Transformers

Ms. Chamila Sumathiratna

Senior Lecturer
 What is a Transformer
• A transformer is an electrical apparatus
designed to convert alternating voltages from
one voltage to another. It can be designed to
"step up" or "step down" voltages and works
on the magnetic induction principle.
Some Transformer types
Some Transformer types
 Some Transformer types
Auto Transformer

• Autotransformer has only one single voltage

winding which is common to both sides. This
single winding is “tapped” at various points
along its length to provide a percentage of the
primary voltage supply across its core. An
autotransformer can also be used to step the
supply voltage up or down by reversing the
connections.
 Some Transformer types
Current Transformer (CT)

CT is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is

proportional to the current being measured in its primary. This is used to measure high
currents. The secondary winding will supply a current to an ammeter. Secondary circuit
gets reduced current in proportion to primary currents. Secondary side should not left
open as the voltage is dangerously high. Most current transformers have a the standard
secondary rating of 5 amps with the primary and secondary currents being expressed as a
ratio such as 100/5. This means that the primary current is 20 times greater than the
secondary current so when 100 amps is flowing in the primary conductor it will result in 5
amps flowing in the secondary winding
Some Transformer types
Power Supplies
Some Transformer types
Isolation Transformers
The isolation transformers
operate in the same way as
other transformer types. But
the main task is to provide
the isolation in the electrical
system. This means that the
primary and secondary
voltage values are equal in
solation transformer. This is
obtained with an same
number of turns on the
primary and secondary
windings.
Some Transformer Types
Power Transformer
Some Transformer types
Some Transformer types
Main components of a Power
Transformer
Transformer Can Explode
• May due to
insulation failure,
over voltage, surges
Thermally Induced
due to overloading,
failure of cooling
system, blockage of
axial spaces or over
excitation(over
voltage or under
frequency) and many
other reasons
 Protection Devices For Transformers
• Buchholz (Gas) Relay
• Pressure Relay
• Oil Level Monitor Device
• Winding Thermometer
Protection Devices For Transformers
Buchholtz Relay
 Protection Devices For Transformers
Buchholtz Relay
• If any internal fault occurs in the transformer
like insulation failure of windings, core heating
etc. which causes heat in the main tank. will
be responsible for the decomposition of some
transformer oil. Decomposition makes gases
and oil level may go down. Initially the top
valve operate and activate alarm circuit.
Further decomposition will activate the
second relay and cut off the transformer from
supply.
 Protection Devices For Transformers
Oil Level Monitor Device
Transformers with oil conservator (expansion
tank) often have an oil level monitor. Usually,
the monitor has two contacts for alarm. One
contact is for maximum oil level alarm and the
other contact is for minimum oil level alarm.
 Protection Devices For Transformers
Pressure Relay
• Many power transformers with an on-tank-
type tap changer have a pressure protection
for the separate tap changer oil compartment.
This protection detects a sudden rate-of-
increase of pressure inside the tap changer oil
enclosure.
 Protection Devices For Transformers
Thermometers
• Thermometers detect winding temperature as
well as oil temperature. If there is a sudden
increase, in several steps it activates signals
and finally isolate the transformer from supply
lines.
Power Transformer Construction core
types
Core Type

Shell Type
Power Transformer Construction core
lamination

• These
laminatio
ns will
reduce
eddy
currents
in the
core
Transformer Actions
Transformer Actions
 Voltage Induced in a Transformer

• When an alternating voltage V1 (100V) is applied to the primary, an

alternating flux is set up in the core.
• This alternating flux links both the windings and induces
• EMFs E1 and E2 in them according to Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction.
• The EMF. E1 is termed as primary EMF and EMF E2 is termed as
secondary EMF
• Voltage V2 is the secondary output voltage
 Transformer Ratios
The voltage ratio of an ideal transformer (one with no
losses) is directly related to the turns ratio, while the
current ratio is inversely related to the turns ratio:
Turns in primary
Turns in secondary
=
Voltage in primary
Voltage in secondary
=
Current in secondary
Current in primary
Transformer Ratios
 Equation of Power
In an ideal transformer(no losses)
Power in Primary side= Power in secondary side
Primary Voltage x Primary Current= Secondary
Voltage x Secondary Current
Vp x Ip=Vs x Is
Example
?

?
• The following points may be noted carefully:
(i) The transformer action is based on the laws of electromagnetic
induction.
(ii) There is no electrical connection between the primary and
secondary.
The AC. power is transferred from primary to secondary through
magnetic flux.
(iii) There is no change in frequency i.e., output power has the same
frequency as the input power.
(iv) The losses that occur in a transformer are:
(a) core losses—eddy current and hysteresis losses
(b) copper losses—in the resistance of the windings
• In
 EMF Equation of a Transformer
• alternating voltage V1 of frequency f is applied
to the primary
• φ = φm sinωt
EMF Equation of a Transformer
Ideal Transformer
 EX
• A 200kVA 3300/240 V ,50Hz single phase
transformer has 80 turns on the secondary
winding. Assuming an ideal transformer
calculate,
• i) primary and secondary currents
• Ii) the number of primary turns
• Iii) Max. value of flux
Ideal Transformer
Real Transformer dot convention
 Losses in a Practical Transformer
• Copper Losses
• Core Losses
• Leakage Reactance
Losses in a Practical Transformer
Losses in a Practical Transformer
No load Losses in a Practical
Transformer
No load Losses in a Practical
Transformer
Loaded transformer Total current in
primary side

Total primary
current
Loaded transformer Total current in
primary side and voltage drop
Referring secondary side values to
primary side

K=N2/N1
Referring secondary values to primary
Referring secondary values to primary
Referring secondary values to primary

• Note that when secondary quantities are

• referred to primary,
Resistances/reactances/impedances are
divided by K2,
• voltages are divided by K and currents are
multiplied by K.
 Equivalent circuit of a loaded
transformer referred to primary
R’2
 Equivalent circuit of a loaded
transformer referred to primary
 Transformer tests
• Transformer tests are done to find the
parameters of the equivalent circuit with
reasonable assumptions
• Tests are
1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
Open circuit test
Open circuit test
Short Circuit Test
Short Circuit Test
Ex
EX
EX
EX
 Example
1. A 2200/200 V transformer draws a no load primary
current of 0.6A and absorbs 400W. Find the
magnetizing current and iron loss currents.
2. The ratio of turns of a single phase transformer
primary to secondary is 8. the resistances of primary
and secondary windings are 0.85ohms and
0.125ohms respectively and leakage reactances are
4.8ohms and 0.07ohms respectively. Find the voltage
to be applied to primary to obtain a current of 150A
in secondary when the secondary terminals are short
circuited ignoring magnetizing current