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Digital Communications: Chapter 3: Digital Modulation Schemes
Digital Communications: Chapter 3: Digital Modulation Schemes
Example 1 (M=4)
⎧
⎪
⎪ s1 (t) = −3 ⋅ d ⋅ g (t) ⋅ cos (2πfc t)
⎪
⎪ s2 (t) = −1 ⋅ d ⋅ g (t) ⋅ cos (2πfc t)
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪ s3 (t) = +1 ⋅ d ⋅ g (t) ⋅ cos (2πfc t)
⎪
⎪
⎩ 4 (t) = +3 ⋅ d ⋅ g (t) ⋅ cos (2πfc t)
⎪ s
The amplitude difference between two adjacent signals = 2d.
1
Ts is usually assumed to be a multiple of fc in principle.
g (t) cos(2πfc t)
φ1 (t) =
∥g (t) cos(2πfc t)∥
g (t) cos(2πfc t) g (t) cos(2πfc t)
≠ 1
= √
∥g (t)∥ ⋅ √T ∥ cos(2πfc t)∥ ∥g (t)∥ 1/2
s
The idea behind the above derivation is to single out “∥g (t)∥” in the
expression! This justifies the necessity of introducing the lowpass
equivalent signal where the influence of fc has been relaxed.
1 Ts
≈ 2 ∫ g 2 (t) dt = 1
∥g (t)∥ 0
1
If g (t) is constant for t ∈ [0, Ts ) and Ts is a multiple of fc ,
then the above “≈” becomes “=.”
Euclidean distance
Am ∥g (t)∥ An ∥g (t)∥
∥sm (t) − sn (t)∥ ≈ ∣ √ − √ ∣
2 2
∥g (t)∥
= √ ∣(2m − 1 − M)d − (2n − 1 − M)d∣
2
√
= d 2 ∥g (t)∥ ∣m − n∣
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 13 / 161
Single side band (SSB) PAM
1 g (t) is real ⇔ G (f ) is Hermitian symmetric.
3 Recall
1
F −1 {u−1 (f )G (f )} = [g (t) + ı ĝ (t)] = g+ (t)
2
where ĝ (t) is the Hilbert transform of g (t).
To summarize
⎧ g (t)
√
⎪
⎪ φ1(,DSB) (t) = ∥g (t)∥ 2 cos (2πfc t)
⎨ Am
⎪
⎪
⎩ s m(,DSB) = √ 2
∥g (t)∥
⎧ g+ (t)
√
ı 2πfc t }
⎪ φ1,SSB (t) = Re { ∥g+ (t)∥ 2e
⎪
⎨ Am
⎪
⎪
⎩ s m,SSB = √ 2
∥g+ (t)∥
Ts = T
Example 2 (M=4)
⎧
⎪
⎪ s1 (t) = g (t) cos (2πfc t)
⎪
⎪
⎪ s2 (t) = g (t) cos (2πfc t + π/2)
⎨
⎪
⎪ s3 (t) = g (t) cos (2πfc t + π)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ s4 (t) = g (t) cos (2πfc t + 3π/2)
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 19 / 161
Signal space of PM signals
⎧ g (t)
√
⎪φ1 (t) ≈ ∥g (t)∥ 2 cos (2πfc t)
⎪
⎨ g (t)
√
⎪
⎪
⎩ φ2 (t) ≈ − ∥g (t)∥ 2 sin (2πfc t)
Ô⇒
∥g (t)∥ ∥g (t)∥
s m = [ √ cos(θm ), √ sin(θm )]
2 2
Error consideration
The most possible error is the erroneous selection of an
adjacent phase of the transmitted signal phase.
Euclidean distance
Bandpass QAM
sm (t) = xi (t) cos(2πfc t) − xq (t) sin(2πfc t)
where xi (t) and xq (t) are quadrature components. Let
xi (t) = Ami g (t) and xq (t) = Amq g (t); then bandpass QAM is
⎧ g (t)
√
⎪φ1 (t) ≈ ∥g (t)∥ 2 cos(2πfc t)
⎪
⎨ g (t)
√
⎪
⎪
⎩φ 2 (t) ≈ − ∥g (t)∥ 2 sin(2πfc t)
Ami Amq
Ô⇒ s m = [ √ ∥g (t)∥ , √ ∥g (t)∥]
2 2
sm (t) = Re [Vm1 e ı θm2 g (t)e ı 2πfc t ] = Vm1 g (t) cos (2πfc t + θm2 )
2 Subdivision of frequency
Example. N frequency subbands can be used to form 2N
vector basis elements (each has two quadrature bearers.)
