REFLECTIVE JOURNAL

PMGT 5891 Project Risk Management

OCTOBER 16, 2016
YILIN SONG
Section 1: Personal Reflection
1.1 Personal Objectives:
Setting goals and objectives can help people to learn more efficiently and have a clear mind
of what to expect in the learning journey. In this course, I set three learning objectives for
myself at the beginning of this semester.

设定目标和目标可以帮助人们更有效地学习并拥有清醒的头脑在学习之旅中期待什么。在本课
程中，我设定了三个学习目标我本学期开始。
¾ Learning methodologies and approaches of risk management is one of the prime
personal objective for me.
I am currently working in a small development company with other colleagues who
have little experience in project management. It is difficult for me to learn from them
and I personally have little understanding about the general practice in the industry.
Hence, one of my objectives is to gain knowledge about what is normally done in the
workplace, including different techniques, management tools, brainstorming
structures and stimulation process that is achieved through excel and Microsoft
Project
Overall, I think this objective is achieved with good result. Risk management is a big
and complex topic which can be a bit challenging at the beginning. Lecturer discussed
various topics to from basic knowledge points to more advanced topics and
techniques, so that the complex topic is broken down to smaller and easier topics.
This makes sure we are not overwhelmed by this challenging topic at the beginning.
Lecturer introduced different techniques and tools used in risk management every
week. This helps me to develop the academic foundation of my understanding of risk
management. He also combined knowledge points with different cases to enhance our
understanding.

我目前正在与其他同事一起在一家小型开发公司工作在项目管理方面经验不足。我很难向他们
学习我个人对这个行业的一般做法几乎一无所知。因此，我的目标之一是获得有关通常在该中
所做的事情的知识工作场所，包括不同的技术，管理工具，头脑风暴通过 excel 和 Microsoft 实
现的结构和刺激过程项目

总的来说，我认为这个目标取得了良好的效果。风险管理很重要和复杂的话题，一开始可能有
点挑战。讲师讨论过各种主题，从基础知识点到更高级的主题和技术，使复杂的主题分解为更
小，更容易的主题。这确保我们在开始时不会被这个具有挑战性的话题所淹没。讲师介绍了风
险管理中使用的各种技术和工具周。这有助于我发展我对风险理解的学术基础管理。他还将知
识点与不同的案例结合起来，以提高我们的知理解
¾ Improving my skills in Microsoft project and excel is another important
objective.
In today’s workplace, proficient excel and Microsoft skills are vital. It relates to
workplace productivity and quality of outputs. Due to my work requirements,
sometimes I need to prepare feasibility studies and project timelines. This can be
challenging for me from time to time and I think improving on these skills is essential.
Generally, I think this objective is achieved with help of lecturer, tutor and my group
members. In this course, we need to do two group assignments, which are used as an
important learning tool to help us to get a better understanding of risk management.
These assignments include components that require excel and other Microsoft
software. For example, the Monte Carlo stimulation in the first group assignment
requires Excel skills. Lecturer provided us with additional notes on how to do it,
which enables us to learn excel skills more effectively.
In doing our first group assignments, I am responsible for contingency plan and
mitigation plan, which involve lots of calculation through excel. My group members
helped me when I have difficulties, and this enables me to learn through the process.

在今天的工作场所，熟练的 Excel 和 Microsoft 技能至关重要。它涉及到工作场所生产力和产出

质量。由于我的工作要求，有时我需要准备可行性研究和项目时间表。这可以我不时挑战我，
我认为提高这些技能是必不可少的。一般来说，我认为这个目标是在讲师，导师和我的团队的
帮助下实现的。成员。在本课程中，我们需要进行两个组分配，这些分配用作重要的学习工具，
帮助我们更好地了解风险管理。这些分配包括需要 excel 和其他 Microsoft 的组件软件。例如，
第一组分配中的蒙特卡罗刺激需要 Excel 技能。讲师为我们提供了关于如何做的额外说明，这
使我们能够更有效地学习 excel 技能。在完成我们的第一次小组任务时，我负责应急计划和缓
解计划，涉及到 excel 的大量计算。我的小组成员当我遇到困难时帮助了我，这使我能够通过
这个过程学习。
¾ Soft skills including communication skills, interpersonal skills, time management
skills and teamwork skills are another aspect that I want to improve on.
The abilities of working in a team and communicating effectively with other people
are crucial factors of successful career. We need to work with people from different
professions, different cultures in order to deliver a project successfully.
Overall, I am pleased with my improvement on these aspects. In this course, I have
the chance to work with people from different culture. It is a bit challenging at the
beginning due to language barriers and different backgrounds. As the assignment
progress, we get to understand each other better and work more smoothly. In the
meantime, my communication skills and teamwork skills are improved. With many
assignments due at the same time, I learnt to manage time more effectively so there is
less delays.

在团队中工作并与其他人有效沟通的能力是成功事业的关键因素。我们需要与不同的人合作专
业，不同的文化，以成功地交付项目。总的来说，我对这些方面的改进感到高兴。在这个课程
中，我有有机会与来自不同文化的人一起工作。这有点挑战由于语言障碍和不同背景而开始。
作为任务进步，我们更好地相互理解，更顺利地工作。在里面与此同时，我的沟通技巧和团队
合作技巧得到了提高。与许多在同一时间到期的作业，我学会了更有效地管理时间，所以有

减少延误。
1.2 Sources of learning
In this course, different sources are used to facilitate my learning. The main five sources are
identified below.

在本课程中，使用不同的来源来促进我的学习。主要的五个来源是确定如下。
Course materials: Lecture and lecture notes
Lecture notes and lecture are one of the main source of learning in this course. They provide
the general guideline for my learning and help me to understand what are expected in this
course.
Lectures provide the general guide of course learning objectives and basic knowledge of risk
management. Lecture notes covers nine topics in risk management, including understanding
of risk and risk management, ERM and critical thinking, risk response approaches,
contingency, psychological theory related to risk management, tools and techniques, risk
reporting, risk allocation, utility and appetite and future trends in risk management.

讲义和讲座是本课程学习的主要来源之一。他们提供我学习的一般准则，帮助我理解这里的预
期课程。讲座提供课程学习目标和风险基础知识的一般指导管理。讲义涵盖风险管理的九个主
题，包括理解风险和风险管理，企业风险管理和批判性思维，风险应对方法，意外事件，与风
险管理相关的心理学理论，工具和技术，风险报告，风险分配，效用和胃口以及风险管理的未
来趋势。

Topic one: Understanding of risk and risk management:

In this topic, main discussion focuses on general concepts of risk and risk management.
Definition about risk is also given. Risk is a potential problem that may lead to undesired
consequence. According to Week 1 lecture notes (McGarry, 2016a), risk is ‘associated with a
time frame and/or event trigger (cause)’. There may be some confusion about risk and issues.
The main difference between these two is in term of time frame. Risk is in the future and
uncertain, while issue is now and certain. (McGarry, 2016a)
Risk management is about developing risk response approach to address risks in order to
ensure project success. There are several stages involved in risk management, and different
standards give a slightly different stages, however, the general idea is the same. Project
management body of knowledge (2013) identified risk management process as planning risk
management, identifying risks, performing qualitative risk analysis, performing quantitative
risk analysis, planning risk response and monitoring and controlling risks. (McGarry, 2016a)
¾ Possible lifecycle and system risks
Possible lifecycle and system risks are shown in the following table.

