncertainty, unless there is a statement of confidence associated with the specification, in
which case a normal distribution can be assumed.
For rectangular distributions the standard uncertainty results to

u ( xi ) = a i
3
where
ai is the semi-range limit value of the individual uncertainty contribution.
Typical examples for rectangular distributions are instrument reading, linearity and isotropy uncertainties.
C.1.3.3 U-shaped
This distribution is applicable to mismatch uncertainty. The value of the limit for the mismatch uncertainty M
associated with the power transfer at a junction is obtained from
M = 20 ⋅ log10 (1 ± ΓG ⋅ ΓL ) dB or
[
M = 100 ⋅ (1 ± ΓG ⋅ ΓL )2 − 1]%
where Γ G and Γ L are the reflection coefficients for the source and load. In log presentation (dB) the
mismatch uncertainty is asymmetric regarding the measurement result. If in the relevant expression of the
above formulas the minus symbol is used (instead of the plus symbol) this always gives the larger absolute
value. However, the difference between the two values is often insignificant and therefore it is acceptable to
use the larger of the two limits i.e.

20 log10 (1 ± ΓG × ΓL )

in order to obtain a value for uncertainty which is symmetric around the measurement result.
For U-shaped distributions the standard uncertainty results to
M
u( x i ) =
2
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 40 –

C.1.3.4 Triangular
This distribution means that there is greater probability of the true value lying centrally between two
prescribed limits. A triangular distribution should be assigned
• where the contribution has a distribution with defined limits and
• where the majority of the values within the limits lie around the central point.
For triangular distributions the standard uncertainty results to
ai
u ( xi ) =
6
where ai is the semi-range limit value of the individual uncertainty contribution.
C.1.4 Combined standard uncertainty
C.1.4.1 Sensitivity coefficients
In some cases the input quantity to the process may not be in the same units as the output quantity. For
example, the uncertainty in the measurement distance on an open site should be converted to the
uncertainty in the received signal strength. In this case the input quantity is length, but the output quantity is
electric. It is therefore necessary to introduce a sensitivity coefficient so that the output quantity (y), can be
related to the input quantity (xi). This sensitivity coefficient is referred to as ci. The sensitivity coefficient is
effectively a conversion factor from one unit to another. The relationship between the input quantity and the
output quantity may not be linear. The partial derivative ∂f / ∂ x i can be used to obtain the sensitivity
coefficient and this is one of the reasons that mathematical modelling is used to describe measurement
systems. In practice the derivation of the partial derivatives can be difficult and the effort involved is not
always justified by the results obtained. A linear approximation such as the quotient ∆f/∆xi, where ∆f is the
change in f resulting from a change ∆xi in xi, is often sufficient.
C.1.4.2 Correlated input quantities
The combined standard uncertainty of the output estimate will only apply when there is no correlation
between any of the input estimates, that is, the input quantities are independent of each other. It may be the
case that some input quantities are affected by the same influence quantity, e.g. temperature, or by the
errors in a particular instrument that is used for separate measurements in the same process. In such cases
the input quantities are not independent of each other and the equation for obtaining the standard
uncertainty of the output estimate shall be modified. However, as mentioned previously, if correlation
between any contributions is known or suspected then the most straightforward approach is to sum the
standard uncertainty of these contributions arithmetically. ENV 13005 [C1] should be referred to if a more
detailed approach is required.
C.1.4.3 Combined standard uncertainty
The combined uncertainty uc(y) is obtained by taking the square root of the sum of squares of the individual
standard uncertainties. If any of the standard uncertainties are not already in terms of the measured quantity
then they should be converted using the appropriate sensitivity coefficient, ci, then:

ui ( y ) = ci ⋅ u ( xi )
Any contributions with known or suspected adverse correlation should be added together, then for m
contributions:
m
u c (y) = ∑ u (y)
i=1
2
i