√
∥s m − s n ∥ = 2E
[s −1 ⋯ s −M/2 s 1 ⋯ s M/2 ]
⎡−√E 0 ⋯ 0
√
E √0 ⋯ 0 ⎤⎥
⎢ √
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 − E ⋯ 0 0 E ⋯ 0 ⎥⎥
= ⎢⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ √⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ √⋮ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 ⋯ − E 0 0 ⋯ E ⎥⎦
⎣
Hence √
⎧
⎪ 2E
⎪ if m ≠ −n
∥s m − s n ∥ = ⎨ √
⎩2 E if m = −n
⎪
⎪
s ′m = s m − c
⟨s ′m , s ′n ⟩ ⟨s m − c, s n − c⟩
ρmn = ′ ′
=
∥s m ∥ ∥s n ∥ (1 − M1 ) ∥s m ∥2
⟨s m , s n ⟩ − ⟨s m , c⟩ − ⟨c, s n ⟩ + ⟨c, c⟩
=
(1 − M1 ) ∥s m ∥2
⎧ ∥s m ∥2 − M
2
∥s m ∥2 + M
1
∥s m ∥2
⎪
⎪
⎪ (1− M1
)∥s m ∥2
m=n
⎪
= ⎨
⎪
⎪ 0 −M 2
∥s m ∥2 + M
1
∥s m ∥2
⎪
⎪ (1− M )∥s m ∥
1 2 m≠n
⎩
1 m=n
= { 1
− M−1 m ≠ n
⎡√E 0 ⋯ 0 ⎤⎥
⎢ √
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 E ⋯ 0 ⎥⎥
[s 1 ⋯ sM] = ⎢
⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ √⋮ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 ⋯ E ⎥⎦
⎣
⎡(1 − 1 )√E − 1
√ √
− M1 √E ⎤⎥
⎢
⎢ M√ M E √ ⋯
⎥
1 1
⎢ − M1 E ⎥⎥
[s ′1 ′ − E (1 − ) E ⋯
⋯ s M ] = ⎢⎢ M M
⎢ ⋮√ ⋮√ ⋱ ⋮ √ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − M1 E − M1 E ⋯ (1 − M1 ) E ⎥⎦
⎣
where NTc = T
“cm,j = 0” ≡ “g1 (t) is transmitted at time slot j”
“cm,j = 1” ≡ “g2 (t) is transmitted at time slot j”
√ √
2Ec 2E
g1 (t) = + cos(2πfc t), g2 (t) = − cos(2πfc t),
Tc T
with t ∈ [0, Tc )
√
2Ec N−1
sm (t) = ∑ (−1)cm,j cos (2πfc (t − jTc )) 1{jTc ≤ t < (j+1)Tc }
Tc j=0
M ≤ 2N
H Hn−1
Hn = [ n−1 ]
Hn−1 −Hn−1
Linearity
For example, smi (t) = Re {Ami e 2πfc t }.
⎧
⎪
⎪−3 Ð→ Re {−3e 2πfc t }
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪−1 Ð→ Re {−1e 2πfc t }
⎨
⎪
⎪
⎪+1 Ð→ Re {+1e 2πfc t }
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩+3 Ð→ Re {+3e 2πfc t }
⎧
⎪ (channel code bit)k = (channel code bit)k−1 , when (input bit)k = 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩(channel code bit)k = (channel code bit)k−1 , when (input bit)k = 1
⎪
⎧ 2
⎪ A2 cos2 (2πf t) = Ac + 1 cos (4πf t) → 1 A2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪ c c 2 2 c 2 c
⎪
⎪
⎪ if y (t) = y (t − T0 )
⎪
⎪
z(t) = ⎨
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2
2 cos2 (2πf t) = − Ac − 1 cos (4πf t) → − 1 A2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪ −A c c 2 2 c 2 c
⎪
⎪
⎪ if y (t) = −y (t − T0 )
⎩
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 59 / 161
Nonlinear modulation methods with
memory
⎡√ ⎤
⎢ 2E ı 2π(m∆f )t ı 2πfc t ⎥
sm (t) = Re ⎢
⎢ e e ⎥
⎥
⎢ T ⎥
⎣ ⎦
where m = ±1, ±2, ⋯, ±(M − 1)
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 61 / 161
Motivation: Disadvantages of FSK
cos(4πt) In = 1
s(t) = Re {s` (t)e ı 2πfc t } = {
cos(2πt), In = −1
πt, In = 1
Phase of s` (t) = { for t ∈ [nT , (n + 1)T )
−πt, In = −1
√
2E ı 4πTfd ∫ t d(τ )dτ
s` (t) = e −∞
T
where
∞
1
d(t) = ∑ In g (t − nT ) and g (t) = [u−1 (t) − u−1 (t − T )] .