After week one lecture, I gained a better understanding about risks. Project risk management
is a vital part of project management. Risks need to planned and analysed in advance to make
sure proactive actions can be taken.

在本主题中，主要讨论侧重于风险和风险管理的一般概念。还给出了关于风险的定义。
风险是一个潜在的问题，可能会导致不良后果后果。根据第 1 周的讲义
（McGarry，2016a），风险与 a 相关时间范围和/或事件触发（原因）'。风险和问题可
能存在一些混淆。这两者之间的主要区别在于时间框架。风险在未来和不确定，虽然
问题现在和确定。 （McGarry，2016a）风险管理是关于制定风险应对方法以应对风
险确保项目成功。风险管理涉及多个阶段，并且有所不同标准给出了略有不同的阶段，
但总体思路是一样的。项目管理知识体系（2013）将风险管理过程确定为规划风险管
理，识别风险，进行定性风险分析，进行定量分析风险分析，规划风险应对以及监控
风险。 （McGarry，2016a）

¾ 可能的生命周期和系统风险

在第一周的讲座后，我对风险有了更好的理解。项目风险管理是项目管理的重要组成
部分。需要提前计划和分析风险确保可以采取积极主动的行动

Topic two: ERM and critical thinking:

In this topic, the focus is on Enterprise Risk Management (EMR) and critical thinking. ERM
accesses risks for the enterprise as a whole. Aspects to consider include risks in operations,
reporting, compliance and strategy. Risks are also accessed on different hierarchic levels,
including subsidiary, business units, divisions and entity level. Risk management approaches
are evaluated from these different angles, so that risks of whole enterprise are properly
addressed. (McGarry, 2016b)
For critical thinking, it is about analyzing risks or problems bias-free and objectively. There
are some general qualitative analysis tools and techniques include the following:
¾ Root cause analysis: this analysis tool is used to find out the reasons for a problem, so
that necessary measures can be taken to prevent this problem from reoccurring. There
are several approaches to do a root cause analysis. (McGarry, 2016b)
¾ Fishbone (Ishikawa) diagram: using fishbone diagram to find how every aspect’s
contribution to the problem. Aspects to consider include the following: methods,
machines, people, materials, measurement and environment. (McGarry, 2016b)
¾ Force field analysis: analysis the situation by identify driving forces and restraining
forces. To make the project become more favourable, project managers need to work
on driving forces and try to remove or reduce restraining forces. (McGarry, 2016b)
¾ Mind maps: a tool used to develop relative importance pf individual points and their
interdependence. (McGarry, 2016b)
¾ CoRT components: this is a strategy of thinking that helps to analysis the problem.
Principals include PMI (the treatment of ideas), CAF (consider all factors), C&S
(Consequence and sequel), APC (alternatives, possibility and choices) and OPV
(Other people’s views) (McGarry, 2016b)
¾ Six hat thinking: this is a thinking technique that requires people to consider different
aspects including facts and details, positive aspects, negative aspects, emotions and
feelings, lateral thinking and reflections. (McGarry, 2016b)
In this week’s lecture, my objective was to learn some more specific techniques that are used
in practice in professional risk management process. I reviewed the lecture notes before
lecture, and found the main topic is ERM and critical thinking. I have little idea about ERM
before lecture, there were many diagrams that briefly illustrate how ERM are structured. But
I only have a vague idea about it. Lecture notes discussing critical thinking are wellstructured
and easy to follow. In lecture, lecturer explained ERM in detail, which clarifies
some misunderstandings I had on ERM. For critical thinking section, the lecturer used a case
study to show how can we apply these techniques in real life.

在本主题中，重点是企业风险管理（EMR）和批判性思维。 ERM 为整个企业提供风险。需

要考虑的方面包括运营风险，报告，合规和战略。风险也可以在不同的层次级别访问，包括子
公司，业务部门，部门和实体级别。风险管理方法从这些不同的角度进行评估，以便整个企业
的风险得到适当的考虑解决。 （McGarry，2016b）对于批判性思维，它是关于无偏见和客观
地分析风险或问题。那里一些一般的定性分析工具和技术包括以下内容：¾ 根本原因分析：此
分析工具用于找出问题的原因，因此可采取必要措施防止此问题再次发生。那里有几种方法可
以进行根本原因分析。 （McGarry，2016b）

¾ 鱼骨（Ishikawa）图：使用鱼骨图查找每个方面的方法对这个问题的贡献。需要考虑的方面
包括以下方面：方法，机器，人员，材料，测量和环境。 （McGarry，2016b）

¾ 力场分析：通过识别驱动力和约束来分析情况军队。为了使项目变得更加有利，项目经理需
要工作关于驱动力并试图消除或减少约束力。 （McGarry，2016b）

¾ 思维导图：用于发展个人点及其相对重要性的工具相互依存。 （McGarry，2016b）

¾CoRT 组件：这是一种有助于分析问题的思维策略。校长包括 PMI（思想处理），CAF（考

虑所有因素），C＆S（后果和续集），APC（替代方案，可能性和选择）和 OPV（其他人的
观点）（McGarry，2016b）

¾ 六顶帽子思考：这是一种需要人们考虑不同的思维技巧方面包括事实和细节，积极方面，消
极方面，情感和感受，横向思考和反思。 （McGarry，2016b）

在本周的讲座中，我的目标是学习一些更具体的技术在专业风险管理过程中的实践。我之前回
顾过这些讲义讲座，发现主题是 ERM 和批判性思维。我对 ERM 一无所知在讲座之前，有许
多图表简要说明了 ERM 的结构。但我对它只有一个模糊的想法。讨论批判性思维的讲义结构
合理，易于理解。在讲座中，讲师详细解释了 ERM，其中阐明了这一点我对 ERM 的一些误解。
对于批判性思维部分，讲师使用了一个案例研究表明我们如何在现实生活中应用这些技术
Topic three: Risk response approaches:
This topic focuses on general risk response approaches. There are four types of risk response
strategies. The first one is transference, which is transfer risks to another party. Partnering is
one way to achieve it, which involves forming a collaborative relationship with suppliers.
This allows clients to transfer risks or share part of risk with supplier. The second strategy is
to reduce risks. Many risk management tool can be used in this type of strategy such as
independent reviews, control staff turnover, clarity requirements and control project inputs.
The third one is acceptance, and this is actions taken when risks occur. Contingency reserves
are used in this strategy. The last one is risk avoidance, where some actions are taken to avoid
risks. (McGarry, 2016c)
From this week’s lecture, I learned different approaches to target a risk. For different types of
risks, different strategies should be taken. For some risks, the best approach is to mitigate or
accept. However, for some risks, transferring it or avoidance is the better option. Therefore,
project managers need to determine the most cost-effective risk approaches based on risk
characteristics. (McGarry, 2016c)
From the following diagram, PRINCE defines risk response lifecycle. I gain the idea that risk
response approach should be continues in cycle rather than a straight lifecycle with defined
ending. Risk management should be implemented during the whole process of project.
(McGarry, 2016c)
Diagram 1.2.1 sourced from McGarry, 2016c

