I

sets of Linear
: solution systems

Homogeneouslinearsyste.ms
Deff A
system of linear
equations is said to be
ho5 if it

can be written in the form thx = J .

there A is some mxn matrix

I IRM
and C- .

Homogeneous systems are

always consistent because

I 8 is this the trivialsolution

always solution ; we can
=
a .

Nonzero solutions are called nontrivial .

CoroHarytotheE The
homogeneous equation
At = 8 has nontrivial

solutions iff there is at least one free variable .

EXJ Does the

following homogeneous system have nontrivial solutions ?

3 X, t 4×2 -

5×3 = 0
t 2 O
2X , Xz
-

Xz =

- X, t 2×2 -

Xz = 0

find
Deducing the
augmented matrix
you
will . . -

II. I I :/ :L
o

's .

Since Xjs column free

by
column is not a pivot Xz is . This the EUT
,

nontrivial solutions exist .

If we reduce further ,

II. I Kol f: : :p .

This means
any
solution I =
( ¥; ) satisfies

X, -

Zg Xz
= o X ,
=
I X3
-

Xz =
51×3
XZ
GI Xz O
-
=

Xz = Xz ( free)
 "

So I =

I ?'֤ ) = Xs

(§ ) 's . This shows all solutions are

elements of
span
{( ! ]} ? 's and vice-versa .
Notice if Cto then

span { } also describe the solution

I =
span { CE } , so we can set

span
I I}
as .

parametn.cl/ectorFor#
Recall from that that the span of 1123
your reading two vectors in

line We have described

is a
plane or . solution sets
implicitly by
relations between the coordinates of solutions Now will
.
we
give
explicit , parametric for solutions
equations
.

Deff we
say
we have written a solution set
piwg ,
or in

pion ,
with prs t .
,
. . .

, tp when
we

find vectors VT ,
.
.
.

, Tp , 15 such that all solutions take the form

I = tint . - -

ttpvp tip . (* )

Here 8,
,
-
- -

g Tp F ,
are constant vectors . when we write solutions this

we that if E is solution then we find numbers

way
mean a can

E. ,
. .
.

, tp Such that ( *I star is true and

, conversely any ,

I written as in ( *) is a solution .

solvtiunsofNonhomogeneoussystem.SI
theorem Any consistent
system
AF =D can have its solutions written in

parametric vector form .

solve the
system Ae -
-
5 where a . I} ÷ / and 5=17,1 .
 3

the reduction find

Using row
algorithm you
will

Init ÷: ÷ .
:: I :p .

(Remember ,
show me this work )
.

This shows I =

[¥} ) is a solution iff

{ {
' "
13×3
xx:
Xi
-

= -
I
'
s '

x.

Xz =
Xz (free)
.

/
=/ /
"

zig
"
Thus ,
I The book will
replace x
,

with a
general parameter

: :: ::÷::÷÷
with Its
without Xz parameters .

xsf ? )
"

fI)
-

=
t
.
o

-
Parametric vector form

fI]
-

You should check that E is particular solution ( Xz ) and

-
-
a = o

( &]
"

the solutions to AI 8 all be written as Xz

may
= .

theorem suppose AE =D is consistent with particular solution

p
'
. If J

AE 5
is
any
other solution to there is a
homogenic
-

-
,

solution Th to the
associated A. I = 8

such that I =
Th t B .
Conversely ,
any
such of solves AE = 5 .

proof I and I two AI I Then

suppose solutions
: are to = .
. - -
 4

A ( hi
-

F) = Ftw -

Ap
= b- -
b-

= 8 .

Then E hi thtp
VI F homogeneous solution and
=
: -
is a
=
.

5=5
Conversely ,
given
a
particular solution is to A and
homogeneous
solution Th ,
if it =
In t
p then

AT =
Alin t
f)
=
Ain t AB
= 8 t I
→

= b
,

so I also solves AE = is .

writingasolutionsetinparametricveetorforytosolve.AE
-
-
5
following ,
do the .

① Reduce [ A 15 ] to RREF .

↳ the REF,
Along when use the
to
you get you
can
way ,

ENT to determine if there are solutions .

If there are

solutions If there solutions, continue

no
say so are
. .

② Express each basic variable in terms of the free variables .

I of the free variables

③ write
your generic solution in terms
using
the formulas from ② .

④ Decompose I into parametric vector form with the free

variables as
parameters .