n=−∞ 2T
φ(t; I )
t
= 4πTfd ∫ d(τ ) dτ
−∞
t ∞
= 4πTfd ∫ [ ∑ In g (τ − nT )] dτ
−∞ n=−∞
n−1
1 t − nT
= 4πfd T [ ∑ Ik (T × ) + In ] for t ∈ [nT , (n + 1)T )
k=−∞ 2T 2T
n−1
= 2πfd T ∑ Ik + 2πfd (t − nT )In for t ∈ [nT , (n + 1)T )
k=−∞
n−1
φ(t; I ) = 2πfd T ∑ Ik + 2πfd (t − nT )In
k=−∞
= θn + 2πh ⋅ In ⋅ q(t − nT ),
where
⎧
⎪ h = 2fd T (modulation index)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ n−1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ θn = πh ∑ Ik (accumulation of history/memory)
⎪
⎪ k=−∞
⎨ ⎧
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 0 t <0
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ t
⎪
⎪
⎪ q(t) = ⎨ 2T 0 ≤ t < T (integration of g (t))
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1
⎪ ⎪
⎪ t ≥T
⎩ ⎩ 2
where
1 I = {Ik }∞
k=−∞ is the sequence of PAM symbols in
{±1, ±3, . . . , ±(M − 1)}.
2 hk is the modulation index.
If hk varies with k, it is called multi-h CPM.
t
3 q(t) = ∫0 g (τ ) dτ.
If g (t) = 0 for t ≥ T (and t < 0), s` (t) is called full-response CPM;
otherwise it is called partial-response CPM.
T √ T √
g (t) = Q ( 2πB (t − )/ ln 2)−Q (2πB (t + )/ ln 2)
2 2
∞
√1 e −x /2 dx,
2
where Q(t) = ∫t 2π
and B is 3dB Bandwidth
(f /B)2
g (t) is the response of filter H(f ) = 2− 2 to a
rectangular pulse of u−1 (t + T /2) − u−1 (t − T /2).
GMSK with BT = 0.3 is used in the European digital
cellular communication system, called GSM (2G).
At BT = 0.3, the GMSK pulse may be truncated at
∣t∣ = 1.5T with a relatively small error incurred for
t > 1.5T .
Phase trellis
Example 4
1 2πt
g (t) = (1 − cos ( )) = raised cosine of length 3T
6T 3T
with (I−2 , I−1 , I0 , I1 , I2 , ⋯) = (+1, +1, +1, −1, −1, −1, +1, +1, −1, +1, ⋯)
Example 5
Binary CPFSK with h = 1/2 and g (t) is a full response
rectangular function.
hk = 12 , g (t) = 1
2T for 0 ≤ t < T and In ∈ {±1}
1
MSK is so named because f2 − f1 = 2T = the minimum
(frequency) shift that makes the two frequency components
orthogonal.
k
[See Slide 3-35] When ∆f = 2T , Re{ρmn,` } = 0 for m ≠ n. In
other words, the minimum frequency separation between
1
adjacent (passband) signals for orthogonality is ∆f = 2T .
(I0 , I1 ) = (+1, +1), (I2 , I3 ) = (−1, −1) and (I4 , I5 ) = (−1, +1).
g (t) rectangular pulse of unit height and during 2T .
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 86 / 161
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
How to reduce the 180o phase change to only 90o ?
