1A present simple and continuous, action and non-action verbs ‘present simple: I live, he works, etc. present continuous: action and non-action verbs | bet verb + -ing “They work in a bank Where do you live? + He doesn't wear glasses. ‘She usually has cereal for breakfast Pm never late for work. + Use the present simple for things that are always true or happen regularly. + Remember the spelling rules, eg. lives, studies, watches. + Use ASI (auxiliary, subject, : infinitive) or QUASI (question ‘word, auxiliary, subject, infinitive) tohelp you with word order in questions. + Pat adverbs of frequency, eg. usualy, before the main verb and after be. “A Who are you waiting for? B Pm waiting for a friend. ‘A What are you doing after B Pm going to the café ‘A What are you cooking tonight? B [’m making pasta. A Great! I really like pasta. + Verbs which describe actions, e.g. make, cook, ‘an be used in the present simple or continuous + Verbs which describe states or felings (not actions), eg, like, want, b, are not normally used in the present continuous. actions in progress atthe |. Common non-action verbs are agree, be, iro tess bing of fr | believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, mes arrange | know, like, love, matter, mean, need, prefer, class? ‘Use the present continuous (ot present simple) for Remember the spelling i sidiceiea cae roles, eg. living, studying, fealizeFeoanizes eras rer setting ‘A. A few verbs have an action and a no meaning. The most common is have. Thave a big flat. = possession (non-action) Tean’t talk now. Pim having lunch. ‘an activity (action) 1B past tenses past simple: worked, stopped, went, had,etc. past perfect: had + past using narrative tenses together rticiple They got married last year. Eee ‘When John arrived, they had dinner. ‘| PwWieatcyrumevon Tl What time did you wake up this morning? ‘When they turnedon | | | (first John arrived, then they had 1 didn’t have time to do my homework. the TV, the match had dinner) finished. | | | When John arrived, they were having +_Use the past simple for finished past actions. || 1 fetnervous because! || | dinner Geant) aete sorb + i hadn't flown before. (when John arrived they were in the Beaten Liveneeaver EAS oe een || middle of diane) ‘A What were you doing at six oclock last ni you are talking about the | | When John arrived, they had had dinner. B Iwas watching TV. It was a cold night pastand you want totalk | | (they had dinner before John arrived). and it was raining, about an earlier past RSS aaa + Use the past continuous to describe an action a aoe “i aes Hae in progress ata specific time in the past. + 1C future forms be going to + infinitive present continuous: be+verb+-ing | will shall + infinitive future plans and intentions ~] | | future arrangements Thave the steak. (instant decision) ‘My sisier’s going to adopt a child ‘Were getting married in October| | | Twon'tell anybody where you are. Are you going to buy a new car? “They're meeting at 10.00 (promise) Y’m not going to go to New York She's leaving on Friday. {larry that bag for you. (ff) | | Shall [help you with your homework? next week |_predictions oe T think they're going to win. (Theyre playing very well.) Its going to rain. (The sky is very dark.) + Use going to NOT will/ worrtwhen you have already decided to do something. + With the verb goyou can leave out the infinitive Se neat fea ee + You can usually use present continuous or going to for future plans / arrangements, (offer) Shall we eat out tonight? (suggestion) You'l ove the film! (prediction) ~ going to shows that you have fade a decision. + Use will wor’? (NOT the present We're going to get married in the simple) for instant decisions, promises, summer. offers, and suggestions. — Present continuous emphasizes that | - Use shall (NOT will) with Iand we for ‘you have made the arrangements offers and suggestions when they are questions. Were getting married on July 12th Ts aia eect vs Ear ISL DRL aa ag rep!Grammar Bank 1A a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. 1b. Write questions in the present continuous or present simple. Ouch! You stand on my foot! _Youtre standing A What are yoienting? (you /eat) BA cheese sand 1 They have always breakfast in bed on a Sunday morning. 