University of Bahrain

College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Power Plant and Desalination

MENG 430

Semester. I – 2020/2021

Gas turbine with different arrangement

Student Name St. ID Sec

Mohammad Saad Fiaz 20160410 01

Zaid Mohammad 20160412 01

Akib Bin Ayub 20160240 02

Submitted to: PROFESSOR AHMED YOUSIF ALI ABDULLA

MENG 430
Name: ID:

A gas turbine has the following specifications at the ISO conditions.

Item Value
Inlet pressure to the compressor 98 kPa
Pressure ratio 16
Inlet temperature to the turbine K 1550
Compressor isentropic efficiency 87 %
Turbine isentropic efficiency 90 %
Pressure loss in intercooler 1%
Pressure loss in Heat exchanger 2%
Pressure Loss in the combustion chamber 2%
Effectiveness of Heat exchanger 0.82
Fuel Composition 80% CH4 + 8% C2H6+ 12% C2H4
LHV of fuel 38 MJ/kg
Fuel Density (kg/m3) 0.87
Excess Air Ratio 55 %
Combustion efficiency 95%
Pressure of the gases at turbine exit kPa 103
Turbine rated power 92 MW

Which is better to run a gas turbine as

a- Simple cycle
b- With intercooler and reheat
c- With intercooler, reheat and regenerator

(Hint: Calculate: Efficiency, Specific Work, Specific fuel consumption)

Comment in your results.

The results show that the gas turbine with regeneration, reheat and inter cooler
has greater efficiency (68.81%) than simple gas turbine has only (37.036%) , so
manufacturer should design gas turbine with regeneration and reheat but the
expense is much more than simple gas turbine
 Simple cycle:

Gas turbine with intercooler, Reheat and Regeneration:

%simple gas turbine

%Input Specifications
% fuel composition (80% CH4 + 8% C2H6+ 12% C2H4)

P1 = 98; % Pressure at The Compressor Inlet in kPa

T1 = 288; % Temperature at The Compressor Inlet in Kelvin
PR = 16 ; % Pressure Ratio PR=P2/P1
T3 = 1550 ; % Temperature at The Turbine Inlet in Kelvin
P4 = 103; % Pressure at The Turbine Exit in kPa
effc = .87; % Compressor Isentropic Efficiency
efft = .90 ; % Turbine Isentropic Efficiency
PL = 0.01 ; % Pressure Losses During Heat Addition
HL = 0.02; % Heat Losses in The Combustion chamber, HL=0.04-0.06
LHV = 38000; % Lower Heating Value in kJ/kg
ecomb = .95; % Combustion Efficienc
P = 92e6; % Power Output in kW
fuel_den = 0.87; % Fuel Denstit in kg/m^3

R1=.80; R2=.08; R3=0.12; R4=0;

n1=1; m1=4;
n2=2; m2=6;
n3=2; m3=4;
n4=0; m4=0;
%phi=.73;
Excess_air=0.55;
%f_air_ratio_a= 0.048;

% Combustion Process

Patm=100;
O=16;N=14;C=12;H=1;Air=29; %molar mass
Y=R1*n1+R2*n2+R3*n3+R4*n4;

Z=(R1*m1+R2*m2+R3*m3+R4*m4)./2;
X=(2*Y+Z)./2;
fuel_molar_mass=R1.*(C*n1+H*m1)+R2.*(C*n2+H*m2)+R3.*(C*n3+H*m3)+R4.*(C*n4+H*m4
);
f_air_ratio_th=fuel_molar_mass/(X*(1+3.76)*Air);

%phi=f_air_ratio_a./f_air_ratio_th;
phi=1/(Excess_air+1);
f_air_ratio_a=phi*f_air_ratio_th;
%Excess_air=((1)./phi-1);