C.1.5 Expanded uncertainty

The expanded uncertainty, U, defines an interval about the measured result that will encompass the true
value with a specified level of confidence, p %. The expanded uncertainty is obtained by multiplying the
combined standard uncertainty by coverage factor, k, thus:
U = k uc (y)
The recommended level of confidence is 95 %, which can be obtained with k = 1,96.
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 41 – EN 50413:2008

C.2 Examples for uncertainty budgets

The following simple examples give a practical guideline to set-up an uncertainty budget for EMF
measurements in the high frequency range using different equipment. These are real examples from actual
measurement situations and will not be representative for other situations. The first example shows an
uncertainty calculation with logarithmic values, the second example is done in linear scale.

C.2.1 Example of an uncertainty budget for field strength measurement using a

system with antenna and spectrum analyzer

Component Influence factor Specific Distribution Division Standard

uncertainty factor uncertainty
[dB] [dB]
Analyzer Frequency response 0,5 Normal 2 0,25
(k ≈ 2)
Analyzer Input attenuation 0,1 Normal 2 0,05
(k ≈ 2)
Analyzer Resolution bandwidths 0,05 Normal 2 0,03
(k ≈ 2)
Analyzer IF-amplifier 0,5 Normal 2 0,25
(k ≈ 2)
Analyzer Temperature response 1,0 Rectangular 1,73 0,58
Analyzer Modulation response 0,5 Rectangular 1,73 0,29
Analyzer Display reading uncertainty 0,05 Rectangular 1,73 0,03
Antenna Calibration uncertainty 0,2 Normal 2 0,10
cable (k ≈ 2)
Antenna Cable attenuation frequency 0,1 Rectangular 1,73 0,06
cable interpolation
Antenna Calibration uncertainty 1,0 Normal 2 0,50
(k ≈ 2)
Antenna Antenna factor frequency 0,1 Rectangular 1,73 0,06
interpolation
Mismatch Uncertainty caused by reflections 0,8 U-shaped 1,41 0,57
Repeatability Limited repeatability 2,3 Normal 2 1,15
(k ≈ 2)
Combined standard uncertainty [dB]: 1,57
Expansion factor: 1,96
Expanded uncertainty [dB]: 3,08
Expanded uncertainty [%]: 42,5
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 42 –

C.2.2 Example of an uncertainty budget for field strength measurement using a

broadband measurement system

Influence factor Reference Specified uncertainty Distribution Division Standard

factor uncertainty
[%] [%]
Frequency response Calibration report 15 Rectangular 1,73 8,7
Uncertainty of Calibration report 14 Normal 2 7
frequency response (k ≈ 2)
Linearity deviation Calibration report 3 Rectangular 1,73 1,7
Uncertainty of linear Calibration report 2,5 Normal 2 1,3
deviation (k ≈ 2)
Isotropic deviation Data sheet 12,2 Rectangular 1,73 7
Modulation response Data sheet 5 Rectangular 1,73 2,9
Temperature Data sheet 3,5 Rectangular 1,73 2,0
response
Repeatability Measuring series 15 Normal 1 15
(k = 1)
Combined standard uncertainty [%]: 20,4
Expansion factor: 1,96
Expanded uncertainty [%]: 40,0

C.3 References
[C1] ENV 13005, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 43 – EN 50413:2008

Annex D
(informative)

Consideration of different types of radio transmission (modulation)

This annex discusses some aspects for the assessment of EM fields due to modulated signals of radio
transmitters.

D.1 Modulation
The emissions from radio transmitters have very special characteristics for transmission of information:
modulation. As certain effects of EM radiation are sensitive to the type of modulation used, it follows that the
presence of modulation shall be taken into consideration when carrying out measurements or calculations to
determine whether or not relevant limits are being kept.