1 A Where _ lunch today? (you / have) 2 She can't come to the phone now. She has a shower. B At home. My mum's making pasta 3. Weare needing an answer from you before Wednesday. Banta 2 (he / do) 4. T’'m studing a lot now because I have exams next week. B' Hes anlactonntart, ‘ is (Siete seat etal 3 A ——___ this wecken® (you go awe) Jo, we're staying here. s — eioaar es 4a to eat out tonight? (you / want) 7 epee tonights B Yes, that would be nice. Where shall we go? 8 He never replys to my emails! 5 A What 2 (she / cook) 9 A Are you going to the park this afternoon? B I don’t know, but it smells good. B I don't know. It's depending on the weather. 1B a Combine the two sentences. Use the verb in bold in the past continuous or past perfect. Sarah had a siesta from 3,00 to 5.00, Peter picked up the tickets at 4.00. Peter picked up the tickets when Sarah _wwas having a siesta. 1 They watched TV from 7.00 until 9.00. I arrived at 7.30. When I arrived, they TV. 2 He left the office at 7.00. She phoned him at 8.00. When she phoned him, he the office, 3 I studied for the exam the night before. The exam didn’t go wel. The exam didn't go well although I the night before. 4 He cycled to work this morning. In the middle of his journey, he had an accident. When he to work this morning, he had an accident. 5 He only had five lessons. He passed his driving test, ‘When he passed his driving test, he — (only) five lessons. b Complete with the past simple, past continuous, or past perfect. that we had been there before. 2 (the accident / happen) back from Manchester when ___atree. (drive, hit) cooking the meal when they me to say they couldn't come. (already / start, call) 3 When I got home I was really tired, sof —____ a shower and __ to bed. (have, go) 4 Larrived too late. The concert and iy friends home. (finish, go) 5 The driver —_ — control of his car because he ‘on his mobile. (lose talk) 1c a Circle the correct form. Tick (W) the sentence if both are possible. Tim not going T won't go to work tomorrow because it’s Saturday. 1 Tim going to study / ll study English here next year. 2A Shall we Will we eat out tonight? B Good idea. 3 Well go/ We're going to Brazil next week. I can’t wait. 4 What are you going to wear / dre you wearing to the party? 5 Do you think it will rain | it’s going to rain tomorrow? 6A Thisisheavy. B T'llhelp/ Ihelp you. 7 I'm meeting /I meet a friend this evening 8 I'm really sorry. I promise I won't do/ I'm not going to doit again, 9 They're getting | They're going to get married in May. Complete B’s replies with a correct future form. A Sorry, Ann’s nat in. B OK. L'il call back_ tater. (call back) 1A There's no milk. B Don’t worry, 1 2. A Can we meet on Tuesday? B Sorry, I can't. I _ Tuesday. (go) 3A Can we have pizza for lunch? B No, we —___ chicken. I've already put it in the oven. (have) 4 Als that the phone? some. (get) _ to Brighton on B Yes, but don't get up.I___ it (answer) 5 A Jane's put on a lot of weight! B She's pregnant. She a baby in August. (have)2A present perfect and past simple present perfect simple: have / has + past participle (worked, seem etc.) past experiences ELE [recent past actions _| with yer and already (for emphasis) Pvebeen to London, but [haven't been to Oxford. | ve cut my finger! | I'vealreadly done my homework. Can I watch TV? She's never met his ex-wife. He's just arrived at | Have you finished yet Have you ever lost your credit card? the airport. | My brother hasn’t found a new job yet. We often use ever and never when ‘we ask or talk about past experiences. They go before the main verb. justand already go before the main ‘verb in [#] sentences, yet goes atthe end of the phrase in [=] sentences and [7 + For irregular past participles see Irregular verbs p.156. + Use How long...?+ present perfect toask about an unfinished period oftime (fom the past unt now) + Usefor+ a period of time, eg. for ‘vo weeks, OF since with a point of time, eg. since 1990, ‘unfinished states (non-action verbs) which] start in the past and are still true now ‘A They've known each other for 10 years. B How long have they been married? A Since 2004. present perfect or past simple? Pve been to Madrid twice. (= in my life up to now) T went therein 1998 and 2002. (= on two specific occasions) How long have you been married to Alan? How long were you married to Jake? (= you are married to Alan now) (= you are not married to Jake now) ve (ust) bought a new computer. (=I don't say exactly when) __I bought it on Saturday.