Simple solution: Do not let the “two bits” I2n and I2n+1 change
at the same time!
I1 = 1 I3 = −1 I5 = −1
T 3T 5T 7T
I0 = 1 I2 = −1 I4 = −1
0 2T 4T 6T
∞
sOQPSK (t) = ∑ I2n g (t − 2nT ) cos(2πfc t)
n=−∞
∞
− ∑ I2n+1 g (t − (2n + 1)T ) sin (2πfc t)
n=−∞
n−1
t t n
= [cos (π ) + ı In sin (π )] (−In ı ) (∏ (Ik ı )) (− ı )
2T 2T k=0
n−1 n−1
t (t − T )
= Inn+1 (∏ Ik ) sin (π ) + ı Inn (∏ Ik ) sin (π )
k=0 2T k=0 2T
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 89 / 161
n Inn+1 (∏n−1
k=0 Ik ) Inn (∏n−1
k=0 Ik )
0 J0 = I0 = J2⌊0/2⌋
1 J0 = I0 = J2⌊1/2⌋ J1 = I0 I1 = J2⌊(1−1)/2⌋+1
2 J2 = I0 I1 I2 = J2⌊2/2⌋ J1 = I0 I1 = J2⌊(2−1)/2⌋+1
3 J2 = I0 I1 I2 = J2⌊3/2⌋ J3 = I0 I1 I2 I3 = J2⌊(3−1)/2⌋+1
4 J4 = I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 = J2⌊4/2⌋ J3 = I0 I1 I2 I3 = J2⌊(4−1)/2⌋+1
5 J4 = I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 = J2⌊5/2⌋ J5 = I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 = J2⌊(5−1)/2⌋+1
6 J6 = I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 = J2⌊6/2⌋ J5 = I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 = J2⌊(6−1)/2⌋+1
For nT ≤ t < (n + 1)T ,
(t − 2⌊n/2⌋T )
sMSK,` (t) = J2⌊n/2⌋ (−1)⌊n/2⌋ sin (π )
2T
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶
g (t−2⌊n/2⌋T )
(t − 2⌊(n − 1)/2⌋T − T )
− ı J2⌊(n−1)/2⌋+1 (−1)⌊(n−1)/2⌋+1 sin (π )
2T
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹¶
g (t−2⌊(n−1)/2⌋T −T )
t
with g (t) = sin (π 2T ) [u−1 (t) − u−1 (t − 2T )] .
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 91 / 161
MSK can be regarded as a memoryless OQPSK by setting
∞
sMSK (t) = [ ∑ I˜2n g (t − 2nT )] cos(2πfc t)
n=−∞
∞
+ [ ∑ I˜2n+1 g (t − (2n + 1)T )] sin (2πfc t)
n=−∞
with n
I˜n = (−1)⌈n/2⌉ Jn = (−1)⌈n/2⌉ ∏ Ik .
k=0
(1986 Laurent)
CPM can also be represented as a linear superposition of
AM signal waveforms (if In ∈ {±1}).
sin(B − A) sin(A)
e ı A⋅I = + e ı B⋅I .
sin(B) sin(B)
Proof:
sin(B)e ı A⋅I
= sin(B)[cos(A) + ı I sin(A)]
= sin(B) cos(A) + ı sin(B ⋅ I ) sin(A)
= sin(B − A) + cos(B) sin(A) + ı sin(B ⋅ I ) sin(A)
= sin(B − A) + sin(A)[cos(B ⋅ I ) + ı sin(B ⋅ I )]
= sin(B − A) + sin(A)e ı B⋅I
◻
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 94 / 161
For general h and g (⋅) function of duration L and of integral
1/2 (but each In ∈ {±1}), we have for nT ≤ t < (n + 1)T (for a
binary CPM signal),
L−1
′
= e ı πh ∑k=−∞ Ik ∏ e ı 2πhIn−k ′ q(t−(n−k )T ) (n − k ′ = k)
n−L
k ′ =0
L−1
sin(B − 2πh q(t − (n − k ′ )T ))
= e ı πh ∑k=−∞ Ik ∏ (
n−L
k ′ =0 sin(B)
sin(2πh q(t − (n − k ′ )T ))
+e ı B⋅In−k ′ ),
sin(B)
where B = πh.