本主题侧重于一般风险应对方法。有四种类型的风险应对策略。第一个是转移，即向另一方转
移风险。合作是实现它的一种方法，即与供应商建立合作关系。这允许客户转移风险或与供应
商分担部分风险。第二个策略是降低风险。许多风险管理工具可用于此类策略，如独立审查，
控制人员流动，清晰度要求和控制项目投入。第三个是接受，这是风险发生时采取的行动。应
急储备用于此策略。最后一个是避免风险，采取一些措施来避免风险。 （McGarry，2016c）
从本周的讲座中，我学到了针对风险的不同方法。适用于不同类型的风险，应采取不同的策略。
对于某些风险，最好的方法是缓解或接受。但是，对于某些风险，转移或避免是更好的选择。
因此，项目经理需要根据风险确定最具成本效益的风险方法特点。 （McGarry，2016c）从下
图中，PRINCE 定义了风险响应生命周期。我认识到风险响应方法应该在循环中继续，而不是
具有已定义的直接生命周期结尾。风险管理应在整个项目过程中实施。（McGarry，2016c）
Topic four: Contingency:
Definition of contingency and contingency reserves are discussed in this topic. There are two
types of uncertainties, unknown-unknown and known-unknown. Unknown-unknowns are
risks that are unforeseeable, on the other hand, known-unknowns are residual risks after risk
mitigation and other risk response approaches. Contingency reserves are used to cover
known-unknowns, while management reserves are used to cover unknown-unknowns.
(McGarry, 2016d)
There are three methods to estimate contingency reserves, including fixed percentage
method, analysis of data method and blended approach. Fixed percentage method is to take a
percentage of cost estimate as contingency reserve. This method is easy to apply, however,
accuracy of estimation is low. The second method is analysis of data method, which
calculates contingency reserve based on project risk profile. This method is more reliable, but
it is more time consuming and costly. The last one is to use a blend of two, which is less
costly but relatively reliable. And the whole process need to be performed several times to
improve accuracy. (McGarry, 2016d)
These basic knowledge and techniques lay a foundation for my understanding of contingency
reserve. As a project manager, it is important to be clear about these concepts. Understanding
how contingency reserves and management reserves are used is important for a professional
project manager. (McGarry, 2016d)

本主题讨论了意外事件和应急储备的定义。那里有两个不确定性的类型，未知 - 未知和已知 -
未知。未知 - 未知数另一方面，已知的未知因素是风险之后的剩余风险，这是不可预见的风
险缓解和其他风险应对方法。应急储备用于支付已知未知数，而管理储备则用于涵盖未知未知
数。

（McGarry，2016d）估算应急储备有三种方法，包括固定百分比方法，数据方法分析和混合
方法。固定百分比的方法是拿一个成本估算百分比作为应急储备。这种方法很容易应用，但是，
估计的准确性很低。第二种方法是分析数据方法，其中根据项目风险状况计算应急储备金。这
种方法更可靠，但是它更耗时且成本更高。最后一个是使用两个的混合，这是更少昂贵但相对
可靠。整个过程需要多次执行提高准确性。 （McGarry，2016d）这些基本知识和技术为我理
解偶然性奠定了基础保留。作为项目经理，明确这些概念很重要。理解如何使用应急储备和管
理储备对于专业人士来说非常重要项目经理。 （McGarry，2016d）
Topic five: Psychological theory related to risk management:
Psychological theories related to risk management is an important topic to consider as a
project manager. Understanding prospect theory is important for my understanding of project
risk. I understand that people including stakeholders and project manager are ordinary people
and there is bias in their perceptions. Their decisions are not only based on objective
information and figures, but also influenced by many other factors, including how a problem
is framed, risk aversion, loss aversion and sunk costs. So I as a project manager should
consider these factor when communicate with different stakeholders to ensure more effective
communication and lead them to make the most objective decisions. (McGarry, 2016f)
Other theories such as confirmation bias theory and cognitive theory are also very useful in
understanding stakeholders’ psychology and their decision making process. (McGarry,
2016f)

与风险管理相关的心理学理论是一个需要考虑的重要课题项目经理。理解前景理论对我理解项
目非常重要风险。我知道包括利益相关者和项目经理在内的人都是普通人他们的看法存在偏见。
他们的决定不仅仅基于客观信息和数字，还受到许多其他因素的影响，包括如何出问题陷害，
风险厌恶，损失厌恶和沉没成本。所以我作为项目经理应该在与不同的利益相关者沟通时考虑
这些因素以确保更有效沟通并引导他们做出最客观的决定。 （McGarry，2016f）其他理论如
确认偏差理论和认知理论也非常有用了解利益相关者的心理及其决策过程。 （玛蒂，2016f）
Topic six: Tools and techniques:
In this topic, tools and techniques used in risk management plan are discussed. My
understanding of risk tools and techniques has improved after this lecture. There are mainly
two types of tools and techniques, quantitative and qualitative techniques. They should be
used together to make sure most effective risk management. (McGarry, 2016e)
Quantitative methods mainly focus on thinking strategies of identifying risks and analyzing
risks. Commonly used quantitative methods include root cause analysis, structured interview,
scenario analysis, Delphi analysis and PI analysis. For qualitative methods, they tend to be
more objective since the outputs mainly rely on figures. However, accuracy of quantitative
and qualitative methods both rely on participants’ expertise, judgement and knowledge.
Monte Carlo stimulation, decision trees, FMEA and sensitivity analysis are commonly used
in qualitative analysis. (McGarry, 2016g)

在本主题中，将讨论风险管理计划中使用的工具和技术。我的本讲座结束后，对风险工具和技
术的理解有所改善。主要有两种工具和技术，定量和定性技术。他们应该是一起使用以确保最
有效的风险管理。 （McGarry，2016e）定量方法主要集中在识别风险和分析的思维策略上风
险。常用的定量方法包括根本原因分析，结构化访谈，情景分析，Delphi 分析和 PI 分析。对
于定性方法，它们往往是更加客观，因为产出主要依靠数字。但是，定量的准确性和定性方法
都依赖于参与者的专业知识，判断力和知识。通常使用蒙特卡罗刺激，决策树，FMEA 和灵敏
度分析在定性分析中。 （McGarry，2016g）
Topic seven: Risk reporting:
In this topic, two main aspects are covered, which are monitoring and control. Monitoring is
also an important part of risk response plan. After lecture, I learned that the purpose of
monitoring process is to ensure effectiveness of existing control and risk plans are properly
implemented. (McGarry, 2016h)
As a part of monitoring and control, risk reporting is an important tool to reflect how risk
management approaches are implemented. Risk reporting in workplace tends to be generic
and positive-biased, which is not as informative as it supposes to be. In the future, I should be
aware of these when preparing risk reporting. There is no best reporting style, and risk
reporting style should be consisted with methods used in presenting risk exposure. (McGarry,
2016h)

