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Reef facies of the Rajamandala Formation, West Java

Article · January 1984

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Disc Contents © IPA, 2006 - 13th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1984
Contents
PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
Search Thirteenth Annual Convention, May 1984
REEF FACIES MODEL OF THE RAJAMANDALA FORMATION,
WEST J A V A
ABSTRACT
Outcrops o f the Rajamandala Formation limestone near
Bandung offer an excellent opportunity to study the facies
~re|ationships o f an Early Tertiary reef, ~hich may serve as
a model for Tertiary reef exploration in Indonesia. The
limestones are exposed along quarries and natural outcrops
along the road from Bandung to Jakarta. These limestones
with thicknesses of approximately 600 meters are dipping
40 to 60 degrees toward the south and are involved in
asymmetric folding and thrusting towards the north.
Along its ENE-WSW trending strike the limestone ex-
hibits a graded granular limestone facies representing tur-
bidRes at the toe of the basin-slope facies, a foraminiferal
• algal facies with rudstone facies representing a fore-reef
facies, a coral-algal bafflestone to boundstone facies (locally
quarried and st~bbe as commercial marble), representing.
reef ,-amparts, and a possible milliolid limestone facies with
isolated patch reefs, representing the lagoonal back reef
facies.
INTRODUCTION
This paper deals with the results of outcrop field studies
o f carbonate facies development of a Tertiary limestone
formation in West Java. Excellent exposures of natural
outcroppings, rock quarries, and especially a marble quarry
of the Rajamandala Formation near Bandung offer a good
opportunity to study and identify the various carbonate
facies, especially as related to reefs.
The reefal nature of the Rajamandala Formation has.
been known for a long time, since the publication of
Hatting (1929), Zwierzycki and Koolho'ven in 1936,
Kupper (1941), and as also mentioned by Van Bemmelen
(1949). However, at that time most attention w.as focused
on ihe study of:foraminifera and to a certain extent on
the corals as aids to the age determination of the formation.
No attention has been paid to the differentiation of facfes
and no detail studies have been published, especially in the
light Of modern concepts of carbonate sedimentation.
* Institute of TechnologyBandung.
** National Institute of Geologyand Mining.
. R.P. Koesoemadinata*
Syafei Siregar**
Since early 1970 the senior author of this paper has
supervised numerous student theses concerning fieldwork
on the various sections 6f the Rajainandala limestone. I t
was soon realized that various carbonate facies types as
related to reefs can be recognized and their lateral relation-
ships can be traced. From the successive years of inter.
mittent studies, augmented by discussions with many
carbonate experts from oil corfipanies research laboratories,
from discussions during many field trips of carbonate
seminars of geologic staffs of oil companies operating in
Indonesia, a reef depositional model has emerged. This has
induced the secon.d author of this paper to undertake a
detail systematic field study supported by petrographic and
paleontologic work--to refine the model into a synthesis,
This study is still continuing, and this paper can be .coffsi-
diered asa progress report on these studies, it has been also
realized that the outcrops of the Rajamandala limestone
offer an excellent model for a study of Tertiary reefs, and
could become a classic example.
Coincidently the reefal limestone is presently quarried at
two localities and cut into polished dimension stones, and
sold as "commercial marble". This marble adorns many
elevator halls of the hotels and office buildings in Jakarta,
and is also excellent material for the study of Tertiary corals
(However, not all marbles in Jakarta come from this quarry,
some come from another reef limestone quarry of Middle
Miocene age in the southern part of East Java). This paper
will at least give you the geological framework on reefrock
sample material on the elevator halls:
Location of area discussed: The Rajamandala'Fonnation
limestones are exposed in the central portion o f West Java
(see Figure 1). The limestone exposures form a conspicuous
range of hills extending ENE-WSW, which will be referred
to as the Rajamandala Ridge. Its eastern extremity is about
20 kilometers WNW from Bandung, and extends about 20
kilometers towards WSW where it disappears due to facies
change or is buried under the Quaternary volcanics. More
toward the west, outcrops of limestone of the same a g e
reappear near the Sukabumi area. This paper will discuss