(= I say when) 77 Uie the present perfect when there is a connection ~ Use the past simple to ask or talk about finished actions between the past and the present. in the past, when the time is mentioned or understood, We often use a pas time expression, eg January, last week ‘present perfect continuous 2B present perfect continuous 7A. With non-action verbs (¢., know, be | | ee een eee tions cemiewmtineee | G ee 5 NOT the present perfect continuous | | [A Your eves are red. Have you actions with forand since been crying? : Tow long have you been learning English? | | [ve nown her forages NOT Fvebeen | |B No, 'vebeen cutting onions. He's been working here since April. ae. “They'vebeen going out together for three year. Aoowinng her forages. With fiveand workyou can use the | * Use the present perfect eS | _present perfect simple or continuous continuous for actions which + have | has been + verb + -ing with for and since. have been going on very recently. + Use the present perfect continuous with for | ve been living here for sicrmontts, || They have usually just stopped. and since with action verbs (e.g. lear, go,etc)._ I've lived here for six months, 2C — comparatives and superlatives superlatives ‘comparing two things (or actions) e's the tallest player in the team, Oslo is the most expensive capital city in Europe. ‘My sister is a bit taller than me. This book is the least difficult to understand, London is more expensive than Edinburgh She's the best student in the la This testis less difficult than the last one. _| | |" Who drives the most carefully in your family? Olive oil is better for you than butter. That's the worst they've ever played. You drive more slowly than me. Liverpool played worse today than last week. + Form superlative like comparatives but use -est —| | instead or -erand mast | leastinstead of more/ less, + You normally use the before superlatives, but you can also use possessive adjectives, eg. my best friend, | their most famous song. | Flying isn’t as comfortable as going by train. He doesn't smoke as much as she does. Hr new car looks the same as the old one. + Regular comparative adjectives / adverbs: hhard> harder, big> bigger, ensy> easier, modern>more modern, diffcult> more difficult, carefully>more carefully + Irregular comparative adjectives / adverbs: good ! well>better, bad | badly> worse, far> further + After than or as we can use an object pronoun me, hint, her, et. or a subject pronoun (J, he, she) + aunliary verb, eg, She’ taller than me OR She’ taller than I am but NOT She's taller thar.2A a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. Tve never saw Star Wars. Live never seen He left quite early but he yet hasnt arrived ‘We don’t see each other since we left school Have you ever wrote a poem? She have never been to Istanbul. Pvelent him €50 last week, but he hasnt paid me back yet. I don't see them often but I've known them since ten years. ‘What year have you left school? We'e lost. We already have been down this road twice. I sent her an email last week, but she doesn’t reply yet ‘They live in that house since 1980. 10 Grammar BANK 'b Complete the dialogues with the past simple or present perfect. ve already seen that film twice. (already I see) 1 A How long at university? (you / be) BI two years ago. I'm in my third year now. (start) A Do you live with your parents? BI with them for the first two years but then | ___ into a student hostel last September and 1 there since then. (live, move, live) 2a 2a job yet? (your brother / find) B Yes, he work in a hotel. (just / start) 3A to Nobu ~ that new Japanese restaurant? (you / ever be) B Yes, we ‘A What was it like? B The food a fortune! (be, cost) there for my birthday. (go) — fantastic but it 2B a Make sentences with the present perfect continuous (and for / since if necessary). she / work there / 2003 [#] She's been working there since 2003. 'b Complete with a verb from thelist in the present perfect continuous. bark cry do eat play shop notsleep watch A Your sister's lost a lot of weight! B Yes. She heen eating a lot less recently. 