D.2 Classification of emissions

The Radio Regulations, drawn up by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), classify the
emissions from radio transmitters according to the required bandwidths, and the basic and optional
characteristics of the transmission [D1]. The complete classification consists of nine characters as follows:
• Characters 1 – 4 describe the bandwidth, using three digits and one letter;
• Characters 5 – 7 describe the basic characteristics, using two letters and one digit;
• Characters 8 – 9 describe any optional characteristics, using two letters.
Only the three basic characteristics are relevant to the consideration of RF hazards. These are:
• type of modulation of the main carrier Character 5;
• nature of the signal(s) which modulate(s) the main carrier Character 6;
• type of information to be transmitted Character 7.
Information about the transmitter power supplied to the antenna, the type of modulation, and the gain and
directional characteristics of the antenna can be obtained from the transmission authority which is
responsible for operating the equipment at a particular site. It is important to know whether the transmitter
power is expressed in terms of the carrier power, PC, the mean power, PM, or the peak power, PP, in order to
be able to compare the measured or calculated values accurately with the derived levels.
The following table is based on information given in the Radio Regulations, lists the various characters which
are used to classify the three basic characteristics of a radio emission.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 44 –

Table D.1 – Characters used to define the class of emission, based on information given
in the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Character 5 Character 6 Character 7

Type of modulation Nature of the signal(s) Type of information
of the main carrier modulating the main carrier to be transmitted

N Unmodulated 0 No modulating signal N No information transmitted

Single channel containing:

Amplitude modulation: quantized or digital information Telegraphy
A 1 A
double–sideband not using a modulating for aural reception
sub-carrier

Single channel containing:

Amplitude modulation: Telegraphy
H 2 quantized or digital information B
single–sideband, full carrier for automatic reception
using a modulating sub–carrier

Amplitude modulation:
R single–sideband, reduced or
variable–level carrier
Single channel containing:
3 C Facsimile
analogue information

Amplitude modulation: Two or more channels

J single–sideband, suppressed 7 containing:
carrier
Amplitude modulation:
B 8
independent sidebands
Amplitude modulation:
C 9
vestigial sideband
Angle modulation:
F X
frequency (i.e. FM)
G Angle modulation: phase
Data transmission, telemetry and
D
telecommand
quantized or digital information
Two or more channels
Telephony
containing: E
including sound broadcasting
analogue information
Two or more channels
containing:
F Television (video)
a mix of analogue & digital
channels
Cases not otherwise covered W Combination of the above
X Cases not otherwise covered

Mixture of amplitude
D and angle modulation
(simultaneously or sequentially)

Sequence of pulses:
P
unmodulated
Sequence of pulses:
K
modulated in amplitude

Sequence of pulses:
L
modulated in width/duration

Sequence of pulses:
M
modulated in position/phase

Sequence of pulses:
Q angle–modulation of the carrier
during the period of the pulse

Sequence of pulses:
V combination of K, L, M and Q, or
produced by other means

Cases not covered above:

W carrier modulated by two or more
modes (amplitude, angle, pulse)
X Cases not otherwise covered
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 45 – EN 50413:2008

D.3 Relationship between carrier, average and peak power for different
classes of emission
For exposure assessment by using reference levels or limits usually mean values are required. But
sometimes peak values are to be used, e.g. for medical implants. Relevant terms of transmitter power are
defined in the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union [D1]:
• Peak envelope power PP (of a radio transmitter)
The average power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during one radio frequency
cycle at the crest of the modulation envelope taken under normal operating conditions.
• Mean power PM (of a radio transmitter)
The average power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during an interval of time
sufficiently long compared with the lowest frequency encountered in the modulation taken under normal
operating conditions.
• Carrier power PC (of a radio transmitter)
The average power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during one radio frequency
cycle taken under the condition of no modulation. In many cases when the signals are modulated it is not
simple to determine needed values from the given.
Table D.2 gives the relationship between carrier, mean and peak power for the most usual modulation types
in the case of maximum modulated signal.
If Table D.2 is used for the conversion of field strengths then the root from the given factors shall be taken
into account.
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 46 –

