PHOTOSYNTHESIS-LIGHT REACTIONS

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AT THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE

The "Z scheme"

CHLOROPLAST ULTRASTRUCTURE:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Photosynthesis (from the Greek φώτο- [photo-], "light," and σύνθεσις [synthesis], "putting together.", "composition") is a process that
converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight.Photosynthesis occurs in plants,
algae, and many species of Bacteria, but not in Archaea. Photosynthetic organisms are called photoautotrophs, since it allows them to
create their own food.

Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation. Carbon fixation is a redox reaction, so photosynthesis
needs to supply both a source of energy to drive this process, and also the electrons needed to convert carbon dioxide into
carbohydrate, which is a reduction reaction. In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration, where glucose and
other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and release chemical energy. However, the two processes take place
through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments.

LIGHT REACTIONS:

In the light reactions, one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron. This electron is passed to a
modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin, which passes the electron to a quinone molecule, allowing the start of a flow of electrons
down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH. In addition, this creates a proton gradient
across the chloroplast membrane; its dissipation is used by ATP synthase for the concomitant synthesis of ATP. The chlorophyll molecule
regains the lost electron from a water molecule through a process called photolysis, which releases a dioxygen (O2) molecule. The
overall equation for the light-dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is:
2 H2O + 2 NADP+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + O2

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