在本主题中，涵盖了两个主要方面，即监视和控制。监控是也是风险应对计划的重要组成部分。
讲课后，我了解到了目的监测过程是确保现有控制和风险计划的有效性实现。
（McGarry，2016h）作为监测和控制的一部分，风险报告是反映风险如何的重要工具管理方
法得以实施。工作场所的风险报告往往是通用的和积极偏见，这不像它想象的那样提供信息。
在将来，我应该在准备风险报告时意识到这些。没有最好的报告风格和风险报告风格应与风险
暴露时使用的方法相结合。 （玛蒂，2016h）
Topic eight: Risk allocation, utility and appetite:
In this topic, my understanding of risk appetite, risk utility and risk allocation are enhanced.
For individuals and corporation, there are three types of attitudes towards risks, that are risk
seeking, risk averse and risk neutral. This concept is related to risk utility. I gained the idea
that risk utility is the main factor of people’s decision. (McGarry, 2016i)
People make decisions to maximize their expected utility. Lecturer’s explanation on this is
very clear. For risk neutral investors, they are indifferent with risks, which means taking on
additional or less risks do not change their utility. Therefore, their decisions are independent
from risk level. For risk seeking investors, taking additional risk increase their utilities and
they are more willing to choose more risky options. As for most common type of investors,
that is risk adverse investors, risks reduce their utilities and they need to compensated to take
risks. This idea is shown in the diagram from lecture notes (REF). (McGarry, 2016i)
(McGarry, 2016i)

在本主题中，我对风险偏好，风险效用和风险分配的理解得到了加强。对于个人和公司而言，
存在三种对风险的态度，即风险寻求，规避风险和风险中性。这个概念与风险效用有关。我获
得了这个想法风险效用是人们决策的主要因素。 （McGarry，2016i）人们做出决定以最大化
其预期效用。讲师对此的解释是非常清楚。对于风险中性投资者而言，他们对风险无动于衷，
这意味着承担风险额外或更少的风险不会改变其效用。因此，他们的决定是独立的从风险水平。
对于寻求风险的投资者而言，承担额外的风他们更愿意选择风险更高的选择。至于最常见的投
资者类型，这是风险不利的投资者，风险降低他们的公用事业，他们需要补偿采取风险。这个
想法在讲义（REF）的图表中显示。 （McGarry，2016i）
Topic nine: Future trends in risk management:
Learning this topic encourages me to think limitations of existing risk management strategies
and consider more innovative risk management approaches. In the past, project managers
focused on known-unknowns and ignore those unknown-unknowns. However, the future
trends in risk management should focus more on unknown-unknowns and relevant
knowledge and competencies. (McGarry, 2016j)
The lecture also makes me to think more about reasons of project failures. In workplace,
there are some important factors can lead to project failure. These factors were discussed in
lecture and some of them include project management factors such as poor estimation and
poor specifications and behavioral factors such as information hiding and sunk costs.
(McGarry, 2016j)
Project managers’ roles also evolve overtime. In today’s project management field, project
managers’ roles not only include project delivery and management, but also considers adding
value to the clients through positive risks and opportunities.
Corporations should encourage good risk culture in the company. This includes but not
limited to encouraging risk reporting, ethical principle commitment and transparent and
timely risk information. (McGarry, 2016i)

学习这个主题鼓励我思考现有风险管理策略的局限性并考虑更多创新的风险管理方法。过去，
项目经理专注于已知未知数并忽略那些未知未知数。但是，未来风险管理的趋势应该更多地关
注未知 - 未知和相关的知识和能力。 （McGarry，2016j）讲座还让我更多地考虑项目失败的
原因。在工作场所，有一些重要因素可能导致项目失败。这些因素在讨论中讲座，其中一些包
括项目管理因素，如估计不佳和不良的规格和行为因素，如信息隐藏和沉没成本。
（McGarry，2016j）项目经理的角色也随着时间的推移而发展。在今天的项目管理领域，项目
管理者的角色不仅包括项目交付和管理，还考虑添加通过积极的风险和机遇为客户提供价值。
公司应该鼓励公司建立良好的风险文化。这包括但不包括仅限于鼓励风险报告，道德原则承诺
以及透明和及时的风险信息。 （McGarry，2016i）
Discussion forums
Discussion form is an important learning tool used in this course. We are given four different
cases and required to comment and evaluate these projects. These four cases include Oresund
Bridge case (Matthiessen, 2005), The Channel Tunnel case (Fairweather, 1998), Terminal 5
at Heathrow Airport case (Bartlett and Harrison, nd) and QLD Health Payroll Project
(Ainsworth, 2016a).
All projects have their unique characteristics, and most of them involve heavy resource
commitments and high level of complexity. I think there are three key lessons I learned from
discussion forums. Firstly, by studying and analyzing these cases, we are able to enhance our
understanding of risks and where risk can be more significant. I am a freshman in the
company I currently work in, and I have little experience on dealing with real projects.
Therefore, even though every project is different, reading and studying these cases allows me
to a better understanding of where things can go wrong in projects.
Secondly, it makes it possible for us to gain an insight of how project management
methodologies are applied in real life and how projects are structured in order to control risks.
In these cases, project risk management and project management methodologies are
described, and comments are also made to these management methodologies. For me, these
comments are very useful since it gives me a reflection of the project and help me to identify
which is the better approach to address risks.
Last but not the least, from discussion forums, I was able to think more about why projects
fail and the key factors to project failure. In my opinion, communication, negotiation and
continuing monitoring are very important to project success.