Table D.2 – Relationship between carrier, mean and peak power

for the most usual modulation types in the case of maximum modulated signal

Type of transmission Carrier power P C Mean power P M Peak envelope power P P

Main parameter Example Factor for the determination of
PC PM PP PC PM PP PC PM PP
A1A AM
A1B telegraph 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A ‘c C AM
A ‘c E sound 1 1,5 4 0,67 1 2,67 0,25 0,38 1
B ‘c Bb AM
B ‘c Eb independent - - - - 1 1 - 1 1
B ‘c W b sidebands
C ‘c Fa AM-TV
Negative - - - - 1 1,85 - 0,54 1
Modulation
CCIR, OIRT
F ‘c ‘c FM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
H ‘c A SSB
H ‘c B full carrier 1 2 4 0,5 1 2 0,25 0,5 1
H ‘c E
J ‘c Bb SSB
J ‘ c Cb suppressed - - - 0 1 1 0 1 1
J ‘c Eb carrier
K ‘c A pulse
K ‘c Ef 1 1,5 4/d 0,67 1 2,67/d 0,25d 0,38d 1
L ‘c A pulse
L ‘c E length
M ‘c Af pulse 1 1 1/d 1 1 1/d d d 1
M ‘c E phase
P ‘c N pulse sequence.
R ‘ c Bb SSB
R ‘ c Cb reduced/var. - - - - 1 1 - 1 1
R ‘ c Eb carrier
W ‘c W d DRM
G ‘c Wd DAB 1 1 C 1 1 C 1/C 1/C 1
W ‘c W d DVB-T
X ‘c W e DRM+AM 1 1,5 4 0,67 1 2,67 0,25 0,38 1

a Carrier power P T not clearly defined.

b It is assumed that the carrier is almost totally suppressed and that in the case of modulation with a tone in a sideband
the peak power of the transmitter can be reached.
c Symbol not relevant for assessment.
d The crest factor C describes the power ratio between maximum transmitted peak power and whole channel power measured
over the whole channel bandwidth (generally 1,5 MHz for DAB and 8 MHz for DVB). If C is given as voltage ratio (peak to
mean voltage) it has to be divided by two or diminished by 3 dB.
e Both A3E and W7W in one channel.
f d = pulse duty factor.

D.4 Example for the application of modulation aspects

As an example, an MF sound broadcasting transmitter (i.e., a double sideband type A3E emission) is
considered. Assuming that the calculations/measurements take account of the carrier power only, but the
derived levels take account of the modulation components also (in terms of transmitter power, this
corresponds to the mean power). Furthermore only use of r.m.s. values is assumed.
Table D.2 gives multiplication factors which relate one type of power notation to another (these different
notations for power are defined in the Radio Regulations). In the case of an A3E transmission, shown as A*E
it can be seen that the mean power (PM) is 1,5 times the carrier power (PC).
 BS EN 50413:2009
– 47 – EN 50413:2008

It should be noted that the table gives “worst case” values, by assuming a maximum modulation depth of
100 %. In practice, the modulation depth of a broadcast transmitter will be less than 100 % and, hence, the
mean power will actually be less than 1,5 times the carrier power. A usual modulation does not exceed a
mean modulation depth of 70 % for an A3E transmission corresponding to a PM/PC ratio of 1,25 instead of
1,5.
The table can also be used to convert field strength values to other notations. It must be noted however that
the square root of the conversion factors given in the table shall be used when dealing with field strengths.
Thus, in the above example of AM radio, the carrier-only r.m.s. field-strength should be multiplied by 1,5
(or 1,25 ) to give the r.m.s. field strength, which includes the modulation components. Conversely, the
reference level (including modulation components) should be divided by 1,5 (or 1,25 ) to give an
equivalent reference level for the carrier only.

D.5 Reference
[D1] ITU-R, Radio Regulations, Geneva 2004
BS EN 50413:2009
EN 50413:2008 – 48 –

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