only the eastern part of the Rajamandala Ridge, and no
references will be made to the limestones of the Sukabumi
area.
Acknowledgement: The authors of this paper wish to
acknowledgerapport given by th e management of both the
Institute of Technology Bandung and theNationa! Institute
of Geology and Mining. Acknowledgement is also given-t0
Mr. Soejono Martodjojo, colleague at ITB, for the discussion
on the geological framework of the Rajarnandala Formation.
We would lfke also to acknowledge the Pusat Studi Ling-
kungan Hidup (Center for Habitat Studies), who provided
us facilities for carrying ~ut aerial reconnaissance of the
area. We are extremely indebted to many geologists and
carbonate experts who visited these outcrops. The exchange
of ideas and discussion with those experts led to ideas we
may have borrowed without direct reference.
GENERAL GEOLOGIC SETTING
The Rajamandala limestone ridge forms a median
ridge in the Bandung Central Depression of West Java in
Va Bemmelen is tectono-physiographic zones of West Java.
This central depression is bordered On both sides by Recent
volcanoes. However, westward of the Rajamandala-Ridge,
volcanoes are present only on the northern border of the
depression.
A closer look at the Rajamandala Ridge and its paleo-
geography indicates that the Rajamandala Ridge is better
described to be the northern edge of the Southern
Mountains of West Java which are a southward tilted up-
lifted block. This block presumably formed an off-shelf
platform on which reefs were growing during Oligocene
time.
General Stratigraphy.
Recent work (Martodjojo. 1984) has established the
regional stratigraphy of West Java, which gives a consider-
ably better .understanding of the evolution of West Java,
especially in relation to the prolific hydrocarbon-bearing for-
mations in northern West Java. This is depicted in Figure 2.
This stratigraphic diagram indicates the stratigraphic po-
sition o f the Rajamandala Formation in the regional frame-
work. The Rajarnandala is slightly older than the Baturaja
FormatiOn equivalentof northern West Java:
The Pre-Tertiary is represented by metamorphic rockS,
volcanics and igneous rocks, known only from' well data:in
the northern partof West Java and offshore. In southern Java
schists and ophiolites are known, but these rocks are pro-
bably part of the EarlyTertiary melange complex.
Paleocene-Early Eocene: The earliest Tertiary is repre-
sented by a melange-c0mplex in the southwestern tip of
West Java (ciletuh Bay); which Was presumably part of the
subduction zone extending toward Central Java. In the
northern part of West Java this time period~is represented
by Volcanics of the' Jatibarang Formation interpreted as
the magmatic arc of this subduction. Part of this time
interval is represented by the clastics Of the Ciletuh For-
mation, which is interpreted to .be ponded deposits in the
inter-arc between the outer arc and the inner magrnatic
arc. In the northern pan of West Java this period is repre-
sented by an unconformity representing subaerial condi-
tions.
Eocene: During most of Eocene ~irne West Java was in
continental conditions represented by an unconformity,
but in the. Rajamandala~Sukabumi area terrestrial fluviatile
deposits of the Gunung Walat Formation are .presents
presumably f'filing the depression of the previous interarc
basin.
Early Oligocene: This time interval is represented by
the unconformity at the top of the Gunung Walfit quartz
sandstone ~onglornerates. This surface represents a tectonic
uplift of the whole region.
During Late Oligocene the first true marine transgression
of the region occurred-firom the southwest toward the
northeast. The Bogor Trough developed at this time in
central West Java, separating an Qff-shelf platform in the
south from the northernSunda shelf. It was on the northern
edge of this platform that reefs of the Rajamandala F0r-
mation grew, preceeded by the depositon of calcareous
shales of the Batuasih Formation. During this time the
northern part of West Java was still a land area (see Figure 3).
Miocene: During most of Miocene time the central part
of West Java, especially the Bogor Trough was diluted by
clastic influx, consisting mainly of deep marine sedi-
ments with considerable turbidites and volcanic debris
flows, formed successively, by the Citarum Formation
(formerly lower part of Van Bemmelen's Citarum beds),
the Middle Miocene Saguling Formation (upper part of the
Citarum beds), and the Late Miocene Bantargadulag For-
mation, Cigadung Formation and Cantayan Formation. The
equivalents of these formations in the nothern part of West
Java and offshore are the Cibulakan Formation and the
Cisubuh Formation, with reefal limestone developments,
