SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.

4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

Chapter-1
Successive Differentiation
Topic-1.4

nth derivative of rational expressions using complex numbers

When factors of the rational expressions are complex numbers x  ia and/or x  ia , use
polar form of complex numbers.
Working Rule

1. Resolve proper rational expression into partial fractions.

d n  1   1  m  n  1!a
n n
2. Find nth derivative using  
dx n  ax  b   m  1! ax  b m n
3. Use polar form of complex numbers to get required answer. In polar form
x
x  ia  rei and x  ia  rei , where r  x 2  a 2 and   tan 1  
a

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

Examples (1.4)

 1  n  1! sin  n tan 1  1  

n 1
1
1. If y  tan x, prove that yn    
x  1  x 
n
2 2 

 1 n! sin  n1  cos n  1 

n
x
2. If y  2 , prove that yn     
x a 2
a n1

 1 n! sin  n1  sin n  1 

n
1
3. If y  2 , prove that yn     
x a 2
a n2

1
y
x  x  1 is y  2  1 n! sin  n  1 
n
th 2
4. Prove that the n derivative of  
3  r n1
n

 3 
where r  x 2  x  1 and   tan 1  
 2x 1 

 1  x2 1 
If y  tan 1  ,
 x 
5.   prove that

 1  n  1! sin   sin  n  , where   tan 1  

1 n 1 1
yn 
n

2  x

 1 x 
If y  tan 1  ,
6.  1 x  prove that
1
yn   1  n  1! sin   sin  n  , where   tan 1  
n 1 n

 x

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

 1  n  1! sin  n tan 1  1  

n 1
1
Example 1.4.1: If y  tan x, prove that yn    
x  1  x 
n
2 2 

Solution: y  tan 1 x

Differentiating y w.r.t x
1 1 A B
y1     Resolving into y1 partial fractions
x  1  x  i  x  i  x  i x  i
2

 A x  i  B  x  i  1

1
Putting x  i, A  2i   1 A
2i
1
Putting x  i, B  2i   1 B  
2i
1 1 1 
y1  
2i  x  i x  i 


Differentiating y1 'n  1' times w.r.t. x

d n 1 1  d n 1  1  d n 1  1  
 y1    n1     
dx n 1 2i  dx  x  i  dx n 1  x  i  

1   1 1  n  1  1 !1  1 1  n  1  1!1n1 

n 1 n 1 n 1

 yn    
2i  1  1 ! x  i 1 n 1 1  1! x  i 
1 n 1


 dn  1  (1) n ( m  n  1)! a n 
 Using    , where n is replaced by n  1
 dx   ax  b  
n m
(m  1)!(ax  b) m n


1   1  n  1 !  1  n  1!

n 1 n 1

 yn    
2i   x  i n  x  i  
n

1  1 1 
 1  n  1! 
n 1
 yn   n 
  x  i   x  i  
n
2i

1
Let x  i  rei and x  i  re  i , where r  x 2  1 and   tan 1  
x
 
1 1 1
 1  n  1!  i n  
n 1
 yn 
2i   re   
re i n 


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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

1 1
 1  n  1! n ein  ein 
n 1
 yn 
2i r
1 1
 1  n  1! n  2i sin n 
n 1

2i r

 1  n  1! sin n

n 1


rn

 1  n  1! sin  n tan 1  1  

n 1

   
   x 
n
x2  1 

 1  n  1! sin  n tan 1  1  

n 1

 yn    
x  1  x 
n
2 2 

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

 1 n! sin  n1  cos n  1 

n
x
Example 1.4.2: If y  2 , prove that y     
x  a2 a n 1
n

x x A B
Solution: y     Resolving y into partial fractions
x a22
 x  ia  x  ia  x  ia x  ia
 A  x  ia   B  x  ia   x

1
Putting x  ia, A  2ia   ia A
2
1
Putting x  ia, B  2ia   ia B 
2
1 1 1 
y 
2  x  ia x  ia 


Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

d n y 1  d n  1  d n  1 
    
dx n 2  dx n  x  ia  dx n  x  ia  

1   1 1  n  1 !1  1 1  n  1!1 

n n n n

 yn    n 1 
2  1  1 ! x  ia n 1 1  1! x  ia  
 dn  1  (1) n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n    
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b) m  n 