讨论表是本课程中使用的重要学习工具。我们给了四个不同的案例并要求评论和评估这些项目。
这四个案例包括厄勒海峡桥梁案例（Matthiessen，2005 年），海峡隧道案例
（Fairweather，1998 年），5 号航站楼希思罗机场案（Bartlett and Harrison，nd）和 QLD
Health Payroll Project（Ainsworth，2016a）。所有项目都有其独特的特点，其中大部分涉及重
资源承诺和高度复杂性。我认为我从中学到了三个重要的经验教训讨论论坛。首先，通过研究
和分析这些案例，我们能够提高我们的能力了解风险以及风险可能更重要的地方。我是新生我
目前在公司工作，我在处理实际项目方面经验不足。因此，即使每个项目都不同，阅读和研究
这些案例也可以让我更好地了解项目中出现问题的地方。其次，它使我们能够深入了解项目管
理的方式方法论应用于现实生活中，以及如何构建项目以控制风险。在这些情况下，项目风险
管理和项目管理方法是描述，并对这些管理方法也作了评论。对我来说，这些评论非常有用，
因为它让我反思项目并帮助我识别这是解决风险的更好方法。最后但并非最不重要的是，从讨
论论坛，我能够更多地思考为什么项目失败和项目失败的关键因素。在我看来，沟通，谈判和
持续监测对项目的成功非常重要。
Group work on assignments
Group assignments allows us to work with other people and learn from them. In group
assignments, we are required to finish more challenging tasks related to real life cases. For
the first assignment, we need to identify risks, prepare risk register, develop risk mitigation
plan and risk contingency plan, Monte Carlo and recommendations. The second group
assignment allow us to practice more techniques and tools, such as decision tree, Bow-tie
analysis and schedule contingency.
In my view, this experience benefits me from two aspects. Firstly, doing this assignment
allows me to practice tools and techniques used in risk management, so that I become more
familiar with these commonly used techniques. From my experience, reading lecture notes
and articles can help us to gain knowledge on these aspects, however learning from practical
experience is more effective.
Secondly, working on group assignment provide me with more teamwork experience and
improve my team work skills. In workplace, the ability to work with other people is highly
valued. Therefore, group assignment is a good opportunity to practice this skill.

小组作业允许我们与其他人合作并从中学习。在小组中作业，我们需要完成与现实生活中相关
的更具挑战性的任务。对于第一项任务，我们需要识别风险，准备风险登记，制定风险缓解措
施计划和风险应急计划，蒙特卡洛和建议。第二组任务允许我们练习更多技巧和工具，例如决
策树，Bow-tie 分析和安排应急。在我看来，这种经历从两个方面使我受益。首先，做这个任
务允许我练习风险管理中使用的工具和技术，以便我变得更多熟悉这些常用技巧。根据我的经
验，阅读讲义和文章可以帮助我们获得有关这些方面的知识，但要从实践中学习经验更有效。
其次，从事小组作业为我提供了更多的团队合作经验提高我的团队工作技能。在工作场所，与
其他人合作的能力非常高重视。因此，小组作业是练习这项技能的好机会。
1.3 Competency development
In this course, I gained a better understanding of risk and risk management. A summary of
competency development can be found in the following table:
Topic Area of development
Understanding of risk and risk management Risk Understanding
Risk management concepts
ERM and Critical thinking Enterprise risk management
understanding
Methods of critical thinking
Risk response approaches Concepts of risk response approaches
Active risk response approach
Contingency Types of uncertainties
Mitigation and contingency plan
Contingency and management reserves
Tools and Techniques Types of tools and techniques
Quantitative and qualitative analysis
Psychology of risk assessment Psychology concepts relating to risk
assessment
Risk reporting Monitoring and risk control
Risk reporting
Risk allocation, risk utility and risk
appetites
Risk allocation principle
Risk utility
Risk appetites
Future trends in risk management Risk culture
Unknown-unknown risk management
Understanding of risk and risk management
Risk understanding
Initially, my understanding of risk was relatively narrowed and vague. I understood risk as
something that is uncertain and may have negative impact on the project.
By the end of this semester, I developed a better understanding of risk and risk management.
Risk is in the future and the likelihood of occurrence is uncertain. In project management
sense, positive and negative impacts on a project are considered.
Besides, I also learned project risk life cycle, which is a new concept for me. Lecturer
provided us with a diagram which shows the typical project risk life cycle. As the project
progress, project risk decreases since there is less uncertainty, while impact of risk increase
since it will cost more to change. Understanding how risk performs and its characteristics
over time is important for selecting the most appropriate risk response in different project
phrase. (McGarry, 2016a)

最初，我对风险的理解相对狭窄和模糊。我把风险理解为不确定的东西可能会对项目产生负面
影响。到本学期结束时，我对风险和风险管理有了更好的理解。风险在未来，发生的可能性是
不确定的。在项目管理中考虑到对项目的正面和负面影响。此外，我还学习了项目风险生命周
期，这对我来说是一个新概念。讲师为我们提供了一个显示典型项目风险生命周期的图表。作
为项目进展，项目风险降低，因为不确定性较小，而风险的影响增加因为改变会花费更多。了
解风险的表现及其特征随着时间的推移对于在不同项目中选择最合适的风险响应非常重要短语。
（McGarry，2016a）
Risk management concepts
At the beginning, risk management for me is about how managers address risks and how they
are taken care of.
My understanding of risk management has also been enhanced after learning. I get the
concept that risk management is a proactive tool to address potential risks. Risk management
is not isolated from project phrases, in the contrast, risk management approaches should be
incorporated in every stage of project.
According to (Project management body of knowledge, 2013), project risk involves six stages
including planning risk management, identifying risks, perform qualitative risk analysis,
performing quantitative risk analysis, plan risk response and monitoring and controlling risk.

一开始，我的风险管理是关于管理者如何应对风险及其风险照顾好。学习后，我对风险管理的
理解也得到了加强。我明白了风险管理是应对潜在风险的主动工具的概念。风险管理与项目短
语不是孤立的，相比之下，风险管理方法应该是纳入项目的每个阶段。根据（项目管理知识体
系，2013），项目风险涉及六个阶段包括规划风险管理，识别风险，进行定性风险分析，进行
定量风险分析，规划风险应对，监控风险。
ERM and Critical thinking
ERM: Enterprise Risk Management
ERM is an unfamiliar term for me at the beginning. I tried to Google it before class and there
was some very brief explanation about this term. ERM stands for Enterprise Risk
Management. I took it as managing risk that concerning the company as whole.
After taking this course, I understand that ERM is a management approach that address the
full spectrum of its risks and methodologies to deal with these risks. This can create values to
companies by managing possibility and impact of risks. ERM looks after risks from four
categories of aspects, including strategic, operations, reporting and compliance. It also
considers activities at all levels of the organization, enterprise-level, division, subsidiary and
business unit processes. (McGarry, 2016b)

ERM 在开始时对我来说是一个陌生的术语。我在课前和那里尝试过谷歌对这个术语有一些非
常简短的解释。 ERM 代表企业风险管理。我把它当作管理整个公司的风险。参加本课程后，
我了解到 ERM 是一种解决问题的管理方法全面的风险和方法来应对这些风险。这可以创造价
值公司通过管理风险的可能性和影响。 ERM 负责四个方面的风险各方面的类别，包括战略，
运营，报告和合规。它也是考虑组织各个层面的活动，企业层面，部门，子公司和业务单位流
程。 （McGarry，2016b）
Critical thinking
Critical thinking is a relatively familiar term for me. I took critical thinking this semester and
I also did some relevant course in my Bachler degree. Critical thinking is about think a thing
from a more objective point of view. Considering different aspects and factors is also
important in critical thinking.
By end of the semester, my understanding of ccritical thinking is enhanced. Critical thinking
is about making judgment with relevant information and evaluation so bias-free decisions can
be made. The general concept is similar to my understanding originally. However, in this
course, the focus is more about using analysis tools and techniques to find root causes, target
the real problems and take necessary measures to prevent this problem from reoccurring.
(McGarry, 2016b)
Analysis tools used include the following: Fishbone (Ishikawa) diagram, Force field analysis,
Mind maps, CoRT components and Six hat thinking. (McGarry, 2016b)