such as in the lower part of the Cibulakan Formation
(proposed name Gantar Formation, equivalent Baturaja
Formation), and the Parigi Formation. In most of the
Southern Mountains of West Java the earliest part of the
Miocene is represented b y the volcanics of the Jampang
Formation, while during most of the Middle and Late
Miocene erosional :conditions and nondepositi0n pre~iled
An exception t o these conditions occurred during the
transition from Middle Miocene to Late Miocene, when
there appears to be a tectonic quiescence, and platforms
and shallow marine conditions prevailed, enabling the de-
position of limestones and other shallow marine deposits,
such .as the Bojonglopang and Cimandiri Formations in the
south and the Cilanang Formation in the Rajamandala area.
These would be the equivalent of the limestones of the
Parigi Formation in-northern West Java.
Pliocene time is represented by tectonic uplift of a vol-
canic complex of which only remnants remain as vol-
canic necks, plugs or andesitic intrusions. "nais volcanism
continued into Pleistocene time as documented by
the Quaternary volcanics on geologic maps of this area.
Some terrestrial sedimentation took place in the Southern
 Mountains of West Java represented by the Bentang For-
marion.
Local Stratigraphy: (see Figures 4 and 5)
The local stratigraphy as depicted on the geologic map
(see Figure 4) is shown in the stratigraphic column in Fi-
gure 5. The oldest rock is the Late Oligocene Batuasih For-
mation consisting of dark grey to occasional black calcare-
ous shales, rich in planktonic foraminifera belonging to the
N-1 age of the Blow Zonation. Its thickness has been measur-
ed to be about 400 meters. Only few scattered outcrops of
quartz sandstones have been found in the Saguling are a
(near the village of Rajamandala), and the extent of this
rock exposure belonging to the Gunung Walat Formation
is too small to be mapped at this scale. At this locality the
contact between the Batuasih and the Gunung Walat For-
mation appears to be conformable, so that there is hesi-
tation whether to include this occurrence =as the Gunung
Walat Formation or as a sandy intercalation within the Ba-
tuasih Formation.
The Rajamandala Formation consists of two parts, a
main limestone unit and a elastic member on top of the
limestone unit, consisting of tuffaceous marls with quartz
sandstones at the base. In the western part of the Raja-
mandala Ridge this clastic member is interpreted to be
interfingering with the limestone unit. The limestone thick-
ness is about lOOto 300 meters, while in most areas the tuf-
faceous marls are only about 30 meters thick. The lime-
stones are mostly reefal, consisting of corals and algae, and
especially large foraminifera. These carbonate facies will be
discussed in detail in the next section. The Citarum Forma-
tion consists of interbedded greywacke sandstones (with
typical graded bedding, parallel laminations, and even an
occasional typical Bouma sequence) volcanic breccias (debris
flow deposits) and black shales. These are interpreted as dis-
tal to proximal turbidite deposits. The measured section is
about 850 meters thick. The Saguling Formation consists
mostly of volcanic breccias, interprete~! as submarine gravity
debris flow deposits or proximal turbidites. The measured
thickness in this area is at least 1750 meters. The whole
sequence is covered unconformably by Quaternary tufts and
other volcanic products. Andesitic intrusions, presumably
associated with Pliocene volcanic activity have also been
found in the area, intruding the above mentioned formations,
especially the Batuasih.
Tectonics and Geologic Structure:
The relationships between the local geologic structure of
the Rajamandala Ridge and the regional tectonics is not
clear. The Rajamandalaarea shows intense folding With asso-
ciated thrusting toward the north, while the Southern Moun-
tains of West Java show 0nly regional low-angle dip toward
the south. It could be argued that this must be the result of a
northward directed stress by the subduction in the south
during the Mid-Tertiary or during the Plio-Pleistocene
Orogeny. Such a northward.directed thrust has also been
found north o f the RajamandaiA area. i.e. in the Jatiluhur
Area. However, paleogeography during Oligocene time
shows that the Rajamandala area forms the northern edge
of an off-shelf platform, presumably separated from the
northern Bogor Trough by a normal fault, with the
southern block being .upthrown and tilted to the south;
Another explanation would be that differential vertical
movements along the rejuvenated fault resulted into
warpingofthe sediments on this northern edge of the block ,