N_CO2 = Y; % Moles of CO2 Product

N_H2O = Z; % Moles of H2O Product
N_O2 = X.*Excess_air; % Moles of O2 Product
N_N2 = 3.76*X.*(1+Excess_air); % Moles of N2 Product
Np = Y+Z+(Excess_air)*X+(1+Excess_air)*3.76*X; % Total Product Moles

CO2_percentage = (N_CO2/Np)*100; % Percentage of CO2

Product
H2O_percentage = (N_H2O/Np)*100; % Percentage of H2O
Product
O2_percentage = (N_O2/Np)*100; % Percentage of O2
Product
N2_percentage = (N_N2/Np)*100; % Percentage of N2
Product

N_H2O=Z;
Np=Y+Z+( Excess_air )*X+(1+ Excess_air )*3.76*X;
P_H2O=(N_H2O/Np)*Patm; %Partail pressure of
water in the products
Tdew= (XSteam('Tsat_p',P_H2O/100))+273; %Product dew point
temperature

% if(phi>1)
% 'Rich Mixture'
% elseif(phi<1)
% 'Lean Mixture'
% else
% 'Correct Chemical Mixture'
% end

%Specific heat for constant pressue (kJ/kg.K)

Cpc = 1.007; Cpg = 1.2; Cpt = 1.15; Cpex = 1.1;

%Specific heat ratio (unitless)

kc=1.4; kt=1.33;

%Point #1
P1 = P1; T1 = T1;
TR = T3/T1; % Temperature ratio; Turbine inlet/machine
inlet

%Point #2
P2 = P1*PR;
T2s = ((PR)^((kc-1)/kc))*T1; % kc=1.4
T2 = ((T2s-T1)/effc)+T1; % Actual temperature at compressor exit

%Point #3
T3 = T3;
P3 = P2*(1-PL);

%Point #4
P4 = P4;
ER = P3/P4; % Expansion Ratio in Turbine
T4s = ((1/ER)^((kt-1)/kt))*T3; % kt=1.33
T4 = T3-((efft)*(T3-T4s)); % Actual temperature at turbine exit

%Performance
wc = Cpc*(T2-T1) % Input work to the compressor (kJ/kg
air)
wt = Cpt*(T3-T4) % Output work of the turbine (kJ/kg gas)
qin = Cpg*(T3-T2) % Heat addition in the combustion chamber
(kJ/kg gas) is it per kg of gas !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
qout = Cpex*(T4-T1) % Heat Rejection (kJ/kg gas)
wnet = wt-wc % Net work (kJ/kg)
BWR = wc/wt % Back work ratio
eff = (wnet/qin)*100 % Thermal Efficiency of the gas turbine

%Mass Flow Rates

m_gas_rate = P/wnet % Mass flow rate
of exhaust gases (kg/s)
m_air_rate = (m_gas_rate)/(1+f_air_ratio_a) % Mass flow rate
of air (kg/s)
m_fuel_rate = m_gas_rate - m_air_rate % Mass flow
rate of fuel (kg/s)

m_gas_rate_h = (m_gas_rate)*3600; % Mass flow

rate of exhaust gases (kg/h)
m_air_rate_h = (m_air_rate)*3600; % Mass flow
rate of air (kg/h)
m_fuel_rate_h = (m_fuel_rate)*3600; % Mass flow
rate of gas (kg/h)

m_gas_rate_kWh = (m_gas_rate)*(1/P)*3600 % Mass flow rate

of exhaust gases (kg/kWh)
m_air_rate_kWh = (m_air_rate)*(1/P)*3600 % Mass flow
rate of air (kg/kWh)
m_fuel_rate_kWh = (m_fuel_rate)*(1/P)*3600 % Mass flow
rate of gas (kg/kWh)

m_fuel_gas = m_fuel_rate/m_gas_rate % Ratio of kg

of fuel per kg of gas

% Components Power
Power_comp = ((m_air_rate)*wc) % Power to
direct compressor in kW
Power_turb = ((m_gas_rate)*wc) % Power to
direct compressor in kW
Power_gen_comp = (P/Power_comp)*100 % percentage of
generated Power to compressor power
Power_comp_gen = (Power_comp/P)*100 % percentage of
compressor Power to generated power
Power_gen_tur = (P/Power_turb)*100 % percentage of
generated Power to compressor power

