16/11/2011

HERITAGE TOURISM &

MUSEUM MANAGEMENT
LESSON 3: TOURISM, HERITAGE & HERITAGE TOURISM
(2nd PART)

Dr Christina Bonarou Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece

bonarou@gmail.com Department of Tourism Management

Heritage & Culture: a complex connection

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 “Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live

with today, and what we pass on to future
generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are
both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.”
(UNESCO, http://whc.unesco.org)

 “Cultural Heritage is formed by all material and

immaterial evidence of the cultural identity of a
population.” (European Cooperation in Science and
Technology/COST, http://www.cost.esf.org)

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Heritage & Culture: a complex connection

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Heritage is the outcome of a melting pot of value systems.

The ingredients are:

 Cultural systems,  ethnicity,

 belief systems,  memories,
 traditions,  expectations,
 social class,  habits,
 languages,  hopes,
 politics,  fears, and
 aesthetics,  dreams.
(Schouten, 2005)
Heritage Tourism & Museum Management 2011-2012 / Lesson 3

Which one is considered as “heritage”?

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One first classification of heritage

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Heritage
Natural & Cultural
Tangible Tangible Intangible
immovable movable
resources resources resources

e.g. objects in museums, e.g. values, customs,

e.g. buildings, rivers, documents in archives ceremonies, lifestyles
natural areas etc. and experiences
etc. (festivals, art events etc.)

Adapted by Timothy & Boyd 2003

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Different dimensions of the meaning of heritage:

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 A synonym for any relic of the past;

 The product of modern conditions that are
attributed to, and influenced by, the past;
 All cultural and artistic productivity produced
in the past or present;
 Includes elements from the natural environment
that are survivals from the past, seen as
original, typical and appropriate to be
passed on to future generations;
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Different dimensions of the meaning of heritage:

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 A major commercial activity, loosely

recognised as the heritage industry, that is
based on selling goods and services with a
heritage component;
 Adopted by political extremism where
heritage is used to disguise ethnic or racial
exclusivism.
(Tunbridge and Ashworth, 1996:1-3)

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Scales of heritage
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World National
Shared
heritage

Local Personal
Adapted by Timothy, 1997

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Whose culture is being identified by the following heritage elements?

LANGUAGE - WRITING

ARCHITECTURE & RELIGION

CLOTHING

ART The Great Wave by Hokusai FOOD

SPORTS
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Heritage tourism’s origins

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 Among the very oldest forms of travel.

 Ancient travelers to the Great Pyramids and the Nile.
 Ancient Greek travelers for the purposes of oracles,
festivals and game competitions.
 Greek historian Herodotus, 5th century BC: list of the
“Seven Wonders of the World”,
 The “Grand Tour” of Europe (16th -17th centuries):
 educational and cultural trip undertaken by mainly upper-
class European young men
 visits to historic cities (Paris, Florence, Rome etc.)

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Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

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The great monuments of the

Mediterranean Rim, which was
reproduced in ancient Hellenic
guidebooks.
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Heritage tourism
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 No clear and agreed-upon definitions.

 Cultural tourism encompasses heritage tourism
or vice versa?
 Term used often interchangeably with
“cultural tourism”.
 Heritage tourists travel to learn about and
experience the heritage of other cultures.

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Basic activities of heritage tourism

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Visits to:
 sites of historical importance;
 built environments and urban areas;
 rural and agricultural landscapes;
 natural regions;
 locations where historic events occurred;
 places where interesting and significant living
cultures dominate.
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Cultural tourism
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 Conceptual Definition: “The movement of persons

to cultural attractions away from their normal place
of residence, with the intention to gather new
information and experiences to satisfy their cultural
needs”.
 Technical Definition: “All movements of persons to
specific cultural attractions, such as heritage sites,
artistic and cultural manifestations, arts and drama
outside their normal place of residence”.
(ATLAS, Richards, 1996)
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Cultural & heritage tourism

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 Cultural tourism is experiential tourism based on

being involved in and stimulated by the performing
arts, visual arts and festivals.
 Heritage tourism, whether in the form of visiting
preferred landscapes, historic sites, buildings or
monuments is also experiential tourism in the sense
of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part
of the history of a place.
(Hall and Zeppel 1990a:87)

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Cultural heritage tourism

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“Traveling to experience the places,

artifacts and activities that authentically
represent the stories and people of the
past and present. It includes cultural,
historic and natural resources”.
(National Trust for Historic Preservation
http://www.preservationnation.org)

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Cultural heritage tourism

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“Visits by persons from outside the host

community motivated wholly or in part by
interest in the historical, artistic, scientific
or lifestyle/heritage offerings of a
community, region, group or institution”
(Lord, 1999)

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Heritage tourism
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 A broad field of specialty travel, based on

nostalgia for the past and the desire to
experience diverse cultural landscapes and
forms.
 It includes travel to festivals and other cultural

events, visit to sites and monuments, travel to

study nature, folklore or art of pilgrimages.
(Zeppel and Hall, 1992)

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The heritage spectrum: an overlapping concept

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Attending
festivals

Adapted by Timothy and Boyd 2003:9

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A model of heritage tourism

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Adapted by Timothy and Boyd, 2003:8

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Questions?
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References
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 Erwin, P. (2010). A Critical Approach to Youth Culture: Its Influence and Implications for Ministry.
Publisher: Zondervan
 European Commission (2002). Using natural and cultural heritage for the development of sustainable
tourism in non-traditional tourism destinations.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/documents/studies/index_en.htm
 European Cooperation in Science and Technology/COST, http://www.cost.esf.org
 Hall, M., & Zeppel, H. (1990). “Cultural and heritage tourism: The new grand tour?”. Historic
Environment, 7(3&4), 86-98.
 Holden, A. (2006). Tourism studies and the social sciences. Abingdon; Routledge.
 Lord, Gail Dexter (1999), “The Power of Cultural Tourism,” Keynote presentation, Wisconsin Heritage
Tourism Conference, Lac du Flambeau, Wisconsin, September 17, http://www.lord.ca/thepower.htm.
 Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. New York: Longman
House.
 McIntosh, R.W. & Goeldner, C.R. (1986). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies, 5th ed. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
 National Trust for Historic Preservation http://www.preservationnation.org

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References
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 Northern Arizona University, Parks & Recreation Mgmt. Introduction - Online Lesson
http://www.prm.nau.edu/prm300
 Online dictionaries: http://dictionary.reference.com & http://www.businessdictionary.com
 Richards, G. (1996, ed.). Cultural Tourism in Europe, CABI, Wallingford.
 Schouten, F. (2005). Managing visitors: helping the frail to prevail. NHTV Breda University of
Professional Education, The Netherlands.
http://www.nhtv.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/Documenten/PDF/Onderzoek_en_advies/Academ
icStudies_01.pdf
 Timothy, D.J. (1997). “Tourism and the personal heritage experience”. Annals of Tourism
Research, 34(3): 751–54
 Timothy. D. & Boyd, S. (2003). Heritage tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall.
 Tunbridge, J.E. & Ashworth, G.J. (1996). Dissonant Heritage – The Management of the Past as a
Resource in Conflict. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
 UNESCO, http://whc.unesco.org
 Zeppel, H. & Hall, C. (1992). Arts and heritage tourism. In Weiler, B. & Hall, C. (eds.) Special
Interest Tourism. London: Belhaven, pp.47-68

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Dr Christina Bonarou
E-mail: bonarou@gmail.com
Office 2, Tel. 2310 013562

Office hours:
Wednesday, 10.30-12.30

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