and subsequently the normal fault developed into a reverse
fault and the associated asymmetric folding.
Local Structure: (see Figures 3 and 4)
The Rajamandala Ridge shows an ENE-WSW striking
structural trend, with dips of about 40-60 degrees toward
the south. North of this ridge, which is also north of the
highway connecting Bandung and Jakarta, the geologic
structure-is rather complicated. In the western part of the
Rajamandala Ridge an ENE trending reverse fault branches
into two northward swinging arcuate reverse-faults, dipping
to the south. North of this reverse fault,.the Citarum For-
mation shows overturned dips of about 60-80 degrees, and
•an overturned asymmetric folding with associated reverse
faults along its axial-plane can be interpreted. In the eastern
end of the structure, this thrusted anticlinal structure is
associated with a syncline, the Bengkung Syncline. West-
ward along the same trend of this BengkungSyncline there
are a few .isolated limestone hills (G. Pawon, G. Masigit,
and Pasir Bancana) which show rather steep ~rratic dips,
indicating complicated tectonics. Van Bemmelen (1949)
interpreted these hills as "klippes", which glided down
from the crest of the anticline along the soft underlying
calcarous clays of the Batuasih Formation. Based on recent
fieldwork this interpretation is still valid, but the distance
covered by the glide movement is minor. These features are
simply remnants of the broken crests of the strongly folded
limestone anticlines where the steep limb was carried in a
flow movement of the underlying plastic shales from the
core of the anticline.
The structural position of these blocks is complicated by
the presence of fairly wide fault-zones, presumably strike-
slip, striking about north-south, intersecting and offsetting
the Rajamandala structure at high angle. Within these fault
zones the limestones and associated sediments show erratic
bedding attitudes, localiy even parallel to the fault direct-
ion. Few of the above mentioned isolated limestone hills
C'klippes") are caught within these fault zones. Detail
facies studies of these isolated blocks show that they form
a distinct facies, separate from the main Rajamandala Hills
in the south. For the purpose of lateral facies development
studies these hills have also been included in the model.
CARBONATE FACIES TYPES
Within lthe Rajamandala Formation various facies types
of the •limestones cart be recognized, which can be related
 t) the r~'ef~ agg~ciated environments. Recognition o f facies
~ n be done in the field, to be confirmed by petro~aphic
work.
The boundary between the Rajamandala Formation and
the underlying Batuasih Formation forms a distinct facies.
The Batuasih Formation consists mainly of black calcareous
globigerina-bearing shales (marls). At the boundary it
consists of black siltstones interbedded with black clays and
quartz pebble conglomerates. The siltstones are parallel
laminated with calcareous pseudonodules. The base of
Rajamandala Formation itself consists of conglomeratic
packstone containing quartz pebbles and fragments of
branching corals (G. Manik and Pabeasan sections), while
the underlying Batuasih Formation shows lenses of grey
mudstone grading to wackestone.
The uppermost part of the Rajamandala Formation
shows a distinct facies, consisting mostly of calcareous shale
or marl, but at the base it is separated from the main lime-
stone body by a transitional bed of quartz-pebble bearing
conglomeratic Lepidocyclina packstone facies. The main
Rajamandala Formation itself is about 120 meters thick at
Pr. Kamuning section (near Tagogapu) 200 meters thick at
Bengkung section, and 150 m.eteis at Pabeasan section. The
marl facies at this locality is at most 75 meters thick
(compare with figures by Van Bemmelen, 1949, of about
650 meters thickness of the Rajamandala limestone).
Within the main limestone unit of the Rajamandala
Formation the following facies can be distinguished in the
field:
GLOBIGERINA (PLANKTONIC) PACKSTONE-
WACKESTONE FACIES:
This f~cies consists of fine to coarse-grained extremely
arg~accous c!astic limestone with packstone to wackestone
~exture, con:~isting mainly of planktonic foraminifera,
rr::drdy globigerina, with subordinate large foraminifera and
c~ra] t~agments. The rocks are dark grey to black, and are
ex*.remely argillaceous (up to 60'~), often pyritic indicating
deposition in reducing environment. Black clay intercala-
tions are common. The beds are thinJayered showing
f:equent graded bedding.
LEP! DOCYCLLNA (ORBITOID) PACKSTONE
FACIES: ,
This facies consists of coarse-grained to extremely coarse
grained poorly sorted bioclastic packstone, consisting mostly
of Lepidocyclina tests and other orbitoids, such as Heter-