% Combustion Efficiency
%ecomb = (qin)/(LHV*m_fuel_gas*(1-HL));
% Heat addition, loss, and rejection
qin = qin ; % Heat input casued
raise in temperature (kJ/kg)
qgen = m_fuel_gas*LHV*ecomb*(1-HL) % Heat generated from
combustion (kJ/kg gas)
qloss = qgen-qin % Heat Loss in (kJ/kg gas)

%Heat Rate
HR = ((m_fuel_rate*3600*LHV*ecomb)/P) % Heat Rate in
(kJ/kWh), energy required to generate 1kW power per hour

%Fuel Consumption
m_air_fuel = m_air_rate/m_fuel_rate; % Mass flow
rate of air per kg of fuel
fuel_m3_h = m_fuel_rate_h / fuel_den; % Fuel
consumption in (m^3/h)
extra_fuel = (qloss*m_gas_rate)/LHV; % Fuel rate
which been wasted as heat loss (kg fuel/s)
extra_fuel_Percent = (extra_fuel/m_fuel_rate)*100; % Percentage of
fuel which been wasted as heat loss

% Stack Performance
%Tmix = T4-((drop*height)+273);

% if(Tmix>Tdew)
% 'Water will Not condense in the stack'
% else
% 'Water will condense in the stack'
% end
%
%
% Other Parameters
Diff_PR_ER = PR-ER % Difference
between pressure ratio and expansion ratio
Oxy_Percent = (4*X/Np)*100; % Percentage of
Oxygen in exhaust gases
Pressure_loss = P2-P3; % Pressure loss
in the combustion chamber
Per_T2_T3 =(T2/T3)*100; % Percentage of
T2/T3
Temp_back_pre = T4-T2; % Temperature
raise due to back Pressure

%Turbine Drop Power Due to Pressure drop in combustion

T3x = T3;
P3x = P2;
P4 = P4;
ER = P3x/P4; % Expansion Ratio in Turbine
T4s = ((1/ER)^((kt-1)/kt))*T3; % kt=1.33
T4 = T3-((efft)*(T3-T4s)); % Actual temperature at turbine exit
wtx = Cpt*(T3-T4); % Output work of the turbine (kJ/kg
gas) without PL
wt_drop = ((wtx-wt)/wtx)*100 % Turbine Power drop due to Pressure loss
wc = 402.7486
wt = 785.8783

qin = 1.0345e+03

qout = 636.4903

wnet = 383.1297

BWR = 0.5125

eff = 37.0366

m_gas_rate = 2.4013e+05

m_air_rate = 2.3118e+05

m_fuel_rate = 8.9523e+03

m_gas_rate_kWh = 9.3963

m_air_rate_kWh = 9.0460

m_fuel_rate_kWh = 0.3503

m_fuel_gas = 0.0373

Power_comp = 9.3105e+07

Power_turb = 9.6711e+07

Power_gen_comp = 98.8126

Power_comp_gen =101.2016
Power_gen_tur = 95.1288

qgen = 1.3189e+03

qloss = 284.4814

HR = 1.2646e+04

Diff_PR_ER = 0.9289
 wt_drop = 0.2587

GAS TURBINE WITH INTERCOOLER, REHEAT AND REGENERATION

%gas turbine wih intercooler, reheat and regeneration
%Given data
Patm=101.3 % kpa
P1 = 98; % Pressure at The Compressor Inlet in kPa
P9 = 103; % Pressure at turbine exit
PR = 16 ; % Pressure Ratio PR=P2/P1
T6 = 1550 ; % Temperature at The Turbine Inlet in Kelvin
effc = .87; % Compressor Isentropic Efficiency
efft = .90; % Turbine Isentropic Efficiency
PL = 0.01; % Pressure Losses in intercooler
HL = 0.02 % Heat Losses in The Combustion chamber
PL_comb= 0.02; % Pressure Losses in The Combustion chamber
PL_heatex=0.02; % Heat loss in heat exchanger
LHV = 38000; % Lower Heating Value in kJ/kg
ecomb = .95; % Combustion Efficienc
P = 92000; % Power Output in kW
fuel_den = 0.87; % Fuel Denstit in kg/m^3
E =0.82 %effectiveness of heat exchanger