1 how long / they / go out together [2 7 2-1/1 study English / two years [] eee eee eae 3 he / feel very well recently [=] eA ta Ge 5 you/wait/alongtime (7) Sik You'look trea. 6 we//spend much time together [=] Bier ‘wcll early 26 hewdone / she [ive there [2] | 4 A Wow! You've bought alot of things! 8 I/rent this flat / three years. [] iene ree 9) the lift / work / 10 o'clock I Stat vou sake MSIL sat 2 10shef-worlehere/ a long time (1 | oar in the garden with the children. 2c a Complete with one word. b Complete with the comparative or superlative of the bold word, She's much _ more. intelligent than her brother. Mexican food is much spicier than American food. spicy 1 He's not as clever __ he thinks he is. iis than it was this time last year. hot 2 Ws best book I've read for a long time. 2 Jan's of all my sisters. competitive 3 The journey took longer __ we expected. 3 He’ person in the office. lazy 4 I think it was the saddest film I've seen. 4 He looks much — with shorter hair. good 5. Is'Texas the biggest state the USA? 5 Isat next to ___ person at the party! boring 6 He'sthe selfish person I've ever met. 6 Could we meet a bit tomorrow? early 7 Your watch is the same mine. 7Itwas film I've seen this year. bad 8. My father speaks quickly than I do. 8 Sue is — member of my family. ambitious 9 Wedor't go swimming often as we did before. «9 The __ way to travel is by train. safe gs 10 Her brother's about 10 and she’s a year younger 10. Thebeach was______ from thehotelthan far than ‘we expected.3A must, have to, should (obligation) obligation / necessity: have to / must (+ infinitive) zo obligation / necessity: don't have to You have to wear a seatbelt in a car Do you have to work on Saturdays? Thad to wear a uniform at my primary school Til have to get up early tomorrow. My interview is at 9.00. Tmust remember to phone Emily tonight - its her birthday. You must be on time for class tomorrow ~ there's a test. You dor’t have to pay forthe tickets. They're Fee You don't have to goto the party if you don't want to. prohibition: mustn't (+ infinitive) ‘You mustn’t cat that cake — it’s for the party ‘+ Mustand have to have a very similar meaning, Have tois more common for general, external obligations, for example rules and laws. ‘Mustis more common for specific (ie. on one occasion) ‘or personal obligations. Compare: Thave io wear a shirt and tie at work Its the role inthis Trust buy a new shirt~ this one s too old now (It’s my own decision). Have t9isa normal verb and it exists in all tense. eg, You have to / must see that film — its fantastic. advice or opinion: should/ shouldn't (+ infinitive) You should take warm clothes with you to Dublin Itmight be cold at night. 1 think the government should do something about unemployment. ‘Mustis a modal verb. The only forms are must and mustn't, *+ You can also use have to or mustfor strong recommendations, ‘You mustn’t touch that. It’s dangerous. + Don’t have to and mustn't are completely different. Compare: You mustn't drive along this street. = Its prohibited, against the law. You don’t have to drive we can geta train. = You can drive if you want to but it’s not necessary / obligatory. + You can often use carit or not allowed to instead of must’ You mustn’t park here. You can't park here. You're not allowed to park here. A Have got tois often used instead of have to English, e.g. I've got 10.g0 now. Ie very late company). Should is not as strong as must/ have fo. We use it to say if we think something isthe right or wrong thing to do. Should is a modal verb. The only forms are should and shouldnt You can also use ought to and ought not to instead of should | should’. You should take an umbrella with you. You ought to take an wbella with you. 3B must, may, might, can’t (deduction) ‘when you are sure somethingis true: must ‘when you are sure something is impossible /not true: can’t They must be out. There aren't any lights on. ] He can't be ill. [saw him at the gym. She must have a lot of money. She drives a Porsche. | | ‘Theycanttbe Italian. They speaking to eachother in Spanish z ee. : + We often use must, may / might, and can’? to say how sure ‘when you think something is possibly true: may/ might or certain we are about something (based on the phone's switched off. He might be on the plane now. information we have). i : She might not like that skirt. It’s not her style. + In this context, the opposite of must is can't NOT musta’t. ‘She’s not at home. She may be working. He hasnt written, He may not have my addres. 