oste#xta. Miogypsinoides, and Spiroclypeus, containing
also coral and algal fragments. The rocks are buff to light
grey, thin to thick bedded, hard, dense and compact, often
showing undulatory to ~'avy bedding surfaces.
~tlLLIOLID PACKSTONE FACIES:
"Mils facies is represented by coarse-grained, poorly
served, dark grey packstone to wackestone, consisting of
tests of Alveolinid and Milliolid foraminifera, such as
Trillina howchini, Pyrgo, Quinqueloculina etc, and other
biodastic fragments, such ascoral debris etc: The limestones
are massive, poorly bedded and bioturbated, with indica-
tons of cross-bedding, showing channelling wRh erosional
surfaces at the base. Within these beds quartz pebbles are
occasionally found. This facies prersumably represents
surge channel to back reef deposits.
CORAL DEBRIS RUDSTONE FACIES:
This facies consists o f angular fragments of corals and
other limestones, mostly dark grey, embedded in a limcmud
matrix, which is generally lighter in colour. Fragments,
poorly sorted, vary in size up t o 3 0 cm. Matrix contains
considerable amounts of large foraminifera mainly
Lepidocydina. This facies represents talus-slope debris of
coral fragments from the main reef.
CORAL BOUNDSTONE FACIES:
In general this consists of corals in growth position in
which the spaces among the coral framework are titled up
with muds containing coral debris, large foraminifera, etc.
often- bound with encmsting red algae. The rocks are light
coloured and are usually dense, massive, nonbedded to
poorly bedded, with no primary porosity. The following
subfacies can be recognized based on the type of corals:
Massive Head Corals Boundstone: This facies consists
mainly of colonies of massive head corals, such as braim
corals, Meandrina etc with encmsting red algae. A pack-
stone facies, rich in foraminifera, is common in between
the coral colonies. Worm tubes are very common in this
facies, as well as large shells of gastropods and lamelli-
branchia. These rocks are very massive, dense and usually
white in colour. The carbonates are very pure, containing
over 95% calcium carbonate. RecrystaUization is fairly
common. This rock is polished into commercial marble.
This facies presumably represents the reef crest or reef
flat.
Platy Coral Boundstone: This facies consists of platy
corals, which are aligned parallel to bedding. Within the
framework of these boundstones are pockets of foramini-
feral packstone to wackestone. These rocks are mostly
massive and poorly bedded, but occasionally show wavy
bedding. This facies presumably represents the deeper
environment of the reef front.
Branching Coral Bafflestone: This facies Consists primarily
of branching corals, mostly in growth position, some as
broken fragments, embedded in a limemud matrix. Typical
corals are Pofites, Acropora, Rhabdophyllia etc. (Gel~h,
1933). Branching coral facies presumably represent sub-
wavebase environments of the reef front.
These three subfacies are usually intermixed together
and cannot be differentiated, but often the platy coral
boundstone and especially branching corals bafflestone
form" definite facies development, such as G. Pawon and
G. Manik.
 REEF DEPOSI11ONAL ENVIRONMENTS
Measured sections at several localities and their lateral
correlations indicates that depositional environments of
the reef related sediments can be identified, based on the
lateral facies developments, as well as each individual facies.
The following depositional environments can be recognized:
TOE OF SLOPE SEDIMENTS (Cikamuning and Beng-
kung Sections, Tagogapff, see Figure 7) "
This depositional environment is primarily represented
by the Gtobigerina (planktonic) wackestone to packstone
facies, interbedded with calcareous shales or marls. The
rock is extremely muddy (argillaceoug). They are thin-
bedded to laminated,but sometimes massive, up to 5 meters
thick. Graded bedding is typical in this environment, and
at least a typical Bouma sequence consisting of graded
interval, parallel stratification, current-ripple lamination
and an upper parallel lamination can be recognized. Slump
structures are often observed. The thinbedded limestones
shows channeling infi_lled by lenticular layers~ wedge-outs,
and intraformational true:cations. Bioturbatio~ is ~ommon,
and the sole markings of tracks and burrows are typical.
Solitary corals in growth position as well as fallen branches
are .often found. T h e uppermost part of the sequence
consists of massive thick-bedded coral debris mdstones,
scouring into the thinbedded planktonic wackestone-pack-
stone beds, as channel fills, causing also slump structures.
REEFSLOPE SEDIMENTS (see Pr. Kareta-G. Hawu-Pa-
beasan Section, Figure 7):