批判性思维对我来说是一个相对熟悉的术语。我这个学期考虑了批判性思维我还在 Bachler 学
位上做了一些相关的课程。批判性思维就是思考一件事从更客观的角度来看。考虑到不同的方
面和因素也是如此在批判性思维中很重要到学期结束时，我对 ccritical 思想的理解得到了加强。
批判性思维是关于用相关信息和评估做出判断，所以无偏见的决定可以做成。一般概念与我最
初的理解相似。但是，在此当然，重点更多的是使用分析工具和技术来找到根本原因，目标真
正的问题并采取必要措施防止这个问题再次发生。（McGarry，2016b）使用的分析工具包括：
鱼骨（Ishikawa）图，力场分析，思维导图，CoRT 组件和六顶帽子思维。
（McGarry，2016b）
Risk response approaches
Concepts of risk response approach
Initially, the concepts in risk response are not very clear for me.
When the course end, I understand the difference between mitigation plan and contingency
plan, as well as how they influence budget differently. This is important so that I can use
correct terms in preparing report in the future to make my report more reliable and
professional. (McGarry, 2016c)

最初，风险应对的概念对我来说并不十分清楚。当课程结束时，我理解缓解计划和意外事件之
间的区别计划，以及他们如何以不同的方式影响预算。这很重要，以便我可以使用在将来准备
报告时使用正确的术语，以使我的报告更可靠专业的。 （McGarry，2016c）
Active risk response approach
From my understanding, risk response plan is determined at the beginning and is fixed
throughout the project process.
When this course finished, I learned more risk response techniques and have a better
understanding of risk response plan. Risk response should be adjusted overtime to address
risk that become certain. Project manager need to be aware of it and monitor how risk
perform over time. (McGarry, 2016c)

根据我的理解，风险应对计划在开始时确定并且是固定的整个项目过程。当这门课程结束时，我学到了
更多的风险应对技巧，并且做得更好了解风险应对计划。应加班调整风险应对措施风险变得确定。项目
经理需要了解它并监控风险随着时间的推移。 （McGarry，2016c）

Contingency
Mitigation and contingency plan
At the beginning, I have limited understanding about mitigation plan and contingency plan,
and take mitigation plan and contingency plan as interchangeable.
After learning, my new understanding of risk mitigation plan is that risk mitigation plan
should be developed at the planning stage to reduce likelihood of occurrence and impact.
Things is different for contingency plan, since contingency plan is things to do when risk
become certain. (McGarry, 2016d)

一开始，我对缓解计划和应急计划的理解有限，并将缓解计划和应急计划视为可互换的。在学
习之后，我对风险缓解计划的新理解是风险缓解计划应在规划阶段制定，以减少发生和影响的
可能性。应急计划的情况有所不同，因为应急计划是风险时要做的事情变得确定。
（McGarry，2016d）
Types of uncertainties
When considering risks, I normally only think about possible known risk, which is
knownunknowns.
After lecture, I learned that there are two types of uncertainty, which is known-unknown and
unknown-unknowns. Known-unknown uncertainty is identified risk and risk response plan is
developed to deal with this type of risk. For unknown-unknown, these are risks that we are
not aware during risk identification process. This is important for my understanding of risk.
In the future, I would notice there would be some unforeseeable risks. (McGarry, 2016d)

在考虑风险时，我通常只考虑可能的已知风险，这是已知的未知因素。讲课后，我了解到有两
种类型的不确定性，这些不确定性是已知的 - 未知和未知的未知。已知未知的不确定性是风
险和风险应对计划为应对这种风险而开发。对于未知 - 未知，这些是我们的风险在风险识别
过程中不知道。这对我理解风险很重要。在未来，我会注意到会有一些不可预见的风险。
（McGarry，2016d）
Contingency and management reserve:
Before I took this subject, I only know the basic concept about contingency reserve, however,
management reserve is a unfamiliar term for me.
By the end of this course, with experience gained from doing group assignments and reading
articles, I now have a better understanding of contingency and management reserve. These
two reserves are resources set aside for uncertainties and risks. For management reserve, it is
for unknown-unknown uncertainties, and this reserve is commonly controlled by company
managers rather than project managers. For contingency reserve, it is used for
knownunknowns, which is normally controlled by project managers. Both management
reserve and
contingency reserve are not included in budget. (McGarry, 2016d)

在我接受这个课程之前，我只知道应急储备的基本概念，但是，管理储备对我来说是一个陌生
的术语。在本课程结束时，通过小组作业和阅读获得的经验文章，我现在对应急和管理储备有
了更好的了解。这些两个储备是为不确定性和风险留出的资源。对于管理储备，它是对于未知
未知的不确定性，此储备通常由公司控制经理而不是项目经理。对于应急储备，它用于已知的
未知数，通常由项目经理控制。管理储备和应急储备金不包括在预算中。
（McGarry，2016d）
Techniques and tools
Before I studied this course, I have used several risk tools and techniques in financial
subjects such as sensitivity analysis, regression analysis. But I used these methods mainly to
test impacts on results when assumptions changes. It is related to risk management in some
sense, however my understanding of how to apply these techniques in risk management field
is limited.
After taking this course, I learned more about different techniques and tools that can be used
risk identification and analyzing. I am able to apply these techniques in practical cases
through doing assignments. Learning advantages and disadvantages of different techniques
allows me to select the most suitable tools and techniques to apply. (McGarry, 2016g)

在我学习本课程之前，我在财务方面使用了几种风险工具和技术敏感性分析，回归分析等科目。
但我主要使用这些方法当假设发生变化时，测试对结果的影响。它与某些风险管理有关但是，
我对如何将这些技术应用于风险管理领域有所了解是有限的。学完本课程后，我学到了更多关
于可以使用的不同技术和工具的知识风险识别和分析。我能够在实际案例中应用这些技术通过
做任务。学习不同技术的优缺点允许我选择最适合的工具和技术。 （McGarry，2016g）
Psychology of risk management
Psychological theories related to risk management:
Before I took risk management course, I believe that risk management is all about risks an
approaches to deal with these risks. People will make sensible decisions based on facts and
information available to them.
However, after understanding psychological theories related to risk management, I realized
that people cannot be free of bias and personal judgment, including clients and project
managers. From prospect theory, I learned that people not always behave rationally, and there
are patterns of human behaviors. For example, people tend to choose more certain options,
ignore low possibility event and care more about loss rather than gains. As a project
manager, we need to be aware of these when making decisions and communicating with
stakeholders. (McGarry, 2016f)

