NAME:AMMAD MAHMOOD

CLASS: BEET-3A
ROLL NO: 191863
DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: ANALOG ELECTRONICS LAB
SUBMITTED TO: SIR MUGHEES AHMED BHATTI
 TITLE:
LAB REPORT# 02
(Operational Amplifiers i.e inverting, inverting,
voltage follower)
Objectives:
To introduce and implement operational amplifiers
such as inverting, non-inverting, voltage follower.
Equipments:
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Digital Multimeter
 Power supply
 OP-AMP (LM741)
 Resistors
Explaination:

 Op-amps have been produced in large

quantities for decades, and consequently
engineers have access to a large and diverse
 collection of parts that offer both low cost
and high performance.
 Operational amplifiers are extremely
versatile. It is difficult to think of an analog
circuit that cannot be either implemented
using an op-amp or improved by the
addition of an op-amp.
 Designing circuits around op-amps is much
easier than using discrete transistors. The
electrical characteristics of operational
amplifiers lead to simplifying assumptions,
and in many applications, these assumptions
do not introduce significant differences
between the theoretical circuit and the actual
circuit.
 
The Op-Amp Circuit Symbol
The simplified, idealized op-amp is a three-
terminal device.
 
 

The two terminals on the left are inputs, and the

terminal on the right is the output. Note that
the input terminals have different labels: the
plus sign indicates the non-inverting input
terminal, and the minus sign indicates
the inverting input terminal.
A real op-amp needs at least five terminals—
two inputs, one output, and two power-supply
connections:
 
 A dual-supply op-amp circuit (on the left)
uses a positive supply voltage and a
negative supply voltage. In a single-supply
configuration (on the right), the negative
supply terminal is connected to ground.

 
We often omit the power-supply terminals
when we draw an op-amp because we assume
that the device is connected to supply voltages
that enable proper operation within the context
of a given application. However, it’s important
to remember that the op-amp’s output-voltage
range is limited by its supply voltages. 
 

The Op-Amp Electrical Model

The idealized input-to-output relationship of a
typical op-amp is conveyed by the following
diagram:
 

Despite the complex circuitry that is present

within a real operational amplifier, we can
successfully carry out many op-amp-based
design tasks by assuming that the op-amp is
a voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
The controlling voltage is  (VIN +− VIN − )
(VIN+−VIN−), and the factor of proportionality
between the controlling voltage and the voltage
generated by the VCVS is the op-amp’s gain,
denoted by A:
 
V O UT = A (VIN +− VIN − ) VOUT=A(VIN+
−VIN−)
 An op-amp is a differential amplifier: it
amplifies the difference between the two input
voltages.
 It follows from the previous statement that
op-amps exhibit common-mode rejection.
The op-amp will reject (i.e., ignore) any
voltage component, such as noise or a DC
offset, that is present in both input signals.
 An op-amp has a differential input stage
and a single-ended output; thus, it can be
considered a differential-to-single-ended
converter. However, it turns out that real-life
op-amp applications are associated much
more closely with single-ended input signals.
In fact, we have another name for devices
 that are designed specifically for differential
input signals: they’re called instrumentation
amplifiers.
 

Summary
 Operational amplifiers are used in countless
analog and mixed-signal circuits.
 These extremely popular ICs are affordable,
versatile, and easy to use.
 An idealized op-amp has three terminals:
two inputs and one output.
 Op-amp functionality is similar to that of a
voltage-controlled voltage source that
applies an extremely high gain to the
difference between the voltage at the non-
inverting input terminal and the voltage at
the inverting input terminal.