This environment is "typically represented by thin to
thick-bedded Lepidocyclina (orbitoid) packestone facies,
which shows wavy to undulatory bedding surfaces. Algal
and coral fragments ate often found within these sediments.
More typical is the devdopment of small reefal build-ups,
from 30 cm to more than 4 meters in'height, consisting of
coral framework filled in and obscured by the packstone fill,
clearly enclosed by the thinbedded.packstones. The !arge
foraminifera (Lepidocyclina) are extremely large, such as
the size o f 100 rupiah or 50 rupiah coins. Slump stv,~ctures
are occasionally found in the reefslope sedimentary facies.
Within this envkonment thick-bedded to massive coral
debris rudstones are frequently present as interbeds within
the sequence, presumably as an occasional talus slope
debris flow from the coral reef wall upslope. Foreset
erossbedding has been observed showing the direction of
slope toward the northeast (N. 70. E.).
SURGE CHANNEL DEPOSITS (Lampegan section; see
Figure 9):
At the Lampegan section a facies is found consisting of
milliolid-bearing packstone facies, showing erosional sur-
faces at the base. This rock type is extremely massive, with
no. apparent stratification, although some obscure cross-
bedding has been observed. This facies is overlying a coral
boundstone facies. It is interpreted here as being a surge
(tidal) channel deposit, transporting milliolids from the
backreef lagoon to the fore reef slope.
REEF FRONT - R E E F F I A T SEDIMENTS (se. tio~, 3,
Pr. Pabeasan and section 9, Pr. Bende):
This environemnt is represented 12~, t~,c masswe ,~,.~-
bedded coral boundstone facies whicit can be reco#.;z,.d
from afar. This fitcies type is identified at several locali:ie.~,
Pr. Pabeasan, and West Pabeasan, Pr. Bende (marble quarry),
G. Guha, and Sm~ghyar:g Tikoro. Generally both ~:e
massive head coral boum:s~one facies, the branching co~,d
baffflestone facies as welJ as tile platy co~al bout;d:d.:~i:.~-.
facies are found interbedded and ofter~ laterally ~ c',.)"~:
proximity. The envkonment must have been such ~,~
there was no strong wave activity, as the limetr~ud :~.c~:-
mulated within the crevices and space tc~ between the c,,.~': ~:. -
framework, resulting in a massive dells' nonporous reel:..
At several locations, only branching corn! bafflestot:e: are
developed, such as at G. Manik, representing a deeper waltz
facies than the head corals, or locally otfiy the platy cot:t3
facies is developed, such as at G. Pawon and G. Masigit,
representing an even deeper water environment off the
main reef.
DEPOSITONAL MODEL OF THE RAJAMANDAL?,
REEF
Based on the identification of facies types and depc~gi-
tional interpretation, and the distribution of the fa.Ae~
types, as well as paleogeographic considerations, the fol.low-
ing model can be established (see Figures 10 and 11).
The Rajamandala Formation limestone was deposited
as a barrier or fringing reef extending ENE-WSW, apprOxi-
mately along the present tectomc tIend. The fror~t of this
reef fromed spurs and ridges, and embayments e gter~d;,~g
toward the north. At the crests of such a spur, ~-:~ass~ve
coral boundstones were developed, especiaJly t~e v~assi~e
head coral colonies grew there in profusion, whi!e ,if7 .~'le
reef toward the norih or at the sides of the spurs at depL~s
below wave-base branching coralg grew (G. Marfik), f o ~ w -
ed by the platy corals irl deeper water (G. Pawon). Side-
ward and northward of :he reef fronts orbitoid fo;:amLai-
fern, especially Lepidocyclina, were living at the reef £opc.
Solitary or small colonies c.f corals occasionally grew ~:.~a
these slopes, forming small local build-ups, to be buried
again in the foramineral skeletalremains. Frequently coral
debris cascaded down these slopes, forming talus deposits,
which later became the thick-bedded to massive coral debris
rudstones. The slope must have been a drop-off type,
resulting in frequent slumping, especially at the toe of the
reef slope.
At the toe of the reefslope skeletal debris from the reefs
streamed as avalanches, scouring channels and deposit~:g
turbidite flows with typical graded bedding within the
channels. Because of the steeper slopes, slump structures are
mo/e often,, developed here. The basin off the reef m~.~.~
have been a reducing environment, as the rocks are dark
grey. Perhaps these sediments smelled of hydrogen s~:~.-
phide in the area where planktonic organisms were raining
 6
down. However, the conditions were such that bottom 4..3. Milliolid packstone facies, massive nonbedded,
dwelling animals were crawlin~ and burrowing in this wRh basal erosional surfaces (channeling), presumably
environment. representing backreef and surge tidal channel deposits.