3C can, could, be able to (ability and possibility) can/ could be able to + infinitive Tcan speak Spanish very well. She could play the violin when she was three. She can't come tonight. She's il. ‘They couldn't wait because they were in a hurry. Could you open that door, please? + Can is a modal verb. It only has a present, past, and conditional form (but can also be used with a future meaning), + For other tenses and forms use be able ro. Lam able to accept your invitation. ‘They weren't able to come. PIL be able to practise my English in London, She has been able to speak French since she was a child. like to be able to ski. love being able to slep late at weekends. + You can use be able to in the present, past, future, present perfect, and as a gerund or infinitive. sis Be able toss ese ooectiteaeaciooet aa crags factieal treet cont cost3A a Circle the correct form. You shouldn't I(nusin’? drink that water. It’s not safe. 1 We mustn't / don't have to hurry. We have plenty of time. 2 You must / should remember to write the report. The boss will be furious if you forget. ‘The exhibition was free so I hadn't to / didn’t have to pay. 4 Do you have to | Should you wear a uniform at your school? 5 We nnust/ had to wait two hours at security and nearly missed our flight. were at school? Had you to Did you have to do a lot of homework when you 7 [think people who live in flats mustn't shouldn't have dogs. 8 She’ allergic to dairy products so she mustn't | doesn’t have to eat anything made from milk, CAUCE he b Complete the second sentence with two or three ‘words so it means the same as the first. Smoking is prohibited here. You mustn't smoke here. 1 It isn’t a good idea to go swimming after a big meal. You swimming after a big meal. 2. Was it necessary for them to pay cash? Did —___ pay cash? 3 The meeting isn’t obligatory. You 0 to the meeting. 4 It’s bad manners to talk loudly on a mobile on a train. People quietly on their mobile on a train, 5 Lorries are not allowed to go on this road. Lorries ___ on this road. 3B a Match the sentences. 1 Hemustbe over 70. I He can't be at university. He may not remember me. He might like this book. He must be very shy. He can't be serious. C He mast be joking. ‘A He hasn't seen me for ages. B_Hesometimes sends me emails. D He’ interested in history. E He sometimes works late. F He gets up very early. b Complete with might (not), must, or can’t ‘This sauce is really spicy. It _must_ have chillin it 1 A What music is this? B I'm not sure but it _ be Mozart. 2 She looks very young, She be more than 16, 3 I'm not sure why she hasn't phoned. She He may be in bed already. G Hes only 16. have inyfnew damber He might not be at home yet. H He's not ft enough. 4 They lime aloteeneeeetTney live He must have a computer. 1, He retired 10 years ago. in an enormous house. 10 Hecan't bea good footballer. J. He never opens his mouth, 5 He be away. His car is outside his house. 61 _ bea size 44! Pm usually a 40 or 42. 7K be true! I saw it on the news. 3c a Complete with the correct form of be able to. P-ve_ never been able to_ learn to swim. 1 EJ] _____ send any emails since lunchtime. 2 She used to — speak German really well. 3 E11______ do my homework until tomorrow. 4 PA really like dance well. $ ]—____ you come to our wedding? I's on May 10th. 6 HIF spoke better English, I getajob ina hotel, 7 (| When I've saved another €1000, 1 buya new car. 8 El She hates do what she wants. b Complete with can / can’t, or could / couldn’t where possible. If not, use a form of be able to. 7, 8 ‘They told me that they couldn't do anything about the noise. 1 ______ talk to you now. I'm too busy. ‘When [lived in Rome I ___ speak Italian quite well. I would love play tennis very well. If we don’t hurry up, we catch the last train, My mother ____ see much better now with her new glasses, To do this job you need _ speak at least two languages. 1______ help you tonight if you want. They find a flat yet. They're still looking,