sb-CPM,` (t)
L−1
sin(B − 2πhq(t − (n − k ′ )T + LT − LT ))
= e ı πh ∑k=−∞ Ik ∏ (
n−L
k ′ =0 sin(B)
sin(2πhq(t − (n − k ′ )T ))
+e ı B⋅In−k ′ )
sin(B)
L−1
= e ı πh ∑k=−∞ Ik ∏ (s0 (t − (n − k ′ )T + LT )
n−L
k ′ =0
+e ı B⋅In−k ′ s0 (t − (n − k ′ )T ))
= ( s0 (t − nT + 0 ⋅ T + LT ) +e ı B⋅In−0 s0 (t − nT + 0 ⋅ T ) )
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶ ´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶
ai,0 =1 (k ′ =0) ai,0 =0 (k ′ =0)
× ( s0 (t − nT + 1 ⋅ T + LT ) +e ı B⋅In−1 s0 (t − nT + 1 ⋅ T ) )
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶ ´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶
ai,1 =1 (k ′ =1) ai,1 =0 (k ′ =1)
⋮
× ( s0 (t − nT + (L − 1) ⋅ T + LT ) +e ı B⋅In−(L−1) s0 (t − nT + (L − 1) ⋅ T ) )
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶ ´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶
ai,L−1 =1 (k ′ =L−1) ai,L−1 =0 (k ′ =L−1)
2L −1 L−1
(1−ai,k ′ )In−k ′ ′
∑ e ∑k ′ =0
L−1
ıB
= ∏ s0 (t − nT + k T + ai,k ′ LT )
i=0 k ′ =0
where (ai,0 , ai,1 , . . . , ai,L−1 ) is the binary representation of i with
ai,0 being the most significant bit.
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 98 / 161
Continue the derivation:
sb-CPM,` (t)
2L −1 L−1
ı B ∑n−L (1−ai,k ′ )In−k ′ ′
∑ e ∑k ′ =0
L−1
= e k=−∞ Ik ıB
∏ s0 (t − nT + k T + ai,k ′ LT )
i=0 k ′ =0
2L −1
ı πhAi,n
= ∑ e ci (t − nT )
i=0 ´¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶ ´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹¶
complex pulse shaping
amplitude function
where
n L−1 L−1
Ai,n = ∑ Ik − ∑ ai,k ′ In−k ′ and ci (t) = ∏ s0 (t+k ′ T +ai,k ′ LT ).
k=−∞ k ′ =0 k ′ =0
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⇔ − min
′
k′ T ≤ t < LT − max
′
k′ T
⎝ 0≤k ≤L ⎠ ⎝ −1≤k <L ⎠
and ai,k ′ =0 and ai,k ′ =1
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹¶ ´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹¶
“≤ L” for the case “−1 ≤” for the case
of ai,k ′ = 1 ∀0 ≤ k ′ < L of ai,k ′ = 0 ∀0 ≤ k ′ < L
(L − ( max k ′) + ( min k ′ ) )T .
−1≤k ′ <L and ai,k ′ =1 0≤k ′ ≤L and ai,k ′ =0
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹¸ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶ ´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹¸ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶
kmax1 kmin0
⎧ π
⎪sin ( 6T
⎪ t) 0 ≤ t < 6T
s0 (t) = ⎨
⎩0 otherwise
⎪
⎪
n 2 2
Ai,n = ∑ Ik − ∑ ai,k ′ In−k ′ and ci (t) = ∏ s0 (t+k ′ T +ai,k ′ LT ).
k=−∞ k ′ =0 k ′ =0
Note that
⎧ ⎧ ⎧
⎪c4 (t) = c0 (t + T )
⎪ ⎪c6 (t) = c0 (t + 2T )
⎪ ⎪c7 (t) = c0 (t + 3T )
⎪
⎨ ı πhA ⎨ ı πhA ⎨ ı πhA
4,n = e ı πhA0,n−1 6,n = e ı πhA0,n−2 7,n = e ı πhA0,n−3
⎩e ⎩e ⎩e
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
and
⎧
⎪c5 (t) = c2 (t + T )
⎪
⎨ ı πhA
5,n = e ı πhA2,n−1
⎩e
⎪
⎪
+e ı πhA2,m c2 (t − mT ) + e ı πhA3,m c3 (t − mT )]
∞ ⎡ ⎢2 −1 ı πhAi,m
3−1 ⎤
⎥
= ⎢
∑ ⎢ ∑ e c i (t − mT ) ⎥
⎥
m=−∞ ⎢ i=0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 104 / 161
So, we notice that when ai,0 = 1, ci (t) is always a shift-version
of some cj (t) with 0 ≤ j ≤ 2L−1 − 1.