在我参加风险管理课程之前，我认为风险管理完全是关于风险的处理这些风险的方法。人们将
根据事实做出明智的决定他们可以获得的信息。然而，在了解了与风险管理相关的心理学理论
后，我意识到了人们不能没有偏见和个人判断，包括客户和项目经理。从前景理论的角度来看，
我了解到人们并不总是理性行事是人类行为的模式。例如，人们倾向于选择更多特定选项，忽
视低可能性事件，更关心损失而不是收益。作为一个项目经理，我们在做决定和沟通时需要注
意这些利益相关者。 （McGarry，2016f）
Risk reporting:
Monitoring and control:
At the beginning of the semester, I have the idea that monitoring and control processes are
very important part of risk management. However, I do not know approaches to achieve
effective monitoring and control.
After studying this topic, I have a better understanding of risk monitoring and control. Risk
monitoring is about monitor how well planned risk response works and whether these risk
response plans are accurate. In an entity, we should delegate monitoring responsibility to
person, otherwise the monitoring process may be less effective. For risk control, it is about
the whole process of risk response plan, including implementing risk response plans, tracking
identified risks, monitoring residual risks, identifying new risks, and evaluating risk process
effectiveness throughout the project. Some tools and techniques can be used in this process,
such as trend analysis and variance analysis. (McGarry, 2016h)

在学期开始时，我认为监控和控制过程是风险管理中非常重要的一部分。但是，我不知道实现
的方法有效的监测和控制。在研究了这个主题后，我对风险监测和控制有了更好的理解。风险
监控是关于监控计划风险响应的运作情况以及这些风险是否有效响应计划是准确的。在一个实
体中，我们应该将监督责任委托给人，否则监测过程可能效果不佳。对于风险控制，它是关于
风险应对计划的整个过程，包括实施风险应对计划，跟踪识别风险，监控剩余风险，识别新风
险，评估风险过程整个项目的有效性。在此过程中可以使用一些工具和技术，例如趋势分析和
方差分析。 （McGarry，2016h）
Risk reporting:
Initially, I understand risk reporting as preparing report to managers in order to update them
on effectiveness of risk controls and how well risks are controlled. In addition, I also believed
that there is a general practice in risk reporting, which should be the most effective and best
approach to report risks.
However, after taking this course, I have a different view of risk reporting. Risk reporting is
about reporting how risk management plans are implemented and its effectiveness. However,
we should be aware of the general mistakes made in workplace. When we prepare risk report,
we should consider who are our audiences and how risks are identified and presented in the
beginning. (McGarry, 2016h)

最初，我将风险报告理解为向经理准备报告以便更新它们风险控制的有效性以及风险控制的程
度。另外，我也相信风险报告中有一般的做法，应该是最有效和最好的报告风险的方法。但是，
在学习本课程后，我对风险报告有不同的看法。风险报告是关于如何实施风险管理计划及其有
效性的报告。然而，我们应该意识到在工作场所犯的一般错误。在准备风险报告的时候，我们
应该考虑谁是我们的受众，以及如何识别和呈现风险开始。 （McGarry，2016h）
Risk allocation, utility and appetite:
My initial understanding of risk allocation, risk utility and appetite is from my study in
finance. In finance, we also learned these concepts so I have some understanding on this
topic. But my previous learning is more related to investment decision making rather than
risk management.
After learning, my understanding of risk allocation has changed. In workplace, people always
try to reduce or transfer risks to other parties without considering risk appetite and the power
to absorb risks. However, if one more powerful party try to transfer a significant risk to the
other party while the other party does not have the ability to take the risk, this risk
transference is meaningless since the risk cannot be absorbed by the other party and it will
come back to us. So it is important to consider risk appetites when designing risk
management plan. (McGarry, 2016i)

我对风险分配，风险效用和食欲的初步了解来自于我的研究金融。在金融领域，我们也学到了
这些概念，因此我对此有了一些了解话题。但我之前的学习与投资决策制定更相关，而不是风
险管理。学习之后，我对风险分配的理解发生了变化。在工作场所，人们永远在不考虑风险偏
好和权力的情况下，尽量减少风险或将风险转移给其他方吸收风险。但是，如果一个更强大的
政党试图将重大风险转移到另一方虽然对方没有能力承担风险，这种风险转移是没有意义的，
因为风险不能被另一方吸收而且它会回到我们身边。因此，在设计风险时考虑风险偏好非常重
要管理计划。 （McGarry，2016i）
Future trends in risk management:
Risk management for me is a very broad concept, so I have little idea about how its future
trend will be. This course allows me to think about innovative risk management and how risk
management can add values. (McGarry, 2016j)

风险管理对我来说是一个非常广泛的概念，所以我对它的未来如何不了解趋势将是。本课程让
我思考创新的风险管理和风险管理可以增加价值。 （McGarry，2016j）
1.4 Application of learning
From this course, my competency in risk management improved, and my understanding of
risk responding plan is also enhanced.

Application of new competency in teamwork:

In teamwork, my new competency helps to be more efficient in discussing with my team
members and finishing task from three aspects. Firstly, better understanding of risk analyzing
tools and techniques allows me to identify risks more effectively. Using brain storming tools
helps me to consider project risks from different perspective, which I found to be useful in
teamwork. Secondly, my enhanced professional development allows me to gain trust from
other team members which can benefits teamwork with smooth communication and
cooperation.

在团队合作中，我的新能力有助于更有效地与我的团队讨论成员和完成任务来自三个方面。首
先，更好地理解风险分析工具和技术使我能够更有效地识别风险。使用脑力激荡工具帮助我从
不同的角度考虑项目风险，我发现这些风险很有用团队合作。其次，我增强的专业发展使我获
得了信任其他团队成员可以通过顺畅的沟通和良好的团队合作合作。
Application of new competency in workplace and other places:
In this semester, my competency enhanced after learning about risk management, and I am
able to apply these new competencies in workplace in three aspects.
Firstly, new competency enables me to improve efficiency and productivity in workplace so
that I can finish tasks on time and even before the deadline. In the past, my managers used to
ask me to prepare feasibility studies and risk analysis of projects. Prior to my competency
development, I need to do research on very basic concepts of risk management and the format
or templates of these reports, which is relatively time consuming and the reports also were
less professional and lack of depth. After learning this course, I gained not only conceptual
knowledges relating to risk management, but also practical tools and techniques that I can use
in workplace. As a result, I can apply my knowledge and competency in real cases and finish
my work on time with higher quality.
Secondly, my enhanced understanding of psychologic impacts on risk management helps me
to communicate with stakeholders and managers more effectively in order to help them in
decision making process. In this course, I learned more about psychological impacts on
people’s perceptions and how a risk or a problem is framed can influence people’s
understanding and decisions. So with understanding of psychologic theories, I pay additional
attention on how to frame a problem or a risk in reporting and presentation in order to deliver
information more effectively.
Last but not the least, understanding concepts about risk allocation and risk enables to
consider different factors in risk response plan and choose management approaches that can
really reduce company’s risk exposure. Before I taking this course, my understanding of risk
management focus on transferring as much as possible. But in fact, I should consider risk
appetites of different parties otherwise transferred risk may come back to us and make risk
management approaches less effective.