1   1 n !  1 n ! 
n n

 yn    
2   x  ia n 1  x  ia n 1 

1  1 1 
  1 n !  
n
n 1 
  x  ia   x  ia  
n 1
2

a
Let x  ia  rei , where r  x 2  a 2 and   tan 1  
x
 x  ia  re  i

 
1 1 1
 yn   1 n !  i n1  i n1 
n

2   re   re  

1 1
 yn   1 n ! n1 ei n1  ei n1 
n

2 r

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

1 1
 yn   1 n ! n1 2 cos  n  1 
n

2 r

 1
n
n!
 yn  n 1
cos  n  1 
r

 1
n
n!
 n 1
cos  n  1 
 a 
 
 sin  
 a 
 x  ia  re  r cos   ir sin  ,
i
 a  r sin  or r  
 sin  

 1
n
n!
 sin    cos  n  1 
n 1
 yn  n 1
a

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

 1 n! sin  n1  sin n  1 

n
1
Example 1.4.3: If y  2 , prove that y     
x  a2 a n2
n

1 1 A B
Solution: y    
x a
2 2
 x  ia  x  ia  x  ia x  ia
 A  x  ia   B  x  ia   1

1
Putting x  ia, A  2ia   1 A
2ia
1
Putting x  ia, B  2ia   1 B  
2ia
1  1 1 
y 
2ia  x  ia x  ia 


Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

dny 1  d n  1  d n  1 
    
dx n 2ia  dx n  x  ia  dx n  x  ia  

1   1 1  n  1 !1  1 1  n  1!1 

n n n n

 yn    n 1 
2ia  1  1 ! x  ia n 1 1  1! x  ia  
 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Usin g    
 dx n   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b)m n 


1   1 n !  1 n ! 
n n

 yn    
2ia   x  ia n 1  x  ia n 1 

1  1 1 
  1 n !  
n

  x  ia   x  ia  
n 1 n 1
2ia

a
Let x  ia  rei , where r  x 2  a 2 and   tan 1  
x
 x  ia  re  i

 
1 1 1 
 yn   1 n ! i n1  i n1

n

2ia   re   re  

1 1
 yn   1 n ! n1 ei n1  ei n1 
n

2ia r

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

1 1
 yn   1 n ! n1 2i sin  n  1 
n

2ia r

 1
n
n!
 n 1
sin  n  1 
ar

 1
n
n!
 yn  n 1
sin  n  1 
 a 
a 
 sin  
 a 
 x  ia  re  r cos   ir sin  ,
i
 a  r sin  or r  
 sin  

 1
n
n!
 sin    sin  n  1 
n 1
 yn  n2
a

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

2  1 n!
n
1
Example 1.4.4: Prove that the nth derivative of y  is yn  sin  n  1 
x  x 1
2
3  r n1

Solution: Roots of x2  x  1  0 are given by

1  1  4 1  i 3 1 3
x    i
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
Let     i and     i
2 2 2 2
 x 2  x  1   x    x   

1 A B
Consider  
x  x 1 x  x  
2

 A x     B  x    1

Putting x   , A      1

1 1 1
A  
     1 3  1 3 i 3
 i  i 
 2 2   2 2 

Putting x   , B       1

1 1 1
B   
       i 3
1 1  1 1 
y   
x  x  1 i 3  x   x   
2 

Differentiating 'n' times w.r.t x

dny 1  dn  1  d n y  1 
      
dx n i 3  dx n  x    dx n  x    

1   1 1  n  1!1  1 1  n  1!1n 

n n n

yn    n 1 
i 3  1  1 ! x    1  1! x    
n 1

1   1 n !  1 n! 
n n

   n 1 
i 3   x     x    
n 1

 1 n!  
n
1 1
yn    n 1 
i 3   x     x    
n 1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

 1 3  1 3
Let x    x     i    x    i  rei ,
 2 2   2  2

 1 3  1 3
and x    x     i    x    i  re  i
 2 2   2 2

 3 
 
2
 
2   tan 1  3 
2
 1 3
  x  x  1 and   tan 
1
where r   x     2
 
 2  2   x 1   2 x  1 
 2 


 1 n!  
n
 1 1 
 yn  
i 3   re  i   re  
n 1 i n 1 


 1
n
n!
 ei n 1  e  i n 1 
i 3r n 1  

 1
n
n!
 n 1
 2i sin  n  1  
i 3r

2  1 n !
n

 yn  sin  n  1  
3  r n 1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

 1  x2 1 
Example 1.4.5: If y  tan 1   , prove that
 x 
 
1 1
yn   1  n  1! sin   sin  n  , where   tan 1  
n 1 n

2  x

 1  x2 1 
Solution: y  tan 1  
 x 
 

Put x  tan 

1
 1  tan 2   1 
 y  tan  
 tan  
 sec   1 
y  tan 1 
 tan  
1  cos  
y  tan 1 
 sin  
   