This concludes to that:
Theorem 1 (Laurent ’86)
For nT ≤ t < (n + 1)T ,
∞ ⎡ ⎢2 −1
L−1 ⎤
⎥
sb-CPM,` (t) = ∑ ⎢⎢ ∑ e ı πhAi,m ci (t − mT )⎥⎥
m=−∞ ⎢ i=0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
where
n L−1
Ai,n = ∑ Ik − ∑ ai,k ′ In−k ′
k=−∞ k ′ =1
and
L−1
ci (t) = s0 (t) ∏ s0 (t + k ′ T + ai,k ′ LT )
k ′ =1
For example,
∞
X (t) = ∑ an ⋅ g (t − nT )
n=−∞
1 T
R X (τ ) = RX (t + τ, t) dt
T ∫0
Average power spectral density
S X (f ) = F {R X (τ )}
and
Rv ` (t1 , t2 ) = E [v ` (t1 )v ∗` (t2 )]
∞ ∞
∗ ∗
= ∑ ∑ E [In Im ] g (t1 − nT )g (t2 − mT ) = Rv ` (t1 + T , t2 + T )
n=−∞ m=−∞
1 ∞
= ∑ gk (τ − kT )
T k=−∞
where ∞
gm (τ ) = RI (m) ∫ g (u + τ )g ∗ (u)du.
−∞
1 ∞
⇒ S v ` (f ) = F {R v ` (τ )} = ∑ F {gk (τ − kT )}
T k=−∞
1 ∞ 2 − ı 2πkfT
= ∑ RI (k)∣G (f )∣ e
T k=−∞
∞
1
= SI (f )∣G (f )∣2 where SI (f ) = ∑ RI (k)e − ı 2πkfT .
T k=−∞
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 117 / 161
Theorem 2
1 2
S v ` (f ) = SI (f ) ∣G (f )∣
T
σI2 + µ2I , k = 0
RI (k) = {
µ2I , k ≠0
Hence
∞ µ2I ∞ k
SI (f ) = σI2 + µ2I ∑ e − ı 2πfkT = σI2 + ∑ δ (f − )
k=−∞ T k=−∞ T
and
σI2 2 µ2 ∞ k 2
S v ` (f ) = ∣G (f )∣ + I2 ∑ δ (f − ) ∣G (f )∣
T T k=−∞ T
sinc2 (x) 1
Note: limx→±1 (1−x 2 )2
= 4
S v ` (f )
S v ` (0)
S v ` (f )
S v ` (0)
S v ` (f )
S v ` (0)
S v ` (f )
S v ` (0)
v ` (t) = e ı φ(t;I )
where ∞
φ(t; I ) = 2πh ∑ Ik q(t − kT )
k=−∞
Rv ` (t1 , t2 )
= E [v ` (t1 )v ∗` (t2 )]
= E [e ı φ(t1 ,I ) e − ı φ(t2 ,I ) ]
∞
= E [exp ( ı 2πh ∑ Ik [q(t1 − kT ) − q(t2 − kT )])]
k=−∞
1 T
R̄v ` (τ ) = ∫ Rv ` (t + τ, t) dt
T 0
1 T ∞
= ∫ ∏ [ ∑ Pn e ı 2πhn[q(t+τ −kT )−q(t−kT )] ] dt.
T 0 k=−∞ n∈S
R v ` (τ )
T max{m+1,0}
1
= ∫ ∏ [ ∑ Pn e ı 2πhn[q(t+τ −kT )−q(t−kT )] ] dt
T 0 k=min{m+1−L,1−L} n∈S
1 T m+1
∏ [ ∑ Pn e ı 2πhn[q(t+τ −kT )−q(t−kT )] ] dt.
m≥0
=
T ∫0 k=1−L n∈S
Digital Communications: Chapter 3 Ver. 2018.07.12 Po-Ning Chen 133 / 161
Hermitian symmetry of R v ` (τ )
∗
It suffices to derive R v ` (τ ) for τ ≥ 0 because R v ` (−τ ) = R v ` (τ ).