% PR=P2/P1 ;PR=P4/P3;PR=P6/P7;PR=P8/P9;
%Specific heat for constant pressue (kJ/kg.K)
Cpc = 1.007; Cpg = 1.2; Cpt = 1.15; Cpex = 1.1;

kc=1.4; kt=1.33 % specific heat ratio

%state 1-2 Compressor 1

T1=288;
P1=98;
P2=sqrt(PR)*P1;
T2s = (sqrt(PR)^((kc-1)/kc))*T1; % kc=1.4
T2 = ((T2s-T1)/effc)+T1;
h1=XSteam('h_pT',P1,T1);
h2=XSteam('h_pT',P2,T2);
%state 2-3 Intercooler
T3=T2+E*(T2-T1);
P3=P2*(1-PL);
h3=XSteam('h_pT',P3,T3);
%state 3-4 Compressor 2
P4=sqrt(PR)*P3;
T4s=(sqrt(PR)^((kc-1)/kc))*T3;
T4 = ((T4s-T3)/effc)+T3;
h4=XSteam('h_pT',P4,T4);

%state 6-7 Turbine 1

P6=P4*(1-(PL_comb+PL_heatex));
h6=XSteam('h_pT',P6,T6);
ER=P6/P9;
%state 7-8 Reheat
P7=P6/sqrt(ER);
T7s=T6*(1/sqrt(ER)^(kt-1/kt));
T7=T6-efft*(T6-T7s);
h7=XSteam('h_pT',P7,T7);

%state 8-9 Turbine 2

T8=T6;
P8=P7*(1-PL_comb);
h8=XSteam('h_pT',P8,T8);

%state 9-10 Regenerator

T9s=T8*(1/sqrt(ER))^(kt-1/kt);
T9=T8-efft*(T8-T9s);
h9=XSteam('h_pT',P9,T9);

%state 5
P5=P4*(1-PL_heatex);
T5=((E*Cpg*(T9-T4))/Cpc)+T4;
h5=XSteam('h_pT',P5,T5);

%Calculation
Qin=Cpg*((T6-T5)+(T8-T7));
%Qin=(h6-h5)+(h8-h7)
Wc=Cpc*((T2-T1)+(T4-T3))
Wt=Cpt*((T6-T7)+(T8-T9))
Wnet=Wt-Wc
eff=((Wnet)/Qin)*100
BWR=(Wc/Wt)*100

%COMBUSTION PROCESS

R1=.80; R2=.08; R3=0.12; R4=0;

n1=1; m1=4;
n2=2; m2=6;
n3=2; m3=4;
n4=0; m4=0;
%phi=.73;
Excess_air=0.55;
%f_air_ratio_a= 0.048;

% Combustion Process

Patm=100;
O=16;N=14;C=12;H=1;Air=29; %molar mass
Y=R1*n1+R2*n2+R3*n3+R4*n4;

Z=(R1*m1+R2*m2+R3*m3+R4*m4)./2;
X=(2*Y+Z)./2;
fuel_molar_mass=R1.*(C*n1+H*m1)+R2.*(C*n2+H*m2)+R3.*(C*n3+H*m3)+R4.*(C*n4+H*m4
);
f_air_ratio_th=fuel_molar_mass/(X*(1+3.76)*Air);

%phi=f_air_ratio_a./f_air_ratio_th;
phi=1/(Excess_air+1);
f_air_ratio_a=phi*f_air_ratio_th;
%Excess_air=((1)./phi-1);