在这个学期，在学习风险管理之后，我的能力得到了提高，而且我是能够在三个方面将这些新
能力应用于工作场所。首先，新的能力使我能够提高工作场所的效率和生产力我可以按时完成
任务，甚至在截止日期之前完成任务。在过去，我的经理过去常常请我准备可行性研究和项目
风险分析。在我的能力之前发展，我需要研究风险管理的基本概念和格式或这些报告的模板，
这是相对耗时的，报告也是如此不太专业，缺乏深度。学完本课程后，我不仅获得了概念性的
知识与风险管理有关的知识，以及我可以使用的实用工具和技术在工作场所。因此，我可以将
我的知识和能力应用于实际案例并完成我按时完成了更高质量的工作。其次，我对风险管理的
心理影响的理解有所帮助与利益相关者和管理者进行更有效的沟通，以帮助他们做决定的过程。
在本课程中，我学到了更多关于心理影响的知识人们的看法以及风险或问题如何构成可以影响
人们理解和决定。因此，通过对心理学理论的理解，我付出额外的代价关注如何构建问题或报
告和呈现的风险以便交付信息更有效。最后但并非最不重要的是，理解风险分配和风险的概念
能够实现考虑风险应对计划中的不同因素，并选择可以采取的管理方法真正降低公司的风险敞
口。在我上这门课程之前，我对风险的理解管理层注重尽可能多的转移。但事实上，我应该考
虑风险否则转移风险的各方的胃口可能会回到我们身上并冒风险管理方法效果较差
Future competency development:
In order to develop my new competency further, I would work on it from two aspects, which
are continuous learning and more practice in workplace. For continuous learning, I think it is
important for me to keep up with trends in risk management. From the lecture about future
trend in risk management, I understand that project manager should focus more on
identifying unknown-unknowns and create values for clients. So I will continue to improve
myself on these two aspects through reading relevant articles and attending workshops held
by professional institutions. Seeking advice from experienced colleagues will also help me to
develop better competency.
For practice in workplace, I will keep familiar myself with different risk analyzing tools and
techniques through real cases. Every project has its unique characteristics such as information
availabilities, budget requirements and schedule requirements. Therefore, I would use these
project to enhance my understanding of different risk management approaches and risk
analyzing tools.

为了进一步发展我的新能力，我将从两个方面开展工作在工作场所不断学习和更多实践。对于
持续学习，我认为是对我来说，跟上风险管理的趋势非常重要。从关于未来的讲座风险管理的
趋势，我理解项目经理应该更多地关注识别未知未知因素并为客户创造价值。所以我会继续改
进通过阅读相关文章和参加研讨会，我自己就这两个方面由专业机构。寻求有经验的同事的建
议也会帮助我培养更好的能力。对于在工作场所的实践，我将熟悉不同的风险分析工具和通过
实际案例的技术。每个项目都有其独特的特征，如信息可用性，预算要求和进度要求。因此，
我会用这些项目旨在加深我对不同风险管理方法和风险的理解分析工具。
Improve risk management in current organization:
In my organization, there are some aspects of risk management can be improved. The first
one is to be more clear about personal responsibilities and delicate tasks to individuals. This
contributes to more effective risk management approach implementation, and hence achieve
better controls of risks. The second one is to improve risk monitoring and control. In our
organization, little emphasis is putting on monitoring risks. I think manager should consider
develop risk monitoring process to make sure effectiveness of risk management approaches is
monitored, and any changes in risk exposure and assumptions can be identified in early stage.
Last but not the least, promoting healthy risk culture is also important in improving risk
management.

在我的组织中，风险管理的某些方面可以得到改进。首先一是要更清楚个人责任和对
个人的微妙任务。这个有助于更有效的风险管理方法实施，从而实现更好地控制风险。
第二个是改善风险监测和控制。在我们的组织，很少强调监控风险。我认为经理应该
考虑制定风险监控流程，确保风险管理方法的有效性监测，风险暴露和假设的任何变
化都可以在早期阶段确定。最后但并非最不重要的是，促进健康的风险文化对提高风
险也很重要管理。

1.5 Team performance

In doing the group assignments, I think that overall we cooperate well and most of group
members are happy about the final results even though there still space for improvement. For
the positive aspects, the first one is that all of our group members can keep up with agreed
schedule and finish tasks on time, which is very important for smooth group cooperation and
team success. In our group discussion, we developed a assignment finish schedule that every
group members were agreed on, and all group members need to follow this schedule and
submit their part on time. I think this is very effective in schedule control. Secondly, group
cooperation is encouraged in the process. In this course, the two assignments focused on
different topics and can be a bit challenging. After we divide responsibilities, from time to
time, team members can face some difficulties. My group members always tried to help each
other to find the best solutions.
On the other hand, team performance on communication can be improved in the future. In my
group, there are people from different cultural and language backgrounds, which hindered
effective communication in some extend. Some of my group members have less fluent
English speaking, and this makes communication a bit more difficult.
From team work experience in this subject, I gained more team work skills, time management
skills and communication skills. In the future, I think I should put more focus on how to
coordinate team members from different cultural and language background to facilitate more
effective communication. In addition, I think we can hold regular meetings or communicate
in a group chat application to update all group members with everyone’s progression on
assignment. This can help team members to gain trust from each other and ensure team work
run smoothly.
在进行小组作业时，我认为整体而言我们合作得很好并且大多数都是小组尽管仍有改进空间，
但成员对最终结果感到高兴。对于积极的方面，第一个是我们所有的小组成员都能跟上达成的
协议按时安排和完成任务，这对顺利的小组合作非常重要团队成功。在我们的小组讨论中，我
们制定了一项任务完成时间表小组成员达成一致，所有小组成员都需要按照这个时间表和按时
提交他们的部分。我认为这在进度控制方面非常有效。其次，小组在此过程中鼓励合作。在本
课程中，两项任务的重点是不同的主题，可能有点挑战。在我们划分责任之后，从时间到那时，
团队成员可能会遇到一些困难。我的小组成员总是试图帮助每个人其他找到最好的解决方案。

另一方面，未来可以改善团队在沟通方面的表现。在我的小组，有来自不同文化和语言背景的
人，这阻碍了有效沟通在某种程度上。我的一些小组成员不那么流利说英语，这使沟通变得更
加困难。从这个主题的团队工作经验来看，我获得了更多的团队合作技巧和时间管理技能和沟
通技巧。在未来，我认为我应该更加关注如何协调来自不同文化和语言背景的团队成员，以促
进更多有效沟通。此外，我认为我们可以定期举行会议或进行沟通在群聊应用程序中，随着每
个人的进展更新所有群组成员分配。这可以帮助团队成员彼此获得信任并确保团队合作顺利运
行。