Proof:
∗ 1 T
− ı 2πh ∑∞
k=−∞ Ik [q(t+τ −kT )−q(t−kT )] ] dt
R v ` (τ ) = ∫ E [e
T 0
1 T
ı 2πh ∑∞k=−∞ Ik [q(t−kT )−q(t+τ −kT )] ] dt
= ∫ E [e
T 0
1 T +τ ∞
= ∫ E [e ı 2πh ∑k=−∞ Ik [q(v −τ −kT )−q(v −kT )] ] dv
T τ
(v = t + τ )
1 T
ı 2πh ∑∞k=−∞ Ik [q(v −τ −kT )−q(v −kT )] ] dv
= ∫ E [e
T 0
= R v ` (−τ ).
∞
S v ` (f ) = ∫ R v ` (τ )e − ı 2πf τ dτ
−∞
0 ∞
= ∫ R v ` (τ )e − ı 2πf τ dτ + ∫ R v ` (τ )e − ı 2πf τ dτ
−∞ 0
∞ ∞
= ∫ R v ` (−τ )e ı 2πf τ dτ + ∫ R v ` (τ )e − ı 2πf τ dτ
0 0
∞ ∗ ∞
= ∫ [R v ` (τ )e − ı 2πf τ ] dτ + ∫ R v ` (τ )e − ı 2πf τ dτ
0 0
∞
− ı 2πf τ
= 2Re [∫ R v ` (τ )e dτ ] .
0
T 0
1 ı 2πhn[1/2−q(t−kT )]
λ(ξ) = ∫ ( ∏ [ ∑ Pn e ]
T 0 k=1−L n∈S
1 ′ T )]
ı 2πhn[q(t+ξ−k
∏ [ ∑ Pn e ]) dt.
k ′ =1−L n∈S
⎧
⎪1, t > 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
Slide 2-9: u−1 (t) = ⎨ 12 , t = 0 ↔ U−1 (f ) = 12 (δ(f ) − ı πf1 )
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0, t < 0
⎪
∞
1 ∞
⇒ U−1,δ (f ) = ∑ u−1 (nTs )e −ı2πnTs f = − + ∑ e −ı2πnTs f
n=−∞ 2 n=0
1 ∞ n 1 ∞ n 1
= ∑ U−1 (f − )= ∑ (δ(f − )− ı n
)
Ts n=−∞ Ts 2Ts n=−∞ Ts π(f − Ts
)
∞
− ı 2πT (f −ν/T )m ′ 1 1 ∞
ν + m′ 1
∑ e = + ∑ (δ(f − )− ı )
π(f − ν+m
′
m′ =0 2 2T m′ =−∞ T T
)
1 T m+1
m≥0 ı 2πhn[q(t+τ −kT )−q(t−kT )]
R v ` (τ ) = ∫ ∏ [ ∑ Pn e ] dt.
T 0 k=1−L n∈S
S v ` (f )
S v ` (f )
S v ` (f )
S v ` (f )
Approximately 4
impulses appear
when h ≈ 1.
The bandwidth
becomes broader
than almost twice
of that of M = 2.
S v ` (f )
(dB)
S v ` (0)
Side Lobe:
Compare the bandwidth that contains 99% of the total
power: MSK = 1.2/T and rectangular OQPSK = 8.0/T .
MSK decreases much faster than OQPSK.
MSK is significantly more bandwidth efficient than
rectangular OQPSK.
By further decreasing the modulation index h (i.e.,
making h < 1/2), the bandwidth efficiency of MSKs can
be increased. However, in such case, MSK signals are no
longer orthogonal. fd = 1/(4T ) ⇔ h = 2fd T = 1/2
1 W
∆PIn-band (W ) = S v ` (f )df ,
PTotal ∫−W
where ∞
PTotal = ∫ S v ` (f )df .
−∞
Fractional out-of-band power
∆POut-of-band (W ) = 1 − ∆PIn-band (W )