N_CO2 = Y; % Moles of CO2 Product

N_H2O = Z; % Moles of H2O Product
N_O2 = X.*Excess_air; % Moles of O2 Product
N_N2 = 3.76*X.*(1+Excess_air); % Moles of N2 Product
Np = Y+Z+(Excess_air)*X+(1+Excess_air)*3.76*X; % Total Product Moles

CO2_percentage = (N_CO2/Np)*100; % Percentage of CO2

Product
H2O_percentage = (N_H2O/Np)*100; % Percentage of H2O
Product
O2_percentage = (N_O2/Np)*100; % Percentage of O2
Product
N2_percentage = (N_N2/Np)*100; % Percentage of N2
Product

N_H2O=Z;
Np=Y+Z+( Excess_air )*X+(1+ Excess_air )*3.76*X;
P_H2O=(N_H2O/Np)*Patm; %Partail pressure of
water in the products
Tdew= (XSteam('Tsat_p',P_H2O/100))+273; %Product dew point
temperature

%Mass Flow Rates

m_gas_rate = P/Wnet % Mass flow rate
of exhaust gases (kg/s)
m_air_rate = (m_gas_rate)/(1+f_air_ratio_a) % Mass flow rate
of air (kg/s)
m_fuel_rate = m_gas_rate - m_air_rate % Mass flow
rate of fuel (kg/s)

m_gas_rate_h = (m_gas_rate)*3600; % Mass flow

rate of exhaust gases (kg/h)
m_air_rate_h = (m_air_rate)*3600; % Mass flow
rate of air (kg/h)
m_fuel_rate_h = (m_fuel_rate)*3600; % Mass flow
rate of gas (kg/h)

m_gas_rate_kWh = (m_gas_rate)*(1/P)*3600 % Mass flow rate

of exhaust gases (kg/kWh)
m_air_rate_kWh = (m_air_rate)*(1/P)*3600 % Mass flow
rate of air (kg/kWh)
m_fuel_rate_kWh = (m_fuel_rate)*(1/P)*3600 % Mass flow
rate of gas (kg/kWh)

m_fuel_gas = m_fuel_rate/m_gas_rate % Ratio of kg

of fuel per kg of gas

% Combustion Efficiency
ecomb = (Qin)/(LHV*m_fuel_gas*(1-HL));

%Heat Rate
HR = ((m_fuel_rate*3600*LHV*ecomb)/P) % Heat Rate in
(kJ/kWh), energy required to generate 1kW power per hour

% Heat addition, loss, and rejection

Qin = Qin ; % Heat input casued
raise in temperature (kJ/kg)
qgen = m_fuel_gas*LHV*ecomb*(1-HL) % Heat generated from
combustion (kJ/kg gas)
qloss = qgen-Qin % Heat Loss in (kJ/kg gas)

%Fuel Consumption
m_air_fuel = m_air_rate/m_fuel_rate; % Mass flow
rate of air per kg of fuel
fuel_m3_h = m_fuel_rate_h / fuel_den; % Fuel
consumption in (m^3/h)
extra_fuel = (qloss*m_gas_rate)/LHV; % Fuel rate
which been wasted as heat loss (kg fuel/s)
extra_fuel_Percent = (extra_fuel/m_fuel_rate)*100; % Percentage of
fuel which been wasted as heat loss

RESULTS:

HL = 0.0200

Wc = 488.7230

Wt = 1.7264e+03

Wnet = 1.2377e+03

eff = 68.8152

BWR = 28.3085

m_gas_rate = 74.3317

m_air_rate = 71.5605

m_fuel_rate = 2.7712

m_gas_rate_kWh = 2.9086

m_air_rate_kWh = 2.8002

m_fuel_rate_kWh = 0.1084

m_fuel_gas = 0.0373

HR = 5.3382e+03

qgen = 1.7986e+03
qloss = -2.2737e-13