 2sin 2   
y  tan 1  2 
 2sin     cos    
    
2  2 
   
 sin  2       1
y  tan      tan 1  tan      .tan 1 x
1

 cos       2  2 2
  
2
1
 y  .tan 1 x
2

Differentiating y w.r.t x
1 1
y1  . 2
2 x 1
1 1 1  A B 
 .  .  Resolving into y1 partial fractions
2  x  i  x  i  2  x  i x  i 

 A x  i  B  x  i  1

1
Putting x  i, A  2i   1 A
2i
1
Putting x  i, B  2i   1 B  
2i

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

1 1 1 1 
y1  .  
2 2i  x  i x  i 
Differentiating y1 'n  1' times w.r.t. x

d n 1 1  d n 1  1  d n 1  1  
 1      
4i  dx n 1  x  i  dx n 1  x  i  
y
dx n 1

1   1 1  n  1  1 !1  1 1  n  1  1!1n1 

n 1 n 1 n 1

 yn    
4i  1  1 ! x  i 1 n 1 1  1! x  i 
1 n 1


 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n    where n is replaced by n  1 
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b) m n 

1   1  n  1 !  1  n  1!

n 1 n 1

 yn    
4i   x  i n  x  i  
n

1  1 1 
 1  n  1! 
n 1
 yn   n 
  x  i   x  i  
n
4i

1
Let x  i  rei and x  i  re  i , where r  x 2  1 and   tan 1  
 x
 
1 1 1
 yn   1  n  1!  
n 1

4i   re  i n  re  
i n 

1 1
 1  n  1! n ein  ein 
n 1
 yn 
4i r
1 1
 1  n  1! n  2i sin n 
n 1

4i r

1  1  n  1 !
n 1

 yn  . sin n
2 rn

1  1  n  1 ! 
n 1
 1 
 yn  . sin  n tan 1   
   x 
n
2 x2  1 

 x  i  rei  r  cos   i sin   

 
 1 1 
Equating imaginary part 1  r sin   sin    
 r x 2  1 

1
 1  n  1! sin   sin  n 
n 1
 yn 
n

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

 1 x 
Example 1.4.6: If y  tan 1   , prove that
 1 x 
1
yn   1  n  1! sin   sin  n  , where   tan 1  
n 1 n

 x

 1 x 
Solution: y  tan 1  
 1 x 

 
Put x  tan  and 1  tan  
4
   
 tan  4   tan  
 y  tan 1    
1  tan     tan  
   
4

    tan A  tan B 
y  tan 1  tan       Using tan( A  B)  
 4   1  tan A  tan B 


y 
4

y  tan 1 x
4
Differentiating y w.r.t x
1 1 A B
y1  0     Resolving into y1 partial fractions
x  1  x  i  x  i  x  i x  i
2

 A x  i  B  x  i  1

1
Putting x  i, A  2i   1 A
2i
1
Putting x  i, B  2i   1 B  
2i
1 1 1 
y1   
2i  x  i x  i 
Differentiating y1 'n  1' times w.r.t. x

d n 1 1  d n 1  1  d n 1  1  
       
2i  dx n 1  x  i  dx n 1  x  i  
y
dx n 1
1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiations 1.4 Algebraic Exp using complex numbers

1   1 1  n  1  1 !1  1 1  n  1  1!1n1 

n 1 n 1 n 1

 yn    
2i  1  1 ! x  i 1 n 1 1  1! x  i 
1 n 1


 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using    
 dx n   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b)m n 


1   1  n  1!  1  n  1!

n 1 n 1

 yn    
2i   x  i n  x  i  
n

1  1 1 
 1  n  1! 
n 1
 yn   n 
  x  i   x  i  
n
2i

1
Let x  i  rei and x  i  re  i , where r  x 2  1 and   tan 1  
x
 
1 1 1
     i n  
n 1
 yn  1 n  1 !
2i   re   
re i n 

1 1 1 1
 1  n  1! n ein  ein    1  n  1! n  2i sin n 
n 1 n 1
 yn 
2i r 2i r

 1  n  1! sin n

n 1

 yn 
rn

 1  n  1! sin  n tan 1  1  

n 1

   
   x 
n
x2  1 

 x  i  r  cos   i sin   
 
 1 1 
Equating imaginary part 1  r sin   sin    
 r x2  1 

 yn   1  n  1! sin   sin  n 

n 1 n

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