In addition to these, parts of the reef, surge or tidal 4.4. Coral rudstone facies representing talus slope reef-
channels appear to have developed in betweenthe reef spurs, debris deposRs.
as at Lampegan, transporting sediments from the lagoon 4.5. Coral-algal boundstone facies, massive nonbedded,
which might have been present south of the reef barrier. forming the core of the reef, within which the following
.These channels brought backreef skeletal debris and mud subtypes are recognized: massive headcoral framestone
northward into the basin. facies, branching coral bafflestone facies and platycoral
The reef became extinct at the beginning of the Mio- ~boundstone facies. These facies represent the reef crest to
cene; when the southern mountains of West Java were reef flat facies.
uplifted and volcanic activity was intensified. In the first 5. The Rajamandala Formation is interpreted as a barrier
. phase of this episode, erosion of previously deposited or fringing reef, extending ENFE-WSW wRh reef spurs
Batuasih Formation took place in the land area behind the protuding toward the basin in the north, around which reef
reef, and deposited terfigenous sediments on the reefs. debris, reef slope and toe of the slope deposits are recog-
The drowning of the reefs took place by the influx of nized.
clasties (turbidites), as the reef was subsiding.
REFERENCES
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Bemmelen. R.W. van, 1949, Geology of Indonesia: The
1. The Rajamandala Formation is an Oligoceneto Early Hague,/vlsrtinus Nijhoff, vol; 1-A.
Miocene carbonate unit exposed among the Quaternary Dunham. R.J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks
volcanoes in central West Java, about 20 to 30 kilometers according to depositional textures in-Classification of
west of Bandung. Carbonates: AAPG Memoir No. 1. p. 62-84.
2. The Rajamandala Formation limestone was deposited Gerth~ H., 1933, Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis deer Korallen-
on an offshelf platform, developed during Early Tertiary fauna des Tertiaers yon Java: Wetenschapplijke Mede-
time. The underlying formations consist of a sequence deelingen no. 25, Batavia.
including Paleocene t0 Eocene melange, interarc pond Harting, A., 1929. A short geological description of the
deposits (Ciletuh Formation), and fluviatile deposits (Gu- mountain Tagogapoe and 'I~itaroem: Fourth Pacific
hung Walat Formation). The Rajarnandada Formation was
Science Congress. Java.
preceeded by the transgressive black shales of the Batuasih
Formation (Early Oligocene), which overlies the underlying Kupper, H., 1941, Bijdrage tot de stratigraphy van het
sequence with a slight unconformity. The formation was Tagog-apoe and Gn. Masigit gebied (Noord Prianger,
buried under a thick sequence of Miocene turbidites (Cita- Java): De Ing. Ned. ind., no. 12. p. 105-109
rum Fm) and volcanic debris flows (volcanic breccias) of MartOdjojo. Soejono. 1984, Evolusi cekungan Bogor, Jawa
the Saguling Formation (new. name), Bantargadung For- Barat (The evolution of the Bogor Basin): Ph.D. Thesis.
marion, and Cantayan Formation, with intercalated shallow ITB (in progress).
marine deposits in Late Miocene (Cilanang Fro.). The
Sudjatmiko, 1972. Peta geologi lembar Cianjur - Jawa
sequence was intruded by Plioeene volcanics, and it was (Geologic map Ciandjur quadrangle): Direktorat Geologi,
covered by Quaternary volcanics. Department Pertambangan Rep. IndoneSia., Bandung.
3. The Rajamandala Formation is asymmetrically folded
and thrust toward the north, and this structure was cut Wiison, J.L., 1975, Carbonate facies in geologic history:
by numerous NNE-SSW to N-S trending zones of strike- Springer - Verlag,. Berlin - Heidelberg - New york,
slip faults. Portions of the limestones on the crest of the p. 20-27.
fold were broken and glided down over the underlying Zwierzycky, J. and Koolhoven, W.C.B., 1936, Report on
plastic sediments northward as "klipl~es". a trip in sheet 31 (Tjirandjang): Open t'de report, Geol.
4. Several facies associated with coral reefs can be Survey of Nethedand East Indies.
recognized within the Rajamandala Formation limestone
as follow~
4.1. Giobigerina paekstone-waekestone facies represent- LIST OF FIGURES
ing mainly the toes of the reesflope environment, showing
graded bedding, slump structures and some channelling etc. Fig. 1 Index map showing location of investigated area.
4.2. Lepidoeydina packstone facies representing the Fig. 2 Stratigraphic Diagram. Tertiary Formations. West
reef foreslope deposits, showing thin to thick bedded Java.
structures with the development of small coral reef build- Fig. 3. Paleogeographic cartoon of West Java during Oligo-
ups. Miocene time (NI-H4 or Tel-Te4): :

Fig. 4. Geologic Map of Tagogapu-Rajamandala area,
West Java.
Fig. 5. Stratigraphy of Rajamandala-Tagogapu area.
Fig. 6. Structural cross-sections across Rajamandala-Beng-
kung Ridge.
Fig. 7. Measured sections at Pasir Kamuning and Pasir
Kreta showing toe-of-slope and reef-slope sequen-
ces.
Fig. 8. Measured sections at G. Hawu and Pr. Pabeasan
7
showing reef-slope and reef-crest sequences.
Fig. 9, Measured sections at Pasir Lampegan and Pasir
Bende showing surge-channel and reef.crest se-
quences.
Fig. 10. Reef-facies sectio9, model of the Raja/nandala
Formation.
Fig. 11. Reef-facies distribution model of the Rajamanda-
la Formation.
i)
Fig, I . t n d w map showing location of investigated orea
 9

1
I
.-
0 1 ii
t I I.

1
L

0
Q
c
a
0
0
a
12

LITHO-
AGE D E S C R I P T I O N rHl CK N ESS
LOGY

Y V V
v v
v v v
,v v Tufs, volcanic breccia , lahar etc.

-
v v v
v v

hA* A .\ Volcanic breccia, submarine dubrir

flow (proximal turbidites)
>I750 m

lnterbedded volc sandstones, siltstoner

a n d shales. 850 IV

Shows turbidite sequences - d i s t a l t y p e

Shales, black, w i t h q t z sandstones

inter beds.
I 0 0 -400m

Limestone, c o r a l r t e f a l t o foraminifeml-
a l g a l limestone, bedded to mossivc. 300 -750113

Mart s (calcareous shales 1, dark g r e y

to greenish grey, Globiperina -bearing. 400 m

-
Conglomeratic quartz sandstone
p o r t y cJorted h a r d den- cross bedded
?

Ex pourre quustionablu.
. . . . .

Fig.5 : Stratigraphy of RajcJmandala - Tagogapu a r e a

 13

E e
0 .-
0
C
5: 0

0
0
14

Mort

Slumped rudstone

Planktonic pock-wockstone

packstone

rn
Pr.CtKAMUNING Pr.KRETA

Fig.7. Measured section ot Pr. Cikomuning ond Pr. Kreto

showing toe of dope and reef slope sequences
 15

Branching coral boundstone

Head coral boundstone

Rudstone

Lepidocyclina p ackstone

Lepidocyclina packstone

Branching coral boundstone

20

10 Butuasih Formation

3
Meter G. HAWU Pr. PABEASAN

Fig. 8 : Measured section at G.Hawu and Pr. Pabeasan

showing Reef Slope ond Reef Crest sequences
16

Head coral bwndstone

Miliolid pockstone

Miliafid pock -wackstone

-
Head coral branching coral
boundstone

Lepidocylino packstone

Mcttr

Pr. BENOE Pr. LAMPEGAN

Fig. 9. Measured section at Pr. Lampegan and Pr. Bende

showing surge channel and reef crest sequences
 Pr. Cikamuninq Pr Karrta G.tiawu R.Wb.aran Pr Larnpaqon E a t of R.8andr R Bend@ R .Batukbuk
I I
I

FIQK). R o o f foclrr rrctlonr modrl

of RaJamandolo formation
a
I . '

c o r a l

b o u n d @ ? n r

f o c i 0

D
 18

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